Pride Campaign Site SummarySectionCountry PhilippinesProvince Surigao del SurMunicipality LiangaBarangays

Manyayay, Diatagon, St. Christine, Ganayon, Banahao, Ban-as, Poblacion, Payasan, Baucawe, Anibongan, Liatimco

Site DescriptionThe Municipality of Lianga is situated central in the province of Surigao del Sur. Its coordinates lie between 8 30’ latitude and 126 35’ longitude along Lianga Bay facing the Pacific Ocean. Its total land area is 25, 300 hectares distributed to 13 barangays, 11 are along the coast while the other two barangays are in the upland. The largest barangay in terms of area is Anibongan with 3,931 hectares or 15.51% while barangay Poblacion with an area of only 349 hectares or 1.37% is the smallest.

Lianga is accessible by land and sea. It highways are concreted which can withstand any weather condition. Land transportation facilities ply the streets 24 hours buses, jeepneys and other forms of public and private vehicles include motor cycles. The presence of old and incomplete shipping ports in Diatagon and Pugad are not fully utilized commercially level but has initially attracted business investors and traders. LGU – Lianga, Surigao del Sur. (2008), Municipal profile

ClimateLianga has Type II climate affected by the Pacific Ocean but is outside the typhoon belt with exposure at 7%. Average rainfall is 380 millimeters with November to April registering the highest rainfall. Source: LGU – Lianga, Surigao del Sur. (2008), Municipal profile.

The municipal water in 2011 was subjected into climate change with rise in temperature that affected portions of corals with bleaching. (confirmed by MERF, July 2012).

Barangay Poblacion, Payasan and Baucawe for the first time experienced floods in January to February of 2011. LGU -Lianga, Surigao del Sur, MDRRMO, (2011).

Biodiversity Area Municipal land: 25,300 hectaresMunicipal waters: 60,000 hectaresCoral Reef Area: 53 hectares

Seagrass area: data not availableFisheries Area: data not availableMangrove Area:561.55 hectaresWetlands Area: data not availableLGU – Lianga, Surigao del Sur. (2008), Municipal profile

1. Corals Total colony count of 11,043was recorded with 995 for hard

corals and 48 for soft corals in 110 sites. About 36 genera and 68 species of live hard coral species were recorded. Porites (311), Acropora (189) and Montipora(95) are the dominant genera. Shallow transects had

30 generaand 57 species while deep transects had 34 genera and 64 species identified.

Average live hard coral cover was greater in shallow transects than in deep ones, which are found in Anibongan (88.15%) and St. Christine (80.31%) had excellent coral cover. In Lianga live hard coral cover on average, still falls within “good category”.

2. FishA total of 3,820individuals belonging to 261 species and 40 families of reef fishes were recorded in Lianga. About 52% of the species was demersal where families Labridae (n=53, (20.31%) and Pomacentridae (n=21, 17.24%) had the highest number of species. Almost 35% was the target species with Acanthuridae (n=21, 8.05%) and Scaridae (n=15, 5.75%)

having the highest number. Indicator species and other ecocclogically important species had about 12% and 1% respectively. The area had a total standing stock of 60.59% kg/m2.

Among the major group of reef fishes, 15 families belong to target species, three (3) belong to indicator species, and 20 to demersal species. Population density of target and demersal reef fish groups was almost the same. Among the reef fish families, Pomacentridae had the highest relative abundancefollowed by Plotosidae,

Caesionidae, Scaridae and Aponidae.

3. MangrovesSome 14 species of mangroves are found in Lianga. Dominant species in all stations were Rhizophora apiculata; and Sonneratia alba followed by Aegiceras florida while Avicennia lanata is the least abundant. Destruction of Mangrove stands is due to cutting for use as fence and firewood.

4. Seagrassess and SeaweedsEight sea grasses species are identified in Lianga. Cymodocea rotundata and Thalassia hemprichii are the dominant species.

Seaweeds have 52 species of algae: 23 species of green algae; 9 species of brown algae and 20 species of red algae. The abundant distribution of red algae is attributed to mostly rocky substrate. PacSea4-DOST-PCAMRRD-SSPSC, Lianga, (2003), Unpublished.

MPA overview1. Manyayay Fish Sanctuary

NTZ = 43.33 hectares; Buffer Zone = 88.73 hectaresHabitat type: Corals, seagrasses, mangroves

2. Ganayon KMM – KAGANA Marine Sanctuary(Campaign Site)NTZ = 43.60 hectares; Buffer Zone = 78.94 hectaresHabitat type: Corals, seagrasses, mangrovesPacSea4-DOST-PCAMRRD-SSPSC, Lianga, (2003), Unpublished

Technical Description of MPAs Ganayon KMM – KAGANA Marine Sanctuary , 43.6

hectares lying within the coordinates: Point 1 N = 725395.06; E = 660471.06

Point 2 N = 725183.03; E = 660818.85

Point 3 N = 724670.73; E = 659918. 83

Point 4 N = 724974.35; E = 659461.63 PacSea4-DOST-PCAMRRD-SSPSC, Lianga, (2003), Unpublished

Site Map Reference http://maps.google.com.ph/maps?q=Bayan+ng+Lianga,+Surigao+del+Sur,

+Caraga&hl=fil&geocode=FfW7gwAdICKEBw&hnear=Bayan+ng+Lianga,+Surigao+del+Sur,+Caraga&t=m&z=12

Protected Area Categories The KMM KAGANA Marine Protected Area was established

legally through SB Resolution No. 127 – 01 on October 10, 2001 by the Sangguniang Bayan of the Municipality of Lianga, Surigao del Sur.PacSea4-DOST-PCAMRRD-SSPSC, Lianga, (2003), Unpublished

Red- List Species http://www.iucnredlist.org/

There are 43 fish families with common names identified in the site, 42 are listed in the IUCN Red Data List===1 is not listed which is Aulostomidae; common name is Trumpet fish.IUCN RED DATA LISTED

Family Common Name4 families are listed but not assessed yet. 1. Chub/ Rudder

1. Kyposidae2. Holocentridae3. Fistularidae4. Blennidae

Fish2. Squirrel/Soldier

Fishes3. Cornet fish4. Blenny

6 families are listed but are data deficient

1. Microdesmidae2. Monacanthidae3. Pemphiridae4. Pseudochromidae5. Theraponidae6. Zanclidae

1. Dart fishes2. File Fish/Leather

fish3. Sweepers4. Dotty backs5. Terapons6. Moorish Idol

27 families are listed but are of least concern

1. Acanthuridae2. Apogonidae3. Atherinidae4. Balistidae5. Caesionidae6. Carangidae7. Centriscidae8. Chaetodontidae9. Cirrhitidae10. Ephippidae11. Gobiidae12. Haemulidae13. Lenthrinidae14. Lutjanidae15. Malacanthidae16. Mugiladae17. Mullidae18. Murraenidae19. Pinguipididae20. Plotosidae21. Pomacanthidae22. Pomacentridae23. Scorpaenidae24. Serranidae25. Siganidae26. Synodontidae27. Tetraodontidae

1. Surgeon fish2. Cardinal fishes3. Silver side fishes4. Trigger fish5. Fusilier6. Scad and jack7. Razor fish8. Butterfly fish9. Hawkfish10. Batfish11. Goby12. Sweetlips13. Emperor14. Snapper15. Tile fish16. Mullet17. Goatfish18. Moray eel19. Sandperch20. Seacatfish21. Angelfish22. Damselfish23. Scorpionfish/

stonefish24. Grouper25. Rabbitfish26. Lizardfish27. Pufferfish

4 families are listed vulnerable

1. Engraulidae2. Nemipteridae3. Scaridae4. Syngnathidae

1. Anchovies2. Threatfin bream3. Parrot fish4. Pipe fishes

1 family is endangered1. Labridae 1. Wrasse

Threats to Anchovies: VulnerableThreats are from coastal development, water pollution, and possibly from fisheries.

Threats to Threatfin bream: VulnerableThis species is one of the most important commercial fishes in the East China Sea and northern South China Sea. This species is caught using handlines, longlines and bottom trawls; Juvenile are also caught in large quantities by shrimp trawlers (FAO 2005).

Threat to Parrot fish:Vulnerable

B. muricatum forms mixed sized schools and is extremely vulnerable to overfishing (Hamilton 2003).

Shoaling and group resting behaviour render B. muricatum highly vulnerable to spearfishing, particularly at night-time (Donaldson and Dulvy 2004) and mainly in the Pacific region (J.H. Choat pers. comm.). Spearfishing at night has reduced the numbers of B. muricatum (Gladstone 1986, D. Fenner pers. comm. on 27th July 2006).

The belief that B. muricatum predominantly aggregate at night around the new moon period and that catch rates are far greater during the new moon was not supported by field survey done in 2000-2001 (Aswani and Hamilton 2004).

Gillett and Moy (2006) pointed out that sleeping B. muricatum was one of the three main types of fish to be targeted by spearfishing.

Utilization Consumed as food.

Lieske and Myers (1994) described B. muricatum to be vulnerable to overfishing. The habit of sleeping in large groups making B. muricatum highly vulnerable to be caught by commercial spearfishermen (Myers 1991).

Threat to Pipe Fish: VulnerableH. barbouri is sold in the aquarium, curiosity, and TM trades,

particularly the first (Pajaro, unpubl. data). It is also a by-catch in other gears used in its shallow seagrass habitat (Pajaro, unpubl. data). In addition to the substantial demand for this species for TM and aquaria, its seagrass habitats are also threatened.

Threat to Wrasse: EndangeredThreats include:

1) Intensive and species-specific removal for the live reef food fish export trade of a naturally uncommon and vulnerable species; 2) Readily accessible to spearfishing at night with SCUBA or hookah (i.e., compressed air) gear, and easy to catch with cyanide, or other poisons such as Derris trifoliata, due to predictable adult habitat and shallow depth range; 3) Lack of coordinated, consistent national and regional management largely due to limited management capacity and the sometime secretive nature of traders – in particular there is no relevant regional fishery management authority to address problems with this species; 4) Selective fishing, in particular the intensive take of juveniles for direct export sale and for grow-out (also referred to as ‘culture’ – the species cannot be hatchery reared; and 5) Illegal, unregulated, or unreported (IUU) fisheries (Donaldson and Sadovy 2001).

In addition, the species’ essential coral reef habitat is seriously threatened by human activity throughout the Indo-Pacific region. Destructive fishing practices, such as sodium cyanide use which stuns animals for capture and incidentally kills living coral, have been well documented and are spreading in the Indo-Pacific region (Barber and Pratt 1998, Burke et al. 2002, Bryant et al. 1998, Johannes and Riepen 1995). Despite its prohibition in many countries (including major exporters such as the Philippines and Indonesia), cyanide is still the preferred method for capturing certain live reef fish for international trade in some areas (Burke et al. 2002, Bryant et al. 1998, Johannes and Riepen 1995, Barber and Pratt 1998). Indeed, larger Humphead Wrasse are difficult to catch any other way, other than by night-time capture. When cyanide is applied, the fish often retreats into a crevice and becomes increasingly lethargic as the toxin reduces its ability to take up oxygen. Divers may break away the living coral to get access to the hiding area, and remove the fish to clean water where it will often recover for shipment or holding in net pens.

The most serious threat to this species is overfishing for the live fish export trade. They are mainly taken live for food – only rarely for the aquarium trade as far as can be determined. This species is long-lived and naturally uncommon, and if it is similar to other reef fishes of similar

size and biology (e.g., sequential hermaphroditism; aggregation-spawner) it is expected to have low rates of replacement and therefore be particularly vulnerable to fishing pressure (Donaldson and Sadovy 2001). Moreover, being one of the largest of all reef fishes, they have few natural predators which means that fishing mortality may rapidly exceed natural mortality, possibly accounting for the rapid declines noted once fishing intensifies.

Although data are not available from throughout its range, wherever there are significant exports and no effective controls, fish numbers have declined substantially within a decade or less and exploitation rates are expected to continue, or more likely, intensify. There are few refuges for this species since live reef fish carriers have access to all reefs where it occurs and it does not extend into very deep water, probably little more than 60 m. Adults only occur in reasonable numbers where the fishery is effectively managed or where they occur in marine protected areas.

There has been speculation that Humphead Wrasse, and other reef fishes, can be cultured or "farmed" to meet international demand. However, it appears that the use of cultured fish may actually pose a threat to wild populations in certain circumstances since it does not involve hatchery production (not yet possible for this species and unlikely to be possible at commercial levels for many years according to experienced aquarist M.A. Rimmer, pers. comm.) but the grow-out of wild sourced juveniles.

CORALSDominant genera of live hard corals:

1. Porites (311 species)2. Acropora (189 species)3. Montipora (95 species)

Most are listed in the IUCN Red Data List either vulnerable or endangered. The following threats are also from the IUCN Red List:

ThreatsMajor threats are bleaching and reef destruction. This species is generally found in lagoon or reef slope habitats protected from strong wave action that are generally more susceptible to bleaching.

Acanthaster planci, the crown-of-thorns starfish, has been observed preferentially preying upon corals of

Major Threats:

the genus Acropora (Colgan 1987). Crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS)

These starfish voracious predators of reef-building corals, with a preference for branching and tabular corals such as Acropora species. Populations of the crown-of-thorns starfish have greatly increased since the 1970s and have been known to wipe out large areas of coral reef habitat. Increased breakouts of COTS has become a major threat to some species, and have contributed to the overall decline and reef destruction. The effects of such an outbreak include the reduction of abundance and surface cover of living coral, reduction of species diversity and composition, and overall reduction in habitat area.

Threats include coral removal and harvesting for display in aquariums and for the curio-trade.

In general, the major threat to corals is global climate change, in particular, temperature extremes leading to bleaching and increased susceptibility to disease, increased severity of ENSO events and storms, and ocean acidification.

Coral disease has emerged as a serious threat to coral reefs worldwide and a major cause of reef deterioration (Weil et al. 2006). The numbers of diseases and coral species affected, as well as the distribution of diseases have all increased dramatically within the last decade (Porter et al. 2001, Green and Bruckner 2000, Sutherland et al. 2004, Weil 2004). Coral disease epizootics have resulted in significant losses of coral cover and were implicated in the dramatic decline of acroporids in the Florida Keys (Aronson and Precht 2001, Porter et al. 2001, Patterson et al. 2002). In the Indo-Pacific, disease is also on the rise with disease outbreaks recently reported from the Great Barrier Reef (Willis et al. 2004), Marshall Islands (Jacobson 2006) and the northwestern Hawaiian Islands (Aeby 2006).

Increased coral disease levels on the GBR were correlated with increased ocean temperatures (Willis et al. 2007) supporting the prediction that disease levels will be increasing with higher sea surface temperatures. Escalating anthropogenic stressors combined with the threats associated with global climate change of increases in coral disease, frequency and duration of coral bleaching and ocean acidification place coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific at high risk of collapse.

Localized threats to corals include fisheries, human development (industry, settlement, tourism, and transportation), changes in native species dynamics (competitors, predators, pathogens and parasites), invasive species (competitors, predators, pathogens and parasites), dynamite fishing, chemical fishing, pollution from agriculture and industry, domestic pollution, sedimentation, and human recreation and tourism activities.

The severity of these combined threats to the global population of each individual species is not known.

Note: List of fishes and corals identified from PacSea4-DOST-PCAMRRD-SSPSC, Lianga, (2003), Unpublished

Primary Threats IUCN Threat Classification can be accessed here, or in Appendix A: http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes/threats-classification-scheme-ver3

Secondary Threats

IUCN Threat Classification can be accessed here, or in Appendix A: http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes/threats-classification-scheme-ver3

History of the MPA

In 1999 to 2002, the Surigao del Sur State University, then SSPSC, in partnership with the Pacific Seaboard or Lianga Bay Integrated Coastal Resource Management Program of DOST – PCAMRD assisted the LGUs in the bay to formulate and implement a bay-wide management plan. Along other objectives, one was to organize fisherfolk geared towards the establishment of marine sanctuaries and other management interventions.

Believing that collaborations/co-management with peoples organizations who have major roles and responsibilities in resource management and decision making processes, the peoples organization KMM – KAGANA, a fisherfolk organization in Barangay Ganayon was born to establish the KMM- KAGANA Marine Sanctuary after organizational, educational and capability building activities. Thus with legislation by Ganayon BDC of Barangay Ordinance No. 1 series of 2001 and by approval of Sangguniang Bayan of such through Municipal Ordinance SB Resolution No. 127 – 01 said MPA was legally established.

Systems where in- place until the project was turned over to the Lianga LGU for sustainable management. Intermittently, the KMM – KAGANA fisherfolk organization and the KMM – KAGANA Marine Sanctuary under the LGU became a recipient of the BFAR and SUMACORE projects. The SDSSU continually conducted research and extension activities in the barangay and the MPA which became part of its sustaining activities.PacSea4-DOST-PCAMRRD-SSPSC, Lianga, (2003), Unpublished

Previous and Existing ManagementStrategies

1. Name of project - SUMACOREAssisting NGO/ -Funder -

Full amount granted ( if known) -Start / end date - 2008 - 2010Objectives of projects1. Coastal resources rehabilitation and management2. Alternative Livelihood to minimize pressure on marine ecosystems and resources, alleviate income of fishers3. Increase PO management capabilities

4. Settle issues municipal water management

Outputs.1. Rehabilitation of MPA; gear procurement for monitoring;

provision of law enforcement equipment and facilities2. Mangrove Rehabilitation Project3. Fish cages livelihood provided to fishermen4. Training and seminars, study tours for POs5. Settling of issues on boundaries for municipal waters

LGU, Lianga, Surigao del Sur, MAO (2012)

Previous and Existing Environmental Education Work

IECs in forms of seminars, trainings, lectures, symposiums, forums, FGDs topics ranged from ecology, protection, management, organizational capabilities, law enforcement, livelihood skills on fish cages, crab fattening, and solid waste management.

Materials used as visual aids were either manila papers or LCDs.

Posters distributed were from BFAR containing kinds, endangered and prohibited species of fishes, shells, etc.

Posters from DOST – PCAMRD about Marine Sanctuary objectives and prohibitions.LGU, Lianga, Surigao del Sur, MAO (2012)

Human Stakeholder Population Size

Municipality of Lianga - 27,420Diatagon - 6,5412,417

- 1,002- 2,079-- 4,147

LGU – Lianga, Surigao del Sur, (2008), Municipal Profile.Historical Description

200 words maximum

Lianga is one of the oldest towns of the Province of Surigao del Sur created by virtue of Executive Order No. 27 in October 17, 1919.

Although Lianga was created older than the other municipalities in Surigao del Sur and considered the center of logging operations, its development has been slow.

Lianga was a big town subdivided into municipalities of Cagwait, Marihatag, San Agustin and Barobo due to political interests. Land area reduced to 25, 900 hectares with logging concessions tremendously reduced to 7,200 hectares also. At height of

logging operations, many migrated. A sawmill company set plant in Barangay Diatagon that evolved for the barangay to become the center of development. Private landing strip was constructed in adjacent of St. Christine. Roads were opened to connect Lianga to other municipalities, landing port was constructed in the Poblacion to cater to needs of log exportation. Lianga mainly derived income from forests products. Economic operations slowed down when Lianga Bay Logging Company ceased to operate in 1990s. Dislocation of labor force became a major problem which resulted to increase of insurgency. Some inhabitants resulted to upland farming and fishing. Illegal logging and illegal fishing are increasingly felt in the area. The remaining forest cover is fast vanishing. LGU – Lianga, Surigao del Sur, (2008), Municipal Profile.

Campaign's Social Context There are 13 barangays of the municipality, of these 10are

coastal barangays the other 3 are interior barangays. Most of the people belong to the Manobo – Kamayo Tribe (61%), with Cebuano following (28%), the rest are Surigaonons, Warays, Ilocanos, Tausog and Tagalog.

Kamayo, a variant of Cebuano mixed with Manobo is the most dominantly spoken dialect. With the settlement in area by other groups like Ilongos, Ilocanos, Leytenos, and Cebuanos, the use of Cebuano has notably become evident, considering it as the second dialect used.

Dominantly, fisherfolks in Lianga Bay are Catholics aside from Protestants, Iglesia Ni Cristo, other religion include Islam, and Jehova’s Witness.

Coastal residents have undergone varying degrees of educational instruction from elementary level only, complete elementary education, very few have attended college education, while others have not attended school.

Farming and fishing are the principal economic activities of the coastal residents. Other than these, their income come from government and private institutions; work abroad; go into small-scale mining, rattan gathering, contractual service, furniture and hallow block making.PacSea4-DOST-PCAMRRD-SSPSC, Lianga, (2003), Unpublished

In Lianga, there are 680 full time fishers recorded by the Office of the Municipal Agriculturist as of 2011 based on registered fishing

boats. Simple hand line is the most commonly used gear by the fishermen. Other fishing gear includes fish pot, compressor fishing, barricading, encircling gill net, spear fishing, crab lift net, and combination of two or more of the above fishing method.

Commercial fishers are into-deep sea fishing catching tuna species. There are no recreational fishers in the locality. LGU – Lianga, Surigao del Sur, (2008), Municipal Profile.

Marginal fishermen use non-motorized fishing craft of wooden construction materials than the motorized one. Motorized crafts have their engine generally mounted on board.

There are 49 fishermen in the Campaign Site KMM KAGANA MPA with 44 using hook and line, 1 using drift gill net, and 1 using bottom set gill net.PacSea4-DOST-PCAMRRD-SSPSC, Lianga, (2003), Unpublished

Legislative Context The municipality refer to the use of the following legal instrument

in relation to enforcement of law related to fishery:

1. RA 85502. Municipal Ordinance No. ------ An ordinance enacting the

Municipal Fishery Code of Lianga, Surigao del Sur3. SB Resolution NNo. 139 – 02, series 2002 – A resolution

Approving Barangay Ordinance No. 01 S 2002 of Barangay Manyayay entitled “An ordinance strictly prohibiting person or group of persons to violate rules and regulations of marine sanctuary of Barangay Manyayay and providing penalty thereof.

4. SB Resolution No. 127 -01 S 2001 - A resolution approving Resolution No. 1 of Barangay Ganayon and Resolution No. 127 – 01 S 2001 of BDC of Ganayon, Lianga, Surigao del Sur for a Marine Protected Area /fish Sanctuary and endorsing the same to Hon. Sangguniang Panlalawigan for review and appropriate actions.

Barangay Ordinance No. 1 Series of 2001 – Pursuant to Barangay Resolution No. 2, the following ordinance shall be enforced for the protection of the Marine Resources and KMM – KAGANA Marine Protected Area categorized as Managed Resource Protected Area of Sitio Talisay and Lambahon, Ganayon, Lianga, Surigao del Sur enacted by the Sangguniang Bayan of the Municipality of Lianga, Surigao del Sur, Philippines.PacSea4-DOST-PCAMRRD-SSPSC, Lianga, (2003), Unpublished

Campaign Project TeamName Role in

CampaignOrganization Title/Position in

OrganizationResponsibility

or function this person

might have in the Pride campaign

% of time allocated to

Pride campaign

Venus P. Bonglay Supervisor LGU SB Member Supervise the CF; Lobby for budget allocation of the LGU equity; lobby for ordinances required

50%

Liaflora O. Orcullo Conservation Fellow

LGU HRMO II Leads the RARE Pride Campaign of the LGU on Sustainable Fishing

100%

Amor R. Salinas Alternate CF Surigao del Sur State University

Clerk III, designated R & E Researcher

Support the CF in her campaign tasks

50%

Samuel P. Dollano Alternate CS LGU Mun. Agriculturist Acts as CS in her absence; Heads the MTWG for the MPAs

50%

Bonifacio Balaan

Ricardo Pocon

MTWG

MTWG

LGU

LGU

AT-Fisheries

MFARMC Chair

Acts as main support to the CF

75%

Romeo Avila Barangay Captain

Barangay Ganayon

KMM-KAGANA MPA Management Committee Chairman

Over all manager of the MPA

50%

Redentor L. Dela Cruz

MTWG LGU OIC - MPDC Coordination with officials for budget allocation

15%

Ignacio L. Serrano MTWG PNP Chief of Police Law enforcement

25%

Robert M. Lala, Jr. Supervision LGU Vice Mayor Policy support 10%Roy Hegino G. Sarmen

Supervision LGU Mayor Over-all supervision

10%

Key Partner SupportName of Partner/Group Role(s) Contact Name Phone/email

contactName of agency or group that may be involved or integral to the success of the Pride campaign.

Role that this organization might play in the Pride campaign.

Primary contact's name

RARE,INC. Training and financial support Brooke Sadowsky

SDSSU Technical expertise on CRM; M and E Dr. Cynthia P. Sajot

09206609263

BFAR – PROVINCIAL OFFICE

Logistical support for barrier removal materials in the MPAs and livelihoods for the fisherfolk.

Luisito YuPFARO

BFAR REGIONAL OFFICE Dir. Nerio G. CasilRegional Dir.

PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT

Hon. Jonny T. PimentelProv. Governor

CONGRESSIONAL OFFICE Hon. Philip A. PichayCongressman

NGOs ILSIConcerned Individuals Balikbayans

APPENDIX A: IUCN Threat Classification

1 Residential & commercial development o 1.1 Housing & urban areaso 1.2 Commercial & industrial areaso 1.3 Tourism & recreation areas

2 Agriculture & aquaculture o 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops

2.1.1 Shifting agriculture 2.1.2 Small-holder farming 2.1.3 Agro-industry farming 2.1.4 Scale Unknown/Unrecorded

o 2.2 Wood & pulp plantations 2.2.1 Small-holder plantations 2.2.2 Agro-industry plantations 2.2.3 Scale Unknown/Unrecorded

o 2.3 Livestock farming & ranching 2.3.1 Nomadic grazing 2.3.2 Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming 2.3.3 Agro-industry grazing, ranching or farming 2.3.4 Scale Unknown/Unrecorded

o 2.4 Marine & freshwater aquaculture 2.4.1 Subsistence/artisinal aquaculture 2.4.2 Industrial aquaculture 2.4.3 Scale Unknown/Unrecorded

3 Energy production & mining o 3.1 Oil & gas drillingo 3.2 Mining & quarryingo 3.3 Renewable energy

4 Transportation & service corridors o 4.1 Roads & railroadso 4.2 Utility & service lineso 4.3 Shipping laneso 4.4 Flight paths

5 Biological resource use o 5.1 Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals

5.1.1 Intentional mortality (human use) 5.1.2 Incidental or accidental mortality (bycatch) 5.1.3 Persecution/control 5.1.4 Motivation Unknown/Unrecorded

o 5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants 5.2.1 Intentional mortality (human use) 5.2.2 Incidental or accidental mortality (bycatch) 5.2.3 Persecution/control 5.2.4 Motivation Unknown/Unrecorded

o 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting 5.3.1 Intentional mortality (human use - subsistence/small scale) 5.3.2 Intentional mortality (human use - large scale) 5.3.3 Incidental or accidental mortality (bycatch - subsistence/small scale) 5.3.4 Incidental or accidental mortality (bycatch - large scale) 5.3.5 Motivation Unknown/Unrecorded

o 5.4 Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources 5.4.1 Intentional mortality (human use - subsistence/small scale) 5.4.2 Intentional mortality (human use - large scale) 5.4.3 Incidental or accidental mortality (bycatch - subsistence/small scale) 5.4.4 Incidental or accidental mortality (bycatch - large scale) 5.4.5 Persecution/control 5.4.6 Motivation Unknown/Unrecorded

6 Human intrusions & disturbance o 6.1 Recreational activitieso 6.2 War, civil unrest & military exerciseso 6.3 Work & other activities

7 Natural system modifications o 7.1 Fire & fire suppression

7.1.1 Increase in fire frequency/intensity 7.1.2 Supression in fire frequency/intensity 7.1.3 Trend Unknown/Unrecorded

o 7.2 Dams & water management/use 7.2.1 Abstraction of surface water (domestic use) 7.2.2 Abstraction of surface water (commercial use) 7.2.3 Abstraction of surface water (agricultural use) 7.2.4 Abstraction of surface water (unknown use) 7.2.5 Abstraction of ground water (domestic use) 7.2.6 Abstraction of ground water (commercial use) 7.2.7 Abstraction of ground water (agricultural use) 7.2.8 Abstraction of ground water (unknown use) 7.2.9 Small dams 7.2.10 Large dams 7.2.11 Dams (size unknown)

o 7.3 Other ecosystem modifications 8 Invasive & other problematic species & genes

o 8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species 8.1.1 Unspecified species 8.1.2 Named species

o 8.2 Problematic native specieso 8.3 Introduced genetic material

9 Pollution o 9.1 Domestic & urban waste water

9.1.1 Sewage 9.1.2 Run-off 9.1.3 Type Unknown/Unrecorded

o 9.2 Industrial & military effluents 9.2.1 Oil spills 9.2.2 Seepage from mining 9.2.3 Type Unknown/Unrecorded

o 9.3 Agricultural & forestry effluents 9.3.1 Nutrient loads 9.3.2 Soil erosion, sedimentation 9.3.3 Herbicides and pesticides 9.3.4 Type Unknown/Unrecorded

o 9.4 Garbage & solid wasteo 9.5 Air-borne pollutants

9.5.1 Acid rain

9.5.2 Smog 9.5.3 Ozone 9.5.4 Type Unknown/Unrecorded

o 9.6 Excess energy 9.6.1 Light pollution 9.6.2 Thermal pollution 9.6.3 Noise pollution 9.6.4 Type Unknown/Unrecorded

10 Geological events o 10.1 Volcanoeso 10.2 Earthquakes/tsunamiso 10.3 Avalanches/landslides

11 Climate change & severe weather o 11.1 Habitat shifting & alterationo 11.2 Droughtso 11.3 Temperature extremeso 11.4 Storms & floodingo 11.5 Other impacts