Europe since World War II and the Way to European Union

by

Satin Soonthornpan

Faculty of Political Science

Ramkhamhaeng University

Patterns of EU Enlargement

Horizontal Integration

Vertical Integration

Step towards European Integration

• Free Trade Area (EFTA)• Customs Union (EEC; EC-Turkey)• Common Market (EC)• Monetary Union (Euro-Zone) • Political Union (EU)

Vertical Integration

1952 European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)

1957 by Treaty of Rome

-- European Economic Community(EEC) -- Euratom

1968 EC moved to Custom Union 1970 European Political Cooperation (EPC)

Vertical Integration (2)

1979 European Parliament (EP) -- Direct Elections

1979 European Monetary System (EMS) 1992 Single European Market (SEM) 1993 Masstricht Treaty – European Union

(EU)

The Pillar Structure

EUEU

1st1stPillarPillar

ECEC

2nd2ndPillarPillar

CFSPCFSP(Common Foreign and Security Policy)

3rd3rdPillarPillar

JHAJHA(Justice and Home Affairs)

supranational intergovernmental

The European Communities

(EC)

Common Foreign and Security Policy

(CFSP)

Cooperation in Justice and Home Affairs

(JHA)

The European Union

EC Customs union and single market Agricultural policy Structural policy EMU, ECB, “Euro”

New or amended provisions on:•EU citizenship, Health•Education and culture•Trans-European networks•Consumer protection•Research and environment•Social policy•Asylum policy•External borders•Immigration policyEuratomECSC

Foreign Policy•Cooperation, common positions and measures•Peacekeeping•Human rights•Democracy•Aid to non-member countries

Security policy•Drawing on the WEU: questions concerning the security of the EU•Disarmament•Financial aspects of defence•Long-term: Europe’s security framework

•Cooperation between judicial authorities in civil and criminal law

•Police cooperation

•Combating racism and xenophobia

•Fighting drugs and the arms trade

•Fighting organised crime

•Fighting terrorism

•Criminal acts against children, trafficking in human beings

Supranational Intergovernmental

Vertical Integration (3)

1999 Amsterdam Treaty

2000 Nice Treaty

2002 The euro replaces twelve national currencies (there are currently 15 countries in Eurozone)

2005 – Big step for the EU

Treaty of Lisbon 2007

• A more democratic and transparent Europe

• Efficient and modern institutions

• A Europe of rights and values

• The Europe in the World

Internal Impact (1)

• Common Agriculture Policy (CAP)

• CFSP – strengthen the forces within the EU

• Democratisation of decision making at the EU level and more transparency

Internal Impact (2)

• Intensification of existing connections, more trade and cultural exchange

• The “old” member states will benefit as well

Enlargement History (1)

• 1952: Treaty of Paris, establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) enters into force (6 founding States: BeNeLux, France, Germany, Italy)

• 1973: Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom join the EC

• 1981 Greece joins the EC

Enlargement History (2)

• 1986: Portugal and Spain join to the EC• 1995: Finland, Sweden and Austria join to the EU• 1999 Amsterdam Treaty • 2000: European Council in Nice

- adoption of a revised Treaty on European Union (the Nice Treaty - into force on 1 February 2003)

- decision to enlarge the EU in May 2004 from 15 to 25 Members

Accession Criteria for the 5th Enlargement

In order to join the Union, the acceding countries need to fulfill the economic and political conditions known as the “Copenhagen criteria”, according to which a prospective member must:

1. be a stable democracy, respecting human rights, the rule of law, and the protection of minorities; 2. have a functioning market economy; 3. adopt the common rules, standards and policies that make up the body of EU law.

After Copenhagen

• Madrid Conference

• “Agenda 2000”

-- Acquis Communataire

• The First Official Negotiation in London

• Accession Treaty

The 5th Enlargement

• 10 of these countries - Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, the Slovak Republic, and Slovenia joined on 1st May 2004.

The 5th Enlargement : Basic Facts

From EU-15 to EU-25 : an increase of• 20 % in population

– 75 m. people, of which 39 m. in Poland• 5 % in economic product

– about the same size as Netherlands• 23 % in area

– 30 % in agricultural land• 50 % in agricultural workforce

10 Member States

Population Area GDP per head million thousand km2 percent of EU-15

Estonia 1.4 45 42Latvia 2.4 65 35Lithuania 3.5 65 39Poland 38.2 313 39Czech Republic 10.2 79 60Slovakia 5.4 49 47Hungary 10.2 93 57Slovenia 2.0 20 74Malta 0.4 0.3 55Cyprus 0.8 9 72

Dates of Application for EU membership

• Turkey 14 April 1987• Cyprus 3 July 1990• Malta 16 July 1990• Hungary 31 March 1994• Poland 5 April 1994• Romania 22 June 1995• Slovak Rep. 27 June 1995• Latvia 13 October 1995• Estonia 24 November 1995• Lithuania 8 December 1995• Bulgaria 14 December 1995• Czech Rep. 17 January 1996• Slovenia 10 June 1996

Successful Referenda

March 8th - Malta: 53.6% yes

March 23rd - Slovenia: 89.6% yes

April 12th - Hungary: 83.76% yes

May 10th, 11th - Lithuania: 91.4% yes

May 16th 17th - Slovakia: 92.46% yes

June 8th - Poland : 77.45% yes

June 13th, 14th - Czech Republic : 77.33% yes

September 14th - Estonia : 66.92 % yes

September 20th, Latvia : 67 % yes

Total YES votes : 25 1/2 million

2007 Enlargement

• Bulgaria and Romania in 2007,bringing the EU's total population to nearly 500 million.

• Croatia and Macedonia expected to join around 2010-2012

• Turkey is currently negotiating its membership.

• What’s next?

Problems:Problems:

No sufficient legal security No sufficient legal security No timely and correct implementation No timely and correct implementation of laws of lawsWidespread corruption (“bad Widespread corruption (“bad governance”) governance”)