for wmo sg rfc: hans richner, iac eth, zurich active protection of passive radio services, oct....

for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich

Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari

““The needs for protection The needs for protection of frequencies used for of frequencies used for

passive sensing in passive sensing in meteorology, climatology meteorology, climatology

and environmental studies”and environmental studies”

Hans Richner Steering Group Radiofrequency Coordination

(SG RFC)

WMO Commission for Basic Systems



1. telecommunicationdata collectiondata disseminationtelemetry

Requirements of the meteorological community for radiofrequency spectrum

basically for three purposes:

2. active remote sensing

3. passive remote sensing



1. telecommunication, data collection, data dissemination, telemetryradiosondessatellitesDCPs



2. active remote sensingradarwind profilersatellite



3. passive remote sensingspace basedground based



Meteo-012

Aircraft

Oceandatabuoy Satellite

soundings

Weathership

Surfacestation

Satellitegroundstation

Upper-airstation

NMS

Automaticstation

Weatherradar

Polarorbitingsatellite

Geostationarysatellite

Satelliteimage



requirements of the meteorological community for radiofrequency spectrum listed by major systems

- radiosondes- meteorological radar- windprofiler- meteorological satellites

= control and housekeeping= passive sensing= active sensing

- DCPs- general telecommunication



MSG (Meteosat-8)Color composite image of Red (NIR 1.6), Green (VIS 0.8), and Blue (VIS 0.6) taken on 12 February 2003 (13:45 UTC).



O2 absorption

spectrum



major future threats:

introduction of numerous ultra-wideband systems UWS (spread spectrum technique) -- serious threat for passive sensing

persistent pressure on bands used for radiosounding

exploding numbers of cell phones, introduction of UMTS, wireless LANs, microwave-based collision warning systems ...

for SG RFC: Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich

WMO CBS ICT ISS Meeting, September 9 to 13, 2002, Geneva

two years ago



principle of UWB (Ultra Wide Band) systems



water vapor absorption around 24 GHz



water vapor mixing ratio as seen by NOAA satellite



Institute for Applied Physics, University of Bern (IAP)

ASMUWARA, the All-Sky MUlti WAvelength RAdiometer



Frequency bands and bandwidths used for satellite passive sensing (1)

Frequency BW(GHz) (MHz) main measurements

1.4 - 1.427 100 soil moisture, salinity, ocean surface temperature, vegetation index

2.69 - 2.70 60 salinity, soil moisture4.2 - 4.4 200 ocean surface temperature6.7 - 7.1 400 ocean surface temperature (no allocation)

10.6 - 10.7 100 rain, snow, ice, sea state, ocean wind, ocean surface temperature, soil moisture

15.35 - 15.40 200 water vapour, rain18.6 - 18.8 200 rain, sea state, ocean ice, water vapour, snow 21.2 - 21.4 200 water vapour, cloud liquid water

22.21 - 22.50 300 water vapour, cloud liquid water23.6 - 24.0 400 water vapour, cloud liquid water31.3 - 31.8 500 window channel associated to temperature

measurements36 - 37 1000 rain, snow, ocean ice, water vapour,

cloud liquid water, ocean wind, soil moisture



Frequency bands and bandwidths used for satellite passive sensing (2)Frequency BW

(GHz) (MHz) main measurements50.2 - 50.4 200 O2 (temperature profiling)52.6 - 59.3 6700 O2 (temperature profiling)

86 - 92 6000 Clouds, ice, snow, rain100 - 102 2000 N2O

109.5 - 111.8 2300 O3114.25 - 122.25 8000 O2 (temperature profiling), CO148.5 - 151.5 3000 window channel155.5 - 158.5 3000 window channel (to be terminated on 1 January 2018)

164 - 167 3000 window channel174.8 - 191.8 17000 H2O (moisture profiling), N2O, O3

200 - 209 9000 H2O, O3, N2O226 - 232 6000 clouds, CO235 - 238 3000 O3250 – 252 2000 N2O275 – 277 2000 N2O



Frequency bands and bandwidths used for satellite passive sensing (3)Frequency BW

(GHz) (MHz) Main measurements294 – 306 12000 N2O, O3, O2, HNO3, HOCl316 – 334 10000 water vapour profiling, O3, HOCl342 – 349 7000 CO, HNO3, CH3Cl, O3, O2, HOCl, H2O363 – 365 2000 O3371 – 389 18000 water vapour profiling416 – 434 18000 temperature profiling442 – 444 2000 water vapour486 – 506 9000 O3, CH3Cl, N2O, BrO, ClO546 – 568 22000 temperature profiling624 – 629 5000 BrO, O3, HCl, SO2, H2O2, HOCl, HNO3634 – 654 20000 CH3Cl, HOCl, ClO, H2O, N2O, BrO, O3, HO2, HNO3659 – 661 2000 BrO684 – 692 8000 ClO, CO, CH3Cl730 – 732 2000 O2, HNO3851 – 853 2000 NO951 – 956 5000 O2, NO, H2O



O3,CH3Cl, HOCl, ClO, HNO3, N2O, H2O2, HCN, BrO, SO2, ...



absorption lines between 275 GHz and 1 THz -- tomorrows resources!?



Footnote to Radio Regulations:

S5.340 All emissions are prohibited in the following bands:1 400 - 1 427 MHz2 690 - 2 700 MHz except those provided for by Nos. S5.421 an S5.42210.68 - 10.7 GHz except those provided for by No. S5.483 15.35 - 15.4 GHz except those provided for by No. S5.511 23.6 - 24 GHz……………….……………….

caution: dirty tricks!

unwanted emissions: consist of spurious emissions and out-of-band emissions

we all know: there are unwanted emissions!



out-of-band emissions: Emissions on a frequency or frequencies immediately outside the necessary bandwidth which results from the modulation process, but excluding spurious emissions

spurious emissions: Emissions on a frequency or frequencies which are outside the necessary bandwidth and the level of which may be reduced without affecting the corresponding transmission of information. Spurious emissions include harmonic emissions, parasitic emissions, intermodulation products and frequencies and frequency conversion products, but exclude out-of-band emissions.



caution: dirty tricks!

Footnote to Radio Regulations:

S5.340 All emissions are prohibited in the following bands:1 400 - 1 427 MHz2 690 - 2 700 MHz except those provided for by Nos. S5.421 an S5.42210.68 - 10.7 GHz except those provided for by No. S5.483 15.35 - 15.4 GHz except those provided for by No. S5.511 23.6 - 24 GHz

intentional



what will happen in the next years?

Europe

U.S.

Japan



what is needed?

telecommunication people must be made aware of the technique of passive remote sensing!

meteorologists must be made aware that there is no unlimited spectrum!

constructive dialogue!



looking for more detailed information?

get a copy of



The meteorological community will crucially depend on the availability of protected frequency bands for passive sensing!

thank you foryour attention!

for wmo sg rfc: hans richner, iac eth, zurich active protection of passive radio services, oct....

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