ExaminationsExaminations in in neurosurgeryneurosurgery

► RadiographyRadiography is the is the study of X-rays or study of X-rays or gamma ray-exposed gamma ray-exposed film and is used to film and is used to study internal organ study internal organ structure.structure.

► FluoroscopyFluoroscopy is used is used to demonstrate the to demonstrate the motion of organs motion of organs when used with when used with contrast mediumcontrast medium..

► Contrast MediaContrast Media► Radiopaque substances Radiopaque substances

that facilitate roentnen that facilitate roentnen imaging of the internal imaging of the internal structuresstructures

► BariumBarium► IodineIodine► Clients with a history of Clients with a history of

allergies to any foods allergies to any foods or drugs (particularly or drugs (particularly fish or iodine) may be fish or iodine) may be predisposed to allergic predisposed to allergic reactions to contrast reactions to contrast media.media.

► Digital flourograph "Renex Flouro"Digital flourograph "Renex Flouro"►     It is intended for mass preventive It is intended for mass preventive

examination of population to identify examination of population to identify tuberculosis, oncological and other lung tuberculosis, oncological and other lung diseases on the early stages of their diseases on the early stages of their development.development.

  "Renex Flouro" occupies a leading   "Renex Flouro" occupies a leading position in its class supported by the up-position in its class supported by the up-to-date developments and high-tech to-date developments and high-tech production quality of all its components.production quality of all its components.  "Renex Flouro" consists of high   "Renex Flouro" consists of high frequency generator of the accumulating frequency generator of the accumulating type that allows hooking up common type that allows hooking up common electricity supply.electricity supply.

►     The unit provides for:The unit provides for:► · Higher diagnostic value of the image · Higher diagnostic value of the image

obtained;obtained;► · Settle the examination problem of large · Settle the examination problem of large

population numbers;population numbers;► · Reduce by over a factor of 5 radiation · Reduce by over a factor of 5 radiation

exposure of patients;exposure of patients;► · Provide with the possibility to diagnose · Provide with the possibility to diagnose

directly during the examination;directly during the examination;► · Hook up common electricity supply · Hook up common electricity supply

220V 50 hertz;220V 50 hertz;► · Avoid expenditure for films and · Avoid expenditure for films and

processing. Reliable and compact file processing. Reliable and compact file keeping;keeping;

► · Provide work capacity with the · Provide work capacity with the centralized remote archives.centralized remote archives.

Digital radiodiagnostic system with Digital radiodiagnostic system with rotary table-stand KRDC-T20/T2000 rotary table-stand KRDC-T20/T2000

RENEXRENEX· RENEX-T20 remote-control diagnostic table-· RENEX-T20 remote-control diagnostic table-

stand with the all-purposed support options stand with the all-purposed support options of application (X-Ray examination, of application (X-Ray examination, rontgenography, tomography. rontgenography, tomography.

· RENEX-AUTO high frequency generator with · RENEX-AUTO high frequency generator with self-selection system of different organs self-selection system of different organs parameters, automatic dose indication of parameters, automatic dose indication of patient and self-diagnostic system. patient and self-diagnostic system.

· X-ray intensifier with the digital television · X-ray intensifier with the digital television system. system.

· Computer processing and image storing. · Computer processing and image storing.

KRDC-T20/T2000 RENEX (universal) -KRDC-T20/T2000 RENEX (universal) - is an opportunity of multiple view is an opportunity of multiple view

rontgenoscopy, rontgenography and rontgenoscopy, rontgenography and tomografy (horizontal and vertical) on tomografy (horizontal and vertical) on single workplaces set at a time. single workplaces set at a time. Routine diagnostics in the area of digestive Routine diagnostics in the area of digestive tract, thorax organs and also skeleton, tract, thorax organs and also skeleton, skull. skull. Advanced study in gynecology, urology and Advanced study in gynecology, urology and other areas. other areas. Control of all device functions is performed Control of all device functions is performed from panel booth with its redoubling from panel booth with its redoubling directly on the stand.directly on the stand.

KRDC-T20/T2000 RENEX KRDC-T20/T2000 RENEX (COMBINED/JOINT)(COMBINED/JOINT)

digital radiognostic system with rotary table-digital radiognostic system with rotary table-stand.stand.

► · RENEX-T20 or RENEX-· RENEX-T20 or RENEX-T200 the all-purpose T200 the all-purpose support stand. support stand.

► · RENEX-AUTO high · RENEX-AUTO high frequency generator. frequency generator.

► · Radiologist and X-ray · Radiologist and X-ray laboratory assistant's laboratory assistant's automatically fixed work automatically fixed work place.place.

Visualization of the vascular Visualization of the vascular structures through the use of structures through the use of fluoroscopy with a contrast fluoroscopy with a contrast mediummedium

► Reveals blood flow to heart, lungs, Reveals blood flow to heart, lungs, brain, kidneys, and lower brain, kidneys, and lower extremitiesextremities

► Useful in diagnosing an aneurysmUseful in diagnosing an aneurysmUltrasoundUltrasound (echogram) is a (echogram) is a

noninvasive study that uses high-noninvasive study that uses high-frequency sound waves to frequency sound waves to visualize deep body structures.visualize deep body structures.

► A transducer emits waves that A transducer emits waves that travel through the body tissue and travel through the body tissue and are reflected back to the are reflected back to the transducer and recorded.transducer and recorded.

► The varying density of body The varying density of body tissues deflects the waves into a tissues deflects the waves into a differentiated pattern on an differentiated pattern on an oscilloscope.oscilloscope.

► Portable ultrasound scanner Portable ultrasound scanner with full digital beamforming, with full digital beamforming, affordable 2-D imaging (black affordable 2-D imaging (black & white), 6.4 inch TFT non-& white), 6.4 inch TFT non-interlaced LCD : 640x480, interlaced LCD : 640x480, ASIC technology, lithium ion ASIC technology, lithium ion battery, housing: notebook battery, housing: notebook style, CINE, image storage, style, CINE, image storage, imaging modes:2 D real-time, imaging modes:2 D real-time, dual 2D real-time, 2D/M-mode, dual 2D real-time, 2D/M-mode, M-mode; gray scale: internal M-mode; gray scale: internal 64 levels, external 256 levels; 64 levels, external 256 levels; channels: 16 transmit channels: 16 transmit channels, 32 recieving channels, 32 recieving channels (synthetic aperture). channels (synthetic aperture).

► Application: fetal, abdominal, Application: fetal, abdominal, pediatric, small organ, intra-pediatric, small organ, intra-vascular, peripheral-vascular,vascular, peripheral-vascular,

► muscular-skeletal, cardiac, muscular-skeletal, cardiac, trans-rectal, trans-vaginaltrans-rectal, trans-vaginal

►MRIMRI►Noninvasive procedure that places the Noninvasive procedure that places the

client in a magnetic field instead of client in a magnetic field instead of ionizing radiationionizing radiation

►Provides contrast between normal Provides contrast between normal tissue and pathologic tissuetissue and pathologic tissue

►Evaluates lesions and changes in the Evaluates lesions and changes in the body’s organs, tissues, vascular, and body’s organs, tissues, vascular, and skeletal structuresskeletal structures

► Nuclear magnetic resonanceNuclear magnetic resonance ( (NMRNMR) is a ) is a physical phenomenon based upon the physical phenomenon based upon the magneticmagnetic properties of an properties of an atomatom's 's nucleusnucleus. All . All nuclei that contain odd numbers of nuclei that contain odd numbers of nucleonsnucleons and some that contain even numbers of and some that contain even numbers of nucleons have an intrinsic nucleons have an intrinsic magnetic momentmagnetic moment. . The most commonly used nuclei are The most commonly used nuclei are hydrogenhydrogen-1 and -1 and carboncarbon-13, although certain isotopes of -13, although certain isotopes of many other elements nuclei can also be many other elements nuclei can also be observed. NMR studies a magnetic nucleus, observed. NMR studies a magnetic nucleus, like that of a like that of a hydrogenhydrogen atom ( atom (protiumprotium being being the most receptive the most receptive isotopeisotope at natural at natural abundance) by aligning it with a very powerful abundance) by aligning it with a very powerful external external magnetic fieldmagnetic field and perturbing this and perturbing this alignment using an electromagnetic field. The alignment using an electromagnetic field. The response to the field by perturbing is what is response to the field by perturbing is what is exploited in nuclear magnetic resonance exploited in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging.imaging.

►NMR spectroscopy is one of the principal NMR spectroscopy is one of the principal techniques used to obtain physical, techniques used to obtain physical, chemical, electronic and structural chemical, electronic and structural information about a molecule. It is the information about a molecule. It is the only technique that can provide detailed only technique that can provide detailed information on the exact three-information on the exact three-dimensional structure of biological dimensional structure of biological molecules in solution. Also, nuclear molecules in solution. Also, nuclear magnetic resonance is one of the magnetic resonance is one of the techniques that has been used to build techniques that has been used to build elementary quantum computerselementary quantum computers

► Use radionuclides Use radionuclides (nuclear scanning) to (nuclear scanning) to image the image the morphologic and morphologic and functional changes in functional changes in the body’s structurethe body’s structure

► Reveal congenital Reveal congenital abnormalities, lesions, abnormalities, lesions, skeletal changes, skeletal changes, infections, gland, and infections, gland, and organ enlargementorgan enlargement

► Visualization of a Visualization of a body organ or body organ or cavity through a cavity through a scopescope

► A light at the end of A light at the end of the scope allows the the scope allows the practitioner to practitioner to assess for lesions assess for lesions and structural and structural problems.problems.

► Lumbar puncture Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) is the (spinal tap) is the aspiration of CSF from aspiration of CSF from the subarachnoid the subarachnoid space.space.

► To obtain a pressure To obtain a pressure measurement when measurement when blockage is suspectedblockage is suspected

► During a myelogramDuring a myelogram► To instill anesthesia, To instill anesthesia,

antibiotics, or antibiotics, or chemotherapychemotherapy