FINAL REPORT BERAU PRIDE CAMPAIGN

HIRMEN

JULY 2007

Table of Contents SUMMARY 4 I. SITE DESCRIPTION 4 A. Introduction B. International Conventions and Legal Aspects ________________ 5 C. Biodiversity of Berau Marine Protected Area 6

C.1. Terrestrial ecosystem 6 C.2. Marine ecosystem 6

Coral reef ecosystem 7 Seagrass ecosystem 7 Mangrove ecosystem 7

D. Socio-Economic and Cultural Aspects 8 D.1. Demographics 8

D.2. Economic aspects 9 D.3. Cultural aspects 10 D.4. Per capita income 10 D.5. Land and marine tenure 10

E. Political Situation 10 F. Geological Aspects 11 G. Threats to Berau Marine Protected Area 11

G.1 Unsustainable fisheries 11 G.2 Coral reef destruction 11 G.3 Degradation of seagrasses 12 G.4 Turtle population decline 12 G.5 Conversion of mangroves 12 G.6 Pollution 13

H. Other Conservation Work 13 II. STAKEHOLDER MATRIX 14 Photos from Stakeholder Meeting 14 III. INITIAL CONCEPT MODEL 18 A. Narrative Summary 18 B. Flagship Species and Slogans 19

IV. COMMUNITY PRE-SURVEY 21 A. Demographic Profiles 21

A.1. Target Group 21 A.2. Control Group 22

B. Media Preference 24 B.1. Target Group 24 B.2. Control Group 26

C. Perceptions Regarding Berau Marine Protected Area Resources 27

C.1. Target Group 27 C.2. Control Group 36

D. Flagship Species and Slogan 43 D.1. Target Group 43 D.2. Control Group 44

E. Focus Group Discussions and Community Pre-Survey 46 V. SPECIES SUMMARY 47 A. Green Turtles 47 B. Distribution 47 C. Behaviour 48 D. Biology 48 E. Size 49 F. Reproduction 49 G. Feeding 49 H. Green Turtle Status 50 I. Green Turtles in Berau 50 VI. PROJECT PLAN 51 REFERENCES 88 Annex 1. Questionnaire Survey Form English 93 Bahasa Indonesia 98 Annex 2. Results of Focus Group Discussions 103

Chapter I SITE BACKGROUND A. Introduction Berau Marine Protected Area (MPA) is located in Berau Regency in the province of East Kalimantan (Kalimantan Timur). The regency lies north of the provincial capital of Samarinda between 116o-119o West and 1o00’-2o3’ South. Berau Regency has an approximate land area of 24,201 km2, or 2,420,100 ha, and a marine area of 1,270,000 ha. The regency has a large coastal area covering 461.77 km of coastline and around 31 small islands. The capital city of the regency is Tanjung Redeb (Figure1). Approximately 118,096 people reside in the regency in 28,993 households and the area has a population density of 4.88 people per km2. The regency consists of ten sub-districts and 89 villages, including four coastal sub-districts and 25 coastal villages (BPS, 2001).

Figure 1. Map of Berau District (Source; BPS, 2003)

Berau’s coastal and marine areas are part of the Indo-Australian region, the richest faunal region in the world in terms of biodiversity. The area also has the highest marine biodiversity in East Kalimantan. Furthermore, this area is located in the center of the Coral Triangle, a region recognized as the global epicenter for coral biodiversity. The Coral Triangle consists of the waters and coastal regions of six countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Timor Leste, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. The Coral Triangle covers an extraordinary expanse of ocean encompassing an area of 2.3 million square miles (5.7 million km2).

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B. People There are 25 settlements in 7 sub-districts in the Berau Regency and Tanjung Redeb village is the capital of Berau District (Figure 2). There are 23,239 people living in the coastal areas within the Berau MPA and a total of 136,628 (!This differs from stat in first paragraph) people live in the larger Berau district (BPS, 2003). The five coastal villages with the highest population are Tanjung Batu village with 2,188 people, Kasai village with 1,960 people, Talisayan village with 1,523 people, Batu Putih village with 1,445 people, and Radak Buyung-Buyung village with 1,513 people.

Table 1. Population In and Around Berau Marine Protected Area No Village Name Households Population 1 Tanjung Redeb 3357 16781 2 Pulau Derawan 371 1.370 3 Tanjung Batu 547 2.188 4 Kasai 472 1.960 5 Teluk Semanting 80 458 6 Pegat Batumbuk 131 450 7 Payung Payung 118 538 8 Bohe Silian 182 682 9 Teluk Harapan 162 707 10 Teluk Alulu 126 558 11 Mantaritip 225 910 12 Tabalar Muara 87 370 13 Tubaan 193 965 14 Radak Buyung Buyung 300 1.513 15 Pisang Pisangan 160 640 16 Karang Bajau 158 467 17 Biatan Muara 57 435 18 Talisayan 356 1.523 19 Batu Putih 444 1.445 20 Balikukup 127 910 21 Teluk Sumbang 158 527 22 Pantai Harapan 156 686 23 Tanjung Perepat 175 987 24 Biduk Biduk 208 1.229 25 Giring Giring 200 955 26 Teluk Sulaeman 388 1.243

Source: BPS, 2003 The majority of people had some elementary level education but only a very small percentage of respondents had any university training. The majority of people residing in coastal villages of Berau District of East Kalimantan are from the ethnic groups of Bajau and Sulawesi As previously mentioned, the Bajau and the Sulawesians are ordinarily fishers and nomadic, whereas the Kalimantan are typically farmers who prefer to live on the mainland. Communities living within the coastal zones of the Berau MPA are predominantly Bajau, Sulu, Bugis, Jawa, Mandar, Makassar, Buton, Madura, Manado, Timor, Banjar, Berau and Lombok ehtnicities. Most community members speak Bahasa Indonesia but commonly use the Bajau and Bugis languages in daily conversations. There are 5 languages used by local communities living in and around the Berau MPA: Bajau, Bugis, Jawa, Berau, and Banjar. Ninety percent of residents in the area practice Islam.

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C. Government The communities fall under the political jurisdiction of the Berau District which is governed by a Bupati (Head of District), and at the community level,Village Representatives preside over local affairs. Following Indonesia’s independence in 1953, the post-colonial government designated Berau as a Special Region to be headed by the former Sultan of Sambaliung (doesn’t seem especially pertinent to the subject at hand—think about cutting). In 1959, however, Berau’s status was changed to that of kabupaten under Act No. 27 Year 1959 when the province of East Kalimantan was officially formed. Administratively, Berau MPA is part of Berau District. Under new regulations on decentralization and autonomy (Act No. 32 Year 2004 on Regional Government) the population of Berau District is now divided into 13 sub-districts (Kelay, Talisayan, Tubaan, Tabalar, Biduk-biduk, Pulau Derawan, Maratua, Sambaliung, Tanjung Redeb, Gunung Tabur, Teluk Bayur, Batu Putih, Tabalar Muara). D. Economy and Land A combination of factors, including the low educational attainment of most residents, limited access to land, poor soil quality, low levels of rainfall, and limited water supply, push local communities to rely on extracting marine resources for their livelihoods. Ninety seven percent of the population in coastal areas relies upon fishing activities to meet their basic needs while the remaining 3 percent work as traders or civil servants (Hopley and Suharsono, 2000). The characteristics of local fishing communities are as follows: their daily and seasonal income is highly variable, their fish catch is perishable and must be marketed quickly, they must secure a large working capital to invest in fishing equipment and there is a high risk in investing in such equipment, their share of the profit for selling fish is low, and the traditional methods for processing marine products result in low quality products East Kalimantan Province has the nation’s highest per capita income (BPS, 2003). In 2002, the annual per capita income in the province was Rp. 8,500,000.00 (USD 850), while nationally it was Rp. 7,055,462 (USD 705). In 2002, economic growth in the region was at 4.4 percent when including oil and gas sectors and at 5.79 percent when excluding oil and gas sectors. The total income of East Kalimantan Province amounted to Rp 25.6 million (including oil and gas sectors) and Rp 10.06 million (excluding oil and gas sectors) in 2002. Seawater potencies cover 4,484,283 ha along Makasar Bay and Sulawesi Sea and have large potential fisheries. The area has the potential to produce about 341,000 tons/year; however, the actual rate of production only reached 133,273 tons/year or 30 percent of the estimated potential production capacity. Thus, there is great opportunity to develop the fisheries sector of this province. Most people residing within Berau MPA live along or near the coast in small communities. Community members have settled small plots of land upon which they build dwellings, construct traditional shrimp ponds or dry fish. Some villagers hold official land titles while others only have permit from the Head of Village and the Head of Sub-District. In regards to marine resources, community members must go to the Berau Fisheries Agency to obtain a permit to carry out fishing activities. In Berau, it is not uncommon to find traditional laws that govern the community use of marine resources. However, village communities do not enforce any formal fisheries management systems based upon local knowledge and customary law. Furthermore, fishermen can exploit marine resources in almost all areas and no punishment exists for either the over-exploitation of marine resources or the use of non-traditional fishing practices. E. Conservation Management Issues E.1 Unsustainable fisheries

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Fisheries are a major activity in Indonesia and it has been estimated that 60 percent of protein consumption is derived from fisheries. About 90 percent of all fisheries are artisanal, with products for local consumption or for sale in local markets (Reef Base, 2005). The marine resources of Berau MPA are threatened by unsustainable fishing practices including illegal fishing, unregulated fishing, unreported fishing, over-fishing, and especially destructive fishing. Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) fishing not only puts the livelihoods of the legal fishermen at risk but it also has an enormous impact on the marine environment and the species living within this environment. In addition, there are strong indications that the current level of fishing pressure is much higher than fish stocks can sustain. A map that was created to document fishing grounds indicates that fishermen fish in coral reef and mangrove ecosystems. Although fish diversity was relatively high, there were obvious signs of over fishing. Napoleon wrasse, which are a good indicator of fishing pressure, were rare (Allen, G.R. 2004). A short study indicates that since 1999 the catch per unit of effort per fishermen (groupers and prawn) has declined by over 40 percent for reef fish (Wiryawan, B. et.al, 2005). E.2 Coral reef destruction The World Resources Institute (2004) estimated that 88 percent of Southeast Asian reefs are threatened by human activities, with over-fishing and destructive fishing being the most pervasive threats. This is certainly true in the Berau MPA where a number of destructive fishing practices threaten not only the health of the reefs but also the livelihoods of fishers. For example, gleaning activities, primarily conducted by women to collect non-fish biota in inter-tidal coastal areas, destroy the reefs. Reef gleaners collect crustacean, mollusk, echinoderm and mantas but they also decrease the marine stock, cause physical damage to coral reefs and disturb the ecological balance of marine ecosystems (Hopley, D. and Suharsono, 2000). The abalone fishery has also destroyed large areas of coral reefs in recent years. Many fishermen dig through the reefs, using compressors and crow bars (in a method called 'meting'), in search of abalone and other marine invertebrates. The fishermen break and trample over the coral in the process leaving behind them fields of nearly 100 percent dead coral rubble. Another destructive fishing practice is that of cyanide fishing. Cyanide poisons are used extensively to catch live reef fish for consumption and ornamental purposes. The concentrations of dissolved poison that are released are not meant to kill but only to tranquilize the target fish thereby facilitating their capture. The live food-fish trade concentrates on the catch of Groupers and Napoleon Wrasse. Cyanide fishing is done by divers, using "hookah" compressors and hoses to supply air. On Derawan Island, divers have also reported that the Crown of Thorn (Acanthaster plancii) is more evident possibly indicating a decline in Triton (maybe explain for those who don’t know the relationship or even what Triton are?). E.3 Degradation of sea grasses The industrial and commercial development of coastal areas has already altered and polluted seagrass ecosystems in many countries and urbanization, the mismanagement of agriculture, and the grazing livestock on coastal dunes has contributed to the degradation of these ecosystems in other nations. Human induced global climate change may also impact the distribution of seagrasses as sea levels rise and severe storms occur more frequently (WCMC. 2005). Seagrass provides habitat for fish and shellfish from nursery areas in the shallows out into the deeper ocean and they perform important ecological functions; they filter coastal waters, dissipate wave action and anchor sediments. Seagrasses often occur in proximity to, and are ecologically linked with, coral reefs, mangroves, salt marshes, bivalve reefs and other marine habitats. Seagrasses are the primary food of dugongs and green sea turtles, both of which are highly charismatic yet endangered species of great public interest. In Berau MPA, coastal development, pollution, and sedimentation all contribute to the degradation of seagrass ecosystems.

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E.4 Turtle population decline Globally, the sea turtle population is in decline because sea turtles are highly vulnerable to anthropogenic impacts during every life-stage from egg to adult. Unfortunately, the harvest of sea turtle eggs remains legal in several countries despite substantial subpopulation declines (WWF, 2005). Mortality associated with entanglement in marine fisheries is the primary incidental threat that responsible fishing techniques present to sea turtles and drift netting, shrimp trawling, dynamite fishing, and long-lining can also result in the death of turtles. (Cheng I Jiunn and Tien-Hsi Chen, 1997). Pollution stemming from human activities also endangers sea turtles. Non-degradable trash, including balloons, bottles, vinyl films, styrofoam, twine, and, especially, plastic bags are deadly to turtles. Furthermore, artificial lighting from coastal developments not only disturbs females while they are nesting, but it also disorients new hatchlings, causing them to migrate inland where they have a greater chance of dying due to predation or dehydration (Bugoni Leandro, et. al, 2001). In Berau MPA, the illegal collection and trade turtle eggs poses the greatest threat to turtle populations . The meat and carapace of the green sea turtle fetch a high price and there is great demand for these products on the black market. E.5 Conversion of mangroves Some communities in the coastal areas of Berau practice aquaculture for shrimp and milk fish (Chanos chanos). The productivity of ponds in the Berau coastal area is relatively low at 100 kg per Ha. However, pond operators often harvest wild shrimp that entered their ponds as well (DPK, 2002). Local communities use mangroves in the Berau delta area, especially for fishing. Over the past 10 years however, much of the mangrove forests have been converted to shrimp or fish ponds. For example, in 1997, mangrove forests covered 53,500 Ha (be consistent with Ha or ha) of the Berau delta area and only 450 Ha were devoted to aquaculture activities. By 1999, however, mangrove forests only covered 49,000 Ha. This implies that the conversion rate during that time was 50 Ha per day (Bengen, D.G, et. al, 2004). Mangrove forests form one of the primary coastal ecosystems in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In recent years, the pressures of an increasing global population, and the ensuing expansion of agricultural lands and industrial and urban development, have caused the destruction of a significant proportion of mangrove ecosystems. E.6 Pollution Numerous activities, even those taking place far inland or on the high seas, may have a deleterious effect on coral reefs (WCMC, 2005). In Berau Regency, mining operations and timber exploitation lead to deforestation and increase erosion in the area thereby affecting the Berau watershed. Although, near-shore reefs have adapted to the occasionally high deposits sediments, and generally thrive in the turbid waters where the freshwater from Berau River meets the sea, any major change in the Berau River flow regime (and this appears likely considering the land activities in the catchment area over the last years) could seriously threaten the area’s reefs, particularly those situated closest to the shore (Turak, E. 2003). As soil is washed into rivers and out to sea, the sediments silt along the reefs lining the coast and as the water becomes murky it stops sunlight, which is vital for coral growth, from reaching the reef. In addition, if sediment settles upon the corals, it may smother them. Furthermore, communities discharge waste into the river to be washed out to sea where it may then pollute the corals and beaches. F. Geography and Climate The islands of Kalimantan lie in the midst of an extremely complex tectonic region where three major plates, the Indo-Australian, the Philippine-Pacific and the Asian, intersect. The areas

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between these major plates are the composite domain of smaller micro-continental and oceanic fragments. Throughout history, the region has been volcanically active and the islands of Kalimantan are bounded by three marginal basins (South China, Sulu and Celebes seas), micro-continental fragments of south China origin (Dangerous Grounds, Reed Bank) to the north-northeast, mainland Southeast Asia (Indochina and Peninsula Malaysia) to the west-northwest and the Javanese volcanic arc to the south. Major tracts of eastern, central and northern Kalimantan are covered by tertiary sedimentary rocks, which were deposited in lacustrine, fluvial marginal-marine or marine environments (Wilson M.E.J, and Steve J. M, 1999). World Climate (2005), reported the climate of Indonesia is generally characterized by two seasons: dry (April to September) and wet (October to March). Rainfall is well distributed round the year and is usually heavy and accompanied by thunder with average rainfall 200 mm/year. South-facing coasts and islands south of the equator tend to be wetter during the period of the south monsoon, while north-facing coasts and the northern islands are wetter during the period of the north monsoon. The main variable of Indonesia's climate is not temperature or air pressure, but rainfall. The almost uniformly warm waters that make up 81 percent of Indonesia's area ensure that temperatures on land remain fairly constant. Split by the equator, the archipelago is almost entirely tropical in climate, with the coastal plains averaging 28°C, the inland and mountain areas averaging 26°C, and the higher mountain regions, 23°C G. Socio Economic Considerations The government of Indonesia has demonstrated considerable commitment to ratifying international treaties on conservation, especially in regards to those agreements that promote the development of marine protected areas. In 1994, the Indonesian government ratified the UN Convention on Biological Diversity by passing national legislation (Act No 5/1994). This legislation created a National Commission on Biological Diversity to promote cooperation between various government agencies and non-governmental organizations to manage biodiversity. The Ministry of National Development Planning drafted a Biodiversity Action Plan for Indonesia. Furthermore, the government of Indonesia has listed 18 species of marine animals as Appendix I endangered species under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and it has enacted several pieces of legislation in support of its commitment to conserve biodiversity. For instance, in 1990, Indonesia promulgated Act No.5 on the Conservation of Natural Resources and Ecosystems. The government has also cooperated with UNESCO and IUCN to improve monitoring systems to further protect Indonesian World Heritage Sites (UP-MSI, et. al., 2002). The World Heritage Centre launched a World Heritage Marine Strategy during the 2003 World Parks Congress. The purpose of this five-year strategy is to enhance and expand the World Heritage 'marine sites' global portfolio. This initiative will contribute to the conservation of the most important marine areas in the world as these areas gain protected status as World Heritage sites. In turn, the Marine Strategy will contribute to the World Summit on Sustainable Development objective to establish a representative network of MPAs across the globe by 2012 (IUCN, 2005). The Berau Marine Protected Area has been nominated as one of these Marine World Heritage Sites. In practice, however, it is difficult to secure sufficient political will from the government of Indonesia to develop and effectively manage Marine Protected Areas . For instance, although the coastal and marine areas of Berau recently received protected status, there is currently no management plan in place to enforce this status and time will reveal the extent to which the national government is willing to support the initiative. Nevertheless, the MPA will serve as a foundation for further MPA network development in the area and it has great potential to serve as an example of how local and national partnerships can manage an MPA in a manner that takes into account local conditions and considerations. This potential is especially high in the case of Berau because of its status as the first large scale MPA to be declared by a regent, or district, government. Under Indonesia’s de-centralization policy (Act No.31 Year 2004), district

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governments have a strong mandate to manage their natural resources while continuing to partner with provincial and national governments. Thus, under Act No. 31/2004, the Head of Berau District garnered the authority to declare a Marine Protected Area and on December 27th, 2005 the regent established Berau MPA through Bupati Regulation No.31 Year 2005. Yet, the new policy of decentralization presents both opportunities and challenges for advancing marine conservation. The development of new regulatory frameworks presents opportunities to embed conservation management and effective natural resource use policies into government infrastructure. District governments, however, generally do not have the resources to design or implement effective management strategies. Consequently, it is extremely important to support local governments to institute effective co-management systems that allow for community involvement. In order to facilitate this support in Berau, a Joint Steering Committee was formed. This committee represents a partnership between local government officials and local, national, and international NGOs. The partnership will work together with the district government of Berau to develop a management system for the MPA that is tailored to local needs and that clarifies management responsibilities. Furthermore, it will help craft MPA regulations and ensure that these regulations are aligned with or embedded in national and provincial regulations. Currently, Berau MPA has a fully integrated joint management team. This team, known as the Joint Program in the field, is comprised of representatives from local and national government agencies as well as conservation NGOs. The Joint Program was established in May of 2004 as the Berau Joint Marine Secretariat through an Memorandum of Understanding between the local government of Berau and the following NGOs: TNC, WWF, Mitra Pesisir/CRMP II , Kehati, Bestari and Kalbu. This secretariat was formed in order to coordinate marine conservation activities in Berau and the partners work on issues related to the establishment and development of the MPA. Furthermore, in 2004 TNC, WWF, and Mitra Pesisir formally constructed a joint program that shares an integrated administration system and work plan. H. Environmental Considerations Berau Marine Protected Area is situated on the western side of the Makassar Strait at the nexus of two Indonesian Seas: the Sulawesi Sea and the Java Sea. The marine environment is diverse and dynamic with numerous riverine, coastal and oceanic cetacean habitats in close proximity. These habitats include river deltas, mangroves, shelf and oceanic coral reefs, pelagic waters and seamounts as well as migratory corridors of eco-regional importance (Wiryawan, B. et. al., 2005) In addition to its coral and fish diversity, the Derawan chain of islands contains Indonesia’s largest nesting site for endangered green sea turtles, which emerge from the sea every night to lay their eggs on the white sand beaches of Sangalaki Island. Another island in the chain, Semamma, is an important bird sanctuary and Kakaban Island contains the world’s largest and most diverse jellyfish lake, with four unique species of sting-less jellyfish. Kakaban Island is being considered for nomination as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. H.1. Terrestrial ecosystem The almost uniformly warm waters that make up 81 percent of Indonesia's seas ensure that temperatures on land remain fairly constant. Split by the equator, the archipelago is almost entirely tropical in climate; the coastal plains average 28°C, the inland and mountain areas average 26°C, and the higher mountain regions average 23°C. The terrestrial flora of the area includes grasses and the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), which, is the dominant tree. Terrestrial fauna in this area is low in diversity and not significant in terms of endemism. H.2. Marine ecosystem The Berau MPA is situated in East Kalimantan (Borneo) at the junction of the Sulawesi (or Celebes) Sea and the Java Sea. The marine waters are strongly influenced by the Indonesian

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Flow Trough (the major tropical oceanic exchange current between the Pacific and Indian Oceans), periodic deep-sea up-welling from the Sulawesi Sea, and major river outflows. The inter-island passages between the major reef complexes and islands are governed by substantial tidal and oceanic exchange currents ranging from 2-4 knots. This makes for a diverse and dynamic marine environment. The MPA lies in the Coral Triangle which harbors the most diverse reefs on Earth. The Coral Triangle has been identified by major international biodiversity conservation organizations as a global priority conservation area and it is home to over 600 reef-building coral species, or 75 percent of all species known to science, and more than 3,000 species of reef fish. Over 150 million people live within the Coral Triangle, of which an estimated 2.25 million are fishermen who are dependant on marine resources for their livelihoods (Green, A & P. Mous, 2003). The Berau MPA is also a part of the Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion, which lies at the apex of the Coral Triangle and is shared by Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. The Sulu and Sulawesi marine ecoregion ranks among the most diverse and productive marine systems in the world, and it is widely considered by marine experts to have exceptional bio-diversity and it is of extraordinary global conservation significance (Trono B. R and Cantos B.J. A, 2002). H.2.1 Coral reef ecosystem The reef system of Berau Marine Protected Area consists of six main islands (Pasir Panjang, Derawan, Semama, Sangalaki, Kakaban and Maratua), a unique delta-front patch reef complex, fringing reefs and three atolls. The atolls of Kakaban and Maratua cover 19 km2 and 690 km2 respectively and Muaras reef stretches 288 km2. Additionally, the north coast of the Sangkulirang Peninsular has a ringing reef that stretches 180 km2. A total of 413 confirmed scleractinian hermatypic coral species have been recorded in the area. With the confirmation of additional species of coral, Berau’s marine area will have a final total of around 460 to 470 species putting it in second position, after Raja Ampat, for the highest diversity of hard coral species in Indonesia (Turak, E.,2003). One study revealed that there are 832 species of fish in 272 genera and 71 families in the waters of Berau MPA. An additional 40 species, 16 genera, and 6 families were recorded around the Sanggalaki-Kakaban islands, bringing the overall species total of the area to 872. Gobies (Gobiidae), wrasses (Labridae), and damselfishes (Pomacentridae), are the dominant groups in both number of species and number of individuals (Allen, G.R. 2004). H.2.2 Sea grass ecosystem The Seagrasses of the coastal and marine areas of Berau optimally grow in a fine mud substrate, in waters that do not exceed 10 meters in depth, where temperatures range from 28°~30° C, the salinity is around 35 psu, and the current speed is 0.5 m/s 20 percent. There are at least 8 species of seagrass in Berau MPA and 85 species of fish from 34 families depend closely upon seagrass ecosystems (Wiryawan, B, et. al, 2005) H.2.3 Mangrove ecosystem Bengen, D.G, et. al., (2004) reported that there are 26 mangrove species in Berau MPA which cover 80.277 ha. Results from economic valuation studies show that the economic value of mangroves in Berau for a 10 year period are as follows: (1) US$ 295.78/Ha/y (direct value), (2) US$ 726.26/Ha/y (indirect value), (3) US$ 15.00/Ha/y (option value), and (4) US$ 358.46 (existence value).

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CHAPTER II.

SITE ASSESMENT Stakeholder Meetings From the beginning, local stakeholders in Berau district have been involved in and will continue to be involved in the decision making process to establish and to manage and enforce the Berau Marine Protected Area. Beginning with the pre-project planning stage, stakeholders received up-to-date information on the area and on direct and indirect factors which would contribute to their understanding of the state of the coastal and marine biodiversity of Berau MPA. In the stakeholder meeting, 37 participants came together to determine the concept models for socializing the Berau MPA and input in the development of a management plan. The workshop was held in Hotel Bumi Segah on January 12th, 2006. The conceptual models that were created during the workshop, that are described in the remainder of this document, and that comprise much of TNC-WWF’s community outreach program, are largely based on the work of Richard Margoluis and Nick Salafsky which is described in their 1998 publication Measures of Success: Designing, Managing, and Monitoring Conservation Development Projects. Their approach has been re-worked and re-tooled to fit the needs of Joint Program WWF-TNC staff and local counterparts working on site assessments for projects supported by Rare. In developing concept models, TNC-WWF staff also drew upon a methodology known as “Braining, Naming, Ordering” as an adaptation of the Technology of Participation (ToP) concept developed by Sherwood Shankland and the Institute of Cultural affairs. A list of participants from the workshop to design concept models, as well as their motives and their potential contributions are described in the following table. During this meeting the results of the previous questionnaire survey was confirmed. Some modifications to the concept model have also been made, as the responses to the stakeholders opinions and survey results. The meeting has also confirmed a slogan for the campaign: “Laut Berau Adalah Kehidupanku” (Berau Seas is My Living). Following 1 st meeting, there was another informal meeting at 14th-17th February held in five village target. This meeting was made to seek furthermore inputs as the 2nd meeting and there were no significant differences between first meetings, but more input has been gathered in the field. The use of Conceptual Models as described in this document is based the work of Richard Margoluis and Nick Salafsky of Foundations of Success [FOS] and draws from their 1998 publication Measures of Success: Designing, Managing, and Monitoring Conservation Development Projects, published by Island Press. Their approach has been re-worked and retooled to fit the needs of Rare staff and local counterparts working on site assessments for projects supported by Rare. The development of concept models also includes a methodology known as "Brain-storming, Naming, Ordering" as an adaptation of the ToP (Technology of Participation) concept developed by Sherwood Shankland and the Institute of Cultural affairs.

Figure 2. Stakeholder Meeting

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Questionnaire Survey Summary The survey was held 14th to 21st February 2006 in the area of target and control village. A community survey was conducted to obtain additional information on community knowledge and perceptions and to test the underlying assumptions and information that was gathered from the stakeholder meeting regarding the initial concept model. The survey questionnaire consisted of 27 questions in both open-ended and closed formats (multiple choice) pertaining to the respondent’s personal data (sex, age, and occupation), their media preference, their knowledge of marine resource issues, and their opinion on a Berau MPA flagship species and campaign slogan. . Students trained the enumerators on survey techniques, Survey Pro 3 (Apian Software) question and answers entry techniques, and provided them with a print-out of survey guidelines. The outreach campaign will target communities in five villages and surveys were conducted in each of these villages: Balikukup (910), Giring-Giring (955 people), Pantai Harapan (686 people), Teluk Semanting (458 people) and Tanjung Batu (2,188). The total target population is 5,197 people. Five percent of the population, or 363 respondents, was included in the sample in order to obtain representative data. The control group came from the village of Talisyan, the capital of Talisayan Sub- District, and it included 75 respondents. Pre campaign survey Before the survey, several trainings for enumerators were made. The training consisted of several sessions in designing questionnaire, interviews, questionnaire tests and practice. 10 questionnaires were tested to the respondents in Tanjung Redeb. This test resulted several changes to improve the questionnaire. The team was consisted of 10 persons were chosen from Joint Program TNC-WWF staff, fisheries services staff, and local NGO members 4 from local people. The combination of elements in the enumerator team was an advantage in the process of the survey. The volunteers were used to environmental education, while the local NGO had the understanding of local conditions, habitat and community information. Therefore, the team members take advantages from these interactions. The team was split into two teams. Each team heading to the outermost area of Northward Bearu MPA (Tanjung Batu and Teluk Semanting) and southward (Talisayan, Balikukup, Pantai Harapan and Giring-giring).. After finished covering the data compiled at Tanjung Redeb.

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Data collecting was done by using multiple times: daytime to collect data of market dwellers, town dwellers and students while evening to cover the farmer workers. Place of collecting also randomized: market, coffee shops, houses, schools, offices and farmland. Post campaign survey The post campaign survey was more less the same with previously implemented pre campaign survey. It also has the same exactly the same question set has used in post campaign. The purpose is to measure any changes related to the campaign. Sampling areas also used the same location with the previous one. Control group Control group was used to compare between areas of treatment (campaign) area with non- treatment are. Therefore control group selected on the criterion: have similar conditions with target area but does not receive any similar campaign. The control group used for this campaign was located at Talisayan village, Talisayan Sub-district, 3 hours driving from project site. Summary of 2nd Stakeholder Meeting (Focus Group Discussion) Based on open discussion with the stakeholder, there coastal and marine issues related to development of coastal marine conservation activities in five villages, the condition of marine near community compared to 10 year ago in this time is being degraded, polluted, and decreased. Some people think that the conditions of the natural environment around community are worse last 10 year. This condition is being by destructive fishing activities among others blasting, cyanide poisoning and trawling. Coastal condition around community polluted by garbage and destroyed. The abrasion of coastline affect coconut tree along the beach a lot fall down snd the fishermen house on coastal threatened by wave. This condition is being by mangroves destruction, coral reef and sand mining activities for the construction materials. The community think over the past 10 years in the amount of fish that people catch decreased and fishing ground to be on the decline. The amount changed over the past 10 years is decreased 10 %, for instance 10 years ago the fishermen can catch 50 kg fish/day, present they only catch 5 kg fish/day. This condition is being by natural and human factor such as cyanide poisoning and blasting, over fishing and outsider fishermen. The focus group think the destructive fishing practises is not only the threat but also the disaster for the people because the impact to the livelihood. They are think destructive fishing activities direct threat to the biodiversity in Berau coastal marine area coastal and marine habitats degradation. This condition is being by lack of surveillance and law enforcement. The communities think the idea to demarcate some coastal areas where the surroundings and the marine life can be protected and preserved is a good idea. While the community is not yet known and have good information about MPA, but they have a impression that the government policies it is benefit for them especially develop alternative livelihood.. In their opinion is it not prohibited to fish any kind of fish but only certain types of area in marine protected area. The communities think the MPA is management of fisheries resources not only prohibited. The communities need more information and guidance and more require to be explained.

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The communities think MPA important to protect marine turtle because present turtle population is in decline. But they expectation is the egg turtle can be taken for consumption. Think about the future, the focus group think that such protected areas would beneficial good advantage for fisheries and tourism

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Illegal Fishing

Poaching of Endangered Species

Outside Fisher

(Lack of) Integrated Regional Development

Marine Transportation

Reef Mining

Cyanide Fishing

Mangrove Destruction

Trawl Net

Blast Fishing

Marine Pollution

Economic Need and Market Demand

Socio Culture Impact

Surveillance and Monitoring (Lack of) Law

Enforcement

( Lack of) Government Agency Coordination

Tourism Management

(Lack of) Socialization and Capacity Building

Funding and Infrastructure Development

(Lack of) Awareness

Policy and Political Will

Nature Condition

Geographical Position

Biodiversity of Coastal Marine

Berau MPA

Berau Marine Protected Area Concept Model, Pride Campaign – Stakeholder Meeting January 12, 2006

Direct Factor

Indirect Factor

Contributing Factor

Legend:

Concept Model Narrative The Berau Marine Protected Area strives to conserve the biodiversity of the coastal and marine areas of Berau district. This goal entails conserving the coastal and marine resources of the area as well as preserving the ecosystems and species communities within which Berau MPA biodiversity is found. Many activities threaten the status of Berau’s biodiversity including marine pollution, destructive fishing (blast and cyanide fishing), over-fishing, illegal fishing, reef mining, endangered species hunting and mangrove destruction. In addition, in order of priority, the illegal extraction of natural resources, coral mining, over-fishing, and lack of integrated regional development also degrade the marine and coastal environment of the region. The coastal and marine biodiversity within Berau MPA is comprised of marine and coastal natural resources including the biggest nesting population of the endangered Green Turtle. The Green Turtle and other species of marine fauna are threatened by destructive fishing practices such as bomb and cyanide and trawl net fishing. The illegal trade in wildlife also poses a threat to many marine species and it is exacerbated by socio-cultural traditions, economic conditions, and market demand. For example, stakeholder meetings revealed that coastal communities in the area often do not earn sufficient income from their livelihood activities and that when they are engaged in destructive activities they often lack the capacity to create alternative livelihoods. The marine resources of the Derawan Archipelago are threatened by unsustainable fishing practices such as illegal fishing, unregulated fishing, unreported fishing, over-fishing and, especially, destructive fishing. Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) fishing not only puts the livelihoods of the legal fishermen at risk but also has an enormous impact on marine species and ecosystems. In Berau, the predominant threats to the survival of the Green Turtle are the collection of and trade in turtle eggs and turtle carapace. Although progress has been made to protect turtle nesting beaches, the poaching of eggs and the hunting of adults is still common. Furthermore, pollution from the Berau River watershed and from the shipping industry could seriously threaten marine and coastal biodiversity. Community waste is also discharged into the sea where it pollutes both corals reefs and beaches. In addition, the increased pressure resulting from a growing population has led to the conversion of more land for agricultural purposes and for industrial and urban development all of which have contributed to the destruction of a significant proportion of the area’s marine resources. The recent shift in national policy to support decentralized governance presents both challenges and opportunities to managing natural resources in general and Marine Protected Areas in particular. The development of new regulatory frameworks presents opportunities to embed conservation management and effective natural resource use policies in the government infrastructure. However, district governments generally do not have the resources to design or implement effective management. Lack of coordination among government agencies presents an obstacle to the integrated management and conservation of the marine biodiversity of Berau MPA. Furthermore, surveillance and monitoring teams lack the capacity to execute their day-to-day MPA resource protection activities as well as the capacity to interact intensively with communities. Yet, the effectiveness of MPA management is largely determined by the success or failure of surveillance and monitoring activities. Nevertheless, stakeholders are committed to supporting the local government to put effective co-management systems in place that will allow for community participation and involvement. The Berau MPA partnership will work together with the district government to develop a system which is tailored to local needs and that clarifies management responsibilities. It will also solicit the involvement of communities through a wide variety of activities including: raising public awareness and support through sporting events, local school competitions and conservation campaigns, creating community cooperatives, holding public commemoration days, and supporting micro enterprise endeavours, etc.

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CHAPTER III THE FLAGSHIP SPECIES A. Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas, Crite J,2000)

The flagship species helps to increase community awareness of the importance of conserving Berau’s coastal-marine biodiversity. The green sea turtle is an attractive marine species that is highly mobile and that has friendly characteristics and mannerisms. Green sea turtles have historically been an integral part of the coastal and marine environment of Berau and they continue to be an important species today. As a flagship species that will help support the successful implementation of the MPA and in doing so they will help not only themselves but also the many species with which they co-exist.

Figure 4. Green sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas)

Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Reptilia Order : Chelonia or Testudines Family : Cheloniidae (sea turtles) Genus : Chelonia Species : mydas Common name : Green Sea Turtle’s. Local name : Penyu Hijau, Bokko B. Distribution Green turtles inhabit temperate, tropical, and subtropical waters worldwide. They have a circum global distribution and they can be found throughout tropical and, to a lesser extent, subtropical waters (Atlantic Ocean – eastern central, northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest, western central; Indian Ocean –

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eastern, western; Mediterranean Sea; Pacific Ocean – eastern central, northwest, southwest, western central) (Crite J, 2000). Green turtles are highly migratory animals and they undertake long journeys through geographically disparate habitats in the course of their migration. They nest in more than 80 countries worldwide. Their movements within the marine environment are not well understood but scientists believe that green turtles inhabit the coastal waters of over 140 countries (WWF, 2005) The turtles primarily inhabit open water and coastal habitats; marine turtles are excellent navigators and they frequently migrate hundreds or even thousands of kilometers between foraging and nesting grounds. They spend their lives at sea but return to land to lay their eggs. Indonesia harbors some of the most important nesting sites in the world and the Berau Islands host some of the largest nesting colonies in Indonesia. (WWF, 2005) C. Behaviour Baby turtles use their egg tooth to break out of their shells when they hatch. Female turtles lay many eggs because the probability that an egg will develop into a turtle and that a hatchling will survive to adulthood is extremely low. Frequently, animals such as raccoons, foxes, coyotes, ants, and even people will dig up the eggs and eat them. However, if the eggs are not eaten, the hatchlings will start moving their flippers after they break out of the egg. When they do this, the sand starts to fall below them, pushing them up out of the hole so that they can make their way to the sea. As soon as they get to the sea, they start to drift off. They spend a few years floating at sea eating plankton at the surface. During this time, their shell is soft and they are subject to severe predation by fish. After a few years of eating plankton, they move to shallow waters to feed on sea grasses. To avoid predators, the young turtles will dive below the surface and swim away. Young green turtles are most vulnerable because they may be eaten when they hatch, when they are crossing the sand on their way to the ocean, and during their first couple years at sea. Predators in the sand include ghost crabs, ants, snakes, gulls, opossums, rats, and vultures. There are also many predators in the water such as sharks, dolphin fish, kingfish, needlefish, and bottle-nosed dolphins. D. Biology Green turtles, so called because of the green color of the cartilage and fat deposits that surrounds their internal organs, are dark black-brown or greenish yellow. Their protective shells are made of three parts; the carapace (upper portion), the plastron (lower portion), and the scutes (scales) (Crite J, 2000). Green turtles cannot pull their heads inside their shells. They have limbs that are paddle-like which they use to swim with and heads that seem small compared to

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the size of their body (WWF, 2005). Green sea turtles have a fascinating life history--they live a long life, they do not mature until late in life, and they travel great distances during their lifetime. Green sea turtles are strictly herbivorous and subsist predominantly on marine algae and grasses (Crite J, 2000).

Dorsal view; b. Ventral view; c. Head view (WWF, 2005) E. Size Green sea turtles range from 71 to 153 centimeters in diameter (?) and weigh up to 205 kilograms. They can grow to be 1.5m in length making them the largest cheloniid turtle. Males are larger than females and the tail is longer, extending well beyond the shell F. Reproduction Males and females mature between 10 and 24 years. The breeding season of the turtles is dependent upon what latitude they are found in. Internal fertilization takes place when the male and female copulate. This is the only time there is vocalization. Like many species, there is male competition. One male may try to bite another male who is copulating with a female. Mating occurs underwater or on the surface about one kilometer from the shore. Sometimes the female will retain enough sperm to nest several times that year. Nesting occurs every three to six years. When the female is ready to lay her eggs, she leaves the water, crawls onto the sand and starts digging for hour and hours until her flippers will not allow her to dig deeper. She then lays 100 to 200 eggs. This group of eggs is called a clutch. She covers them with sand to protect them from predators, the sun, and the heat. Pacific Green Turtles lay fewer eggs than do Atlantic Green Turtles. The gestation period of the turtles lasts 40 to 72 days, depending on the location. (Crite J, 2000).

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G. Feeding Green sea turtles predominantly feed on sea grasses or algae (Crite J, 2000) and coral reefs and mangroves are critical habitats for the turtles. Only healthy marine environments of excellent quality (i.e. rich in nutrients with no pollution) will be able to support the habitat needs of the turtles. Ecologically, protecting the green sea turtle will help to save the Kalimantan marine ecosystem (seagrass, coral reef and mangrove ecosystems), as well as promote the protection and conservation of terrestrial ecosystems in order to prevent the pollution of the marine ecosystem from terrestrial activities. [Coral reefs themselves provide a protective barrier to other delicate ecosystems such as mangroves. Meanwhile coastal wetlands are the breeding and nursery grounds of countless species of fish and shellfish. Pollution may cause destruction of the marine habitat and species extinctions which in turn would affect food security and have a negative impact on the local communities. H. Green Turtle Status The green sea turtle is protected species under CITES and is listed as a IUCN -Red List Category EN A2. This status signifies that the turtles have an observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of 90 percent over the last 10 years (Hilton-Taylor C, 2005). The extensive decline in its numbers in all major ocean basins over the last three generations comes as the result of the over-exploitation of eggs and the hunting of adult females at nesting beaches as well as both juveniles and adults in foraging areas. Also, to a lesser extent, incidental mortality results from marine fisheries and the degradation of marine and nesting habitats. The impact of these threats on the global population of green sea turtles is hard to estimate because of the species’ migratory lifestyle making it difficult to collect accurate data particularily because scientists are unsure of how many times a female may nest in any given year. I. Green Turtles in Berau Berau Marine Protected Area has the largest nursery ground in Asia and probably in the world. The nesting population of green turtles in the Derawan Islands is more than 5000 females per year and it is undoubtable one of the largest nesting populations in Southeast Asia. However, the numbers of turtles have been decimated (over a 90% decline) in the last 50 years, mainly as a consequence of the practice of collecting and selling eggs. The sale of egg concessions is under local government control and is one of the major sources of income for the local government. Meat and carapace of green sea turtle also

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fetch a high price on the black market. One important conservation success was the full protection of Sangalaki (the major turtle rookery) and Derawan Islands from turtle egg harvesting. Currently, the local government is working to strengthen and expand the partnership between key local government decision makers, the private sector, including the local and national tourism industry, to create a sustainable financing scheme for managing the turtle population in the region, and to create a management plan for the recently designated Berau MPA which covers 1.27 million hectares of waters of Berau District. A lot of fisherman catches turtles illegally and some people in the area, mostly men, believe that eating turtle eggs and meat will increase potency. The green sea turtle contributes to ecotourism and as such a healthy turtle population is an economic asset for the district. Some carvers also use the carapace as a handy craft and they can sell them for a high price. In order to protect green sea turtles, Indonesian government should be cooperating on an international level.

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CHAPTER IV PRIDE CAMPAIGN ACTIVITIES An additional component of community awareness objectives for the Berau MPA is that of educating the villages about the MPA itself and its potential benefits to livelihoods. Based on the information gathered from stakeholder meeting, focus group discussion and survey there is a need for greater awareness about the objectives of conservation, as a parallel step to understanding and appreciating the importance of the sea. This will serve to dispel any myths and avoid confusion regarding the opportunities and consequences of the MPA. Villagers should be able to understand how the MPA will affect their livelihoods, particularly from a regulatory standpoint. When explaining conservation and marine protected areas, terminology that is easily understood by the local villagers must be utilized. As explained earlier, villagers that need many information on conservation were still unaware of the meanings and implications of conservation. Also, education about the scientific and natural processes that could potentially lead to increases in fish stock, such as spill-over effects from zoning, is necessary in order to show villagers how fisheries management may function and how zoning could affect them. The process of community awareness should entail education, awareness and outreach The goal of marketing is persuading others to do something (Holtz, 1988). To do so, a marketer should prepare an advance planning and the development of many kinds of sales materials and special promotions. Special promotions may include participation in launching broad publicity campaign, sponsoring contests, etc. All of these special promotions require the development of many kinds of material in addition to the classic need for media advertising copy Bumper sticker To spread out and reminding target communities of the conservation messages to wider target audience, there was a need to produce catchy bumper stickers to raise public interest and awareness on flagship species, and key conservation message. The sticker created by Mr. Awir and printed in Jakarta. Stickers funded by Conservation International Indonesia Program to support Steering Team for develop Berau Marine Protected Area.

Figure . Bumper sticker

A thousand stickers produced in join-sponsorship program with Berau Steering Committee and Conservation International. Underlying assumption in producing the sticker was stickers would be a good media for delivering conservation messages. Local artist and local NGO (Commviro) was designed the shape/layout, the messages, and slogan to be included on the sticker. Targeting primarily fisherman in five target communities, the stickers were really a nice product to

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be placed in the front cover of fishing boat, motorcycle, car and their house. I was printed 2,500 bumper stickers and distributed to mainly fishermen in five targeted villages. The campaign bumper stickers can contribute to an understanding of community as well as to an understanding of the Berau MPA identified through assigned green turtle flagship species. Posters Posters are highly efficient communicational tools since they are accessible to wide masses of people-they are part of the street semiotic. As posters are supposed to cause a great impact considering that neither fisher nor non targets to read them, they should precise regarding the message and the elements used to convey it. In this way, an intelligible and closely analyzed poster will work as a key marketing element that is capable of conveying an unforgettable message immediately. The poster was designed by local artists printed Mr. Solikhin and Mr Awir and printed in Jakarta with the flag ship species of Green Turtle and motto “Berau Seas is My Living” (Laut Berau Adalah Kehidupanku). Poster funded by Conservation International Indonesia Program to support Steering Team for develop Berau Marine Protected Area and also supported by Berau District Government, Joint Program TNC-WWF, Bestari (local NGO) and National Conservation Natural Resource Unit Berau. This activity was targeted to communities by catchy-informative posters to raise public interest and awareness on flagship species, habitats, and alternative livelihood. This activity was trying to educate public about the presence of flagship species in Berau MPA marine environment, government program to develop MPA and link to habitat for their livelihood. The poster was designed to target the general public as a prompt. The posters reminds the target audience about the specific key message of demonstrating the importance of the Berau Seas for community livelihood and encourage the target audience to pay more attention to conservation. The size is A1 so it is large and eye catching. It has received several inputs from the focus group and the winner of poster design; with 1200 copies of the poster were printed. Posters are highly visible and attractive way to increase to 40% from 16% of community knowledge on status Berau MPA (Hirmen, 2006). The poster also has distributed to the government offices and the Steering Team members and while audience very enthusiastic see the picture and the messages.

Figure . Poster

The underlying assumption was, posters would be a good media for delivering conservation messages. The green turtle’s picture triggers their interest and response toward the discussion of fisheries resources and marine ecosystems. After agreeing the messages stated on the posters,

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mostly target group asked for the poster and put the posters in their house or in front of the house. The messages contained are separated in three sections. The main line is the slogan “Berau Seas Is My Living”. The following line translated into: “Berau Government Developing Berau Marine Protected Area for our prosperity” “Green turtle is the symbol of Berau Pride and Welfare. Berau Seas is our living and our livelihood” The poster does not have any practical use other than just decoration. Despite its nice design, the audiences were not too enthusiastic about the poster after a long time. This weakness can be improved in the future by combined it with calendars, therefore it could come handy everyday. McKenszie-Mohr and Smith (1995) stated that a prompt could be effective if it could be presented as close in time and space as possible to the targeted behavior. The posters did not pose any problems because they serve their only purpose as prompts. Posters, in this case, can be referred to as user-friendly as is with such examples as the use of certain electronic equipment. Billboards The billboard can reinforce the message to general public, particularly the fish traders group. And there was spread target group which was quiet difficult to reach, that was the reason why the billboard production might be a good tool to attract and remind this group about marine living as their source of livelihood. There were three billboard produced contained slogan and campaign key message which was Because of You, My Berau Seas will be Sustain and Let’s Conserve Our Resource for Our Benefits. Those were placed in Tanjung Redeb (Centre Berau District), Tanjung Batu (northward Berau Seas) and Pantai harapan (southward Berau Seas). The location of billboards was in the village main entrances, so it could be seen by every one who would enter and leave the village. Billboard produced by local artist (Solikhin) and supported by Fisheries Agency. The message and image of the billboard are extremely powerful and forced community’s attention. While develops sense of belonging and maintains community recognized at the billboard is significantly.

Figure . Billboards

The Fact-sheet The fact sheet is a presentation of information and data on Berau Seas in a concise format, key points of interest or concern, a fairly minimalist design aesthetic, and a general desire to convey the most relevant information in the least amount of space. Fact sheets attempt to solve this problem by condensing information into an easy-to-read, straightforward, portable, and modular form of knowledge. The fact sheets were designed for fishers and women groups. The fact sheets have been very informative and an effective way of allowing the reader to learn the objectives of Berau MPA. The fact sheets are effective way to evoke community in the importance aspect marine environment to increase to 40% from 16% of community knowledge on status Berau MPA (Hirmen, 2006). The Berau MPA fact sheet was greatly appreciated by communities and fisher folks. The fact sheet (a social marketing tool) facilitates the exchange process by developing the

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required relationship of the receiver/reader to learn about the contents and objectives (Belch and Belch 1998).

Figure . Fisher, Women and Sermon Fact sheets

In order to achieve conservation education campaign objectives, there was a need to develop certain kinds of materials which would bring and repeat the key messages, plus providing reliable information about target conservation area (resources) to let the target groups ‘buy’ the messages. One of materials produced in the Berau Pride Campaign was fact sheet. The assumption to produce fact sheet was through reading the fact sheet, people will get accurate information about Berau MPA and marine species threatened. There are two different of facts sheet produced it for man and housewife (women). Production 2,500 fact sheets to evoke community aspect in the importance of protecting marine environment from livelihood perspective and the benefit for local community Two type of fact sheets (1250 each) was produced in nice white colour glossy paper and Green Turtle picture on the cover. The choice of half-glossy paper for this fact sheet happened due to the condition of target communities which located in the beach area. Salinity and humidity were two important factors to be considered in the production. The fact sheet contained campaign slogan, which was Laut Berau Adalah Kehidupanku ~ Berau Seas Is My Living will be safeguarded (sustain), and key messages. Berau Pride Campaign was a Marine Protected Area sponsored by Berau district Government, Bestari (local NGO), Natural Conservation Agency, RARE, The Nature Conservancy and WWF. Aiming the increase awareness of local communities on the importance of conserving Marine resources for the benefit of people, animal, and natural resources, this campaign tried to translate that importance into 4 key important messages. Those were:

1. Berau Seas has a unique and outstanding natural beauty 2. World has been recognized and stated it as largest turtle nesting in South East Asia 3. The Berau MPA has also been threatened by destructive fishing practices and over-

fishing 4. What we want is sustainable fisheries, which will be guarantee today, tomorrow, and

future life. Fact sheet was distributed to various target groups, but mainly targeting fish trader, in five target communities in community meeting events and outreach. The fact sheet acted as a simple-reliable source of information on Berau MPA, Green Turtle, and how those two relates to people’s live, which were marine resources as primary fishing ground for local communities. Also for those

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who were not having enough time to read and having difficulties on reading, the fact sheet can be as good information media. The community outreach and meetings Outreach activities by meetings and discussion with fishermen, village government, and youth group significance to explore information on the current condition of marine resource, Berau MPA goal and objective and information of flagship species and motto. What amazingly happened was a discussions community in villages target that the participants aware for protection of the coral reefs from destructive fishing practices and will be develop community forum for marine natural resources. The good things are participants supported the status of Berau Marine Protected Area and outstanding natural phenomena and important habitat for biodiversity protection. In addition community outreach activities in five villages, also presenting the biological monitoring survey result in Berau Marine Protected Area. Discussion concerning the current condition of marine resource in the Berau Seas and the relationship between the healths of marine ecosystem with fisheries resources in particular was informed the impact of destructive fishing practice to the environment. As analyzed from Pre-survey, capacity building and skills development through discussion and up date information is an important lesson for the management and establishment of MPAs. Because the socialization processes have just recently been initiated, it is the perfect opportunity for the Berau MPA authorities to address this lesson. Socialization should take place through the local village organizations, where social capital has already been created. Both fishermen and women have formed organizations that could serve as platforms. Community survey, which executed in February 2006, showed that 67.6% of the respondents are fishermen and 67.19% of respondents only graduated from elementary school. Of those fishermen group, some of them are having low level of knowledge on the biodiversity value of Beray seas to their fisheries result. It was found that 86% of the fisherman groups do not know about current condition of marine environment of Berau Seas. With these point education might increase people knowledge, awareness, and trigger the change on people’s attitude and behaviour.

Figure . Religious meetings

Education tends to come up with some sorts of words and comments, such as learning-increasing knowledge, awareness-developing skills, exams-understanding, facts-teacher and students-books, classrooms-qualification-using brains (Bride, 2003). Since the target group, which is fishermen, is not easily to be brought up to the classroom, running an activity outside the room is a necessary thing to do. Message learning approaches have been used in this activity in order to change target groups’ attitude toward protection of marine biodiversity of Berau Seas. Community outreach consists of series of discussion and presentation which uses monitoring biology data of the Berau Seas, coral reef video show, marine environmental booklets, and coral reef flipchart. Video presentation is given as part of giving (new) experience to target groups

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because it has been believed that all men are born equal that changing people’s experiences could lead to better society (Lock and Kant in Bride, 2003). Community outreach plays an important role in the whole conservation education campaign

arine Environmental booklets

he campaign was produced and distributed 2,700 marine environmental booklet in Bahasa

Figure . Marine and Legislation Booklet

program. It bridges the gap between community and management authority to learn and share responsibility of conserving the Berau Seas. Intense communication with relate stakeholders will increase disclosure to the community itself which might increase community trustworthiness to both educator and campaign program. Also community outreach needs other campaign materials such as booklet, poster, and stickers to strengthen conservation messages and act as reminder tool for the whole campaign program. Through this activity, the campaign has been able to diffuse message to communities well. The campaign should still do the activity mainly because this as an effective communication channel. The good results are community leader in village targets was declared Fisherman Forum (FORMAL) to support of Berau Marine Protected Area and conserve coastal marine habitat from destructive fishing activities. Present 6 Fisherman forum was established. M TIndonesia languages was produced and has been distributed to target communities Information on the booklet provides communities to describe concerning marine resources habitat and for their practical purpose. Marine environmental booklet beneficial for communities to deep understand related their living. The book provides information about the flora and fauna in Berau Seas based on the ecosystems in which they live in. Each section begins with an explanation about the ecosystem (e.g. coral reef, mangrove and sea grass) and its ecological role, threats (e.g. blasting and poisoning practices), and the benefits of having this ecosystem in good condition for wildlife and human. This is then followed by explanation on the unique animal and plants that live within the ecosystem. Each species is given the local, scientific, Indonesian, and English name. The flora and fauna included in the book is also described by its physical characteristics, habitat, diet, behaviour, reproduction pattern, distribution, role in the ecosystem, threat, benefit/use, and conservation status (national and international).

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Sermon sheet

ince in five target communities were Moslem and from the pre-campaign survey result showed

efore the sermon was really produced in large number, it was tested the final draft to get

omen Meeting

ocialization should take place through the local village organizations, where social capital has

ooking Competitions

ea food cooking competition for women it is a creative way to express the women understanding

he underlying assumption to run this competition was that by engaging women in this fun

Sthat 63.% of the community trusted in religious leader, the campaign was produced sermon sheet to reach the targets. Production of sermon sheet has distributed during village religious meeting event to evoke religious aspect in the importance of protecting marine environment. Sermon sheet produced through collaborated Moslem clerics to help me drafted the sermon sheet. Sermon sheet has attracted community’s enthusiasm link up religious value. Some people used the sermon sheet as theme for their discussion on religious meetings. The sermon was used also for Ramadhan talk in local Mosques. Bcomment and advices on the production These is in order to reach out different segment in target communities, it had to make another campaign material which was tailored to certain segment. The production and distribution of sermon sheet intended to evoke religious aspect on the importance of protecting marine environment from religious perspective and the benefit for local community. The sermon was produced in 600 pieces and used art thick paper material and printed full colour to draw community attraction. W Salready been created. The socialization process must include all stakeholders, especially women who have thus far largely been excluded from this process Facilitated women group meetings to talk and discuss about Berau marine protected areas, threats to marine environment, and current conservation issues are importance since women are instrumental in traditional fishing activities (selling, salting and drying, trading, and fishing) and should be informed of how conservation and the MPA may affect them and their families. The campaign has been done several the meetings and during the meetings shows that women in target site are interested to the program. C Sand perception toward Berau marine resources and its threats. This activity was conducted in Biduk-Biduk and Tanjung Batu and participated by many women groups in target communities and around the target. Following this activity, I also organized song competition, which one of mandated song was his conservation song. These is one way to attract more attention from women in the community to know about flagship species and the importance to marine ecosystems and to encourage excitement of women group to involve in conservation awareness activities was the execution of Green Turtle Cake Competition. Having the women group for cake competition could be as basic step to form women conservation group in target villages. Before the competition started, Green Turtles fact sheet and posters distributed in target communities to let them read and learn about Berau MPA marine biodiversity knowledge. Representative group per communities consisted of 4-5 women. The criteria to win the competition were their level of understanding on Berau MPA marine biodiversity, sustainable fishing practices, and relationship between Green Turtles and healthy product. Tactivity, the flagship species would be discussed, more likely to understand the relationship between flagship species and the health of marine ecosystems and was more likely to promote positive actions. Green Turtle Cake Competition was followed by women from 10 villages (3 Sub-district). The winner at northward can be seen as follows: (1) PKK Tanjung Batu 1, (2) PKK

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tanjung batu 2, (3) PKK Tanjung Batu 3. And the winner at southward as follows (1) PKK Biduk-biduk, (2) PKK Giring-giring and (3) PKK Pantai Harapan

Figure . Cooking Competition

Legislation booklets Production and distribution of legislation booklet to introduced sustainable fishing gear, national and local regulation, the green turtles and its role in marine ecosystems, and strengthen the messages of sustainable fishing practices. Legislation booklet was printed in December and I has distributed them to the communities. This legislation booklet has been 1000, and this booklet targeted at local communities, local government officer and enforcement officers. Similar with environmental booklet, this is then followed by explanation Act No. 31/2004 concerning Fisheries, fishing gear, Act No.23/1997 concerning Environmental, Act No.9/1990 concerning Tourism and Act No.5/1990 concerning Natural Resources Conservation and Ecosystem. Include picture and marine animal that protected in Indonesia. Each species is given the local, scientific, Indonesian, and English name. The booklet is also described information tips in the direction escape from tsunami and earthquake. By information tips accidental of burning, bleeding, poisoning, etc. The information in this book includes important phone number Office of Berau District, Environmental Agency, Conservation Agency, Fisheries Agency, Policeman, Army, Nay, hospital, etc The communities learned from the legislation booklet about penalties and fishing regulations, but also they know so many things about the impact of using destructive fishing gears. This is because I did not simply give out the booklets but also I coupled the distribution with village meetings and discussions. It concentrates to the positive aspects of the law therefore won’t discourage any people who do not understand about law. At the same time, this booklet also serves as quick reference to search particular law products that suitable to certain situation. The legislation booklet was lay out by local NGO (Commviro). Campaign songs Produced and aired 2 version campaign song (popular and dangdut) is to strengthen key messages of the importance of conserving marine ecosystems and its relation with benefit for local community. In the Berau Pride Campaign, one of the important activities was the production

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of popular song which was the Dangdut (local Indonesian music) version. The popular song The popular campaign song was entitled Lestari Lautku – Sustain My Berau Seas composed by local composer (Mr.Kamarudin), and the song has launched by national artist singer (Nugie). The lyrics and music of the song was created by local artists Kamarudiin, arranged by Andi Erson and Sapiuidin, lead vocal by Febri and Fika. The song contained key messages and encouragement to target communities to participate on conservation efforts by stopping destructive fishing practices and be more conscious to their fisheries ground sustainability. The underlying assumption to produce popular song was people mostly love to hear music; song can influence people thought/mood in under conscious mode. Fortunately, there was join-sponsorship agreed by RRI Palu and local radio to air the song. Airing

rau Pride Campaign was not only targeting the adult group of the communities, it was also

ews letter

nvironmental news letter of the campaign was packed with the latest information about events,

he brand name of the newsletter was Berkala and it was produced in collaboration with the local

the song through radio broadcast has made Berau MPA widely known by people who live in East Kalimantan, especially people who live in and around Berau seas. but two communities radio (in Biduk-Biduk and Tanjung Batu) will continuously air them The song was produced in 50 CDs together with School Song. The cassettes were distributed in 5 target communities, handed to local facilitators and important stakeholders in the villages. But there was something interesting that Women group and school student give more positive response to popular song. They are more active in repeating the song. The barrier also there was the electricity not supported at noon. The Betargeting school students in five target communities. Children love to hear music and learn to sing a song, through conservation song they can learn easier about the relationship between health ecosystem with their live now and future. Student believed that involving children in the campaign activities as one important factor that brought success to this campaign. School song could attract student to learn more about the science of conserving Berau seas biodiversity, delivered conservation message under conscious condition, and reinforced key message to children in community. The underlying assumption to produce the school song was learning about environment in fun and entertaining way will attract more children’s attention. N Einitiatives, and program. Since the local communities were lack of information and education material, it was good to produce a newsletter which could entertain but also educate them about their marine environment. The campaign newsletter was a regularly distributed publication covering one main topic, Berau marine resources. This newsletter, targeted for general public, tries to support fact and knowledge about marine conservation with its benefits for the community. This information will move the community towards the contemplation stage of the behaviour Change Model (Andreasen, 1995). It is believed that the information provided in the newsletter could induce the community decision toward conservation-friendly actions. Newsletters are a way to communication information and will promote village government petition or regulation to support Berau MPA (Hirmen, 2006) TNGO”ComViro” who produced “Editor”. Editor has information from editors and contributors, featured essays, community talks, and a social column, which is preserved for any local events or holidays. Local information on news sheet catch the attention of community group related Berau marine fact and current condition. Several community members have been provided their comments and opinion for next edition. The newsletter is using A1 paper, which is a considerably large size but still an affordable price. Printed in landscape format, each edition consisted of 8 pages printed in two sided of the paper and then folded into two sections. Usually it has a main headline, and several other essays. The Berkala newsletter was found in Editor which 500 copies are printed and distributed bi-monthly in several ways. Usually we distributed to

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community meetings, village governments, and some public space. We also gave additional campaign materials to those who agreed to distribute the newsletter. These included calendars, stickers or pin buttons as a positive reinforcement to maintain support and commitment (McKenzie-Mohr and Smith, 1999). The communities were really enthusiastic about their environment such as village leader comments, community activities, village history and others.

Figure. Newsletter

owever, the newsletter was only targeted generally at the general public and not to specific age

ommunity based resource

efforts that be based on bottom-up approach, a direct

ll village target and neighbour (Teluk sulaiman, Giring-giring, Pantai Harapan, Balikukup,

Hgroups. This could be improved by segmentation of the population. The partitioning of target populations is very straightforward (Andreasen, 1995). However, the opportunities for corporate sponsorship to continue outreach activities require more effort. Production and distribution of four environmental news-sheets to furnish village government and community representatives with follow up activities. Present Editor was produced independently and media alternative for communities. C

a new paradigm of conservation Incommunity involvement and participation is essential by stimulating community based aspiration to be shared by and for the people. Therefore, community should be considered as an important partner that needs to be positioned as policy maker in deciding and formulating future measures related to conservation. To begin approach, is necessary to develop partnership with local community of Berau Seas especially in target sites to obtain a clear information of local patterns and wisdom in natural resources management and utilisation to ensure the goal of MPA met community aspiration. Villagers must be involved in the upcoming process of management design and zoning in order for the MPA to be successful and for people to gain benefits and to foster a sense of ownership. As noted earlier in the section defining MPAs, community and stakeholder participation and a sense of ownership will induce stakeholders to be eager to monitor and protect the MPA. Besides serving as a mechanism for direct participation in the MPA management and conservation efforts, this strategy would also make use of the wealth of local knowledge of coastal and off-shore fishing grounds. Effective monitoring and enforcement of MPA regulations, supported by diplomatic and international agreements, particularly of large-scale, foreign fishing enterprises, will be critical to ensuring sustainable levels of fish stock for local consumption and income generation. ATanjung Perepat, Teluk Semanting and Tanjung Batu) was participated of village marine resources workshop and at least 13 villages was completed their village mapping. The mapping would be support village representatives to enhance their awareness on marine resources status. Village mapping also support draft preferred MPA zonation related spatial planning, maps of spatial planning and data base. The team members of every village through natural resources

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management, Global Positioning System (GPS) practices, simple Global Information Systems (GIS) and develop village regulation. Participated by community representative from each village, results of the mapping will be used by Berau MPA council to establish agreed zone system. Then, the team members mapping critical habitats (mangrove, coral reef, and sea grass), spawning ground, fishing ground, marine culture activity and related resources use. Some village also map their terrestrial resources. Next step area village-level consultation was proved especially critical in the determination of the protected zoning to be adopted each villages. These essential process since acceptance of the MPA in general and compliance with zoning regulations may only be ensured by establishing a zoning system that is both equitable and suitable to the needs of local fishermen. There is also to facilitate community-based resource management and develop a demonstration site-managed by the community on Berau coastal marine biodiversity, best fishing practices, regulations, to marine environments management. Fishermen should also be enlisted in the monitoring of illegal fishing practices in the MPA. This would provide a mechanism by which fishermen could provide information to enforcement officials of illegal practices and non compliance with zoning regulations observed during their daily fishing activities.

Figure . Community Mapping

ommunity Workshops

he campaign was conducted three community workshop as forum in which village government

he community workshop were recommended 10 points; g activities) on Biduk-biduk sub district

Regulation (Perdes) for 6 villages (Teluk Sumbang, Teluk Sulaiman, Giring-

C Tand community representatives will get to know to information regarding Berau coastal marine biodiversity, best fishing practices Berau stakeholders are people who directly and/or indirectly have relationship with Berau seas resources. This workshop was conducted in parallel to the resource mapping. One of the outcomes is to produce village fishing regulation. In order to get better idea about current condition of the Berau seas as perceived by local stakeholders, student run a stakeholder workshop as one activity in the series activities on Pride Campaign. Stakeholder workshop was due on November November 2006, February and March 2007 to protect their marine resources. In this workshop, community gathered ideas on to develop and protected the resources for their livelihood. T1) Prohibited for hookah compressor practices (poisonin

as fishing gear; 2) Develop Village

giring, Biduk-Biduk, Pantai harapan and Tanjung Perepat) and other 4 villages on Pulau derawan Sub-district (Tanjung Batu, Teluk Semanting, Pegat Batumbuk and Kasai) concerning marine resources management to support Berau MPA;

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3) Protect marine resources from destructive fishing activities and over fishing, develop community surveillance to protect marine resource on Biduk-biduk sub-district and activate socialization and rehabilitation;

4) Develop conservation education for school students as local curricula; 5) Protect green turtle as local pride.

Figure .Community Workshop

School visits School visits conducted t