fonder nathalie (1), jean marie marcoen(2), dimitri xanthoulis (3)
DESCRIPTION
Water Pollution Monitoring Of Nitrates Leaching From Agricultural Fields With Industrial Crop Harvesting Practices. The Belgian Case Of Onsite Lysimeters As A Monitoring Tool. Fonder Nathalie (1), Jean Marie Marcoen(2), Dimitri Xanthoulis (3) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Water Pollution Monitoring Of Nitrates Leaching From Agricultural Fields With Industrial Crop Harvesting Practices. The Belgian Case Of Onsite Lysimeters
As A Monitoring Tool. Fonder Nathalie (1), Jean Marie Marcoen(2),
Dimitri Xanthoulis (3)
(1) Epuvaleau npo, Avenue de la Faculté d’Agronomie, 5030 Gembloux ; [email protected](2) GRENeRA, Geopedology Laboratory, Gembloux Agricultural University, Passage des déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux ; [email protected];(3) Gembloux Agricultural University, Department of Hydrology and Rural Hydraulics, Passage des déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux ;
OUTLINESClimate : Cold Temperate, ocean influenced
Latitude : 52°N
Annual Temperature : 10°C
Rainfall : 800-1200 mm/yr
Rain Frequency : 200 days/yr
Belgium is a Kingdom with FEDERAL STATE GOV.
3 Communities, corresponding to population groups (language and culture)
3 Regions corresponding to economic autonomy desires
(In charge of Agriculture and Water management, amongst other)
Federal Government manage Army, Foreign Affairs, Public Health, Justice, Finance, Social Security, etc.
6 Mi Inh
1 Mi Inh
3,5 MI Inh
Area = 32500 KM2
Pop. 10,5 Mi Inh.
Density 315 Inh/Km2
Context
1991 : European Nitrate Directive (91/676/CEE) aims at moderating or preventing water pollution from nitrates released by agricultural practices
2000 : creation of NITRAWAL, npo as a consortium of 4 partners to provide support to farmers (1 from Water sector, 1 from agricultural sector, 2 scientific partners from Walloon universities – GRENeRA, ECOP)
2002 : Transposition into the Wallon law with the PGDA (Programme de Gestion Durable de l’Azote) / Sustainable Nitrogen Management Program
- standards on mineral and organic fertilization rates- agricultural practices code
2005 : Condemnation by EU for non complete transcription- PGDA review process
2007 : New PGDA having impacts on the operation managements by farmers
2003 – now : scientific studies- test the relevance of the environmental indicator defined,- adequacy standards / water quality preservation,- advices on crop rotation and sequences
Material and method
Data collection
Crops rotation above lysimeters implementation
Plots / Years
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
2002 Sugar beets Sugar beets Spinach / Beans Wheat Broad Beans / Chervil
2003 Wheat + Inset crop
Broad Beans / Cabbages
Flax + Inset crop
Sugar beets Wheat + Inset crop
2004 Beans Spinach / Beans + Inset crop
Broad Beans / Cabbages
Wheat + Inset crop
Sugar beets
2005 Wheat + Inset crop
Chicories Carrots Broad Beans Wheat + Inset crop
2006 Broad Beans / Spinach
Wheat Potatoes Wheat + Inset crop
Haricots
2007 Wheat Carrots Sugar beets Beans Wheat + Inset crop
2008 Carrots Broad Beans / Cabbages
Wheat Wheat + Inset crop
Sugar beets
2009 Beans Leeks Broad Beans Broad Beans Wheat
Results for Water Quantity
Water Budget :
Water collected = Infiltration water
In Wallonia : Pluviometry = 100%, Infiltration = 6 to 28%
In Lysimeters,
Water collected = P + I – ETM (assumption to have a closed lysimeter)
P= Pluviometry
I = Irrigation
ETM= ET * Kc (cultural coefficient)
Results obtained over 5 drainage seasons = 12 to 14%
The Walloon Environmental indicator APL
APL = Azote Potentiellement Lessivable / Potentially Leachable Nitrogen
Issued from the “Survey Surface Agricole” (Agricultural Surface Survey) - 25 farms
- total of 220 fields
Annual sampling - first at spring, leading to fertilisation rate recommendations
- secondly at autumn, to assess residue after harvest
Annual APL (Environmental Indicator) is defined per crops and their related acceptable nitrogen residue in the soil after harvest.
If above, - penalties for the farmers
Lysimeter project : no plots received any negative assessment from the Environmental indicator
Nevertheless, high to very high values of nitrate content are observed in lysimeters
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AP
L (k
g N
-NO
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), N
O3-
(m
g/l)
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Cum
Col
l Vol
(l)
APL 60-90 cm (kg N-NO3/ha) APL 30-60 cm (kg N-NO3/ha)
APL 0-30 cm (kg N-NO3/ha) cc NO3- (mg/l)
cumulative collected volume (l)
Plot P1Disturbed soil lysimeterimplementation on 8 August 2003
Crops
Wheat Carrots
N Fertilisation
2004 20082003
Spinach
66 U N-min
97 U N-min
B BeansPhaceliaWheatBeansOat
80 U N-min
58 U N-min
78 U N-min
65 U N-min
58 U N-min200 U N-org
2005 2006 2007
Wheat
WHO Drinking water standard (50 mg NO3-/L)
Summary Table for Water Quality
Conclusion and recommendation
- Lysimeters are reliable to collect representative seepage water amounts
- Lysimeters confirm the reliability of APL Environmental Indicator
- Unfortunately, respect of legislation ≠ water quality preservation
- N management has to be defined over the whole crop rotation sequence and not per individual crops
Conclusion and recommendation-Cereals + inset crop / without OK / non OK
- Sugar beet OK
- Potato with no winter cover non OK
- Any vegetable should have a winter cover crop
- Spinach + beans (+ inset crop) non OK (OK)
- Broad beans + Spinach or cabbage or wheat non OK
Works in progress investigate :
- specific crop sequences and rotations,
- fertilisation recommendation rates for the different crops grown in the Belgian Walloon region
THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION