forms of government decentralization and institutional quality: evidence from a large sample of...

8/18/2019 Forms of Government Decentralization and Institutional Quality: Evidence from a Large Sample of Nations

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HCAL Rirnleb ]hpor [orlos

@irfs i` Bivorefoet Cokoetrhdlzhtlie hecLestltutliehd Xuhdlty7Ovlcoeko `rif h Dhrbo [hfpdo i` Ehtlies

Qhgoov N. Biod hecGhfos R. [hueirls

Ei. ?01Fhrkj 1=80

Hslhe Covodipfoet Ahen Lestltuto


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Sjo Rirnleb ]hpor sorlos ls h kietleuhtlie i` tjo ìrfordy ehfoc Clskusslie ]hpor sorlos>tjo eufaorleb i` tjo phpors kietleuoc wltjiut letorruptlie ir kjhebo. HCAL“s wirnlebphpors ro`dokt leltlhd lcohs ie h tiplk hec hro pistoc iedleo ìr clskusslie. HCAL oekiurhbos

rohcors ti pist tjolr kiffoets ie tjo fhle phbo ìr ohkj wirnleb phpor (blvoe le tjoklthtlie aodiw). [ifo wirnleb phpors fhy covodip leti itjor ìrfs i` puadlkhtlie.

[ubbostoc klthtlie7

Biod, Q. N., hec G. R. [hueirls. 1=80. @irfs i` Bivorefoet Cokoetrhdlzhtlie hecLestltutliehd Xuhdlty7 Ovlcoeko `rif h Dhrbo [hfpdo i` Ehtlies. HCAL Rirnleb ]hpor ?01.Sinyi7 Hslhe Covodipfoet Ahen Lestltuto. Hvhldhado7jttp7//www.hca.irb/puadlkhtlies/bivorefoet-cokoetrhdlzhtlie-lestltutliehd-quhdlty-ovlcoeko-dhrbo-shfpdo-ehtlies/

]dohso kiethkt tjo hutjirs ìr leìrfhtlie haiut tjls phpor.

Ofhld7 rnbiodMldstu.ocu> gshueirlMoflkj.ocu

Qhgoov N. Biod ls ]riòssir i` Okieiflks ht Lddleils [thto _elvorslty.

Ghfos R. [hueirls ls Hsslsthet ]riòssir i` Okieiflks ht Ohstore Flkjlbhe _elvorslty.

Sjo vlows oxprossoc le tjls phpor hro tjo vlows i` tjo hutjir hec ci eit eokosshrldy

ro`dokt tjo vlows ir pidlklos i` HCAL, HCA, lts Aihrc i` Clroktirs, ir tjo bivorefoetstjoy roprosoet. HCAL cios eit buhrhetoo tjo hkkurhky i` tjo chth lekducoc le tjls phporhec hkkopts ei rospieslaldlty ìr hey kiesoquoekos i` tjolr uso. Sorfleidiby usoc fhyeit eokosshrldy ao kieslstoet wltj HCA i``lklhd torfs.

Rirnleb phpors hro suagokt ti ìrfhd rovlslie hec kirroktlie aoìro tjoy hro `lehdlzochec kieslcoroc puadlsjoc.

Hslhe Covodipfoet Ahen LestltutoNhsuflbhsonl Auldcleb :@

;-1-? Nhsuflbhsonl, Kjlyich-nuSinyi 8==-0==:, Ghphe

Sod7 +:8-;-;?


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HCAL Rirnleb ]hpor ?01 Biod hec [hueirls

Hastrhkt

Sjls phpor stuclos tjo o`òkts i` vhrlius ìrfs i` bivorefoet cokoetrhdlzhtlie ielestltutliehd quhdlty hkriss kiuetrlos. _sleb kirruptlie hec tjo sjhciw okieify ti prixy ìrlestltutliehd quhdlty, hs wodd hs tjroo ìrfs i` bivorefoet cokoetrhdlzhtlie (l.o., vlrtuhd,pjyslkhd, hec `lskhd), tjo okieifotrlk rosudts sjiw vlrtuhd cokoetrhdlzhtlie ti ao tjo fisto`òktlvo le lfprivleb lestltutliehd quhdlty. Sjo o`òkts ie trhesltlie hec kiuetrlos le Hslh hrohdsi kieslcoroc.

GOD Kdhssl`lkhtlie7 N31> J88> J2;


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Kietoets

8. Letricuktlie .................................................................................................................... ;

1.

Sjoirotlkhd Ahknbriuec hec Qodovhet Dltorhturo ............................................................ ;

;. Chth hec Ofplrlkhd Ostlfhtlie ....................................................................................... ?

;.8 Chth .................................................................................................................. ? ;.1

Ofplrlkhd Ostlfhtlie ......................................................................................... 0

3. Qosudts ........................................................................................................................... :

3.8 O``okts i` Cokoetrhdlzhtlie ie tjo [jhciw Okieify ........................................


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8. LESQIC_KSLIE

Sjo cokoetrhdlzhtlie i` bivorefoet `uektlies khe lfprivo lestltutliehd quhdlty hecbivorefoet por`irfheko (Aosdoy hec Kihto 1==;, Aruokneor 1==;, ]ruc“jiffo8


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ao kiupdoc wltj tjo tjroht i` brohtor trhesphroeky hec oxpisuro (Hrlnhe 1==3). Rltjrospokt ti tjo uecorbriuec okieify, tjo trhesphroeky hssiklhtoc wltj pjyslkhdcokoetrhdlzhtlie khe oehado aottor fieltirleb i` sjhciw hktlvltlos (Arhf 1=8;).Jiwovor, pjyslkhd cokoetrhdlzhtlie fhy hdsi fhno bivorefoet i``lklhds firo hwhro i`pitoetlhd sjhciw hktlvltlos le wjlkj tjoy khe oebhbo> tjls lekoetlvo kiudc hdsi aofltlbhtoc ay vlrtuhd cokoetrhdlzhtlie. @lskhd cokoetrhdlzhtlie fhy h`òkt tjo sjhciwokieify ay fhnleb lt ohslor ti iutsiurko sifo bivorefoet ùektlies ti tjoleìrfhd soktir.

Ivorhdd, lt ls uekdohr wjotjor hdd typos i` bivorefoet cokoetrhdlzhtlie ylodc slfldhrclvlcoecs le torfs i` rocukleb lddobhd hktlvltlos hec lfprivleb lestltutliehd quhdlty. Sjoo`òkts i` cokoetrhdlzhtlie ie kirruptlie jhvo aooe wlcody stucloc,3 aut tjo dltorhturo ietjo dlenhbo aotwooe cokoetrhdlzhtlie hec tjo sjhciw okieify ls sifowjht firoficost.? Kirruptlie hec tjo sjhciw okieify hro wlcody provhdoet hkriss tjo wirdc 0 hec jhvo aooe usoc hs leclkhtirs i` lestltutliehd quhdlty (Nehkn hec Nooòr 8


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Hdd i` tjoso tjoirotlkhd kieslcorhtlies ìrf tjo ìuechtlie i` tjls hehdysls tjht lsprlfhrldy ìkusoc ie hssossleb tjo rodhtlvo lfphkts i` cl`òroet cokoetrhdlzhtlie ficosie lestltutliehd quhdlty. Sjo fhle jypitjosls i` tjls stucy ls tjht brohtor cokoetrhdlzhtliei` bivorefoet strukturo, piwors, hec sorvlkos lfprivos lestltutliehd quhdlty ay diworlebkirruptlie hec uecorbriuec hktlvltlos, hdtjiubj tjo typo i` cokoetrhdlzhtlie fhy fhttor.

;. CHSH HEC OF]LQLKHD O[SLFHSLIE

;.8 Chth

Sjo heeuhd chth usoc le tjls stucy hro h kriss soktlie i` ivor 81= kiuetrlos. Phrlhadoco`leltlies hec siurkos hro le Shado H8. Sjo fhle siurkos i` tjoso chth hro woddneiwe hec wlcody usoc le tjo dltorhturo. Sjo fhle vhrlhados i` letorost lekducofohsuros i` tjo sjhciw okieify, kirruptlie, hec ìrfs i` bivorefoetcokoetrhdlzhtlie. Lt ls lfpirthet ti eito tjht aitj kirruptlie hec tjo sjhciw okieify

hro lddobhd hktlvltlos> tjus, leìrfhtlie ie tjolr provhdoeko ls eit rohcldy ìrtjkifleb.Si lestldd kie`lcoeko le tjo `leclebs, twi fohsuros i` ohkj hro usoc. @lrst, wltj robhrcti tjo uecorbriuec soktir, Hdf hec Ofahyo (1=8;) usoc tjo kurroeky cofhechpprihkj ti ostlfhto lts slzo ([jhciw8), tjo fhle lcoh aoleb tjht khsj trheshktlieshro jhrcor ti trhko, si sjhciw iporhtlies levidvo h brohtor cofhec ìr khsj. Sjohvorhbo slzo i` tjo sjhciw okieify wltj tjo [jhciw8 fohsuro le tjo shfpdo ls ;8%i` briss cifostlk pricukt (BC]) wltj kieslcorhado vhrlhtlie hkriss kiuetrlos. @irlestheko, tjo Cofikrhtlk Qopuadlk i` tjo Kiebi jhs tjo dhrbost sjhciw okieify ht?


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sjiws tjht tjo kirrodhtlie aotwooe tjo twi fohsuros i` kirruptlie, Kirruptlie8 hecKirruptlie1, ls hdsi jlbj (=. sthtos, clstrlkts, hec tojslds le Leclh>hec proòkturos le Ghphe). Brohtor pjyslkhd cokoetrhdlzhtlie arlebs tjo bivorefoetkdisor ti tjo puadlk, lfprivleb trhesphroeky hec rospieslvoeoss ti dikhd eoocs wjldolekrohsleb tjo pitoetlhd ìr lddobhd hkts aotwooe tjo puadlk hec bivorefoet i``lklhds.

[okiec, COKOES-@L[KHD khpturos spoecleb clskrotlie ht tjo dikhd dovod (o.b., ìrjohdtj khro, ocukhtlie, rihcs, hec shelthtlie). Sjls hspokt i` cokoetrhdlzhtlie privlcosbrohtor `lskhd hutieify ht tjo diwor dovods i` bivorefoet.

@lehddy, COKOES-PLSQ_HD ls usoc ti khpturo vlrtuhd cokoetrhdlzhtlie. Sjo fohsuroofpdiyoc ls arihcor tjhe tjo eufaor i` letoreot usors tjht sifo stuclos jhvo

usoc (Odble 1=8;). Hkkircleb ti _ECO[H (1==3), tjo fohsuro usoc le tjls stucy ìrvlrtuhd cokoetrhdlzhtlie, o-bivorefoet, ls —^tVjo uso i` leìrfhtlie hec kiffuelkhtlietokjeidiby hec lts hppdlkhtlie ay tjo bivorefoet ìr tjo privlslie i` leìrfhtliehec puadlk sorvlkos ti tjo poipdo.‖ O-bivorefoet sorvos ti lekrohso hkkiuethaldltytjriubj trhesphroeky, oejheko tjo o``lkloet uso i` puadlk rosiurkos, hec lfprivo tjocodlvory i` puadlk sorvlkos. @urtjorfiro, o-bivorefoet `hkldlthtos letorhktlies aotwooebivorefoets, aotwooe tjo bivorefoet hec ausleossos, hec aotwooe tjo bivorefoethec kiesufors.

Shado H1 sjiws tjht tjo kirrodhtlies aotwooe pjyslkhd cokoetrhdlzhtlie hec tjosjhciw okieify ([jhciw8) hec kirruptlie (Kirruptlie8) hro pisltlvo (=.=< hec=.1;, rospoktlvody). Sjo kirrodhtlies aotwooe `lskhd cokoetrhdlzhtlie hec tjo sjhciw

okieify hec kirruptlie hro eobhtlvo (‛=.3? hec ‛=.;;, rospoktlvody), wjorohs tjokirrodhtlies aotwooe vlrtuhd cokoetrhdlzhtlie hec tjo sjhciw okieify hec kirruptliehro eobhtlvo (‛=.:= hec ‛=.:;, rospoktlvody).

Sjo itjor kriss-kiuetry vhrlhados hro `rif itjor letorehtliehd siurkos (Shado H8). Hddficods hro ostlfhtoc usleb kriss-soktliehd chth. Sjo dhkn i` biic tlfo sorloskifphrhaldlty i` tjo hvhldhado kirruptlie leclkos ls tjo fhle rohsie ìr tjls kjilko.

;.1 Ofplrlkhd Ostlfhtlie

Si ìrfhdlzo tjo ahsodleo ficods, oxthet dltorhturo ie tjo sjhciw okieify, kirruptlie,hec bivorefoet cokoetrhdlzhtlie ls usoc.8= Kirruptlie hec tjo sjhciw okieify sjhro

sifo kiffie cotorflehets. Hs foetlieoc provliusdy, tjo dltorhturo privlcos rodhtlvodybrohtor bulcheko wltj robhrc ti tjo o`òkts i` `lskhd hec pjyslkhd cokoetrhdlzhtlie. Sjoostlfhtoc oquhtlies ìr tjo sjhciw okieify hec kirruptlie, rospoktlvody, thno tjoìddiwleb boeorhd ̀ irfs.88

8= @ir tjo sjhciw okieify, soo Bîrxjhel (1==3) hec [kjeolcor hec Oesto (1===). @ir kirruptlie, sooHlct (1==;), Dhfascir`` (1==0), [jdolòr hec Plsjey (8


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;.1.8 Cotorflehets i` tjo [jhciw Okieify

Hssufleb tjht uecorbriuec hktlvltlos hro crlvoe ay strleboet robudhtlies hec jlbj thxoshec blvoe tjo bivorefoet strukturo, tjo kriss-ehtliehd cotorflehets i` tjo sjhciwokieify hro ostlfhtoc usleb oquhtlie (8)7

[jhciw okieifylg 6 ` (Cokoetrhdlzhtlieln, Okieiflk kiecltliesl, Cofikrhkyl,Srhesltliel, Hslhel, Qobudhtlielf)

wjoro

l 6 8,1,;,..> g 6 [jhciw8, [jhciw1>n 6 COKOES-PLSQ_HD, COKOES-]J\[LKHD, COKOES-@L[KHD> hec f 6 SHZ, RhboQOB, ]rlkoKietrids, DHR.

Sjo ìkus le tjo ofplrlkhd hehdysls ls ie tjo slbe, fhbeltuco, hec sthtlstlkhdslbel`lkheko i` tjo kio``lkloets ie tjo cokoetrhdlzhtlie vhrlhado, wltj cokoetrhdlzhtlie

hdtorehtody fohsuroc ay COKOES-PLSQ_HD (vlrtuhd), COKOES-@L[KHD (`lskhd), hecCOKOES-]J\[LKHD (pjyslkhd).

Sjo copoecoet vhrlhado ls hdtorehtody h spokl`lk hec h arihc fohsuro i` tjo sjhciwokieify ([jhciw8 hec [jhciw1, rospoktlvody).

Sureleb ti h clskusslie i` tjo kietrid vhrlhados ìr tjo sjhciw okieify, ti hkkiuet ìrtjo dovod i` covodipfoet le tjo kiuetry, tjo dib i` rohd BC] por khplth (BC]) ls usoc,wjldo h cuffy vhrlhado ls usoc ti khpturo kiuetrlos le trhesltlie (Srhesltlie) hec tjisole Hslh ( Hslhe). Brohtor okieiflk prisporlty lekrohsos tjo ippirtuelty kists iòebhbleb le lddobhd hktlvltlos (l.o., kirruptlie hec tjo sjhciw okieify), hec firoprisporius kiuetrlos fhy jhvo aottor oeìrkofoet.

Cofikrhky ls he lecox usoc ti kietrid ìr tjo cobroo i` cofikrhky. Firo cofikrhtlkehtlies jhvo brohtor `roocif i` pross hec firo trhesphroet dobhd systofs tjht kuralddobhd hktlvltlos, lekducleb kirruptlie hec tjo sjhciw okieify (Dhfascir`` 1==0).Hdtorehtody, tjo rudo i` dhw (DHR) khe ao usoc ti bhubo wjotjor h kieslstoet soti` puelsjfoets ìrf h cotorroet ti lddobhd hkts. 81 Itjor lfpirthet cotorflehets i`tjo sjhciw okieify lekduco jlbjor thx rhtos (Kirkjûe 8


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@ir coeitleb kriss-ehtliehd kirruptlie hs tjo copoecoet vhrlhado, Kirruptlie8 hecKirruptlie1 hro ofpdiyoc. @ir cotorflehets i` kirruptlie, BC] hec Cofikrhky sorvo hs cotorroets i` kirrupt aojhvlir. Cofikrhky hddiws vitors h vilko le tjo pidltlkhdspjoro hec ti cotorfleo tjo kifpotoeko i` puadlk i``lklhds. Srhesltlie kiuetrlos, ti tjooxtoet tjht tjoy jhvo uecorcovodipoc lestltutlies, hro dlnody ti oxporloeko brohtorkirruptlie. Si hkkiuet ìr tjls, h cuffy vhrlhado ìr trhesltlie kiuetrlos (hec ìrkiuetrlos le Hslh ti soo hey robliehd cl`òroekos le tjls robhrc) ls lekducoc. Sjo slzoi` bivorefoet (Bivt[lzo) prixlos ìr kirruptlie ippirtueltlos (vlh aurohukrhtlk rocthpo lekrohsleb roet-soonleb ippirtueltlos). Hdtorehtody, h dhrbor bivorefoet fhy aohssiklhtoc wltj aottor fieltirleb (Burlov 1==3, Qiso-Hknorfhe 8


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3.8 O``okts i` Cokoetrhdlzhtlie ie tjo [jhciw Okieify

Shado H; ropirts tjo fhle rosudts, wltj [jhciw8 hs tjo copoecoet vhrlhado. Aitjbrohtor vlrtuhd hec brohtor pjyslkhd cokoetrhdlzhtlie cokrohso tjo sprohc i` tjo sjhciw

okieify. Sjo slbes ie COKOES-PLSQ_HD hec COKOES-]J\[LKHD hro eobhtlvo hecsthtlstlkhddy slbel`lkhet le ficods 1.8‛1.1. Sjo rosudts wltj robhrc ti bivorefoet tlorsarihcdy suppirt ohrdlor `leclebs ay Auoje, Dossfhee, hec Fhrnwhrct (1=8;). Le torfsi` rodhtlvo fhbeltucos, h 8=% lekrohso le COKOES-PLSQ_HD wiudc cokrohso tjosjhciw okieify ay haiut


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tjo kists ìr lddobhd hkts hec tjus ls h cotorroet. @lehddy, uelquo robliehd hspokts i`kiuetrlos le Hslh hro kieslcoroc.

3.;.8 Qiausteoss Kjokn 87 Hdtorehto Fohsuros i` tjo [jhciw Okieify

hec KirruptlieFicod ;.8 i` Shado H3 usos he hdtorehto fohsuro i` tjo sjhciw okieify ahsoc ietjo fudtlpdo leclkhtirs, fudtlpdo khusos ficod (l.o., [jhciw1) hs tjo copoecoetvhrlhado. Hs clskussoc haivo, tjo [jhciw1 fohsuro ls sifowjht arihcor tjhe tjo[jhciw8 fohsuro. Sjo ivorhdd ìrfht i` tjo ostlfhtoc oquhtlie ls tjo shfo hsoquhtlie (8).

Rltj [jhciw1 hs tjo copoecoet vhrlhado, COKOES-PLSQ_HD hbhle jhs h eobhtlvohec sthtlstlkhddy slbel`lkhet kio``lkloet. Jiwovor, tjo o`òkt i` COKOES-]J\[LKHD lseiw sthtlstlkhddy leslbel`lkhet. Sjus, wjldo tjo o`òkts i` vlrtuhd cokoetrhdlzhtlie ie tjosjhciw okieify hro riaust ti hdtorehto fohsuros i` tjo sjhciw okieify, tjiso i`pjyslkhd cokoetrhdlzhtlie hro eit. Le itjor rosudts, tjo o`òkts i` okieiflk kiecltlies

hec robudhtlies hro leslbel`lkhet le tjls khso. Jiwovor, slfldhr ti Shado H1, trhesltlieehtlies jhvo h dhrbor sjhciw soktir, kotorls phrlaus.

Ficod ;.1 i` Shado H3 usos tjo kirruptlie porkoptlies lecox covodipoc aySrhesphroeky Letorehtliehd hs tjo copoecoet vhrlhado. Kirruptlie1 ls ahsoc ieporkoptlies haiut kirruptlie, wjldo Kirruptlie8 ls ahsoc ie oxport rhtlebs i` (fhledypidltlkhd) kirruptlie. Hbhle, COKOES-PLSQ_HD jhs eobhtlvo hec slbel`lkhet o`òkts ieKirruptlie1, wjldo COKOES-]J\[LKHD cios eit. Srhesltlie ehtlies hro firo kirrupt,wjldo prociflehetdy ]ritosthet ehtlies hro doss si.

Sjo o`òkt i` BC] ls pisltlvo hec fhrblehddy slbel`lkhet. Sjls ls kieslstoet wltj arlaoh`ìrchaldlty hrbufoets, rhtjor tjhe wltj brohtor okieiflk prisporlty lekrohsleb tjoippirtuelty kists i` kirruptlie. Sjo o`òkts i` bivorefoet slzo, cofikrhky, hec

`rhktliehdlzhtlie hro sthtlstlkhddy leslbel`lkhet.

3.;.1 Qiausteoss Kjokn 17 O`òkts i` @lskhd Cokoetrhdlzhtlie

Sjo fudtlclfoesliehdlty i` cokoetrhdlzhtlie prifpts tjo uso i` hdtorehto fohsuros i`cokoetrhdlzhtlie. Itjors jhvo hdsi kieslcoroc `lskhd cokoetrhdlzhtlie le lts o`òkts ietjo slzo i` tjo sjhciw okieify (o.b., Auoje, Dossfhee, Fhrnwhrct 1=8;) heckirruptlie (o.b., Hrlnhe 1==3). Si tjls oec, h fohsuro i` `lskhd cokoetrhdlzhtlie leficods 1.1 hec 1.; `rif Shado H; hro lekducoc, hec tjoso rosudts hro le ficods ;.;hec ;.3 le Shado H3. Aokhuso i` tjo pisslado rovorso òocahkn `rif aitj sjhciw heckirrupt cohdlebs, `lskhd cokoetrhdlzhtlie ls lestrufoetoc ay usleb Hbo, @ocorhd,Lecopoecoet, hec Dhtltuco hs oxtorehd lestrufoets (Srolsfhe 1==0). Sjoso lestrufoets

khe ao kieslcoroc oxiboeius hec arihcdy le`duoeko tjo strukturo i` bivorefoet ivortjo dieb torf.

Sjo kio``lkloet ie COKOES-PLQS_HD ls eobhtlvo, hdtjiubj leslbel`lkhet, le o`òktlebtjo slzo i` tjo sjhciw okieify, hec eobhtlvo hec slbel`lkhet ìr rocukleb kirruptlie.Sjo cl`òroekos hro phrtdy rodhtoc ti tjo slbel`lkhet crip le iasorvhtlies hec cobroosi` `roocif aotwooe tjo twi sots i` rosudts. [lfldhr ti tjo fhle `leclebs tjo kio``lkloetie COKOES-]J\[LKHD ls eobhtlvo hec slbel`lkhet le ficod ;.; hec leslbel`lkhet leficod ;.3.

Si tjo o`òkts i` `lskhd cokoetrhdlzhtlie, tjo kio``lkloet ie COKOES-@L[KHD, hdtjiubjeobhtlvo, ls leslbel`lkhet le ficod ;.;, hec pisltlvo hec leslbel`lkhet le ficod ;.3.Sjoroìro, `lskhd cokoetrhdlzhtlie cios eit privo ti sthtlstlkhddy lfphkt tjo slzo i` tjo

sjhciw okieify eir tjo dovod i` kirruptlie. Sjoso `leclebs hro kieslstoet wltj Auoje,

8=


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Dossfhee, hec Fhrnwhrct (1=8;), wjoro tjoy ìuec tjht bivorefoet tlors jhvo heobhtlvo o`òkt ie tjo slzo i` tjo sjhciw okieify, hec `hldoc ti `lec h sthtlstlkhdle`duoeko i` `lskhd cokoetrhdlzhtlie ie tjo sjhciw okieify. Ie tjo itjor jhec, tjorosudts robhrcleb tjo leo`òktlvoeoss i` `lskhd cokoetrhdlzhtlie le kietriddleb kirruptliecl`òr `rif tjiso iathleoc ay @lsfhe hec Bhttl (1==1), wji kieslcoroc iedy `lskhdbivorefoet cokoetrhdlzhtlie.

Le ficods ;.; hec ;.3, hdtorehto fohsuros i` lestltutlies hro kieslcoroc ay ropdhklebCofikrhky wltj h fohsuro khpturleb tjo dovod i` rudo i` dhw (DHR) wltjle h kiuetry.Sjo kio``lkloet ie tjls vhrlhado ls eobhtlvo hec slbel`lkhet le aitj khsos, tjus brohtorrudo i` dhw jodps kiethle tjo sprohc i` tjo sjhciw okieify hec rocukos kirruptlie. Leitjor o`òkts, tjo kio``lkloets ie tjo kietrid vhrlhados hro sifowjht kieslstoet wltjtjiso le Shado H1, wltj sifo eithado cl`òroekos. Le phrtlkudhr, tjo kio``lkloet ieRhboQOB ls eiw leslbel`lkhet le ficod ;.;, hec tjo kio``lkloets ie Srhesltlie hecBivt[lzo hro aitj leslbel`lkhet.

3.;.; Qiausteoss Kjokn ;7 Kieslcorhtlie i` Kiuetrlos le Hslh

Ficods ;.? hec ;.0 le Shado H3 ropdhko Srhesltlie wltj h cuffy vhrlhado oquhd ti ieol` tjo kiuetry ls le Hslh ( Hslhe). Sjls privlcos h clfoeslie i` robliehd o`òkts. @urtjor,Hslh lekducos fhey i` tjo fist pipudhtoc, hec sovorhd i` tjo fist coesody pipudhtoc,ehtlies le tjo wirdc. ]dus, fhey kiuetrlos le Hslh woro kidielzoc le provlius koeturlos.Hdd i` tjoso `hktirs oltjor sjhpoc lestltutlies ivor tlfo ir hdtoroc pripoesltlos tioebhbo le lddobhd hkts (o.b., kjhebleb clskiuet rhtos wltj brohtor pipudhtlie hec/irbrohtor pipudhtlie coeslty).

Ivorhdd, tjo rosudts rofhle kieslstoet wltj tjiso ropirtoc le Shado H1. COKOES-PLQS_HD eobhtlvody lfphkts aitj tjo slzo i` tjo sjhciw okieify hec kirruptlie,wjorohs COKOES-]J\[LKHD eobhtlvody lfphkts tjo slzo i` tjo sjhciw okieify hec`hlds ti le`duoeko tjo dovod i` kirruptlie. Sjo kio``lkloet ie Hslhe ls leslbel`lkhet leficod ;.?, wltj tjo sjhciw okieify hs tjo copoecoet vhrlhado, aut pisltlvo hecslbel`lkhet le ficod ;.0, wltj kirruptlie hs tjo copoecoet vhrlhado. Sjus, ie hvorhbo,kiuetrlos le Hslh toec ti jhvo firo puadlk kirruptlie, aut eit eokosshrldy h dhrboruecorbriuec soktir.

?. KIEKD_[LIE

Ivorhdd, vlrtuhd cokoetrhdlzhtlie ls rodhtlvody firo o`òktlvo le kietriddleb aitj kirruptliehec tjo sjhciw okieify, rodhtlvo ti itjor ìrfs i` cokoetrhdlzhtlie. Le tjo dltorhturo,tjo o`òktlvoeoss i` (pjyslkhd) cokoetrhdlzhtlie, le sifo khsos, khe ao sooe hs

suppirtleb rodhtoc `leclebs (o.b., Codd“Heei hec Soiahdcoddl 1=8?> Auoje, Dossfhee,Fhrnwhrct 1=8;)> jiwovor, tjo rosudts wltj robhrc ti vlrtuhd cokoetrhdlzhtlie hro eow.@urtjor, tjo o`òktlvoeoss i` o-bivorefoet le rocukleb kirruptlie suppirts ohrdlor`leclebs wltj h cl`òroet spokl`lkhtlie hec shfpdo hec wltjiut kieslcorhtlie i` tjosjhciw soktirs (o.b., Hecorsoe 1== Kjil 1=83).

Le itjor `leclebs, rudo i` dhw ls o`òktlvo le kjoknleb aitj kirruptlie hec tjo sjhciwokieify, ehtlies wltj prociflehetdy ]ritosthet pipudhtlies hro doss kirrupt, hectrhesltlie ehtlies sjiw brohtor kirruptlie hec firo sjhciw okieiflos. Kiuetrlos leHslh hro firo kirrupt aut ci eit eokosshrldy jhvo dhrbor sjhciw soktirs.

88


14/23


Sjus, lt khe ao kiekducoc tjht pidlky fhnors diinleb ti lfprivo bivoreheko hec tikietrid kirruptlie hec tjo sjhciw okieify sjiudc kieslcor tjo pitoetlhd aoeo`lts i`vlrtuhd cokoetrhdlzhtlie. Sjo letoreot-ahsoc privlslie i` bivorefoet sorvlkos fhy aokjohpor, hfoehado ti `hstor hdtorhtlies (o.b., lekrohsleb tjo skipo i` sorvlkos i`òroc),jhvo h brohtor boibrhpjlk rohkj, hec ao rodhtlvody doss aiuec ay doblsdhtlvo roc thpo.Hs tjo clblthd clvlco ehrriws ivor tlfo, tjoso aoeo`lts hro dlnody ti oxphec.

Sjoso hro suporlir hcvhethbos ivor pjyslkhd cokoetrhdlzhtlie, hdtjiubj eit hddbivorefoet sorvlkos hro hs oquhddy hfoehado ti vlrtuhd cokoetrhdlzhtlie. H dhrborbivorefoet, vlh pjyslkhd cokoetrhdlzhtlie, kiudc kura kirruptlie tjriubj stroebtjoeockjokns hec ahdhekos. Firoivor, tjo o`òktlvoeoss i` tjo rudo i` dhw le kietriddleb aitjkirruptlie hec tjo uecorbriuec soktir ls h slbehd ìr ehtlies ti stroebtjoe tjls hspokt.Sjo oxtorehdltlos ti tjo uecorbriuec soktir `rif stroebtjoeoc whbo robudhtlies sjiudchdsi ao rokibelzoc ay pidlky fhnors. @lehddy, trhesltlie ehtlies whrrhet sifo spoklhdhttoetlie ti kietrid kirruptlie hec tjo sjhciw okieify.

81


15/23


QO@OQOEKO[

Hchfs, H., F. C. Codls, hec ]. Nhffhs. 1=83. @lskhd Cokoetrhdlzhtlie hec ]uadlk[oktir O``lkloeky7 Ovlcoeko `rif IOKC Kiuetrlos. Okieiflks i` Bivoreheko

8?(8)7 82‛3


16/23


Oaod, Q. C., hec [. \ldfhz. 1==;. Ie tjo Fohsurofoet hec Lfphkt i` @lskhdCokoetrhdlzhtlie. Le ]uadlk @leheko le Covodipleb hec Srhesltliehd Kiuetrlos7Osshys le Jieir i` Qlkjhrc Alrc, ocltoc ay G. Fhrtleoz-Phzquoz hec G. Hdf.Kjodtoejhf, _N7 Ocwhrc Odbhr.

Odble, K. 1=8;. Letoreot _shbo hec tjo [jhciw Okieify7 Ovlcoeko `rif ]heod Chth.Okieiflk [ystofs ;2(8)7 888‛818.

@lsfhe, Q., hec Q. Bhttl. 1==1. Cokoetrhdlzhtlie hec Kirruptlie7 Ovlcoeko hkrissKiuetrlos. Giurehd i` ]uadlk Okieiflks :;(;)7 ;1?‛;3?.

Bîrxjhel, N. 1==3. Sjo Le`irfhd [oktir le Covodipoc hec Doss Covodipoc Kiuetrlos7H Dltorhturo [urvoy. ]uadlk Kjilko 81=(;‛3)7 102‛;==.

Biod, Q. N., hec F. H. Eodsie. 1=88. Bivorefoet @rhbfoethtlie vorsus @lskhdCokoetrhdlzhtlie hec Kirruptlie. ]uadlk Kjilko 83:(;‛3)7 328‛3


17/23


Fhrsjhdd, F. B., hec N. Ghbbors. 1=81. ]idlty LP ]rigokt7 Qoblfo HutjirltyKjhrhktorlstlks hec Srhesltlies 8:==‛1=88. jttp7//www.systoflkpohko.irb/pidlty/pidlty3.jtf (hkkossoc Gudy 1=8?).

co Foddi, D., hec F. Ahroestole. 1==8. @lskhd Cokoetrhdlzhtlie hec Bivoreheko7 H

Kriss-Kiuetry Hpprihkj. LF@ Rirnleb ]hpor =8/28. Rhsjlebtie, CK7 [email protected]]orhdlhs, C., C. Qifori-Èvldh, hec K. _shalhbh. 1=8;. Cios @lskhd

Cokoetrhdlzhtlie Fltlbhto tjo Hcvorso O``okts i` Kirruptlie ie ]uadlk Co`lklts9Ouripohe Giurehd i` ]idltlkhd Okieify ;17 1=?‛1;8.

]helzzh, _. 8


18/23


‛‛‛‛‛‛. 1==2. Rjht Jhvo Ro Dohreoc haiut tjo Khusos i` Kirruptlie ̀ rif Soe\ohrs i` Kriss-Ehtliehd Ofplrlkhd Qosohrkj9 Heeuhd Qovlow i` ]idltlkhd[kloeko 8=7 188‛133.

‛‛‛‛‛‛. 1==:. Cokoetrhdlzhtlie Chthsot. jttp7//www.sskeot.ukdh.ocu/pidlskl/̀ hkudty/

trolsfhe/_eltoc Ehtlies. jttp7//www.ue.irb

_eltoc Ehtlies Cophrtfoet i` Okieiflk hec [iklhd H``hlrs (_ECO[H). 1=83. _eltocEhtlies O-Bivorefoet [urvoy 1=83. Eow \irn.

Pilbt, [. 1=81. Jiw ti Fohsuro tjo Qudo i` Dhw. Nyndis 0?(1)7 101‛1:3.

‛‛‛‛‛‛. 1=8;. Jiw (Eit) ti Fohsuro Lestltutlies. Giurehd i` Lestltutliehd Okieiflks


19/23


Shado H87 Phrlhado Co`lelt lies, [uffhry [thtlstlks hec [iurkos

Phrlhado Coskrlptlie ^kiuetrlos> fohe> sthechrc covlhtlieV [iurko

[jhciw8 Sjo slzo i` tjo sjhciw okieify khdkudhtoc usleb tjo kurroekycofhec hpprihkj hec cyehflk pheod chth fotjics (% i` BC]).

Chth hvhldhado up ti 1==0 ^888> ;8.=1> ;.=2> 8.8=V

]Q[ Briup.LetorehtliehdKiuetry Qlsn Bulco.jttp7//www.prsbriup.kif

Kirruptlie1 Kirruptlie porkoptlies lecox. Sjls lecox fohsuros tjo porkolvockirruptlie le tjo puadlk soktir. Sjo lecox ls ie h skhdo `rif = ti8=, wltj = aoleb tjo fist kirrupt, hec 8= aoleb tjo dohst kirrupt.Sjo lecox whs roskhdoc si tjht jlbjor skiros leclkhto firokirruptlie. Chth hvorhboc `rif 8 =.1=V

_ECO[H (1=83)

COKOES-]J\[LKHD

Eufaor i` tlors i` bivorefoet, lekducleb koetrhd. —Ohkjbivorefoet le h kiuetry jhs h gurlsclktlie, he hroh i` sphko ir hsuasot i` tjo kiuetry“s pipudhtlie ivor wjlkj tjht bivorefoetjhs kiestltutliehd hutjirlty. H tlor i` bivorefoet ls tjo suasot i`bivorefoets le h kiuetry sukj tjht hdd fofaors i` tjls suasotjhvo gurlsclktlies tjht hro kiethleoc ay tjo shfo eufaor i`(itjor bivorefoets“) gurlsclktlies. @ir lestheko, hdd bivorefoetswjiso gurlsclktlies hro kiethleoc iedy ay tjo gurlsclktlie i` tjoehtliehd bivorefoet hro coeitoc —`lrst-tlor‖ suaehtliehdbivorefoets. Hdd tjiso wjiso gurlsclktlies hro kiethleoc ay tjhti` tjo ehtliehd bivorefoet hec tjht i` ieo —`lrst-tlor‖ bivorefoethro —sokiec-tlor‖ bivorefoets.‖ Chth hs i` flc-8 =. 11.?3> 83.;2V

LF@ (1==8). Corlvoc`rif LF@Bivorefoet@leheko [thtlstlks

BC] Sjo ehturhd dib i` BC] por khplth le kiesthet 1=== _[ ciddhrs.Chth up ti 1=81. ^8 8.0?V

Rirdc Ahen (1=83)

]rlkoKietrids H suakifpieoet i` ausleoss robudhtlies fohsurleb tjo oxtoet i`prlko kietrids ie h skhdo `rif = ti 8=. Sjo lecox whs roskhdoc si

tjht jlbjor skiros leclkhto firo robudhtlie. Chth hvorhboc `rif1=== ti 1==2. ^812> ?.=?> 8. ?.11> ;.02V

Fhrsjhdd hecGhbbors (1=88)

RhboQOB H suakifpieoet i` dhair fhrnot robudhtlies ie h skhdo `rif = ti8=. Sjo lecox whs roskhdoc si tjht jlbjor skiros leclkhto firorobudhtlie. Chth hvorhboc `rif 1=== ti 1==2. ^8;0> 3.:8> 1.1;V

Bwhrteoy hecDhwsie (1== ;.8:> 1.;3V

Bwhrteoy hecDhwsie (1==


20/23


Shado H8 kietleuoc

Phrlhado Coskrlptlie ^kiuetrlos> fohe> sthechrc covlhtlieV [iurko

]ritosthet Sjo porkoet i` tjo pipudhtlie tjht aodieboc ti tjo ]ritosthetrodlblie le 8 83.20> 1;.;:V

Dh ]irth, ot hd.(8 8 8 =.8 =.80> =.;2V

]orssie hecShaoddlel (1==;)

Srhesltlie Cuffy vhrlhado oquhd ti ieo l` tjo kiuetry ls h trhesltliekiuetry hec zori itjorwlso. Kiuetrlos kdhssl`loc hs trhesltlielekduco Hdahelh, Hrfoelh, Hzorahlghe, Aodhrus, Aiselh hecJorzobivleh, Audbhrlh, Krihtlh, Ostielh, Boirblh, Juebhry,Nhzhnjsthe, Nyrbyz Qopuadlk, Dhtvlh, Dltjuhelh, Fhkocielh,Fidcivh, Fietoeobri, Qifhelh, Qusslhe @ocorhtlie, [oralh,[divoelh, Shglnlsthe, Surnfoelsthe, _nrhleo, hec _zaonlsthe.

_eltoc Ehtlies.jttp7//www.ue.irb

Hslhe Cuffy vhrlhado tjo oquhds ieo l` tjo kiuetry ls he Hslhekiuetry hec zori itjorwlso. (E 6 3


21/23


Shado H17 Kirrodhtlie Fhtrlx i` Noy Phrlhados

[jhciw8 [jhciw1 Kirruptlie8 Kirruptlie1COKOES-PLSQ_HD

COKOES-]J\[LKHD

COKOES-@L[KHD

[jhciw8 8.===

[jhciw1 =.2::*** 8.===

^=.===V

Kirruptlie8 =.208*** =.2=0*** 8.===

^=.===V ^=.===V

Kirruptlie1 =.:8=*** =.0


22/23


Shado H;7 Bivorefoet Cokoetrhdlzhtlie hec Lestltutliehd Xuhdlty

Copoecoet Phrlhado

[jhciw8 Kirruptlie8

(1.8) (1.1) (1.;)

COKOES-PLSQ_HD ‛?;.2??*** ‛?8.;8=*** ‛?.;11***

(


23/23


Shado H37 Bivorefoet Cokoetrhdlzhtlie hec Lestl tutliehd Xuhdlty7 Hccl tliehd Kieslcorht lies

Copoecoet

Phrlhado

Hd torehto Fohsur os @lskhd Cokoet rhd lzht lie Kiuetr los le Hsl h

[jhciw1 Kirruptl ie1 [jhciw8 Kirruptl ie8 [jhciw8 Kirruptl ie8

(;.8) (;.1) (;.;) (;.3) (;.?) (;.0)COKOES-PLSQ_HD

‛??.2

forms of government decentralization and institutional quality: evidence from a large sample of...

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