gender in sustainable development - wecf.eu€¦ · description of interactive methods ... this...
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Gender in Sustainable Development
Collection of Exercises for Training of Trainers (ToT)
#women2030
Titel.indd 1 11.12.17 11:51
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Gender TOT Instruments
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PublicationData
Copyright
WECF2017©July2017revisedWECFe.V.,Germany(firstpublishedin2014)
Developedby
Allfiguresandtablesweredevelopedbytheauthors,unlessmentionedPhotosbytheeditors,unlessmentionedThismanualwasdevelopedbyWECFandALGA(Kyrgyzstan)
Copyingpartsofthispublicationisallowedontheconditionthatthesourceismentioned
ThisprojectisfundedbytheEuropeanUnion
ThispublicationhasbeenproducedwiththeassistanceoftheEuropeanUnion.ThecontentsofthispublicationarethesoleresponsibilityoftheWomen2030ProjectPartnersandcaninnowaybetakentoreflecttheviewsoftheEuropeanUnion.
ThispublicationwasfinanciallysupportedbytheDeutscheGesellschaftfürInternationaleZusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbHonbehalfoftheGermanFederalMinistryforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(BMZ).
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EWAEWA Empower WomenBenefit for All
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Content
GenderinSustainableDevelopment
CollectionofExercisesforTrainingofTrainers(ToT)
Executivesummary......................................................................................................................................................................7
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................................7
Objectiveofthemanual...............................................................................................................................................................8
Whocanusethismanual?..............................................................................................................................................................................................8Methodologicalbasis........................................................................................................................................................................................................9Howtousethismanual?.................................................................................................................................................................................................9Mainprinciplesofthecollectionofexercises:.......................................................................................................................................................9
GenderTOTspecifics....................................................................................................................................................................9
Proposedsizeofthegroup:............................................................................................................................................................................................9Maintoolsproposedinthemanual.........................................................................................................................................................................10
Descriptionofinteractivemethods............................................................................................................................................11
Individualwork................................................................................................................................................................................................................11Workinsmallgroups....................................................................................................................................................................................................11Opendiscussion................................................................................................................................................................................................................12Mini-lecture.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................13Brainstorming..................................................................................................................................................................................................................13Role-play.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................14Casestudy...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................14Notesandchecklistforthetrainer..........................................................................................................................................................................16
Part1............................................................................................................................................17
Startofthetraining/Session1.Introductoryexercises.................................................................17StructureofSession1....................................................................................................................17Process:................................................................................................................................................................................................................................17
ToolsforSession1.........................................................................................................................18Introductoryexercises................................................................................................................................................................18
Icebreakers/Getting-to–know-each-otherexercises..................................................................................................................18
1.1 Speakobjectively...........................................................................................................................................................................................181.2 Ataglance.........................................................................................................................................................................................................181.3 Verypersonaljewellery...............................................................................................................................................................................19
Developingparticipants’expectations........................................................................................................................................20
1.4 Whatdotheparticipantsalreadyknow?Whataretheirexpectationsfromthetraining?..........................................20
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Part2............................................................................................................................................21
Session2/Gender:Itsconceptsanddevelopment........................................................................21Session2.Whatisgender?............................................................................................................21Whyisgenderimportant?..........................................................................................................................................................21Empowermentofwomen.............................................................................................................................................................................................22
StructureofSession2....................................................................................................................23Process:................................................................................................................................................................................................................................23
ToolsforSession2......................................................................................................................................................................24Whatisgender?............................................................................................................................242.1 Understandingofgender:Basicsofgenderliteracy.Exercise“Expectationfromwomenandmen”......................242.2 Understandingofgender:Basicsofgenderliteracy.Exercise“IcanandIcould”...........................................................252.3 Understandingofgender:Choosingthesexofyourchild............................................................................................................262.4 Understandingofgender:Basicsofgenderliteracy.Exercise“IdealwomenandIdealmen”...................................272.5 Understandingofgender:Basicsofgenderliteracy.Exercise“Genderequality”..............................................................282.6 Understandingofgender:Changinggenderroles.Role-play.....................................................................................................29Card#1................................................................................................................................................................................................................................30Card#2................................................................................................................................................................................................................................30Card#3................................................................................................................................................................................................................................30Card#4................................................................................................................................................................................................................................302.7 TheSpiderWeb...............................................................................................................................................................................................31
Part3............................................................................................................................................32
Session3/Genderrolesandgenderdivisionoflabour..................................................................32Genderrolesandgenderdivisionoflabour................................................................................................................................32StructureofSession3....................................................................................................................33Process.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................33
TOOLSforSession3.......................................................................................................................34Genderrolesandgenderdivisionoflabour...................................................................................343.1 Genderdivisionoflabour:Dailyscheduleofwomenandmen...................................................................................................343.2 Genderdivisionoflabour:Seasonalcalendar....................................................................................................................................363.3 Genderroles:Defininggenderandsexroles......................................................................................................................................37
Part4............................................................................................................................................38
Session4/Analysesofgenderneeds............................................................................................38Table1.Matrix-Practicalgenderneedsandstrategicgenderinterests...............................................................................................39
StructureofSession4....................................................................................................................40Process:................................................................................................................................................................................................................................40
ToolsforSession4Genderneeds..................................................................................................414.1 Understandingofgenderneeds:Exercise“WomenarefromVenus,menarefromMars”............................................414.2 Identifyinggenderneeds.Opendebates...............................................................................................................................................424.3 Identifyinggenderneeds.Practicalgenderneedsandstrategicgenderinterests............................................................434.4 Identifyinggenderneeds.Houseofmydreams.................................................................................................................................43
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Part5............................................................................................................................................44
Session5/Controloverresources.................................................................................................44StructureofSession5....................................................................................................................44Process:................................................................................................................................................................................................................................40
TOOLSforSession5.......................................................................................................................455.1 Controloverresources:Mappingexercise...........................................................................................................................................455.2 Controloverresources:VillageResourceMap..................................................................................................................................465.3 Controloverresources:Problemgallery..............................................................................................................................................475.4 Controloverresources:Problemranking............................................................................................................................................485.5 Controloverresourcesanddecision-making:StakeholderAnalysis.......................................................................................495.6 Acasestudyongendermainstreaming................................................................................................................................................51
Annexes........................................................................................................................................52
Evaluation..................................................................................................................................................................................52Trainingfeedbackform................................................................................................................................................................................................52
Glossaryofgenderterms............................................................................................................................................................54Listofadditionalgendertrainingtools.......................................................................................................................................57Listofreferences........................................................................................................................................................................58
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Executivesummary
ThisGenderTOTInstrumentsmanualwasoriginallydevelopedin2014byWECFanditspartnersunderthe“EmpowerWomen–Benefit(for)All(EWA)”project,whichworkswithwomeninthelow-incomeruralandperi-urbanregionsinAfghanistan,Georgia,Kyrgyzstan,SouthAfrica,TajikistanandUganda.Ithassincebeenupdated,revisedandbroadenedtoprovideastandardpackageoftrainingmaterialsonthebasicconceptsofgenderequality,genderanalysisandgendermainstreaming.Itisacollectionoftoolsaccompaniedbytherespectivetheoreticalexplanationsandbackgroundinformation.Designedforpractitionerswithtrainingandfacilitationskills,themanualwillassisttheminpreparingnewtrainersandcanbeappliedwhenworkingwithcommunitymembersdirectlyaswell.
Themanualensuresthatparticipantsofthetraininggetanintroductoryknowledgeonthesubject,andstarttoreflectongenderissuesanddeterminehowtheseissuesshouldbeaddressedwithinthecontextoftheirworkrelatedtosustainabledevelopment.Thehopeisthatconductinggendertrainingsaccordingtotheproposedscenarioswillpromotegender-responsive,result-orientedplanning,implementing,monitoringandevaluatingofactivities,programmesandpolicies.Thepresentedtoolscanalsobehelpfulinenhancingleadershipskills.
Themanualcanbeusedforconductingtrainingswithinvariousgenderprogrammes,suchastheEWAprogramme,whichaimstocontributetotheeconomicandpoliticalempowermentofwomenandtheWOMEN2030project,whichfocusesonachievinggenderjustsustainabledevelopmentgoals(SDGs).WiththesupportoftheEuropeanUnionandtheGermanInternationalCooperation(GIZ),thisprogrammehasbeenimplementedbyWECFandpartnerssince2016.Additionally,trainingsbasedonthismanualcanbeintegralinthegeneralcapacity-buildingprocessforcommunities.
Thefirstpartofthemanualexplainstheprinciplesofstartingthetraining,suggestswaysinwhichparticipantscanbecomeacquaintedwitheachotherandintroducesthemtothetopicinfocus.
Fourtopicsarecoveredinthemanual:understandingoftheconcept“gender,”genderrolesandthegendereddivisionoflabour,genderneeds,andcontroloverresources.
Foreachtopicatheoreticalintroductionintothesubjectisgiven.Thebackgroundinformationanddefinitions(bothwithintheintroductorysectionsandintheseparateglossary)aretohelpthetrainerpreparethecontent,nameandframetheissuesandbereadyforpossiblequestionsfromtheparticipants.
Toassistthetrainer(s)inplanningthesessions,theirpossiblestructureissuggested.Theauthorsindicatetheestimatedtimerequiredforthesessions,notethematerialsthatmightbeneededforthetasksandgiveageneraldescriptionofthetrainingprocess.
Thescenarioofeachsessionisprovidedwithatoolkit,whichisacompilationofgloballyacknowledgedinteractiveexercisesandself-designedtoolsongender.Theselectedtools,describedinasimplebutdetailedway,willhelpthetrainertoengagetheparticipantsintoameaningfulwork,facilitatecommonunderstandingoftheraisedissues,transmitnewknowledgeandidentifypotentialareasforfuturetrainings.
Introduction
Trainingisaprocessofacquiringandsharingknowledge,skillsandcompetencesthroughformalorinformallearningfacilitatedbyatrainer.Learningimpliesapermanentchangeinbehaviourandisthereforecapableof(andisaimedat)enablingtheswitchofthelearners’attitudestowardsimprovedperformance1–inthepresentcase–intheareaofgenderissues.
Agendertrainingisaspecificexampleofatrainingevent.Itisadevelopmentinterventionandcapacity-buildingtoolforraisingawareness,changingbehaviourandprovidingnecessaryknowledgeandskillsinrelationtogender.Itdiffersfromtrainingonothersubjectsinthatittouchesuponpersonalandpoliticalissues,evenwherethisisnotintentionallyplanned.
Theprocessoftrainingshouldbebasedontheassessmentoftherespectiveparticipants’needs.Itshouldusetheapproachesthatfollowtheprincipleofexaminingpeople’sexperience,forexamplewomen’srolesinthe
1TrainingManualforGenderAwareness/SensitizationWorkshopforCommunityRepresentatives
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communityorasmembersofafamily.Theyshouldtakeaspecialplaceintrainingsrosteroforganisations.Thetrainingneedsshouldfocusonthefourkeyfeatures:knowledge,attitude,skillsandhabits.Thetrainingeffectisalsoevaluatedthroughthesefeatures.
Itisimportantthatatthestartofsuchtrainingthetrainers/facilitatorsmakeitclearforthemselvesandclarifyfortheparticipantsthefollowingtipsongender,essentialforgraspingtheconceptofgenderrelationsandthegenderednatureofoursociety2:
‘Gender’isacontentioussubject.Inmanylanguagesthereislittleornolinguisticdistinctionbetweenthewords“sex”and“gender,”whichcommonlyleadstoconfusionofthesetwonotions.Gender(man/woman/genderqueer),isbasedonsocietalconstructionsofmasculinityandfemininityandexpectationsforaperson’sbehaviourbasedontheirsex,withsex(male/female/intersex)referringtoaperson’sbiological,mainlyreproductivefunctions.Thetrainershouldensuretheeliminationofthepossiblemisunderstanding.Itisworthspendingtimeattheoutsetofthecourseonexplainingthesekeytermswithemphasisontherespectivedistinctionuntiltheparticipantsfeelconfidentthattheyunderstand.
‘Gender’isanemotionalsubject.Genderisanintegralandoneofthemostsignificantfactorsofourself-determination.Beingmaleorbeingfemaledeterminesthewayweinteractwiththeworld,communicatewithotherpeople;itshapesourlifestyleandbehaviour.Moreover,theworldperceivesusthroughourgenderidentityandexpression,offofwhichsocietyassignsusaspecificsocialrole.Raisinggenderissuesatthetrainingmayaffectparticipants’self-comprehensionandprovokehesitantor,inextremecases,hostilereactions.
‘Gender’isapoliticalsubject:Itpermeatesallaspectsofoursocialstructuresfromfamilytostateinstitutions.Iftheparticipantsrepresentcultureswithlittlepracticeandtraditionofquestioningorchallengingtheexistingsituation,theyarelikelytofeelnervousandsuspicious.Thiscanresultingeneralresistancetothesubject.
‘Gender’isoftenclassifiedas‘women’sissues’.Peoplemaythinkthatthediscussionsongenderfocusonwomen’sinterests,ontheproblemsoftheiroppression,exclusionfromthepoliticalanddecision-makingprocesses,etc.Thisperceptionis,however,wronganditisimportanttodispelthemisconceptionfromtheverybeginning.Whenclarifyingthecomprehensivenotionofgenderasaffectingallgenders,usevividexamples,casestudiesandexplanatoryexercisestoreinforcetheproperunderstandingoftheissue.
‘Gender’isaseriousissue.Ithasfar-reachingimplications.Understandingofgenderissuesandpracticalimplementationofthelessonstobelearnedfromthatunderstandingareevidentlyimportant.Itis,however,recommendedthatthetrainermaintainabalanceinpresentingthetopic,encouragingtheparticipantstosharehealthyhumouronthesubject.Nottodiscreditthetraining,thisshouldnotbeinterpretedasaninvitationtolaughatthesubject,butrathertorealisethatweareallhumansandareimperfect.Itisvitaltocreateacomfortableandfriendlyenvironment,whereforeanappropriatejokecouldbeaneffectiveicebreaker.
Objectiveofthemanual
TheobjectiveofthegenderTOTistoprovidethetrainerwithdiversetoolsonhowtoconductaninteractivetrainingand/orworkshopongender.Furthermore,thetrainerwillreceiverelevantbackgroundinformationongenderdidactics.Inparticular,itgivesessentialinformationondesigningatrainingprogramme,trainingmethods,preparationoftrainingsessionsandtheroleofatrainerintheproposedactivities.
Whocanusethismanual?
Thismanualisdevelopedforpractitionerswhoworkwithcommunities,mainlyonsustainabledevelopmentissues.Itcanalsobeusedatthelevelsof:
(1)Trainingoftrainers,(2)Trainingoffacilitators,and(3)Communityleveltrainings.
2 Formore detailed description see:Gender Awareness Training on Concepts and Terminologies /Manual for staff andresourcepartners,p.7-8
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Methodologicalbasis
Themanualcomprisesofideasandsuggestionsfromanumberofpublications.Tonameafew,theTrainingManualforGenderAwareness/SensitizationWorkshopforCommunityRepresentatives3providesvaluableexplanationsabouttheissuesofgenderrolesandthegendereddivisionoflabourinrelationtoresourcemanagement(Session3)aswellascontroloverresources(Session5).Session4“Analysesofgenderneeds”drawsuponthematerialpresentedonthisissueinACurriculumfortheTrainerofTrainerinGenderMainstreaming4manual.WaysofclarifyingvariousnotionsrelatedtogenderwereborrowedfromtheGenderAwarenessTrainingonConceptsandTerminologies,ManualforStaffandResourcePartners5,FAO’spublicationBridgingtheGap6,etc.Commonlyrecognisedconceptsandbestpracticesarealsoreflectedinthismanual.
Withthismanualtheauthorsarenot“reinventingthewheel”ongendertrainingbutsummarisetheexistingknowledgeandsharetheirexperiencesofferingtheselectedexercisesthattheyhavetriedoutandfoundsuitableforthementionedtargetgroupsandcircumstances.Theexercisesincludedwiththecreationofthismanualrepresentthoseavailablebefore2015.Morerecentexercisesandmaterialsforfurtherreferenceareincludedintheannexes.
Howtousethismanual?
Themanualrepresentsacollectionofdifferenttoolstobetterunderstand,discussandworkongenderissues.Practitionerscanusethemanualwithitspresentedtools,terminology,explanationsandprinciplestodeveloptheirowntrainingdesignedfortheirspecifictargetgroups.Themanualshouldnotbeseenasasourceofuniversalanswersongenderissuesratherasareferencesourceforpractitionerswhoaredesigningtrainingprogrammesonthetopicofgender.Itisnotafixedinstructiononwhatshouldbesaidatwhichtimeofthetraining.Itlieswithintheresponsibilityoftrainerstousethebackgroundinformation,visualaidsandproposedexercisesinanappropriatewaytoensurethatthelearningobjectivesaremet.
Mainprinciplesofthecollectionofexercises:
1. Participation–equalinvolvementofallparticipantsinthetraining.
2. Volunteering–participationinthetrainingshouldbebasedonpersonalwill.
3. Experienceandknowledgeexchange–interactivetoolsshouldbeusedasmuchaspossibleduringthetraining.
4. Timeframeoptimalforparticipants–trainingcanbeconductedinawholesetorcanbedividedintoseveraltrainingsessions.
GenderTOTspecifics
Differenttrainingmodulescanbedevelopedbyusingthistrainingmanual:short-termtrainingsupto5hoursinlengthorlongertrainingsupto3days.
Atrainingcanbestartedwithabrainstormingexercise.Participantsareaskedtoelaborateonthenotion“gender”:whatcomestotheirmindwhentheyhearthisword?Inwhichcontextisitused?Whatkindofproblemsisitconnectedwith?Thenanexplanationof“gender”shouldbegiven.Whenexplainingthetheoreticalpart,relevantpictures,stories,graphs,etc.canbeusedtogivemoreinsightstotheparticipants.
Proposedsizeofthegroup:
Thesizeofthegrouptakingpartinagendertrainingdependsonthetrainingmethodology.Experienceshowsthat15-20peopleareidealforagroup.Duetothehighlyparticipatoryapproachofthetraining,largergroups
3Ahmad.TrainingManualforGenderAwareness/Sensitization.4Chege.ACurriculumfortheTrainingofTrainersinGenderMainstreaming.5GenderAwarenessTrainingonConceptsandTerminologies,Manualforstaffandresourcepartners.6FAO.BridgingtheGap:FAO’sprogrammeforgenderequalityinagricultureandruraldevelopment.
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maylackspaceandopportunitiesforthemeaningfulinvolvementofallparticipants.However,thesizeofthegroupisalsorelatedtothelengthofthetraining.Commitmenttospendingtimeonthetrainingactivitiesdependsonhowseriouslythegroup/communitytakestheprocess7.
Maintoolsproposedinthemanual-Accordingtothesessiongoalsthetrainercanuseinteractivetools,presentedinthemanual,combining:-Individualwork-Workinsmallgroups-Opendiscussions-Mini-lectures-Brainstorming-Roleplays-Casestudies(examples)-Presentations-Questionsandanswers
Thetrainershouldnotbelimitedjusttoonetechniqueduringthetraining.Theuseofavarietyoftechniqueshelpsnotjusttokeeptheparticipants’attention,butalsoreflectsthereal-lifesituationswheremixingofseveralpatternsofbehaviouriscommon.
Training on gender issues in Kyrgyzstan
7Siwal.BasicFrameworkandStrategyforGenderTraining
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Descriptionofinteractivemethods
Individualwork
Individualworkprovidesthetrainingparticipantswithanopportunitytounderstandthetheoryandpractice,andtoreceiveandthinkaboutthenewinformationgivenbythetrainer.Forabettereffect,theindividualworkshouldbefollowedbyworkinsmallgroups.
Timerequired 3-10minutes,nomore.
Roleoftrainer Thetrainershouldnotinterfereintotheworkbutfacilitatetheprocessandgiveopportunitiestoeveryparticipanttofulfilthetask.Thetrainershouldre-clarifythetaskifnecessary.
Advantages (*)Everyparticipantisinvolved.(*)Maximumofopinionsandsuggestions.(*)Goodopportunitytoidentifystereotypes
Disadvantages Muchtimeforpresentationsisneeded.
Necessaryresources Dependsonthesituation.Sometimesnoresourcesarenecessary,andinsomecasescolouredpaperorcardsareuseful.
Process Thetrainerexplainsthetaskandwritesontheflipchart,providestheresources,ifnecessary,decidesonthetimingforexercisesandkeepsthetime.
Hint Ifsomeoftheparticipantsrefusetoparticipateintheindividualwork,donotinsist.Inthiscase,suggestaroleofanexpert,encouragingtheparticipanttocommentorresumetheexercise.
Workinsmallgroups
Workinsmallgroupsisoneofthemainmethodsusedinthetraining.
Timerequired 15-60minutes
Roleoftrainer Thetrainermonitorstheworkinsmallgroupswithouttakingpartinit.He/shecanconsultandgiveadviceifanygroupfacesdifficultiesincomingtoaconsensusorexperiencesa"deadend"initsdiscussion.
Advantages (*)Participantsfeelmoreconfidentinsmallgroups.(*)Participantsarelesspronetothepositionof"conciliation".(*)Everyoneisinvolvedinthediscussion.(*)Participantsdonotdependonthetrainer’sopinion.
Disadvantages (*)Time-consuming.(*)Possibledominationofsomeparticipantsduringdiscussions.(*)Strongdisagreementsamonggroupmemberscanoccur.
Necessaryresources Dependsonthesituation.Standardresources:aflipchartpaperandasetofmarkersforeachgroup.
Process Dividetheparticipantsintogroups.Explainthetask;itshouldbeclearforeveryone.Confirmthetimeframeandrulesofworkinginsmallgroups,e.g.theparticipantsshouldlistentoeachother,eveniftheydonotagreewithwhatotherssay,discussionsshouldnotbedominatedbyoneortwopeople,everyone
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shouldbeinvolvedinthework.Askeachgrouptodefineroles:afacilitator,atimekeeper,asecretaryandapresenter.Thetrainershouldalsoremindtheparticipantsaboutthetime5minutesbeforetheendoftheexercise.Whenthegroupworkispresented,askthegroupmembersforanyadditions.Allowadditionaltimeforquestionsandanswers.Afterallofthepresentationsaredone,thetrainersummarisestheresultsofthework.
Hint Thegroupsizeisveryimportant.Experienceofworkingingroupsprovesthat3peopleistheminimumsizewhichlimitsabilitytogenerateanddevelopideas;4-6peoplecomprisequiteaneffectivegroup,while6-10peopleisthebestgroupsize.
Opendiscussion
Thismethodseemstobetheeasiest,butinpracticeitisactuallyoneofthemostdifficultonesthroughoutthewholetraining.Opendiscussionisaprocesswhereparticipantscanexpresstheirviewsonagiventopic,andatthesametimetheycanlearnabouttheopinionsofotherparticipants.Duringthediscussion,participantscanchangetheirpointsofview.Ideallytheparticipantscometooneopinionattheendofthediscussion,butitisnotrequired.
Timerequired 5-20minutes,nomore.Incaseoflongertimeforthediscussionthetopiccanbedistortedandtheparticipantsmightlosethepointofthediscussion.
Roleoftrainer Thetrainerfacilitatesthediscussion,givingtimeandopportunitytoeveryonetoexpresstheiropinions,andresumesthediscussion.
Necessaryresources Notrequired.
Advantages Thismethodeasilyhelps(*)todevelopatopicfordiscussion,(*)toidentifytheexistingstereotypes,(*)toidentifytheparticipants’experience/levelofknowledge,(*)tocollectallthenecessaryinformationinashorttime.
Disadvantages (*)Notallparticipantsmightgetachancetospeak.(*)Someparticipantscandominateinthediscussion.(*)Thediscussioncanleadtodisputesandtensionsamongtheparticipants.(*)Thetopicofthediscussioncanbelost
Process Askagroupquestion.Facilitatethediscussion,givingbriefremarksormakingresumesduringthediscussionifnecessary.Sumupthediscussion.
Hint Thetrainer’sroleisveryimportantincreatingafriendlyatmosphereforthediscussion.Firstofall,thetrainershouldexplainthattherearenorightandwrongstatementsandjudgments.Thetrainershouldrememberandremindtheparticipantsofthemainruleofopendiscussions:thefloorisforeverypersoninordertopromoteequalparticipation.Itisimportanttoinitiateanactivediscussionbyaskingfortheparticipants’opiniononthesubject.Thetrainershouldfacilitateandmonitordiscussionsothattheparticipantsdonotlosethefocusorattention.Attheend,thetrainersummarisesthediscussion.Ifnecessary,someinterestingpointsexpressedbytheparticipantscanbestressed.Theroleofthetrainerisnottobringalltheparticipantstoanagreement,buttocreatespacefortheexchangeofopinionsandcollectionofideas.Thetrainershouldnotdominateinthediscussion–inthatcasetheparticipantswillbeverypassive.
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Mini-lecture
Thisisamessagetypetechniquewithsomeelementsofdiscussion.Amini-lecturecanserveasagoodintroductiontothenewsessionandcanbeusedtogiveanunderstandingofthenewtopicofthetraining.Itisalsosuitableforalargeaudience,whereactiveparticipationisratherdifficult.
Timerequired 15-20minutes.
Roleoftrainer Thetraineristhemainsourceofinformationfortheparticipants.Incaseofparticipants’passivebehaviour,thetrainercanclarifyquestionsandprovideadditionalknowledgetoattracttheirattention.
Necessaryresources
Notrequired.
Advantages (*)Opportunitytopresentlargeamountofinformationinashorttime.(*)Structuredpresentation.(*)Themethodisfamiliartoalltheparticipants.(*)Mini-lecturesenablefurtherconstructiveinteractivework.
Disadvantages (*)Passivityoftheparticipants.(*)Possiblelossoffocus.(*)Notallparticipantsaregoodlistenersandareabletoobtainnecessaryinformationbylistening.
Process Introducethetopicandpresentthepreparedinformation.Ensuretheparticipants’understandingoftheterms.Invitetheparticipantstoaskquestions.
Hints Visualmaterialsimprovetheefficiencyofmini-lectures.Elementsofdiscussioncanalsohelptomaintaintheparticipants’attentionduringamini-lecture.
Brainstorming
Brainstormingisthemostopenandfreeformofdiscussion.Itisbettertousebrainstormingatthestartofanewtopic.Itsmainfunctionistogenerateideas,nottoanalyseordiscussthem.
Timerequired 15-20minutes.
Roleoftrainer Thetrainerwritesdownalltheproposedideasonaflipchart,whiteboard,etc.,thesamewayasvoicedbytheparticipantsandwithoutanyclarificationsincethistendstointerrupttheflowofideas.
Necessaryresources
Flipchart,markers.
Advantages (*)Collectionofmanyideasinashortperiodoftime.(*)Opportunitytoidentifytheparticipants’levelofawarenessandexperience.
Disadvantages (*)Onlyactivemembersareinvolved.(*)Sometimestheideasarenotrealistic.(*)Thetrainershouldbeexperiencedinfacilitationinordertoactivatethegroup.
Process Afterexplainingtherulesofbrainstorming,outlinetheprocessingeneral.Youcanstartbrainstormingwithnotingaheadlineofthediscussiononaflipchartorwhiteboard.
Hints Itcanalsobeusefultoresumethelistofwrittenideasandwelcomeanyadditionalopinionasfarasbrainstormingisintendedtogenerateideas,nottoevaluatethem.
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Role-play
Role-playisaninteractivetoolwheretheparticipantsareassignedroles(participantscanrole-playastheirowngenderorasadifferentgender)andareaskedtoactoutacertainsituation.Usingdrama,theparticipantsexperienceasimulationofareallifesituationinaninterestingmanner.Theytrytofeelandactastheircharactersandtrytoraiseotherpeople’sawarenessontheissues.
Timerequired 30-90minutes.
Roleoftrainer Thetrainer'sroleisveryimportantasthetrainerhelpstoanalyseandobservethefeelingsandbehaviourexpectedfromtheassignedroles.Thetrainerhelpstodistinguishthedifferencebetweentherole-playandreality.
Necessaryresources Flipchartandmarkers,ifnecessary.
Advantages (*)Opportunitytoperform,discussandexperiencedifferentsituationsinonesession.(*)"Learningbydoing"-oneofthemostefficientmethodsoflearningandexperiencing.(*)Personalexperienceandfeelingsaresharedthroughtherole-play.(*)Enjoyable,funwayoflearningandgainingskills.(*)Opportunitytounderstandthebehaviourofotherpeople.
Disadvantages (*)Artificiality.(*)Thevalueofasuccessfulrole-playisinbringingitveryclosetoreality.Ifthescenarioisunrealisticordoesnottakeintoaccountsomeoftheactualdetailsthathappeninpractice,thevalueofthegamewillbelostandthelearningobjectiveswillnotbemet.(*)Role-playingincludesashareofrisk.Itwillbesuccessfulwhenthewholegroupisreadytobeengagedinit.Ifsomegroupmembersareafraidof"losingface"byparticipatingintherole-playorrejecttheprocessitself,thisexercisewillnotbeeffective.(*)Ifthepurposeoftheexerciseisnotfullyexplainedanditsimportanceisnotemphasised,thereisadangerthattheeducationalfunctionoftherole-playwillbeunderestimated;itwillbetreatedjustassomethingfunny.
Process Discussthesubjectandroles.Givetheparticipantstimetopreparefortheroles.Invitethegroupstostarttheperformance.Openthefloorforfurtheranalysisanddiscussion:first,asktheactorstosharetheirfeelingsandthenaddresstheothertrainingparticipants.Drawaconclusion.
Casestudy
Thecasestudyisatoolwhereareal-lifesituationissummarisedintheformofastorysothattheparticipantscanidentifyitsmainissuesandsuggestappropriatecoursesofaction.Itisaprocessofdiscussingandfindingsolutionstospecificproblematicsituations.
Timerequired 15-60minutes.
Roleoftrainer Thetrainershouldclearlyexplainthetaskandhelptheparticipantstofindalternativesolutionstothesituation.
Necessaryresources Preparedcases,flipchart,papers,andmarkers.
Advantages (*)Activeparticipationofthegroup.
Disadvantages (*)Time-consuming.(*)Someparticipantscandominateinthediscussion.
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Process Explainthecaseveryclearly.Thetrainercanalsodividetheparticipantsintosmallgroups.Conductthediscussionandsummariseitsresults.
Thefigurebelowillustratesthecontentretentionratesafterusingdifferenttrainingmethods.Itconfirmstheimportanceofinteractivesessionsforbetterunderstandingandlearning.
Average retention rates8,
source: National Training Laboratories Bethel. Maine
8TrainingManualonGenderMainstreaming,p.25
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Notesandchecklistforthetrainer
Priortothetraining
Toensuremeaningfultrainingandtobeconfidentinleadingthesessionsitisimportantto:
• Interpretthetrainingprogrammeandcurriculum
• Plananddevelopthetrainingsessionsaccordingtothetargetgroup
• Identifytheappropriatetrainingresources
• Decideontherelevanttrainingapproach,outcomesandmethods
• Decideonthepresentationstyleandsteps
Inordertocreateasafeandcomfortableenvironmentforthetrainingparticipants,itisbettertoprovidethemwiththefollowinginformationinadvance:
• Trainingtitle
• Trainingdates
• Trainingdetails(registration,trainingschedule)
• Nameandtelephonenumberofthecontactperson(incaseofquestions)
• Trainingvenue(location,address)
• Informationonhowtoreachthetrainingvenue(publictransportation,availabilityofparkinglotsifnecessary)
Duringthetraining
Themainprinciplesofthetrainer’swork:
• Askopenquestions(questionbeginningwiththewords:why,how,when,what.Suchtypesofquestionscompeltheparticipantstogivedetailedanswers)
• Respondpositivelytoanyanswersandremarks
• Bereadytoprovideadditionalnecessaryinformation
• Donotinterfereintotheworkingprocessesofagroup,donotimposeontheparticipants’ownopinions
• Encourageindividualstatements
• Befairandremainneutralinallpossibleconflictsituationsormisunderstandings.Helpagrouptodrawconclusions:summarizeandarticulategrouppresentationsifnecessary
Constantevaluationisrequired:
• Aftereachsession
• Attheendofthetraining
Afterthetraining • Carryoutanevaluationandanalysisoftheresults
• Noteweakpointsthatneedtoberevisedinthefuture• Prepareareportofthetraining
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Part1.Startofthetraining/Session1.Introductoryexercises
StructureofSession1Bytheendofthissessiontheparticipantswillbeabletoexplaintheobjectiveofthetrainingandsharetheirexpectationstheyhaveofthetraining.
Timeneeded 2hours
Sessionoverview Opening
Introductions
Learningrules
Participants’expectationsandobjectivesoftheworkshop
Overviewoftheworkshop’stimetable
Necessarymaterials Flipchartpaper,colouredmarkers,cards,stickers,andscotchtape.
Process
1. Thetrainerwelcomesthegrouptotheworkshop.Keepinmindthatwelcomingwordssetthetonefortherestoftheworkshop.Adjustthisintroductiontothetargetgroup.
2. Thetrainerinvitestheparticipantstointroducethemselvestothegroupthroughaparticipatoryexercise.Oneofthewaystodothisistogrouptheparticipantsinpairs,askingeachpersontointroducehisorherneighbour.Theintroductionsshouldincludetheperson’sname,theorganisationheorsherepresentsandtwoexpectationsofthetraining.Asanoption,itispossibletoaddagender-basedintroduction,forexamplethepartnerscannameonethingtheylikeordonotlikeabouttheirgender.
3. Thetrainerwritestheannouncedexpectationsonaflipchart.He/sheclarifieswhichexpectationsareadmissibleatthetrainingandwhicharenot.Itisusefultoprovidereasonswhycertainparticipants’expectationsareoutsideofthetrainingcontext.
4. Thetrainerbringstheparticipantstothecommondevelopmentofbasicrulesfortheworkshop.Thesecouldincludetimekeeping,rulesforparticipationinactivitiesandinteractionwitheachother,creatingspaceforpresentingvariousperspectives,respectofdifferentopinions,listeningtoeachotherandothersasrequestedbytheparticipants.Onewaytodevelopsuchrulesisa“busstop”exercise.Splittheparticipantsinto4smallgroupsaskingthemtoimaginethemselvesasagrouptravellingaroundbybus.Indicateeachbusstopwithaflipchartwheretheycanwritedowntheirideas.Theideasshouldbeexpressedinonesentenceavoidingrepeatingpreviouslywrittenones.Thetrainershouldprepare4flipcharts(4“busstops”)inadvance:1.Atthetrainingwewillnot…(e.g.theparticipantscanwritedown:…usemobiletelephones,interrupteachother,etc.);2.Atthetrainingwewill…(e.g.theparticipantscanwritedown:…bepolitetoeachother,speakoutourthoughts,etc.);3.Fromthetrainingweexpect…(e.g.theparticipantscanwritedown:…newknowledge,clearunderstandingofgenderissues,etc.);4.Wedonotwant…(e.g.theparticipantscanwritedown:…tobebored,feelaggressive,etc.);NOTE:Itisimportanttodealwiththeparticipants’expectationsatthispoint.Thiswillhelptoavoidfrustrationandwillensurecommonunderstandingofthetrainingframework.
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ToolsforSession1Introductoryexercises
Icebreakers/Getting-to–know-each-otherexercises
1.1 Speakobjectively9
1.2 Ataglance10
9UNFPAandWorldYWCA.EmpoweringYoungWomentoChange,p.7.10Ibid.
Description Theparticipantsaregiven15minutestofindanobjectthatrepresentssomeaspectofthemselves.Theparticipantsthenintroducethemselvesusingtheselectedobject.
Objectives Tohelptheparticipantstogetacquaintedwitheachother.
Howtofacilitate
1.Telltheparticipantsthattheyhave15minutestoexplorethesurroundingarea,bothoutsideandinsideifappropriate,andsearchforanobjecttheyfeelrepresentstheirpersonalityorsomeoftheircharacteristics.
2.Whenthe15minutesareover,gathertheparticipantsbacktogether.
3.Alloweachoftheparticipantsaturntosayhis/hername,showtheobjecthe/shehasselectedandexplainwhatitrepresents.Forexample,theintroductioncanbe:“MynameisSvetlana.Ihavepickedthisrockbecauseitrepresentsmystrengthbutitssurfaceissmooth,likemycharacter.”
Description Afteraveryshortobservation,eachparticipantisaskedtointroducethepersononhis/herright.Theintroducedparticipantwillthencorrectanyfalseinformationandintroducethenextperson.Theexerciseshowsthatconclusionsaboutsomeonebasedjustonappearancesareofteninaccurate.
Objectives Tohelptheparticipantstolearneachother’snamesandbackgrounds.Toillustratethatjudgmentsbasedonphysicalappearanceareneitherappropriatenorreliable.Tohelptheparticipantstobecomemorecomfortablewitheachother.
Preparation Arrangeseatsinacircle.
Howtofacilitate
1.Whentheparticipantsareseatedinacircle,tellthemthattheyhaveafewsecondstoobservetheirneighbourontherightandhavetointroducehim/herbasedonthatshortobservationonly.Explainthatweoftenformconclusionsaboutpeoplebasedontheirphysicalappearance,andthisexercisewilltesthowaccuratetheseconclusionscanbe.
2.Whenintroducingaparticipanttheymustgivehis/herfirstname,age,makeaguessonthefamilystatusandonepossiblehobbyorinterest.
3.Theintroducedparticipantwillthencorrectanyinaccuraciesintheintroductionandgoonintroducingthenextpersononhis/herright.
4.Whenalltheparticipantsareintroduced,leadashortdiscussiononthelessonslearnedfromtheintroductionexercise.
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1.3 Verypersonaljewellery11
Starting the training
11Ibid.,p.9.
Description Thisactivitywillbeappropriateforgroupsofwomen.Itisdesignedforgroupsofpeoplewhoarenotacquaintedyet.Forthegroupsthatalreadyknoweachotherwell,chooseanicebreakingactivityinstead.
Participantsaregiven15minutestocreateapieceofjewelleryfromtheartsuppliesprovidedusingbeadsthattheyfeelrepresentwhomtheyare.Whenthegroupcomesbacktogethereachparticipanthastointroduceherself/himselfanddescribeher/hispersonalitybasedonthepieceofjewelleryshe/hehascreated.
Objectives Togivetheparticipantsachancetoreflectontheirpersonalities.Toprovidespaceforsharingpersonalinformation.Tohelptheparticipantstolearneachother’snames.
Materials Assortmentofbeadsandsmallbowlsorcontainersforthem,labelsforeachcontainerandastring.
Preparation Assigneachtypeofbeadadifferentmeaning,e.g.bluebeadsrepresentgenerosity,redbeadsshowfriendliness,andbrownbeadsshowdetermination.Placeeachtypeofbeadinaseparate,labelledcontainer.Assignonecontainerofbeadstorepresent“anunknownspecialtrait”.Arrangeatablewithbeads,string,scissorsandanyotherartsupplies.
Howtofacilitate
1.Givetheparticipantsanoverviewoftheactivity.
2.Lettheparticipantsknowwhenthetimeforjewellerymakingisover.
3.Giveeachparticipantachancetointroduceherself/himselfanddescribeherself/himselfbasedonthejewelleryshe/hehascreated.Iftheparticipanthasusedanyofthebeadsthatrepresent“anunknownspecialtrait”askifshe/heiswillingtosharethetrait(s)thatthebeadsrepresent.
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Developingparticipants’expectations
1.4 Whatdotheparticipantsalreadyknow?Whataretheirexpectationsfromthetraining?
Acomprehensivepre-assessmentoftheparticipants’levelofknowledgeandawarenessofgenderissueswouldtakeacoupleofhoursforwhichwedonothavetime.However,itisusefultobeabletoseewhattheparticipantsalreadyknowonthesubjectbeforeyoustartthecourse.Whengivingtheoverviewofthecourseyouwillbeabletoreferbacktothissheetandshowwhichsessionaimstoaddresscertainexpectations.Ifthereareexpectationsthatwillnotbecoveredbythetrainingcontent,explainwhy,andtrytoincludetheminthefuturecourses.
Description Theexercisewilltakeapproximately30minutesforagroupof20participants.Itimpliesanactivediscussion:askaquestionandthengiveeveryoneachancetothinkabouthis/heranswer.
Makesureyougiveeveryoneinthegroupachancetorespond.Donotbejudgmentalofparticipants’answers–allanswersarevaluableastheyshowthelevelofknowledge.
Objectives Tobrieflydefinewhattheparticipantsalreadyknow.Toascertaintheirexpectationsfromthecourse.
Materials Cards(whiteorcoloured),flipchartandpens,colouredpensfortheparticipants,andstickingtapeorbluetag.
Keyquestions Tomeetthefirstobjective,askafewsimplequestions,forexample:-Whatisgender?-Whatcausesgenderstereotypes?-Whocausesgenderdiscrimination?-Isgendersomethingthataffectsyou?How?-Howdoesitaffectyouasawoman/man,comparedtotheothergender?-Istheresomethingyoucandotostopgenderdiscrimination?Giveexample(s).Isthereanythingthatyoufeelyoucannotdoherebecauseyouareawoman?Istheresomethingthatawomanmaynotbeabletodobecauseofhergender?
Howtofacilitate • Facilitatetwoseparatediscussionsontheabove-mentionedobjectives(tryandkeepthediscussionsseparate–useadifferentsheetofpaperforeachdiscussion).
• Takeyourownnotesasparticipantsrespond–itisnotnecessarytoputthemdownontheflipchart,asthesearethenotesforyourownevaluation.
• Ifpossible,trytokeeptrackofwhosayswhatsothatattheendofthetrainingyoucanaskprobingquestionssuchaswhethertheindividualshavelearntanythingnewandwhetherthenewknowledgechangedtheirmindonsomething.
• Tomeetthesecondobjectiveandascertainwhatparticipantsexpectfromthisworkshop:
• Askanopenquestionandgiveeachparticipantachancetorespondindividually.Writetheiranswersontheflipchartor,ifpossible,onpiecesofpaper(eachpointseparately)andstickthepapersup.Thisgivesyoutheopportunitytogroupsimilarexpectations.
• Anotherwaytogetanoverviewofexpectationsistocombinethiswiththeicebreakingexercisewheretheparticipantsaresplitinpairsandgettoknowtheirpartners/neighbours.Eachpersonhastointroducetheexpectationsofhis/herpartner.
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Part2.Session2/Gender:Itsconceptsanddevelopment
Session2.Whatisgender?Genderroles,genderrelations,genderdiscrimination,genderequality,genderequity,genderanalysis,genderbalance,gendermainstreaming–overthepastdecades,allofthosetermshavebeenacceptedintodeclarations,plansofaction,policiesandnationaldevelopmentprogrammes”12.However,thenotionof“gender”isnotalwaysfullyunderstoodand,ashighlightedearlier,itisessentialtoformparticipants’clearvisionofgenderandrespectiveaspectsandissuestocontinuesuccessfulworkonthetopic.
Theterm“gender”attributestothesocialdistinctionbetweenmenandwomen.Itrefersnotonlytothedifferencesbetweenmaleandfemaleattributeswhicharebiologicallydetermined,butalsotothedifferencesbetweenmasculineandfemininefeatures-thequalitiesandcharacteristicsthatsocietyascribestoeachsex.Perceptionsofgenderchangeovertimeandacrosscultures,butarealwaysrelatedtotheissuesofpowerandresources.
Peoplehavedifferentunderstandingoftheterm“gender”,whichseemstocoverissuesofdifferentnatureandofawiderange.Somepeopletendtothinkofgenderissuesasofspecifically“women’s”issues.Thisisahistoricallyformedapproach,whichimpliesfocusonaddressingwomen’sneedssincewomentypicallytendtobemoredisadvantagedthanmen.Othersbelievethatgenderisrelatedtoreproductivehealth(RH)issuesorgender-basedviolence(GBV).Sincegendercoversissuesofwomenandmenindifferentcontextsoflifespeakingofgenderisrelevantinrelationtoalltheseissues.
Whyisgenderimportant?
Theimportanceofagenderdimensionwithinthecomplexconceptofsustainabledevelopmenthasbeenrecognizedduringtherecentdecadesandhasresultedinthegrowingattentiontoandsupportofgenderstudies,developmentoftherelevantpoliciesandpromotionofthetopicatdifferentlevels.
Inmanycountrieswomen,especiallyruralwomen,havelessaccessthanmentoproductiveresources,forexample,landandlivestock,aswellastoservices,assetsandopportunities,includingeducation.Inthesecircumstances,humancapitalandlabourproductivitydecrease,whileeconomiccostsinevitablyincrease.Thisrepressesdevelopmentandprogress,especiallyintheagriculturalsector.Thusgenderandtheunderstandingofitsissuesaresoimportantforsustainabledevelopmentasawholeanditsspecificaspects,particularlyruraldevelopmentandfoodsecurity.
Genderaspects–therolesofmenandwomenandtheirinterrelations–areinparticularasignificantfactorforthedevelopmentofcommunities.ThishasledtotheshapingoftheGenderandDevelopment(GAD)approach.Itsmainobjectiveis“mainstreamingwomen’sneedsandperspectivesintoallactivities.Mainstreamingacknowledgesthatalldevelopmentoperationshaveagenderimpactanddonotautomaticallybenefitmenandwomenequally.ThusitisnecessarytoadopttheGADapproachfordevelopmentprogrammestobenefitallgenders,andalsoforsustainabledevelopmentandpositiveimpactsonthesocietyaswhole”13.
12BridgingtheGap,p.6.13Ahmad.TrainingManualforGenderAwareness/Sensitization,p.3.
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GADtoolsareused“toanalysehowthedifferentfactorse.g.environmental,economical,socialandinstitutionalinfluencedifferentpeople’slivelihoodsanddevelopmentoptions”14.Factorsofadifferentorder,calledinfluencefactors,haveanimportantimpactinthesocio-economicandculturalsituationofindividuals.Thesefactorsaredividedintwocategories15:
• Specificinfluencefactors:ethnicity,socialclass,agegroup,civilstatus,familystructure,demographicsituation(birthrate,mortality,migration,etc.)
Genderandsexualorientationgreatlyaffectanindividual’seconomicandsocialstatusinacommunity.Individualswhofalloutsideofthegenderbinary,havesexualorientationsthataren’theterosexual,and/ordon’tadheretosocietalnormsregardinggenderexpressionmaynotbefullyacceptedbytheirfamilyandpeers,andmayfacedifficultiesinfindingeducationalandgainfulemploymentopportunities.
• Generalinfluencefactors:economy,politics,environment,culture,religion,etc.
Thesefactorsshouldbeconsideredintheanalysisofgenderissuesinordertoplandevelopmentactionsthataresociallyacceptable.
Empowermentofwomen
Althoughthe‘genderanddevelopment’approachaddressesallgenders,inmostcasesthefocusisononlywomen.Thus,theMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsandtheirsuccessors,theSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)includepromotionofgenderequalityandempoweringofwomenthroughincreasingleadershipopportunities,increasingaccesstoreproductivehealthservicesandstrengtheninglegislativepracticestoprotectwomen’srights(SDG5).16Historicandculturalfactorshaveingrainedtheunequalstatusofwomeninmanysocieties–fromslightdifferenceinwomen’sandmen’sopportunities,tocertainrestrictionofpersonalfreedomofwomenandtotheiroppressionandfullmen’sdomination–explainsthecurrentneedtofocusonthepositionofwomen.Womentendtohavefeweropportunitiestoparticipateinthepoliticalspherewheretheycouldgenerateprogressivelegislationandinfluencethepoliciesthataffectthem.Additionally,womenhavelessaccesstoeconomicresourcesandtrainings,makingitdifficultforthemtodeveloptheirownbusinessesorfindoccasionsforeconomicgrowth.
Discussing gender issues
14GenderMainstreamingTrainingModulesforCivilSocietyOrganizationandLocalGovernments,p.19.15Ahmad.TrainingManualforGenderAwareness/Sensitization,p.5.16FormoreinformationontheMillenniumandSustainableDevelopmentGoalsseehttp://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/orhttps://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/.
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StructureofSession2Bytheendofthissessionparticipantswillunderstanddifferentconceptsofgender,developmentandhowtheyareparticularlyrelatedtowomen.
Timeneeded 2.5hours
Sessionoverview Shortintroductionintothesession
Brainstormingorworkinsmallgroups
Grouppresentations
Mini-lecture
Necessarymaterials Flipchartpaper,colouredmarkers,cards,stickersandscotchtape.
Process:
1. Thetrainerannouncestheupcomingsession.
2. Theparticipantsaregivenabrainstormingexerciseandareaskedtoidentifygenderattributesordifferencesbetweensexandgender.Thetrainerarrangesthementionedcharacteristicsinaccordancetosocialandbiologicalmeaningonthechart.
3. Mini-lectureongenderandsex.Explanationoftheterm“gender”shouldbegivenasaresumptionofthediscussion.
4. Exercisesfortheparticipantstoseethesocialorculturalbarriers.
5. Afterbothexercises the trainergivesmore informationonthemeaningofgender,conceptsofgender,notionofgenderinthedevelopmentcontext,thewaygenderissuescameintothedevelopmentprocessandtheimportanceofthisnotion.
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ToolsforSession2
Whatisgender?
2.1 Understandingofgender:Basicsofgenderliteracy.Exercise“Expectationfromwomenandmen”.17
17Takenfromhttp://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/192862/Module1/cases/M1LC1GenderandSex.pdf
Description Attheendofthisexercise,theparticipantswillbeabletoidentifythedifferencebetweengenderandsex,asdefined,byanalysingtheirownexperience.
Time 35min
Keyquestions • Openquestionsforthediscussion:
• Whydidyouchooseyouranswers?
• Wasitdifficultoreasytodeterminegenderorsex?
• Whatisthedifferencebetweensex-disaggregatedindicatorsandgenderindicators?
• Whatdoesthisshow/tellus?
• Whatdoesthismeanforourwork?
Howtofacilitate Step1.Individualwork(7minutes).
Prepare5flipchartpaperswithcommonsayingsaboutwomenandmen.Writethesayingsontheflipchartandleavespacefortherelevantremarks.Thefollowingcommonsayingscanbeincluded:
- Boysarerude,girlsaregentle.- Menaregoodconstructors,womenarenot.- Womencangivebirthtochildren,mencannot.- Womenarebetteratcaringaboutothers.- Womenaresmallerthanmen.- Womenhavelonghairandmenhaveshorthair.- Mendonotneedtendernessandarelesssensitivethanwomen.- Womencanbreastfeedbabies,mencannot.
Asktheparticipantstocomeuptotheflipchartsandputtheir“agree”or“disagree”signsrightunderthesayingsusinggreencolour–forgender,bluecolour–forsex(colourscanbedifferent).
Step2.Opendiscussion(15minutes).
Countevery“gender”and“sex”mark.Discussthesayingswiththeparticipants(e.g.whyarewomensmaller?Dotheyevermeettallwomen?Ordotheyeverseesmallandthinmen?).Leadtheparticipantstotheunderstandingthatdifferentsayingsreflectourexpectationsfrommenandwomen,butmanyofthemdependonsex,notongender.
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2.2 Understandingofgender:Basicsofgenderliteracy.
Exercise“IcanandIcould”.
Description Attheendofthisexercise,theparticipantswillbeabletoidentifythedifferencebetweengenderandsex,asdefined,byanalysingtheirownexperience.
Time 35min
Keyquestions • Openquestionsforthediscussion:
• Whydidyouchooseyouranswers?
• Whatisthedifferencebetween“can”and“could”?Arethesedifferencessostrictoraretheyratherartificial?
• Whatisthedifferencebetweensex-disaggregatedexpectationsandgenderexpectations?
• Whatdoesthisshow/tellus?
• Whatdoesthismeanforourwork?
Howtofacilitate Step1.Individualwork(7minutes).
Asktheparticipatingmenandwomentocomeuptothepreparedflipchartpapersandwritedowntheirthoughts.
Flipchartpaperforthemaleparticipants:
Flipchartpaperforthefemaleparticipants:
Step2.Opendiscussion(15minutes).
Discussthegivenstatementslinebylineaskingmenwhy,forexample,theythinktheycannotcookorcareforchildren.Leadtheparticipantstotheunderstandingthatdifferentkindsofstatementsreflectourexpectationsfrommenandwomen,butmanyofthemdependonsex,notongender.
Step3.Mini-lecture(10minutes).
Attheconclusionoftheexerciseexplaintheparticipantsthedifferencebetween“sex”and“gender”.Explainthemwhat“gender”isabout,what“genderroles”are.
Iamaman.Ican…… IfIwereawomanIcould……
Iamawoman.Ican…… IfIwereamanIcould……
Step3.Mini-lecture(10minutes).
Attheendoftheexerciseexplaintheparticipantsthedifferencebetween“sex”and“gender”.Explainthemwhat“gender”isabout,what“genderroles”mean.
Afterthemini-lectureasktheparticipantstoreviewtheirmarksforthesayings.Iftheywanttheycansharethereasonsforhavingchangedtheirmind.
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2.3 Understandingofgender:Choosingthesexofyourchild.18
Description Attheendofthisexercise,theparticipantswillbeabletoidentifythedifferencebetweengenderandsex,asdefined,byanalysingtheirownexperience.
Time 30min
Howtofacilitate Step1.Individualwork(10minutes).
Telltheparticipantsthefollowingstory:“Acoupleisstrugglingtoconceiveachild.Theygotothedivinerwhotellsthemtheywillhaveachild,butonlyaftertheyhavedecidedwhichsextheywantthechildtobe.”Giveeachparticipantapieceofpaperandaskthemtoimaginebeinginthissituation.Askthemtowritedownthesextheywouldchoosefortheirchild.
Later,asktheparticipantstowritedowntheirreasonsforchoosingthesex.Givethemafewminutesandcollectthepapers.Puttheresultsonaflipchart:‘Thenumberofthosewhochoosegirlsandthenumberwhochooseboys’andlistthereasons.
Step2.Opendiscussion(15minutes).
Discusswiththeparticipants:
- Thenumberofgirlsandboys
- Reasonsforchoosingtheexactsex
- Whatkindofexpectationsfromboysandgirlsdotheseresponsesshow?
- Whobenefitsfromtheseresponses?
- Howdothesemessagescontributetotheprocessofestablishingsociallydefinedrolesforwomenandmen?
Completing the exercise “Choosing the sex of your child”
18Ahmad.TrainingManualforGenderAwareness/Sensitization,p.13.
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2.4 Understandingofgender:Basicsofgenderliteracy. Exercise“IdealwomenandIdealmen”.
Time 50min
Howtofacilitate Step1.Brainstorming(5minutes).
Asktheparticipantsiftheycanexplainthedifferencebetweenthenotions“sex”and“gender.”Writedownonaflipboardorflipcharttheiranswers.
Step2.Workingroups(15minutes).
Dividetheparticipantsintosmallgroupsaccordingtotheirsex,withthemaximumnumberofpeopleinthegroupupto7(numberofgroupsdependsonthenumberoftrainingparticipants).
Taskforthewomen’sgroups:asktheparticipantstoportrayanidealmanaccordingtotheirperception.Underlinethatthisidealimageimpliesnotonlyappearance,butshouldreflectthedesiredskills,abilities,traitsofcharacter,givinganinsightintothewomen’sunderstandingoftheidealmaningeneral.
Taskforthemen’sgroups:asktheparticipantstoportrayanidealwomanaccordingtotheirperception.Likewise,underlinethatthisidealimageshouldincludenotonlyappearance,butalsoskills,abilities,etc.
Afterwardseachgroupshouldmakeapresentation.
Step3.Opendiscussion(15minutes).
Dependingonthesetofcharacteristicspresentedbythegroupsthetrainerasksadditionalclarifyingquestionsregardingeachpresentation.Thetrainerfacilitatesadiscussionontheidealimagesofbothamanandawomanandtriestorevealthereasonsforthenamedcharacteristics.Forexampleif“strong”isnamedasadesiredcharacteristicofmen,asktheparticipantswhywomencannotbestrong,etc.Leadtheparticipantstotheunderstandingofthedifferencebetweenthenotions“sex”and“gender”andofgenderroles.
Step4.Mini-lecture(15minutes).
Attheendoftheexerciseexplaintheparticipantsthedifferencebetweenthenotions“sex”and“gender”.Explainthemwhat“gender”isabout,what“genderroles”mean.
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2.5 Understandingofgender:Basicsofgenderliteracy.Exercise“Genderequality”.19
Time 20min
Howtofacilitate Mini-lectureandopendiscussion(20minutes).
Askthegroupiftheyhaveeverheardtheterm“genderequality.”Askthemwhattheythinkitmeans.Giveenoughtimefortherespectivediscussion.
Asktheparticipantstodiscusswhetherornotgenderequalityactuallyexistsintheircommunity.Duringthisdiscussion,writedownanystatementsthatexplainwhywomendonotshareequalstatuswithmenindifferentspheres.Besuretoincludesomeofthefollowingpoints,iftheyarenotmentionedbythegroup:
- Womeninmanycountriesaremorelikelytoexperiencesexualanddomesticviolencecomparedtomen.
- Men-inmostcases-arepaidbetterthanwomenforthesametypeandamountofwork.
- Menexercisemorepowerindifferentsectors;theynormallyhavehigherpositions.
- Womentaketheresponsibilitycaringandlookingafterthefamilymembers,especiallycaringforthosewhoaresick.
Asktheparticipantswhathappensinthecommunitiesifgenderequalityisimpaired,e.g.whathappensifwomenandtheirrightsaretotallyignored?Whatcouldhappenintheoppositesituation,ifmenandtheirrightsweretotallyignored?Aftergettingthefeedback,providethedefinitionof“genderequality”and“genderdiscrimination,”ifnecessary,explainthesetermsusingnationalorlocalspecifics(genderequalitybylegislation,developmentprogrammes,nationalprojects,etc.).Askthegroupifthedefinitiongivenmakessenseandleavetimeforpossiblequestions.
19EngagingMenattheCommunityLevel,p.22-23.
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2.6 Understandingofgender:Changinggenderroles.Role-play.20
Description Theparticipantswillstarttoreflectonwhethergenderrolescanbechangedandonthewaysinwhichthismightbeachieved.Gettingreadyforthesession,thetrainershouldpreparethreeorfourrole-playcards,dependingonthesizeofthegroup.Itisrecommendedtoprepareyourowncardstoreflectthelocalconditions.
Time 1-1.5hours
Howtofacilitate Step1.Workinginsmallgroups(30minutes).
Splittheparticipantsintothreeormoregroups.Leteachgrouppickonerole-playcardtopreparethetaskandactitout.Giveabout30minutesforthepreparation.
Step2.Presentations(30minutes–dependingontheactualnumberofgroups).
Eachgrouppresentstherole-play.Attheendofeachperformance,discussthetypesoftheproposedsolutionsandwritethemontheflipchartpaperorwhiteboard(forexample,thesesolutionsmightincludeeducationandtraining,demonstrating,advocating,threatening,negotiating,etc.).
Step3.Discussions(15minutes).
Whenallrole-playsareperformed,reviewthelistoftheproposedsolutions.Asktheparticipantsiftheyhaveanyotherideasorpracticalsuggestionsonhowtoworkonchangingrolesintheircommunities.Addthesetothelist.
Step4.Mini-lecture(10minutes).
Makeapointthatrolescanbechanged.Rolesandresponsibilitiesofmenandwomen(whichareformedbythesociety),includingemployment-relatedroles,arechangeable.Review,oraskaparticipanttoreviewsuggestionsonthepossiblewaysforinitiatingtheprocessofchange.
20Trainingpackage#1,p.15.
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Hintsforthetrainer:
Card#1
Setting:Ahouseholdwherewomenworkveryhard,butreceivelittlerecognitionorrespectfortheworktheydo.
Task:Preparea10-minutesketchshowinghowwomenmightgainmorerecognitionandrespectforthehouseholdworktheydo.
Card#2
Setting:Acommunitywherewomenarenotinvolvedincommunitymeetingsorpoliticalactivities.
Task:Preparea10-minutesketchshowinghowgreaterparticipationofwomenincommunityactivitiescouldbeachieved.
Card#3
Setting:Afamilyinwhichbothhusbandandwifeareequallyengagedinproductiveactivities,butinwhichthewifehasmostoftheresponsibilityforthehouseholdwork.
Task:Preparea10-minutesketchshowinghowthehusbandandthewifemightachievemoreequalityinhouseholdresponsibilities.
Card#4
Setting:Setting:Afamilyinwhichthehusbandandthewifearebothengagedinproductivework,andsharetheresponsibilitiesofcookingandchildcare.Thehusbandandthewifearecomfortablewiththesituation.However,thewife’smother-in-lawlivestogetherwiththem,anddoesnotthinkhersonshouldbesharingthehouseholdwork.
Task:Preparea10-minutesketchshowinghowthehusbandandthewifemightgainthesupportofthehusband’smother.
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2.7 TheSpiderWeb21
Description TheparticipantswilllearnabouttheintersectionofgenderandtheSDGs
Time 30-45minutes
Howtofacilitate Step1:Workinginsmallgroups
Thefacilitatorshouldinadvancepreparetwocircledcardswiththefollowingmessage:‘genderequalityandwomen/girlsempowerment’,and‘SDGs(6or7or15,theonethatyourorganizationisworkingon)’.Eachcardwillbefixedonacentralpartofaflipchartorboard.
Theparticipantsaredividedintwogroups,eachofthemwillworkwithoneofthemessages.Whenthereisabiggroupofparticipants(morethan20),theycanbedividedinfourgroups,thentheycanworkonanotherSDGs,butalwaystogetherwiththemessageongenderequality.Asktheparticipantstowrite-downononeortwocarts,anactivity(orthemeorstrategy)thathis/herorganizationisworkingoninrelationtothemessagefixedontheflipchart.After,eachparticipantwillstickhis/hercardontheflipchartclosetothecentralcard,drawingalinetolinkboth.Whenalltheparticipantshavefinishedwithstickingtheircardsanddrawingthelines,thenaskthemtodrawotherlinesthatmayrelatetoothercardsthattheyhavewritten.Intheend,theresultingfigurelookslikeaspidernet.
Step2:Discussion
Asktheparticipantswhatkindofmessageorideatheycandrawfromthespidernet.Thefacilitatorandhis/herassistantwillwritedownthesemessagesonacard,whichwillbeusedlateron,forinstanceduringthepppresentationofmainstreaminggenderinSDGs,tohighlightthatgenderisconstitutive(interlinked)toallSDGs.
Women doing spider exercise
21Module1:Gender,conceptsandapproachestomainstreaminggenderinSDGs,pg25.
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Part3.Session3/Genderrolesandgenderdivisionoflabour
Thedistinctionbetweenthenotions“sex”and“gender”resultsintherespectivedifferencebetweensexrolesandgenderroles.
Sexrolesarebiologicallydeterminedandarebasedonphysiologicaldifferencesbetweenmenandwomen.“Theyrefertoaperson’sfunctionasamaleorasafemale.Thusawomen’srole(thefemalerole)isnaturallylinkedtopregnancy,givingbirthandbreast-feeding.Themaleroleisassociatedwithproducingsperm”22.
Genderrolesare,onthecontrary,notlinkedtophysicalabilitiesandarenotbiologicallydetermined,butculturallydefined.Forexample,peopleofallgendersareabletocook,however,cookingisoftenseenaswomen’sresponsibilityandduty.Inthiscasecookingisafemalegenderrolenotafemalesexrole23.
Genderrolesareshapedthroughtheprocessofsocialisationwhichimpliesthatindividuals–girlsandboys,menandwomen–aretaughthowtobehavebythesociety–throughfamily(parents,grandparents,etc.)andvarioussocialinstitutions(schools,churches,etc.).
Genderrolesandgenderdivisionoflabour
Thesocialdifferentiationofmenandwomenresultedinthedivisionoftasksandactivitiesaccordingtotheperson’ssex.Thesemultipleworkrolesincludeproduction,reproduction,essentialhouseholdandcommunityservices,andcommunitymanagementandpoliticalactivities24.
Productiverole
Activitiesattributedtotheproductiveroleincludealltasks,whichcontributetogenerationofincomeandensuringeconomicwelfareofthehouseholdorcommunity.Forthesepurposesallpeopleperformarangeofproductiverolesregardlessofgender.Women’sproductiverolescanincludetakingcareoflivestock,farming,foodprocessingforsale,foraginginforests,homebasedindustries,andwaged/formalsectoremployment.
Reproductiverole
Thereproductiverole,thoughcloselyboundtosex(biologicalfunctions),alsoimpliesgender-basedactivitiescarriedouttoreproduceandcareforthehousehold.Thus,theresponsibilityforcontraceptionanddecision-makingonfamilyplanning(reproduction)maybeinthehandsofwomenormen,toalargeextentdependingontheculturalcontext.Childrearingisanobviousgenderroleandisoftenconsideredawoman’sduty,howevermen(fathers)alsoplayasignificantandrecognisedroleinmanycultures.
Householdandcommunityservices
Householdandcommunityservicesarethosecarriedoutdailytomeetthefamilyandcommunity’sbasicneeds.Thisincludesfuelandwatercollection,provisionofshelterandclothing,cleaning,education,healthcare,carefortheelderly,foodprocessingandpreparationofmeals.
22GenderAwarenessTraining,p.14.23Ibid.24Ahmad.TrainingManualforGenderAwareness/Sensitization,p.4.
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Communitymanagementandpoliticalactivities
Communitymanagementisrelatedtothemanagementandconservationofresourcesforcollectivecommunityconsumption(suchasfuel,forestsandwater),whilesociallyandpoliticallysignificantactivitiesimplyparticipationinculturalandreligiousceremonies,formalandinformalpoliticalactions,andinvolvementindevelopmentorganisations.
StructureofSession3Bytheendofthesessiontheparticipantswillhaveanunderstandingofthegenderdivisionoflabourinsocietyandhowthisdivisioncontributestothehouseholdeconomy.Thissessionwillalsogiveanideaaboutmenandwomen’sworkloadindifferenttimesoftheyear.
Timeneeded 1.5hours
Sessionoverview Shortintroductionintothesession
Brainstormingorworkinsmallgroups
Grouppresentations
Mini-lecture
Necessarymaterials Flipchartpaper,colouredmarkers,cards,stickersandscotchtape.
Process
Thetrainerannouncestheupcomingsession.
Theparticipantsfulfilabrainstormingexerciseortasktofillintheactivitychartfortheirownhousehold(itcanbemadeinseparategroupsofwomenandmen).
Afterashortdiscussiontheparticipantsshouldstartthenextgroupexerciseonactivitiescarriedoutatthehouseholdlevelduringthewholeyear.
Bothexerciseswillbringthetrainerandthegrouptothediscussionofgenderrolesassignedbythesocietyandfixedbytheculture.Theserolescanbechangedwiththetimeoraccordingtothesituation,e.g.womentakeovertheresponsibilityofcattlegrazinginabsenceofthemalemembersofthehousehold.
During the training.
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TOOLSforSession3Genderrolesandgenderdivisionoflabour
3.1 Genderdivisionoflabour:Dailyscheduleofwomenandmen.25
Description Thedailyscheduleillustratesallkindsofactivitiescarriedoutinoneday.Itisparticularlyusefulforlookingattherelativeworkloadsofdifferentgroups,especiallymenandwomenwithinonecommunity.Comparisonsofhoursspentshowwhoworksthelongest,whofocusesonafewactivitiesandwhodoesalargernumberoftasksduringtheday,aswellaswhohasmoreleisuretimeandtimetosleep.
Time 45min
Keyquestions Openquestionsforthediscussion:
- Foreachperson,howishisorhertimearrangedduringtheday?
- Whatisthedifferencebetweenthewomen'sandthemen'sschedule?
- Whohasthelargestworkload?
- Whohasmoretimeforrestandleisure?
- Howmuchtimeperdaydowomenorgirlsspendoncollectingwaterandfuelwood(oronotheractivitiestomeetthehousehold’sbasicneeds)?
Howtofacilitate Step1.Workingroups(20minutes).
Organiseseparatefocusgroupsofmenandwomen.Makesurethateachgroupincludespeoplefromdifferentsocio-economicbackgrounds.Explainthatyouwouldliketolearnabouttheirtypicalday.Askthegroupsofmenandwomentopreparetheirschedules.Youcanstartbyaskingthemwhattheydidyesterdayandhowtheygenerallyspendtheirdaythistimeoftheyear.It'seasytostartthecompilationoftheschedulebyaskingthemwhattimetheyusuallygetup.Alternatively,thetrainercanstarttheexercisebydrawingapictureofhowhe/shespentthedayyesterday.Drawabigcircleonapieceofflipchartpaperrepresentingtheclockandindicatewhenyouwakeup,whattimeyougotobedandalltheactivitiesyoudoin-between.Thereisnoneedtogointogreatdetail,butbesuretoshowthatallkindsofactivitiesareincludedsuchaswork,householdtasks,andchildcare.
Prepareapictureorcreateatableofalltheactivitiestheparticipantscarriedoutthedaybefore,andhowlongtheseactivitiestook.Puteachactivityonacircle(“theclock”)oronascaleofatimetable.Activitiesthatarecarriedoutatthesametime(suchaschildcareandcooking)canbenotedinthesamespaces.
25PRAToolBox.
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Step2.Opendiscussion(20minutes).
Whenthegraphwiththeclockorthetimetableisready,representingthetypicalschedule,asktheparticipantsquestionsabouttheactivitiesindicated.Notethepresentseason(winter/spring/summer/autumn).Ifthereistime,asktheparticipantstoproduceanewscheduletorepresentatypicaldayintheotherseason.Comparethedayschedulesofmenandwomen.Usethekeyquestionsabovetoguideadiscussionontheactivitiesandworkloads.Makesurethatthenameofthegroup/personandtheseasonoftheyeararemarkedontheschedule.
Step3.Mini-lecture,conclusion(5minutes).
Givetheparticipantsanopportunitytolearnwhatdifferentpeopledoduringonedayandhowheavytheirworkloadsare,thedifferenceintimemen/womenspendonhouseholdneedsaswellasthedivisionofrolesbetweenmenandwomen.Withthehelpofthisexerciseonecaneasilyanalysethemaingenderroleswithinthecommunityandidentifyeachgender’sspecificneeds.
Presenting results of the group work. Exercise “Daily schedule of women and men”
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3.2 Genderdivisionoflabour:Seasonalcalendar.26
Description Aseasonalcalendarisaparticipatorytooltoexplorehowseasonalchangesaffectdifferentareasofthecommunitylife,theavailabilityofresources,economicactivities,healthandsoon.Theobjectiveistolearnaboutchangesinlivelihoodsovertheyearandlookforinterconnectionsin-between,aswellastoshowtheseasonalityofagriculturalandnon-agriculturalworkload,foodavailability,gender-specificincomeandexpenditure,water,forage,humandiseases,etc.Thetopicsfordiscussioncanvary,including:
(1)Seasonsandweather
(2)Foodscarcity
(3)Income(cashandinkind)forwomen
(4)Income(cashandinkind)formen
(5)Expenditureformen
(6)Expenditureforwomen
(7)Wateravailabilityforconsumption(eating,sanitationandhygiene,householdcare,etc.)
(8)Livestockforageavailability
(9)Creditavailability
(10)Numberofholidaydays
(11)Agriculturalworkloadforwomen
(12)Agriculturalworkloadformen
(13)Non-agriculturalworkloadforwomen
(14)Non-agriculturalworkloadformen
Time 1hour
Keyquestions Openquestionsforthediscussion:
- Whatarethebusiestmonthsoftheyear?
- Atwhattimeoftheyeardoyoufacefoodscarcity?
- Howdoesincomevaryovertheyearformenandwomen?
- Howdoesexpenditurevaryovertheyearformenandwomen?
- Howdoeswateravailabilityfordailyhouseholdconsumptionvaryovertheyear?
- Howdoeslivestockforageavailabilityvaryovertheyear?
- Howdoescreditavailabilityvaryovertheyear?
- Whenarethepublicholidays?Howmanydaysaredesignedforpublicholidaysandinwhichmonth?
- Whenismostoftheagriculturalworkcarriedoutbywomen?
- Whenismostoftheagriculturalworkcarriedoutbymen?
26Ibid.
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- Whenismostofthenon-agriculturalworkcarriedoutbywomen?
- Whenismostofthenon-agriculturalworkcarriedoutbymen?
- Whichseasoncouldbethemostappropriateforadditionalactivitiesformenandwomen?Whatkindoftimeconstraintsexistandforwhatreason?
- Hintsforthetrainer:AdditionalissuesfortheSeasonalCalendarcanbeaddedaccordingtotheneedsandinterestsoftheparticipants.
Howtofacilitate
Step1.Opendiscussionandbrainstorming(1hour).
Asktheparticipantstodrawamatrix(seeanexamplebelow),indicatingeachmonthalongoneaxisandtopicsalongtheotherone(seeexamplebelow).Itisusuallytheeasiesttostartworkingonthecalendarbytalkingaboutseasons.
Step2.
Reviewdifferenttopicsonebyone.Forexample,askpeopleduringwhichmonththefoodresourcesareusuallyscarce.Discussthereasonswhythathappensandmakesurethatthisinformationisreflectedonthemap.Continuetheexercisemovingtoothertopics.
Afterthecalendarisfinishedasktheparticipantswhichlinkagestheyseebetweendifferenttopicsofthecalendar.Encouragethegrouptodiscussthecreatedcalendar.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Weather
Foodscarcity
…..
…..
3.3 Genderroles:Defininggenderandsexroles.
Description Attheendofthisexercisetheparticipantswillclearlydistinguishgenderandsexroles.
Time 45min
Howtofacilitate Step1.Workingingroups(10minutes).
Dividetheparticipantsintogroups(notmorethan6peopleineach).Askeachgrouptolistonaflipchartthesociallyexpectedrolesofwomenandmen.Workinginthegroup,theparticipantsshouldidentifywhichrolesaregender-relatedandwhicharebiological.
Step2.Presentationsandopendiscussion(15minutes).
Duringthegrouppresentationsthetrainercanmakeaninputclarifyingthedistinctionbetweengenderandsexroles.
Step3.Individualwork(10minutes).
Theparticipantsdiscussinpairsthemeaningoftheconcept.Theyshouldtrytocometoanagreementontheworkingdefinitionoftheconcepts.
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Part4.Session4/Analysesofgenderneeds
Womenandmenhavedifferentrolesandresponsibilitiesandthereforehavedifferentinterestsandneeds-thesearecalledpracticalandstrategicgenderinterests/needs27.Consultationwithwomenontheirpracticalgenderinterests/needscanbeaprerequisiteforaddressinggenderinequalities–thisensuresthatstrategicgenderinterests/needsaremetinthelongerterm.
Practicalgenderneeds:Practicalgenderneedsaremoreorlesscommonforeveryone.Theyaredefinedasbasicneedsofsurvivalandincludefood,shelter,clothingandwater.Theyarebasedonthematerialconditionsoflife,areshort-termandcanbemetthroughdirectmaterialinputs28.Thoughmeetingpracticalgenderneedsisessentialinordertoimprovelivingconditionsofindividuals(e.g.women),itisnotaffectingtheirsocialstatus.Thus,womencanenjoyaratherhighstandardoflivingbutstillbeindisadvantagedsocialpositionandfaceoppression.
Strategicgenderinterests/needs:“Strategicgenderinterests/needsarethosethatwomenidentifybecauseoftheirsubordinatepositiontomenintheirsociety”29.Theseneedsarerelatedtotheissuesofpower,control,decision-makingandgenderdivisionoflabourandincludenodomesticviolence,equalwages,revisionofcertainlegalframeworks,etc.Womenmightbeaswellinterestedinchangesinthegenderdivisionoflabour,e.g.theywouldliketobroadencareeropportunities,beconsideredforthepositionsthattraditionally“belong”tomen,sharematernityleavewithmen,delegatemoreresponsibilitiesonchildcaretomen,etc.Sincestrategicgenderinterests/needsarenotaseasilyidentifiedaspracticalgenderneeds,womenmayrequirespecialconditionsandtoolstobeabletocriticallyanalysetheirsituationanddescribewhattheywantandlookfor.
Ontheotherhand,strategicgenderinterests/needsrefertosocio-economicandpoliticalpositionsofwomencomparedtomen.Inthisregardstrategicneedswouldinclude“theskillsetsthatwomenmustgaintoachieveequality,thelegalconditionsthatmustbeachievedtosupportequality,andthesocietalvaluesthatmustbealteredtoprovideabasisforongoingequality”30.Thisisrelatedtostructuresandsystems,whichareembeddedandthereforemoredifficulttodealwith.Inlookingatstrategicneeds,afocusisplacedonfactorssuchas31:
27Chege.ACurriculum,p.6.28Ibid.,p.7.29Ibid.,p.14.30Trainingpackage#1,[5],p.3.31Chege.ACurriculum,[6].
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Marginalisation-exclusioninprocessessuchasdecision-making.Thisresultsinwomennotbeinggiventhechancestoadequatelyarticulatetheirneedsandinterests.
Discrimination-differentialtreatmentbasedonfactorsoverwhichanindividualhasnocontrol,e.g.sex,tribe,nationality,race,etc.
Objectification-assignmentoflessthanhumanstatusandtreatmenttowomen.
Infantilism-categorisingwomenwithchildren,i.e.havingnolegaldecisionmakingpowers,votingrightsorcapacitytoenterintocontracts.
Dispossession-throughpatriarchalsystemsofpropertyinheritance.
Valueassignment-determiningawoman’svaluebythesexandnumberofchildrenshebears.
Violence-physical,mentalandemotionalabuse,whichisculturallyacceptedascorrectingawifeorharmfulpracticessuchasfemalegenitalmutilationtosubduefemalesexualurge.
Subordination-assignmentofaninferiorpositione.g.treatmentassecond-classcitizens.
MoreinformationonpracticalandstrategicgenderneedsandinterestsispresentedintheTable 132.
Table1.Matrix-Practicalgenderneedsandstrategicgenderinterests
Practicalneeds
• Tendtobeimmediateandshort-term
• Uniquetoparticularwomen
• Relatetodailyneeds,food,housing,income,health,children,etc.
• Easilyidentifiablebywomen
• Canbeaddressedbyprovisionofspecificinputssuchasfood,handpumps,clinics,etc.
Strategicneeds
• Tendtobelong-term
• Commontoalmostallwomen
• Relatetodisadvantagedposition,subordination,lackofresourcesandeducation,vulnerabilitytopovertyandviolence,etc.
• Basisofdisadvantageandpotentialforchangenotalwaysidentifiablebywomen
• Canbeaddressedbyconsciousness-raising,increasingself-confidence,education,strengtheningwomen’sorganisations,politicalmobilisation,etc.
Addressingpracticalneeds
• Tendstoinvolvewomenasbeneficiariesandperhapsasparticipants
• Canimprovetheconditionofwomen’slives
• Generallydoesnotaltertraditionalrolesandrelationships
Addressingstrategicneeds
• Involveswomenasagentsorenableswomentobecomeagents
• Canimprovethepositionofwomeninsociety
• Canempowerwomenandtransformrelationships
32Chege.ACurriculum,[6],p.8.
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StructureofSession4
Bytheendofthesessiontheparticipantswillunderstandtheimportanceofconsideringgenderneedsindailylifeaswellaswhendesigningandimplementingcommunitydevelopmentactions.
Timeneeded 2,5hours
Sessionoverview Shortintroductionintothesession
Brainstormingorworkinsmallgroups
Grouppresentations
Mini-lecture
Necessarymaterials Flipchartpaper,colouredmarkers,cards,stickers,andscotchtape.
Process
1. Thetrainerannouncestheupcomingsession.
2. Theparticipantsaregivenabrainstormingexerciseorotherpracticaltasktodrawtheirattentiontotheissueofgenderneeds.
3. Whenallthetasksarecompleted,thetrainergivesamini-lectureongenderneedsandwrapsupthesession.
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ToolsforSession4Genderneeds
4.1 Understandingofgenderneeds:Exercise“WomenarefromVenus,menarefromMars”.
Time 30min
Howtofacilitate Step1.Workingroups(20minutes).
Dividetheparticipantsintosmallgroups,maximumnumberofpeopleinthegroupupto7(thenumberofgroupsdependsonthenumberoftrainingparticipants).Providenamestoeverysmallgroup,suchasMars,Venus(ifnecessary,Earthandotherplanetscanbeadded).ExplaintotheparticipantsthatVenusisdominatedbywomen,whileMarsisdominatedbymen.Oneoftheadditionalplanetscanhaveequallydevelopedgenderroles/rightsinpractice.
AsktheparticipantstoimaginecommunitiesonMarswithamaledominatedsociety,VenuswithafemaledominatedsocietyandEarthwithbalancedpowers.Theparticipantsshouldconsidergenderrolesandproblemsfacedbysocietiesontheseplanets.
Askthegroupstopresenttheresultsoftheirworkandexplainthesituationondifferentplanets.
Step2.Opendiscussionandmini-lecture(20minutes).
Afterallthepresentationsaredone,asktheparticipantsonwhichplanettheyconsiderthesituationwouldbebetterandwhy.Askspecificquestionsonrespectivegenderneeds.Howdothesocietiesontheplanetsmeetgenderneeds?Whichimpactsofmet/notmetgenderneedsoccurondifferentplanets?Discusstogetherwiththeparticipantswhatshouldbeimprovedontheplanetswherewomen/menarediscriminatedagainst.Aftergettingthefeedback,providethedefinitionofthenotions“genderequality”and“genderdiscrimination”;ifnecessary,explainthesenotionsusingspecificnationalorlocalexamples(genderequalitybylegislation,developmentprogrammes,nationalprojects,etc.).
Example of the outcome posters for the exercise “Women are from Venus, men are from Mars”
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4.2 Identifyinggenderneeds.Opendebates.33
Time 40min
Materials Fooditems(e.g.chocolateorbiscuits),ropeandmarkers.
Howtofacilitate
Therearetwooptionstoconductthedebate.
OPTION1.
Step1.Game(10minutes).
Startthegamebyselectingfiveparticipants.Askthesefiveparticipantstoplayaroleofvarioushandicaps,e.g.,blindfoldbotheyesofoneperson,tiebothhandsofoneperson,tiebothlegsofoneperson,tiebothhandsandlegsofoneperson,andletonepersonbefree.Placefooditemsabout5-6metersawayfromtheplacewheretheselectedfivearestanding.Askthefiveparticipantstowaitforasignaltostartthegameandthengotothefooditemsandtakeasmuchaspossible.Asktherestoftheparticipantstoremainsilentandmakeobservations.
Step2.Opendebates(20minutes).
- Asktheparticipantsquestionsafterfinishingthegame:
- Howeasyordifficultwasitforthefiveparticipantstoretrievethefooditems?
- Whogotmore,andwhogotless?
- Didthefiveparticipantshaveequalopportunitiestoacquireequalportionsoffood?
- Howcanthissituationbecomparedtothesituationofgenderinyourcountry?
Step3.Mini-lecture(10minutes).
Thetrainercanshowpicturesofwomencaringforhouseholdandfamilymembers,e.g.feedingtheirfamily,cookingorcollectingfuelforhouseholdneeds.Thetrainercanalsorecalltheresultsofthegroupworkduringtheexercise“Dailyscheduleofwomenandmen”.Elaborateonthemessagethatitisimportanttorecognisethatmenandwomendonotstartthe“race”underthesamecircumstances.Societalexpectationsregardingwomenandtheirrolesandresponsibilitiesoftenplacewomenatadisadvantageingainingaccesstoresources.
OPTION2.
Step1.Workingroups(10minutes).
Splittheparticipantsintotwogroups.Onegroupwillhaveadiscussiononthequestion,“Whatarethemainproblemsfacedbywomeninyourcommunity?”Thesecondgroupwilldiscussthequestion,“Whatarethemainproblemsfacedbymeninyourcommunity?”
Step2.Presentations(10minutes).
Thediscussionshouldcoverthefollowingquestions:(*)Whatarethespecificproblemsofwomen?(*)Whatarethespecificproblemsofmen?(*)Whatarethecommonproblemsofallgenders?(*)Whataresomeofthecausesoftheseproblemsandhowcantheyberesolved?
Step3.Resume(5minutes).
33Trainingpackage#1,p.20-21.
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Askoneoftheparticipantstosummarisethesession.Asktherestoftheparticipantstocontributeifnecessary.
Hintsforthetrainer:Choosethegroundsuitableforplayingthegame.Giveenoughtimeforopendiscussion.Makenotesonthelessonslearnedfromthegameasmentionedbytheparticipants.Relatethelessonslearnedfromthegamewiththesituationofwomenandmeninyourcountry.Findotherpracticalexamplesofhowwomenlackaccesstoresources.
4.3 Identifyinggenderneeds.Practicalgenderneedsandstrategicgenderinterests.
Description Bytheendoftheexercisetheparticipantswillbeabletodistinguishbetweenpracticalgenderneedsandstrategicgenderinterests.
Time 40min
Preparation Prepareachartshowingthedifferencesbetweenpracticalgenderneedsandstrategicgenderinterestsshouldbepreparedinadvance.
Howtofacilitate
Step1.Mini-lecture(15minutes).
Showthechartofpracticalgenderneedsandstrategicgenderinterests,andexplainthedifferencesbetweenthetwo.
Step2.Brainstorming(25minutes).
Asktheparticipantstodescribedevelopmentactivitiesundertakenintheircommunitiesorbytheirgroups.Listtheiranswersinacolumn.Whiletheparticipantsnameanddescribeactivities,askthemiftheseactivitiesareaimedatmeetingpracticalgenderneedsorstrategicgenderinterests.Discussthereasons.Arethereanydifferences?
4.4 Identifyinggenderneeds.Houseofmydreams.
Description Duringthisexercisetheparticipantswillgetadeeperandclearerunderstandingofgenderneedsatasimple,practicallevel.Thisexercisealsohelpstoidentifydifferentviewsofmenandwomenonhomecomfortandahealthyenvironment.
Time 40min
Howtofacilitate
Step1.Workingroups(30minutes).
Splittheparticipantsinafemaleandamalegroup.Explainthegroupstheaimoftheexercise.Asktheparticipantstothinkaboutconditionstheywanttohaveathomeandcomparethesedesiredconditionswiththeonestheycurrentlyhaveintheirhouseholds.
Theparticipantscanwritedownalistoftheirneedsandwishesregardingacomfortablehome,theycanalsodrawpicturesoncardsorflipchartpaper.Alternatively,theycanusetheircreativitytoconstructsmallpapermodelsofthedreamhouses/households.
Step2.Presentationsanddiscussions(30minutes).
Thegroupsshouldpresenttoeachothertheresultsofthe“dreaming”exercise.Asktheparticipantstoexplaintheirchoicesandwishes.Menandwomenshoulddiscusstogetherthepresentconditions,susceptibilityoffamilymemberstoinappropriateconditionsandthelevelofresponsibilityoffamilymembers.
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Part5.Session5/Controloverresources
“Thesocialdivisionoflabourthatattributessubordinaterolestowomenreducesatthesametimetheiraccesstoandbenefitsfromresources”34.Accesstoaspecificresourcealoneguaranteesneitheranopportunitytotakepartindecision-makingprocessesregardingitsuse,norensuresthatotherswilltakeone’sopinion/interestsintoconsideration.Thereforethecontroloverresourcesandtheopportunitytobenefitfromthemremaininquestion,andachievingequalcontroloverresourcesisamongthemostimportantobjectivesinthegenderapproach.Sharingthepowerintakingdecisionswillcontributetoamorefairdistributionofresourcesaswellasrelevantbenefits.Moreover,accessandcontroloverresourcesareverymuchinterconnectedwiththedevelopment.
Itoftenoccursthatwomenhaveaccesstoaresource(e.g.agriculturalland),butdonotexercisethecontroloverit,andtheirroleislimitedtoexploitationoftheresource(labour).Thatiswhyitisveryimportanttopayenoughattentiontowomen’sstrategicinterestsinordertoguaranteetheirempowerment35.
StructureofSession5Thissessionwillgivetheparticipantsabetterunderstandingofdifferentaspectsofresourcesinthegendercontext:availability,access,control,utilisationandshareofbenefits.
Timeneeded 2.5-3hours
Sessionoverview • Shortintroductionintothesession• Brainstormingorworkinsmallgroups• Grouppresentations• Mini-lecture
Necessarymaterials Flipchartpaper,colouredmarkers,cards,stickersandscotchtape.
Process
1. Thetrainerannouncestheupcomingsession.
2. Theparticipantsaredividedintogroupsandaregivenanexercise.Forexample,thetrainerpresentsthecontroloverresourceschart(seethetablebelow,preparedinadvance).Oryoustartwithanyotherexerciseexplainedbelow.
Resources Benefits Control Access User
… … … … …
34Ahmad.TrainingManualforGenderAwareness/Sensitization,p.5.35Ibid.
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Theparticipantsshouldidentifyandlisttheresourcesneededfortheirownhouseholds.Thentheparticipantswillbeaskedtolistthebenefitsof,controlover,andaccesstotheresourcesbywomenandmenandalsowhoutilisestheseresources.Thegroupswillpresenttheirfindings.
3. Afterthegrouppresentationsaredonethetrainerleadsthediscussionabouttheaccessofwomentotheresourcesandcontroloverthem.Thisdiscussionmightraisequestionsondecision-makingpowersofmenandwomenandaboutinstitutionalarrangement(bothtopicsofthenextsession,seebelow).
Hintsforthetrainer:Thetrainercandirectthegroupdiscussionusingthefollowingquestions:
• Whataretheresourcesnecessaryforahousehold?
• Whatkindofbenefitstheyprovide?
• Whocontrolstheseresources?
• Whohasaccesstotheseresources?
• Whousestheresourcesandgetsrespectivebenefits?
ToolsforSession5
5.1 Controloverresources:Mappingexercise.
Description Avillagemapcanprovidearathercomprehensiveoverviewinrelationtotheanalysisofaspecificissue.Ithelpstovisualisethesituationandtomakeitmoreunderstandable.Communitymembersdiscussandpresentthehistoryandmappingoftheircommunity.Thisservesasafirstintroductionandastartingpointfordiscussingthecommunity'senvironmentalproblemsandhowtheyinfluencewomenandmen.
Time 1hour
Howtofacilitate Step1.Workinsmallgroups(30minutes).
Explainthatthecommunitymembersaregoingtoworkinsmallgroupsofmenandwomen.Explaintheprinciplesofthecommunitymappingexercise.Theparticipatinggroupsmakeamapoftheircommunityindicatingwaterbodies(protectedandnotprotected),publicbuildings,roads,marketplaces,areasthatrepresentahazardtohealth,andotherimportantplacesandobjects.Placethegroupsataproperdistancefromeachother.Trytoavoidpeoplerandomlywalkingaroundduringtheexerciseandinterferingwiththeothergroups’work(menstandingwithawomen’sgrouporteacherswithagroupofpupils).
Step2.Opendiscussion(30minutes).
Askthegroupstopresenttheirmaps.Theparticipantscaninitiatefurtherdiscussionsandeditthedraftlistsandmaps,e.g.byrecollectingandaddingmissingobjects,placesorevents.Everybodywhowantstosaysomethingshouldgetenoughtimetoreact.Askpeoplequestionsifsomethingregardingthecommunitymapisnotclearorifdifferentgroupstellcontradictorystories.Theopendiscussionwillrevealdifferentattitudes,accesslevelsandapproachesofwomenandmentothesameobjects.
Hintsforthetrainer:ensureactiveparticipationofallpeoplebywalkingaroundthecommunityandexplainingthateverybodyshouldparticipate.Takecareofthetiming;theexerciseshouldnotbetootime-consuming.
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5.2 Controloverresources:VillageResourceMap.36
Description Theprimaryconcernisnottodevelopanaccuratemap,buttogetusefulinformationaboutlocalperceptionsofresources.Theparticipantsshoulddevelopthecontentofthemapaccordingtowhatisimportanttothem.TheVillageResourceMapisagoodtooltobeginwith.Itisalsoeasyandfunforthevillagers.Ithelpstoinitiatediscussionwithintheteamofparticipantsaswellasitinvolvesthewholecommunity.Allteammembersshouldobservethemappingexercisebecauseitprovidesanoverallorientationtothefeaturesofthecommunityanditsresources.Attheendoftheexercisetheparticipantsshouldbeinformedaboutthevillagers'perceptionofwhatkindofnaturalresourcesarefoundinthecommunityandhowtheyareused.
Objectives Tolearnmoreaboutthecommunityanditsresources’base.
Withwhom Itisusefultodothisexerciseinseparategroupsofmenandwomen.Thisisbecausewomenandmenmayusedifferentresourcesanditrevealsgenderdifferences.Thewomenwillmaptheresourcestheythinkareimportant(suchaswatersources,firewoodsources,etc.).Themenwillmaptheresourcestheythinkareimportant(suchasgrazingland,infrastructure,etc.).Mapsmayincludeinfrastructure(roads,houses,buildings,bridges,etc.),watersitesandsources,agriculturallands(cropvarietiesandlocations),soils,slopes,elevations,forestlands,grazingareas,shops,markets,healthclinics,schools,churches,specialplaces(sacredsites,cemeteries,busstops,etc.).
Time 1hour
Keyquestions - Whichresourcesareabundant?- Whichresourcesarescarce?- Doeseveryonehaveequalaccesstoland?- Dowomenhaveaccesstoland?- Dothepoorhaveaccesstoland?- Whomakesdecisionsonlanddistribution?- Wheredopeoplegotocollectwater?- Whocollectswater?- Whatdopeopleuseforheating?- Whocollectsheatingmaterial?- Wheredopeoplegrazecattle?- Whatkindofdevelopmentactivitiesdoyoucarryoutasawholecommunity?Where? - Withwhichresourcesdoyouhavethemostproblem?
Howtofacilitate Step1.Workingroups(30minutes).Startbydrawingamapofthevillage(orusetheoneofthepreviousexercise)foreachgroup.Asktheparticipantstodrawallthethingsonthemapthattheyfindimportant.Donotinterrupttheparticipantsuntiltheystopdrawing.Oncetheystop,youcanaskwhetherthereisanythingelseimportantthatshouldbeadded.
Step2.Opendiscussion(30minutes).Whenthemap(ormapsincaseofdifferentgroups)is(are)completed,thetrainershouldasktheparticipantstodescribeit.Askquestionsaboutanythingthatisunclear.Usethekeyquestionstoguideadiscussionaboutresourcesinthevillage.Whileaskingthequestionsmakenotesoraskanybodytoassistyouintakingnotesaboutthekeyremarksandoutcomes.
36PRAToolBox.
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5.3 Controloverresources:Problemgallery.
Description Thisexerciseismeanttoprovideinformationabouttheproblemsinthecommunity.Eachgroupshouldwritedownallproblemstheyfeeltheyfaceonasheetofpaper.
Objectives Toletthecommunitymembersidentifythedifferentproblemstheyexperience.
Time 1hour
Howtofacilitate Step1.Workingroups(25minutes).
Splittheparticipantsupingroupsofmen/boysandwomen/girlsandaskthemtomakealistoftheircurrentproblems.Itisimportantthatthemen/boysandwomen/girlssitindifferentgroups,sincewomenmightfeelmorecomfortabletalkingwithwomenandmenmorecomfortablediscussingtheproblemswithmen.Furthermore,menandwomenmightexperiencedifferentproblems.Makeanevennumberofmaleandfemalegroups,sothatbothsexesaregiventhesameimportance.Iftherearefewerwomenthanmen,makethegroupsofwomensmallerthanthegroupsofmeninordertoensurethatthereareasmanyfemalegroupsasmaleones.
Hintsforthetrainer:donothelpthegroups–theyareusuallyverywellcapableofformulatingtheproblemstheyfindimportant.Sometimestheparticipantstendtowalkaroundandinterferewiththeworkofothergroups.Kindlyaskthesepeopletoreturntotheirowngroup.
Step2.Brainstorming(10minutes).
Whileeachgroupisstilldiscussingandwritingproblemsonapieceofpaperthetrainergives5cardstoeachgroup.Thetrainerexplainsthattheparticipantscanchoosefromtheirlistofproblems5problemstheyfeelarethemostimportantonesandwriteeachoftheseproblemsdownonaseparatecard.Explainagainthattheycanwriteonlyoneproblempercard.
Step3.Opendiscussion(25minutes).
After5minutescollectthecards.Thenasktheparticipantstocometogetherinonelargegroupagain.
Identify6highestpriorityproblems.
Callforattention:askeverybodytolisten.
Compilesimilarproblems.Makesurethatyouinvolvethegroupsbyaskingloudlyfortheiradviceregardingeachcard,forexample:“CanIrelatetheproblemofwaterpipestohealthproblems?”Putthecardsonthegroundortableandpilethemup,eachcardonthepileitfitsmost(orforminganewpilewhenacarddoesnotfittoanyoftheexistingpiles).
Writealltheindicatedcategories(namesofthepiles)downon1flipchartpaper.Theremaybemanypilesbuteachshouldbeconsideredasaproblem,writethemallontheflipchart.Count(loudly!)thenumberofcardsineachpileandwritethisnumbernexttotheproblem.
Identify6problemswiththelargestnumberofcards.Again,makesureeverybodyhearsandseestheresult.
Ifintheendtherearesomepileswithanevennumberofcards,askpeopletodecidewhatproblemstheyfindmoreimportant(askwomenseparatelyastheymaynotbeasloudorconfidentasmen).
Afterthisexercisetheproblemrankingexercisecanbeconducted.
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5.4 Controloverresources:Problemranking.
Description Thisexerciseismeanttoprovideinformationabouttheproblemsinthecommunity,prioritisingtheseproblems.Eachgroupshouldwritedownallproblemstheyfeeltheyhaveonasheetofpaper.
Time 40min–1hour
Howtofacilitate Step1.Individualwork(30minutes).
Preparations:drawsymbolsonaflipchartpaperthatrepresentthe6problemsidentifiedduringtheProblemGalleryexercise(prioritizingtheproblems,seeabove).Forexample:abottlerepresentswaterpipes,redcrossrepresentsahospital,abookrepresentsaschool,etc.Leaveenoughspacebetweenthesymbols;otherwiseitgetstoocrowdedwhenpeoplestartvoting.
Distribute6votingpieces(e.g.colouredpapers)toeachperson.Explainthattheparticipantscanvotewiththese6votingpapersfortheproblemstheyfindimportant.Theycandothisbyputtingthepapernexttotheproblemsoftheirchoice.Thepeoplecanvoteastheylike.Theycanvotewithalltheir6votingpiecesforoneproblem,underliningitssignificanceandpriority,ordistributethepiecesbetweenseveralproblems.Explainthattheparticipantsshouldthinkcarefullyabouttheirchoicebeforehand.Repeattheexplanationofthevoting(howonecanindicatethechoice,distributionofvotingmaterial,noexternalinfluence)duringtheactualvoting.
Countthevotes.Askafewcommunitymemberstohelpyouwiththecounting.Itisimportantthatallparticipantsclearlyseethatthecountingofthevotesisdoneproperly.Writetheresults(thenumberofvotesperproblem)onaflipchartpaperandannouncetheresultstotheparticipants.Indicatewhichproblemhasreceivedmostvotes,whichproblemwasrankedsecond,etc.
Hintforthetrainer:Makesurethatpeopledonotinfluenceothersduringthevoting.Makesurethatyouhaveenoughmaterialtodistributetoall.Thefacilitatorandthepersonresponsiblefortakingnotesshouldnotinfluencetheparticipants;neithercantheparticipantshelpthemtowritedownthelistedproblems.
Step2.Opendiscussion(10minutes).
Holdabriefdiscussionabouttheprioritisedproblems.Asktheparticipantstoexplainshortlythenatureandthecausesofeachproblemprioritised.Forinstanceifpeoplemention“healthissues”asaproblem,trytofindoutwhatthecausesofthisproblemare.Herewithmakesurethatallthestatementsarerecorded.Takingnotesisveryimportant.
Finalisetheactivitybyaskingwhethereverybodyagreeswiththeprioritiesgiventothedifferentproblems.
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5.5 Controloverresourcesanddecision-making:StakeholderAnalysis
Description Drawingacircleofinfluencecaneasilyidentifystakeholders.Astakeholderanalysisshowsinstitutions,organisations,groupsandimportantindividualswhocanbefoundinthevillageaswellasthevillagers’viewsoftheirimportanceandroleinthecommunity.AdditionallytheCircleofInfluenceexplainswhoparticipatesinthesegroupsintermsofgenderandsocialstatus.
Hintforthetrainer:Iftheparticipantsfinditdifficulttounderstandthistool,itwillbehelpfultoprovidethemwithasimpleexample.Makesurethatyouhaveallmaterialthatisneeded.YoucanuseaBIGsheetofpaper,pencilsandmarkers.Ifyoudecidetousepaper,peopleshouldfirstuseapenciltobeabletostillchangethesizeofthecirclesthattheparticipantswilldraw.
Objectives Toidentifyexternalandinternalinstitutions/groups/importantpersonsactiveinthecommunity,toclarifywhoparticipatesinlocalinstitutionsbygenderandsocialstatus,tofindouthowthedifferentorganisationsandgroupsarerelatedtoeachotherintermsofcontact,cooperation,informationflowandprovisionofservices.
Time 1hour
Keyquestions - Whichorganisations/institutions/groupsareworkinginorwiththecommunity?
- Whichorganisations/institutions/groupsdothevillagersconsiderthemostimportant,andwhy?
- Whichstakeholdergroupsaddresstheissuesofhouseholdfoodsecurityandnutrition?
- Whichorganisationsworktogetherandcooperate?
- Aretheregroupsthatareonlywomenormen-oriented?
- Aresomeparticulargroupsorpeopleexcludedfrombeingmembersofcertaininstitutionsorreceivingrelatedservices?
Howtofacilitate
Step1.Workinsmallgroups(30minutes).
Theexerciseshouldbedoneingroups.Iftimeallowsitwillbegoodtoformseparatefocusgroupsforwomenandmen.Makesurethatthepoorestandmostaffectedparticipantsalsojointhegroupwork.Explaintheobjectivesofthisexerciseonstakeholders.
Asktheparticipantswhichorganisations/institutions/groupsexist/canbefoundinthevillageandwhichexternalones(fromelsewhere)areworkingincollaborationwiththem.Makesurethattheyalsothinkofthesmallinformalgroupslikee.g.watercommittees.Thefollowingquestionsmightalsobeuseful:
- Howdopeopleassisteachother?- Whichlocalgroupsarefocusedonenvironmentalissues(water,arableland),
economicissues(saving,credit,agriculture,livestock),socialissues(health,literacy,religion,traditions,education,sports)?
- Arethesepoliticalgroups?- Whotakestheimportantdecisionsinthevillage?
Asktheparticipantstodrawabigcircleinthecentreofthepaper(seethepicturebelow).Thiscirclerepresentstheparticipant(individually)orthecommunity.Discussinwhichwaytheparticipantsbenefitfromdifferentorganisations,howimportantiseachorganisation/institutionforthem.Themostimportantonesarethendrawnasabigcircleandthelessimportantonesassmallercircles.Asktheparticipantstocompare
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thesizesofthecirclesandtoadjustthemsothatthesizesofthecirclesrepresenttheimportanceoftheinstitution,organisationorgroup.
Asktheparticipantstoshowthedegreeofcontact/cooperationbetweenthemselvesandthoseinstitutionsbydistancebetweenthecircles.Institutionswhichtheydonothavemuchcontactwiththemshouldbefarawayfromtheirownbigcircle.Institutionsthatareinclosecontactwiththeparticipantsandwithwhomtheyco-operatemostly,shouldbeinsidetheirowncircle.Thecontactbetweenallotherinstitutionsshouldalsobeshownbyadistancebetweenthecirclesonthemap(seeFigure2below).
Step2.Opendiscussion(30minutes).
Askthegroupswhichinstitutionsareonlyacceptingwomenormenasmembers.Arethereanyinstitutionsorgroupsthatdoprovideserviceseitheronlyformenoronlyforwomen?Showtheanswersbymarkingthecircleswithacommonsymbolformenorwomen.
Askthemtodiscussinwhichorganisationspoorpeopledonotparticipateandwhy.Askifthereareanyservicesofcertainorganisationsfromwhichthepoorerpeopleareusuallyexcluded.Marktheseinstitutionsonthemapbyusingasymbolforpoor.Youmightalsoaskifthereareothergroupsofpeoplethatusuallyareexcludedfromsomeoftheseinstitutionsorservices.
Onlyiftimeandthemotivationoftheparticipantsallows,askthegrouptodiscussandtakenotesonthedeclaredstrengthsandweaknessesofthoseinstitutionswhichwerereportedasmostimportant.
Thefacilitatorhastolistenverycarefullyandwritedown,whythedifferentorganisationsareconsideredmoreorlessimportant.
Circle of influence: the size and distance reflect the importance of certain institutions and the level of cooperation with them
Touching circles: some cooperation
Large distance: no or little cooperation
Close to each other: only loose contacts exist
Overlapping: close cooperation
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5.6 Acasestudyongendermainstreaming
37Manualforflexibleandtailor-madeCapacityBuilding,TrainingandCoachingonGenderandWater
Description Analysinghowtomainstreamgenderatalocallevel:
Time 1½-2hours
Howtofacilitate
Step1:Workinsmallgroupsandreadthecase
Dividetheparticipantsin2-3groupsanddistributethecasestudy.Letthemassignarapporteurfirstwhowillreportonthefindingsofthegroupinplenary.Lettheparticipantsreadthecaseandletthemdiscussaboutthequestionsforabout30minutes.TheinhabitantsoftheslumsinTiruchirapallidistrictinTamilNasu,Indiaaremostlypoorpeopleofthelowestcaste.Theyliveseparatedfromtherestofsocietythatconsidersthemtobeunclean.Typicaloccupationsformenwouldbelabourersandmanualworkers,whereasthewomenwouldworkasmaidservantsandhomemakers.
Asinthepast,membersofthecommunityhaveoftenbeenexploitedbypeoplefromoutsideoftheslums,sotheytendtomistrustoutsiders.Thereisnocommunicationlinkbetweenthepeoplelivingintheslumsandgovernmentofficials.Mendointeractwithoutsiders,butwomenlackawarenessofgovernmentservicesandschemesandareafraidtomeetgovernmentofficials.Genderbeliefsholdthatwivesshouldobeytheirhusbands,andtheonlypowerwomenhaveistomanagethefamilyonwhateverfundstheirhusbandschoosetogivethem.
Thereareonly6communitydrylatrineswherehumanwastefallsintoanopenpit,and2latrineswithseptictanksconstructedbythemunicipalcorporation.However,these8latrineshaveallbecomeunserviceablebecauseofpoormaintenancebythemunicipalinfrastructures.Evensothebrokentoiletsarestillusedfordefecation,aswellasthepavementareaoropendrainsinfrontofthehouses.Thegeneratedwasteiscollectedfromthepitsandswepttothesidebypeopleofalowercaste.Thiscreatesahugemoundofhumanwaste,whichisahazardtocommunityhealth.Afterrainfall,thewastefloatsaroundinthestreetsandintothehomes,asthereisnodrainagesystem.
WomenfromViragupettaireport,“thenon-maintenanceofthelatrinescausesfaecalwormstogenerateandreproduce,andtheycanbefoundnearbythewatertaps,andeveninsidethewallsofourhouses”.Thepoorsanitationandcontaminatedwateraffectsallfamilieswithdisease,increasingnotonlytheirmedicalexpensesbutalsotheworkloadofwomenwhoneedtotakecarefortheill.
Localgovernmentdoesnotclearblockedlatrinecomplexesandifwasteorsanitationrelatedconstructionworkistobecarriedout,theydosowithoutinvolvingthecommunity.Alackofsupervisionhasledtounfinishedworkbutalsotonewtoiletsthatstayedlockedfortwoyears.Requeststolocalgovernmentsforbetterservicesweretonoavail.ThestateauthoritiesforurbanaffairsinTiruchirapallidistrictwantstostartaprogramme“NamakkuNameThittam”(WeforOurselves)toencouragepeoples’participationandtoempowerwomen,involvingNGOs.37
Step2:OpenDiscussion
Coneback intheplenaryand leteverygrouppresenttheir findings in5-10minutes.Discussthe findings and summarise the conclusions. Use the following questions to help guide thediscussion:
1.Whatarethegenderissuesinthiscase?
(Thinkofhowdifferentgroupsofpeoplewillbeorareaffecteddifferently,andwhowillbenefitfromproposeddevelopments,andwhowillbenegativelyimpacted.)
2.Whatstrategiesandapproachescantheprojectadopttoaddresstheseissues?
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Annexes
Evaluation
Toassessthevalueandapplicabilityofthetrainingtotheparticipants’work,toanalysetheefficiencyofappliedmethodsandtoolsandtounderstandhowfuturetrainingmayneedtobeadjustedtobestrespondtoparticipants’needs,evaluationattheendofthetrainingisrequired.Forthispurpose,preparefeedbackforms(sampleformprovidedbelow).Uponthecompletionofthetrainingdistributetheformsamongtheparticipants,collectandreviewthemandanalysethegivenresponses.
Trainingfeedbackform
Wewouldliketoreceivefeedbackregardingthetrainingyouhaveattended.Pleaseanswerthequestionsbelow.
Howdoyouratetherelevanceofthetrainingyouhaveattended(pleasemark)?
Veryrelevant Somehowrelevant Relevant Irrelevant
Pleaseratethefollowingbytickingtheappropriateboxbelow:
Verygood Good Fair Poor
Timing
Content
Methods
Facilitation
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1. Whichtopicsdidyoufindusefulforyourwork?Howdoyouhopetochangeyourpracticeasaresultofthistraining?
2. Whichtopicswereleastapplicableforyourwork?
3. Whatdidyoulikemostaboutthistraining?
4. Whataspectsofthetrainingcouldbeimproved?
5. Pleaseleaveanyothercommentsorsuggestionsthatyoumayhave:
Thank you for your response
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Glossaryofgenderterms
AccessandControl Productive,reproductiveandcommunityrolesrequiretheuseofresources.Ingeneral,womenandmenhavedifferentlevelsofbothaccess(theopportunitytomakeuseofsomething)totheresourcesneededfortheirwork,andcontrol(theabilitytodefineitsuseandimposethatdefinitiononothers)overthoseresources.
Culture Thedistinctivepatternsofideas,beliefs,andnorms,whichcharacterisethewayoflifeandrelationsofasocietyorgroupwithinasociety.
Discrimination(indirectordirect)
“Anydistinction,exclusionorrestrictionmadeonthebasisofsex…inthepolitical,economic,social,cultural,civiloranyotherfield.”38Directdiscriminationreferstoactsthatspecificallydiscriminatecertaingroupsinsociety.Indirectdiscriminationoccurswhenneutrallawsandrulesfailtoaddresstheunequalstartingpointofindividualstowhomthelawapplies.39
Empowerment Anincreaseinaperson’s“abilitytomakestrategiclifechoicesinacontextwherethisabilitywaspreviouslydeniedtothem.”40
Gender Identifiesthesocialrelationsbetweenmenandwomen.Itreferstotherelationshipbetweenmenandwomen,boysandgirls,andhowthisissociallyconstructed.Genderrolesaredynamic,changeovertimeandvarywithindifferentsocietiesandtraditions.
GenderAnalysis Genderanalysisistheprocessofanalysinginformationinordertoensurethatdevelopmentbenefitsandresourcesareeffectivelyandequitablytargetedtoallgenders,andtosuccessfullyanticipateandavoidanynegativeimpactsdevelopmentinterventionsmayhaveonwomenandmenoronexistinggenderrelations.Genderanalysisisconductedthroughavarietyoftoolsandframeworks.Itincludesamethodologyforcollectingandprocessinginformationaboutgender.
GenderAwareness Anunderstandingthattherearesociallydetermineddifferencesbetweenwomenandmenbasedonlearnedbehaviour,whichaffectsaccesstoandcontroloverresources.Thisawarenessneedstobeappliedthroughthegenderanalysisintoprojects,programmesandpolicies.
GenderBasedViolence Genderbasedviolenceisdefinedasanyactthatresultsinabodily,psychological,sexualand/oreconomicharmtosomebodyjustbecauseheisamanorsheisawoman.Suchactresultsinthedeprivationoffreedom,aviolationofotherrightsandhasnegativeconsequencesonthepersonaldevelopment.
Gender-blind Afailuretorecognisethatgenderisanessentialdeterminantofsocialoutcomesimpactingonprojects,programmesandpolicies.Agender-blindapproachassumesthatgenderisnotaninfluencingfactorinnearlyeveryactivity.
38ConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen(CEDAW).39Christodoulou,J.(edt.ByAnnaZobnina2009).2005.GlossaryofGender-relatedTerms.40CEDAW
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GenderDiscrimination Thesystematic,unfavourabletreatmentofindividualsonthebasisoftheirgender,whichdeniesthemrights,opportunitiesand/orresources.Women’sdifferentialaccesstopowerandcontrolofresourcesiscentraltothisdiscriminationinallinstitutionalspheres,i.e.thehousehold,education,community,market,andstate.
GenderDivisionofLabour
Thesociallydeterminedideasandpracticesthatdefinewhatrolesandactivitiesareseenasappropriateforwomenandmen,whattypesofworkcanmenandwomendo.Whilethegenderdivisionoflabourtendstobeseenasnaturalandimmutable,infact,theseideasandpracticesaresociallyconstructed.
GenderEquality Equalitybetweenmenandwomenreferstotheenjoymentofequalrights,opportunitiesandtreatmentbymenandwomenofallagesinallspheresoflifeandwork.Itimpliesthatallhumanbeingsarefreetodeveloptheirpersonalabilitiesandmakechoiceswithoutthelimitationssetbystereotypesandprejudicesaboutgenderrolesorthecharacteristicsofmenandwomen.Itmeansthatthedifferentbehaviour,aspirationsandneedsofwomenandmenareconsidered,valuedandfavouredequally.
GenderEquity Entailstheprovisionoffairnessandjusticeinthedistributionofbenefitsandresponsibilitiesbetweenwomenandmen.Theconceptrecognisesthatwomenandmenhavedifferentneedsandpowerandthatthesedifferencesshouldbeidentifiedandaddressedinamannerthatrectifiestheimbalancesbetweenthesexes(equalityofoutcomes).
GenderMainstreaming Theprocessofensuringthatwomenandmenhaveequalaccesstoandcontroloverresources,developmentbenefitsanddecision-making,atallstagesofdevelopmentprocess,projects,programmesorpolicy.Itmeanstheintegrationofequalityconcernsintoallpolicies,programmesandactivities.
GenderNeeds Leadingonfromthefactthatwomenandmenhavedifferingrolesbasedontheirgender,theywillalsohavedifferinggenderneeds.Theseneedscanbeclassifiedaseitherstrategicorpracticalneeds.
GenderPlanning Referstotheprocessofplanningdevelopmentalprogrammesandprojectsthataregendersensitiveandwhichtakeintoaccounttheimpactofdifferinggenderrolesandgenderneedsofwomenandmeninthetargetcommunityorsector.Itinvolvestheselectionofappropriateapproachestoaddressnotonlywomen’sandmen’spracticalneeds,butalsoidentifiesentrypointsforchallengingunequalrelations(i.e.strategicneeds)andforenhancingthegender-responsivenessofapolicydialogue.
GenderRelations Hierarchicalrelationsofpowerbetweenwomenandmenthattendtodisadvantagewomen.Thesegenderhierarchiesareoftenacceptedas‘natural’,butaresociallydeterminedrelations,culturallybased,andaresubjecttochangeovertime.Theycanbeseeninarangeofgenderedpractices,suchasthedivisionoflabourandresourcesandgenderedideologies,suchasideasofacceptablebehaviourforwomenandmen.
GenderRoles Learnedbehavioursinagivensociety/community,orothergroup,thatconditionwhichactivities,tasksandresponsibilitiesareperceivedasmaleandfemale.Genderrolesareaffectedbyage,class,race,ethnicity,religionandbythegeo-graphical,economicandpoliticalenvironment.Changesingenderrolesoftenoccurinresponsetochangingeconomic,naturalorpoliticalcircumstances,in-cludingdevelopmentefforts.Peopleofallgendersplaymultiplerolesinsociety.
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GenderSensitivity Encompassestheabilitytoacknowledgeandhighlightexistinggenderdifferences,issuesandinequalitiesandincorporatetheseintostrategiesandactions.
GenderStereotypes Stereotypesareastructuredsetofbeliefsaboutthepersonalattributes,behavioursandrolesofaspecificsocialgroup.Genderstereotypesarebiasedandoftenexaggeratedimagesofwomenandmenwhichareusedrepeatedlyineverydaylife.
Intersectionality Theunderstandingthattherearemultipleinterconnectedfactorsofdiscrimination(racism,sexism,homophobia,transphobia,xenophobia,classism,speciesism)affectingindividuals.Thesefactorsmakeupindividuals’experienceoftheworldandcannotbelookedatseparatelyfromanother.41
Patriarchy Systemicsocietalstructuresthatinstitutionalisemalephysical,socialandeconomicpoweroverwomen.Theconceptofpatriarchytriestoexplainthesystematicsubordinationofwomenbybothoverarchingandlocalisedstructures.Thesestructuresworktothebenefitofmenbyconstrainingwomen’slifechoicesandchances.
Resources Resourcescanbeeconomic:suchaslandorequipment,loansandcredits;political:suchasrepresentation,leadershipandlegalstructures;social:suchaschildcare,familyplanning,education;andalsotime—acriticalbutoftenscarceresource.
Sex Identifiesthebiologicaldifferencesbetweenmenandwomen,suchaswomengivingbirth,andmenprovidingsperm.Sexrolesareuniversal.
Sex-disaggregatedData Foragenderanalysis,alldatashouldbeseparatedbysexinordertoallowdifferentialimpactsonmenandwomentobemeasured.
Socialisation Itisaprocessofinformallearning,whichimpartscertainvalues,attitudes.Socialisationisacontinuousandlifelongprocessandseveralinstitutionsstartingwiththefamilyweareborninhelpinperpetuatinggenderbasedbehaviour.Oftenthesocialisationprocessissubtleandtheonlytimewerealiseitsworkingiswhenwegoagainsttheprescribednorms.
Women’sEmpowerment A‘bottom-up’processoftransforminggenderpowerrelations,throughindividualsorgroupsdevelopingawarenessofwomen’ssubordinationandbuildingtheircapacitytochallengeit.Empowermentissometimesdescribedasbeingabouttheabilitytomakechoices,butitmustalsoinvolvebeingabletoshapewhatchoicesareonoffer.Whatisseenasempoweringinonecontextmaynotbeinanother.
41Christodoulou,pp.19-20.
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Listofadditionalgendertrainingtools
GenderEqualityTraining:GenderMainstreamingToolkit
EuropeanInstituteforGenderEquality,2016
http://eige.europa.eu/rdc/eige-publications/gender-equality-training-gender-mainstreaming-toolkit
GenderMainstreaminginHigherEducationToolkit
INASP,2016
http://www.inasp.info/uploads/filer_public/93/f6/93f69fa7-5e2c-47df-824e-4606df9d5db8/inasp_gender_toolkit.pdf
MainstreamingGenderintoAgriculturalInnovationPlatforms
ForumforAgriculturalResearchinAfrica,2016
http://faraafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Mainstreaming-Gender-into-Agricultural-Innovation-Platforms.pdf
PacificGenderandClimateChangeToolkit
https://genderinsite.net/sites/default/files/pacificgenderclimatechange.pdf
LandAccessforWomenProgram(Vietnam)
InternationalCenterforResearchonWomen,2015
https://www.usaid.gov/vietnam/press-releases/feb-4-2016-training-toolkit-support-womens-access-land-rights-vietnam
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Listofreferences
- Ahmad,Nazir,GulcheenAqil,andIngridNyborg.TrainingManualforGenderAwareness/Sensitization
- WorkshopforCommunityRepresentatives.NLH/AKRSPHighAltitudeIntegratedNaturalResourceManagementProgram,2002.
- BureauofStrategicPlanning-SectionforWomenandGenderEquality.UNESCO’sGenderMainstreamingImplementationFramework(GMIF)for2002-2007.Paris,France:UNESCO,2007
- CEDAWCommittee.2010.ConcludingobservationsoftheCommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomen.46thSession.UNDocCEDAW/C/ALB/CO/3.
- Chege,Rose.ACurriculumfortheTrainingofTrainersinGenderMainstreaming.AfricanWomen’sDevelopmentandCommunicationNetwork,2007.
- Christodoulou,J.(edt.ByAnnaZobnina2009).2005.GlossaryofGender-relatedTerms.http://www.peacewomen.org/assets/file/AdvocacyEducationTools/genderglossary_migs_aug2005.pdf
- EngagingMenattheCommunityLevel.TheACQUIREProject/EngenderHealthandPromundo,2008
- FoodandAgricultureOrganization.BridgingtheGap:FAO’sprogrammeforgenderequalityinagricultureandruraldevelopment.Rome:FAOoftheUnitedNations,2009
- GenderAwarenessTrainingonConceptsandTerminologies,Manualforstaffandresourcepartners.Liberia:CivilSocietyandMediaLeadershipProgram,2016.
- GenderandDevelopmentProgramme,UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(GIDP/UNDP):UNDPLearningandInformationPack-GenderMainstreaming,June2000.
- GenderandFoodSecurityToolkit.WECF-Alga,2013.
- GenderMainstreamingTrainingModulesforCivilSocietyOrganizationandLocalGovernments/PictureofWomenandMen,BoysandGirls,DisabledPlanningTogether.CouncilforEconomicEmpowermentforWomenofAfrica-UgandaChapter(CEEWA-Uganda),2009
- GlossaryofKeyGenderTermsandConcepts.WorldMeteorologicalOrganization.https://public.wmo.int/en/resources/gender-equality.
- Manualforflexibleandtailor-madeCapacityBuilding,TrainingandCoachingonGenderandWater.GWA2016.
- Module1:Gender,conceptsandapproachestomainstreaminggenderinSDGs.GWA.
- MinistryofGender,ChildrenandSocialDevelopmentofKenya.TrainingManualonGenderMainstreaming.DepartmentofGenderandSocialDevelopment,2008.
- MinistryofGenderandFamilyPromotion.GenderTrainingModule.Rwanda:2011.
- PRAToolBox.InConductingaPRATrainingandModifyingPRAToolstoYourNeeds.AnExamplefromaParticipatoryHouseholdFoodSecurityandNutritionProjectinEthiopia.Ethiopia:FAOoftheUnitedNations,1999.http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x5996e/x5996e06.htm.
- Reeves,HazelandSallyBaden.GenderandDevelopment:ConceptsandDefinitions.Brighton:InstituteofDevelopmentStudies,UniversityofSussex,2000.
- Siwal,B.R.BasicFrameworkandStrategyforGenderTraining.NewDelhi,India:WDDivision,NIPCCD,2005.
- TrainingPackage#1/InterpersonalGrowthandGenderinGroups/Module#3GenderandDevelopment,GenderRoles.CanadaNepalGenderinOrganizationsProject,2008.
- UNFPAandWorldYWCA.EmpoweringYoungWomentoChange.WorldYWCA,2006.
- WVIGenderandDevelopment.GenderTrainingToolkit,2nded.CA,USA:WorldVisionInternational,2008.
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WECF The Netherlands
Korte Elisabethstraat 6 NL - 3511 JG Utrecht, The Netherlands Tel.: +31 - 30 – 231 03 00 Fax: +31 - 30 – 234 08 78
www.wecf.org
WECF e.V.
St.-Jakobs-Platz 10D - 80331 Munich, GermanyTel.: +49 - 89 – 232 39 38 - 0Fax: +49 - 89 – 232 39 38 - 11
WECF France
Cité de la Solidarité Internationale 13 avenue Emile Zola74100 Annemasse, FranceTel.: +33 - 0 -450 834 810
This manual addresses trainers of gender trainings in order to assist them in designing their individual training sessions and in choosing relevant exercises to deepen the learning experience of participants. The aim is to ensure that parti-cipants of a respective trainings get an introductory knowledge on the subject, and start to reflect on gender issues and determine how these issues should be addressed within the context of their work related to sustainable development. Conducting gender trainings according to the proposed scenarios will promote gender-responsive, result-oriented planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating of activities, programmes and policies. The presented tools and exer-cises can also be helpful in enhancing leadership skills.
Titel.indd 2 18.01.18 14:08