eoc review. what to review genetics cell transport cell cycle ecology & behavior dna organic...
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EOC Review
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What to ReviewGenetics Cell TransportCell Cycle Ecology & BehaviorDNA Organic MoleculesCell Structure & Function Cellular Respiration Ecology & Pollution Classification
Red = 5 or less got correctOrange = 6-10 got correctYellow = 11-15 got correct
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Cell Structure and Function
• Differentiation• Prokaryote vs Eukaryote• Cell Structure• Cell Organelles
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• Differentiation (#2, #22)– Process in which the cells of a multicellular
individual become specialized during development
– Occurs because different genes in the cells are activated (or not activated) during development
Stem Cells
Nerve Cells
Blood Cells
Brain Cells
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• Prokaryote vs Eukaryote (#41, #1, #21)
Prokaryote: NO membrane bound organelles NO nucleus bacteria are an example
Eukaryote: HAS membrane bound organelles HAS a nucleus
plant and animal cells; found in most organisms
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Prokaryote - Bacteria
Eukaryote - PlantEukaryote - Animal
Flagella, cilia
RibosomesCell membrane
Cell wall
NucleoidFew internal structuresSingle cell
Chloroplasts
CentriolesCytoskeletonNucleus
NucleolusVacuoleLysosomeGolgi ApparatusMitochondria
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Cell Cycle
• Stages of the Cell Cycle• Mitosis vs Meiosis• Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction
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• Stages of the Cell Cycle (#24)
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• Mitosis vs Meiosis (#11, #43)•
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• Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction (#51, #52) Meiosis allows for genetic variation within organisms gametes (sex cells) to have half the number of chromosomes as the parent
In asexual reproduction the offspring are genetically identical to the parent organism
In sexual reproduction the offspring are genetically different from the parent organisms
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DNA
• DNA coding for proteins • Cell, protein and DNA relationship• DNA structure and function• DNA fingerprinting
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• DNA Structure and Function (#19)
• Store important information for cell function• Create proteins within a cell
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• DNA Coding for Proteins (#42)
– Replication• DNA to DNA
– Transcription• DNA to mRNA
– Translation• mRNA to protein
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• Cell, protein and DNA relationship (#10, #58)
– DNA contains the code to make the required proteins to support a cell’s function• Think about the instruction book for putting together a
complicated piece of furniture or electronics
– Proteins are made of amino acids• The order of amino acids (and the protein that is made)
is ultimately determined by the DNA in the cell’s nucleus
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• DNA Fingerprinting (#53)
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Genetics
• Transgenic Organisms• Genetic crosses• Mutations
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• Transgenic Organisms (#14, #34)• A host organism that receives recombinant DNA
This type of genetic engineering can be used for many purposes
- treating or curing certain diseases
- treating genetic disorders
- improve food crops
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• Mutations (#35)
• “any change in an organism’s DNA”
• Change DNA Change RNA change protein
• Somatic Cell Mutations 1. cannot be passed to offspring 2. ex) Cancer (human skin cancer, leukemia)
• Germ-Cell Mutations 1. occur in organism’s germ cell (gametes) 2. can be passed on to offspring
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• Genetic Crosses (#32)
• “traits who genes are found on the X chromosome”
• Genotypes example 1. XHXH – normal female 2. XHXh – normal female who is a carrier 3. XhXh – abnormal female 4. XHY – normal male 5. XhY – abnormal male
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• Ecology and Pollution (#28, #27, #47, #48)• Burning fossil fuels– Chemicals combine with water vapor in the air to form
acid rain– CO2 emissions retain heat near Earth’s surface
contributing to global warming• Use of CFCs– Deplete the Earth’s ozone layer decreasing protection
from the Sun’s UV radiation• Deforestation– Reduced ability to absorb CO2 contributing to global
warming as well as increased erosion• Nuclear Power– Potential release of radiation
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Ecology
• Natural Selection• Animal Locomotion• Animal Behavior
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Natural Selection (#16, #36)
“organisms best suited to their environment reproduce more successfully than other organisms”
1. Adaptation 2. Competition
*selection conditions change as the demands of the environment change
*if change is too extreme and organism can’t change, they become extinct or die
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• Animal Locomotion (#44)
Paramecium - cilia
Euglena - flagellum
Amoeba - pseudopod
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• Animal Behavior (#45)
• LEARNED – Learning how to respond to a stimuli, usually by
observation or trial and error• Imprinting • Habituation
• INATE– Instinctive response to a stimuli; genetic• Circadian rhythms • Annual rhythms• Hibernation and migration
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Cellular Transport
• Active vs Passive Transport• Homeostasis• Hypotonic, Hypertonic, Isotonic
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• Homeostasis (#3)
– “biological balance between a cell or organism and it’s external environment”
– maintained by the cell controlling what enters and exits (plasma cell membrane)
– cells use active and passive transport mechanisms to maintain homeostasis
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• Active vs Passive Transport (#60)• Types of Active Transport• Endocytosis, exocytosis, NA-K Pump• USES energy (ATP)• Moves molecules from areas of LOW concentration
to areas of HIGH concentration
• Types of Passive Transport• Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis• DOES NOT use energy• Moves molecules from areas of HIGH concentration
to areas of LOW concentration
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• Hypotonic, Hypertonic, Isotonic (#23)
LESS solute outside the cell than inside.
MORE water outside the cell than inside
CELL SWELLS
HYPOTONIC ISOTONIC
SAME solute amount both inside and outside the cell.
SAME water amount both inside and outside the cell.
HOMEOSTASIS
HYPERTONIC
MORE solute outside the cell than inside.
LESS water outside the cell than inside.
CELL SHRINKS
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Organic Molecules (#18, #38)CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS
Contain: CHOBuilding Blocks: monosaccharidesdisaccharidesPolysaccharidesUsed: to provide energy to living organismsExamples: Mono- glucose, fructose, galactoseDi- sucrosePoly- glycogen, chitin, starch, cellulose
Contain: CHOBuilding Blocks: fatty acids arranged as triglycerides, phospholipids, wax; includes steriodsUsed: to provide protection, insulation and energy storageExamples: trilauroylglycerol; lecithin; cholesterol, testosterone
Contain: CHONBuilding Blocks: amino acids – there are 20 different ones
Used: to provide shape and supportExamples: hormones, hemoglobin, insulin, enzymes
Contain: CHONBuilding Blocks: nucleotides – adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil
Used: stores important information in the cell, codes for proteinsExamples: DNA, RNA
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Cellular Respiration (#59,#20)Aerobic – uses oxygen Anaerobic – does NOT use oxygen
Makes the most ATP (32-38) Makes only 2 ATP
Includes lactic acid fermentation (muscles) and alcohol fermentation
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Classification (#17)
Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia
Phylum Chordata Chordata Cnidaria
Class Mammalia Mammalia Hydrozoa
Order Primates Primates Siphonophorae
Family Hominidae Hominidae Physaliidae
Genus Homo Pan Physalia
Species sapiens troglodytes physalis
HUMAN CHIMP PORTUGUESE MAN O’ WAR
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Cladograms• “uses derived characters to establish evolutionary
relationships”
• Cladograms – diagram showing relationship among animals
• Derived characteristic * ex) Jaws, Lungs, Nails - everything to the right have jaws - everything to the left does not
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• Phylogenetic tree *evolutionary past * base of tree = common ancestor
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Biotic Relationships
• Competition – when two organisms compete for the same thing
• Predation – when one organism uses another organism for food
• Symbiosis – when two organisms or different species live in close association with one another– parasitism, commensalism, mutualism, mimicry
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• Parasitism – one organism gets nutrients from a host organism– One benefits, one suffers
• Commensalism – one organism benefits, the other is neither helped or harmed– One benefits, one neutral
• Mutualism – both organisms benefit– Both benefit
• Mimicry – when a harmless species resembles a poisonous or distasteful one– Ex. Monarch and Viceroy butterflies; eastern coral
snake and scarlet king snake
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DNA to Proteins
• STEP 1: REPLICATION (make a copy)DNA to DNA
• STEP 2: TRANSCRIPTION (convert to mRNA)DNA to mRNA
• STEP 3: TRANSLATION (figure out the amino acid)
mRNA to amino acid
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DNA Replication-process where DNA makes a copy of itself (DNA DNA)
CCT TAC CCG AAA
TAC GCA ACT TAC
CTA TTA CGA TAG
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Transcription• mRNA is made from DNA in the nucleus
• Pairing Rules Replicated DNA mRNA Adenine Uracil Thymine Adenine Cytosine Guanine Guanine Cytosine
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DNA TTA CGA CTA GGC GCT
Comp.DNA
mRNA
DNA GGC TAT TCG GCA AAT
Comp.DNA
mRNA
Practice
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TRANSLATION
Making proteins from mRNA
Occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosome
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Practice
DNA: AAT CTA GGT CGT ATG GGG
mRNA:
Translate:
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PMAT