enzymes and rest notes 4

8/17/2019 Enzymes and Rest Notes 4

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Chapter 16.6 & 16.7

Enzymes & Enzyme Actions

SWBAT:Describe how enzymes !nction as cata"ysts an# $i%e their names

Describe the ro"e o an enzyme in an enzymecata"yze# reaction


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Enzymes are'.

bio"o$ica" cata"yst which spee# !p () by"owerin$ the Activation Energy

most"y proteins* some (+A

not !se# !p in the reactionWhat is an enzyme,


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Enzymes are'.

globular proteins

sma""* compact* stab"e with a !ni-!e D

shape/a%e a specia" poc0et ca""e#

active site


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The Acti%e Site

s an area where the enzyme bin#s the

s!bstrate an# cata"yzes the reaction

its on"y a ew types o s!bstrates

Acti%e SiteS!bstrate


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Enzyme ()

2ormation o the enzyme s!bstrate 3ES4

comp"e) wea0ens co%a"ent bon#s in the

s!bstrate

E 5 S ES E E 5 E enzyme

S s!bstrate

pro#!ct

/ow enzymes wor0,


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89oc0 an# ey; Theory

Acti%e site "oc0< s!bstrate 0ey

1.enzyme bin#s one speciic s!bstrate to ormES comp"e)

=.S!bstrate is con%erte# to pro#!ct.ro#!ct "ea%es acti%e site

>.Enzyme bin#s ne)t s!bstrate


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Enzyme +amin$

?ost en# with –ase

(e"ect s!bstrate or reaction types:

amy"ase* o)i#ase@"#er enzyme names oten en# in –in

E): pepsin* rennin* trypsin


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Enzyme () c"assiications

Anabolic reactionsSynthesis o comp"e) s!bstances rom simp"e

b!i"#in$ b"oc0s 3$rowth* repair4

Amino Aci#s o"ypepti#es roteins

Catabolic reactionsBrea0#own o comp"e) s!bstance into b!i"#in$

b"oc0s 3#i$estion4roteins → Polypeptides → Aminoacids


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C"assiication o Enzyme (eactionsOxidoreductoases: o)i#ationre#!ction ()

Transferases: transer !nctiona" $ro!ps 3inase:

transers phosphates4

Hydrolases: brea0in$ mo"ec!"es in presence o

/=@ 3Carbohy#rases* roteases* 9ipases4

Lyases: 3A##(emo%e $ro!ps with #o!b"e bon#s

Isomerases: rearran$e to orm isomers 3cistrans4

Ligases: connect mo"ec!"es !sin$ AT 3D+Astran#s in rep"ication4


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Chapter 16.

2actors Aectin$ Enzyme

Acti%itySWBAT:Describe the eect o temperat!re* p/* concentration

o


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2actors Aectin$ Enzyme (eaction

(ates

Temperat!re

p/

Concentrations o s!bstrates 3bo#y4

Concentration o enzyme 3bo#y4

resence o inhibitors 3bo#y4


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Temperat!re

Too hi$h: denaturation* "oss o D 3otenre%ersib"e i not too hi$h4

Too "ow: s"ow () rates

@ptim!m Temperat!re #epen#s on species:

?amma"s: 7C

Thermophi"e bacteria: FoC 3therma" sprin$s4

Arctic "ies: GoC temperat!re


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p/

@ptim!m p/ #epen#s on nat!ra" enzyme

en%ironment

Too hi$h"ow denatures enzyme an#or

aects e"ectrostatic attraction at acti%e site

Tiss!e an# b"oo# enzymes: p/ 7.>

Stomach enzyme 3pepsin4 : p/ =.

ancreatic enzyme 3trypsin4: p/ .


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p/ 3cont.4


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S!bstrate & Enzyme Concentrations

Henera""y: increasin$ s!bstrate concentrationincreases () rate


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Animation

Animation comparin$Enzymes

S!bstrates

nhibitors

Temperat!re

p/

9in0 to animation


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Enzyme nhibitor


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Competiti%e nhibition


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+onCompetiti%e nhibition


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Enzyme Coactors

Comp"e) enzymes: re-!ire coactors

meta" ions to !nction

etal ions: C!=5* 2e=55* Jn=5* ?$=5*

?n=5* +i=5 obtaine# rom oo#

Enzymes o the e"ectron transport chain in

mitochon#ria" membranes: o)i#orec!tases

Enzyme witho!t the coactor: apoenzyme

Enzyme with coactor bo!n#: ho"oenzyme


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Coactor !nction


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Specia" oo# proteins A. H"!ten

The 8$"!eprotein;

rotein o!n# in #$eat* bar"ey* rye ma0es #o!$h

e"astic

@ats* rice* corn* -!inoa are $"!ten ree b!t otencontaminate#

Abo!t 1K o the pop!"ation is a""er$ic to $"!ten or has

ce"iac #isease

Symptoms: inc"!#e b"oatin$* ab#omina" pain* #iarrhea*m!sc"e* bone or Loint pain

Corre"ation o thyroi# prob"ems an# $"!ten a""er$ies'.


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B. Casein

?ain protein in mamma"ian mi"0* hi$hest incowMs mi"0 3K4

A#!"ts can be a""er$ic to casein 3L!st "i0e with

"actose4

Anima" e)periments show a corre"ation o hi$h

casein inta0e an# cancer #e%e"opment

op!"ation st!#ies rom China 3China St!#y4

an# +orway 3WW4 corre"ate si$niicant "owerrates o breast an# prostate cancer in #airy ree

pop!"ations'.


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C. rions N miso"#e# proteins

n%a"i#ates c!rrent patho$en #einitions as

bein$ on"y bacteria or %ir!ses

?iso"#e# 8#isease#; prepti#es in#!ce wron$

o"#in$ in norma" proteins: seeded induction

n$estion rom #isease# meats

Cannot be c"eare# o!t o ce""s* b!t

acc!m!"ate an# orm amy"oi# a$$re$ates inbrain an# ner%o!s tiss!e 3"ots o beta p"eate#

sheets4


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rotein Diseases

?a# Cow Disease 3Cre!tze"#tOacob D4:

oo# chain inection orm #isease#

anima"s

@ne orm o A"zheimerMs

/!ntin$tons

ar0insons

enzymes and rest notes 4

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