english tot

8/4/2019 English Tot

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1.ALPHABETH(alfabet)

A(ei);B(bi);C(si);D(di);E(i:);F(ef);G(d3i);H(eits);I(ai);J(d3ei);K(kei);L(el);M(em);N(en);O(ou);P(pi);Q(kju);R(a:);S(es);T(ti);U(ju);V(vi);W(dablju);X(eks);Y

wai);Z(zed).2. THE NOUN (substantivul)

Tipuri: a) comune: concrete (chair, table); abstracte (love, beauty); colective (government); numarabile (eggs, apples, chairs, pens, books, bags, boys,adios..); nenumarabile: (sugar, coffee, cheese, butter, water, lemonade, tea, bread, milk, meat, chocolate, salt, pepper, fish, silver/gold/ironetc, peace,

nger/love, money,snow, soap,furniture,petrol, oil, information, news, smoke, music, Europe, football, youth, fun, light, knowledge..) si b) proprii (Ann,America)

Genuri. a) masculin - men, boy b) feminin woman, girl c) neutru table, joyCazuri. a) nominativ. The boys are playing tennis (who). He is a doctor (what). b) genitiv. The boys exercices are corect (whose). c) dativ. He told the

hild a story (to whom). d) acuzativ. I saw a boy in the street (whom/what)Pluralul (-s).

).Daca cuvantul se termina ins,ss,sh,ch,x,o, la plural avem es. Ex: bus-buses; glass-glasses; brush-brushes; ostrich-ostriches;box-boxes;tomato-tomatoes.

).Daca cuvantul se termina in consoana +y, la plural avem ies. Ex: lady-ladies.).Daca cuvantul se termina in vocala +y, la plural avem s. Ex: boy-boys.).Daca cuvantul se termina in -f sau -fe, la pl avem -ves, dupa ce indepartam -f sau -fe. Ex: leaf-leaves; knife-knives. Exceptii: roof-roofs; chief-hiefs; handkerchief-handkerchiefs; proof-proofs.

).Plurale neregulate: man-men; woman-women; child-children; foot-feet; tooth-teeth; goose-geese; mouse-mice; fish-fish; sheep-sheep; person-people; deer-eer; ox-oxen; louse(paduche)-lice.

3. THE ARTICLE (articolul)

) Articolul Nedefinit A-AN

A: In fata cuvintelor ce incep cu consoane. Ex: a boy (un baiat). Exceptie: Se poate folosi A in fata unui cuvant care incepe cu U, daca cuvantul sepronunta cu sunetul Y , de ex: A UNIFORM

AN: In fata cuvintelor ce incep cu vovale. Ex: an apple (un mar); an organ (o orga). Exceptie: Se poate folosi AN in fata unui cuvant care incepe cuH, daca cuvantul se pronunta cu sunetul H tacut , de ex: AN HOUR.

Folosim A/AN doar la cu singularul substantivelor.

A/AN nu se foloseste in fata substantivelor nenumarabile. Nu spui a bread, a butter, a meat. Pentru acelea se foloseste SOME. Spui some bread etcOME ANY

Substantive nenumarabile Substantive numarabile

Sg Pl

Affirmative There is some bread. (Acolo este niste paine). There are some tomatoes. (Acolo sunt niste rosii.)

Negative There isnt any bread. (Acolo nu este nici o paine) There arent any tomatoes.( Acolo nu este nici o rosie.)

nterrogative Is there any bread? (Acolo nu este nici o paine?) Are there any tomatoes? (Acolo nu este nici o rosie?)

Folosim SOME in propozitii afirmative, indiferent daca substantivele sunt numarabile sau nenumarabile.Folosim ANY in propozitii interogative sau negative, indiferent daca substantivele sunt numarabile sau nenumarabile.

Exceptii: a) folosim SOME in propozitii interogative pt a face oferte, cand anticipam un da. Ex: would you like some tea?b) folsim ANY in propozitii positive cand are sensul de nu conteaza care. Ex: Get any book you like!

) Articolul definit THE

The chair / the chairs (scaunul/scaunele), pronuntat cu (th) si the armchair (fotoliul), pronuntat cu (thi).

Il folosim cu substantive unice. Ex: The Acropole; in fata numelor de rauri (The Amazon); mari; insule; munti; deserturi; canale; de tari ce includ cuvinte ca

tate, kingdom, republic (The United Kingdom); teatre; muzee; newspapers/magazines; ships;instrumente muzicale (the piano); dansuri (the tango);nstitutions; galerii; substantive cu of(The Statue of Liberty); numele de familie (The Browns); la exprimarea nationalitatilor (the italians); titluri (the

Queen); a cuvintelor station/cinema/pub/library/city/village; even istorice (the renaissance); la superlatic (the most beautiful).

Nu se foloseste cu substantive proprii (Nu spui The Adrian) sau cu adjective posesive (Nu spui The her father )

4. NUMBERS(numerale)

A) CARDINALE. 0 zero; 1 one; 2 two; 3 three; 4 four; 5 five;6 six ; 7 seven; 8 eight; 9 nine ; 10 ten; 11 eleven; 12 twelve ; 13 thirteen; 14 fourteen; 15

fteen; 16 sixteen; 17 seventeen; 18 eighteen; 19 nineteen; 20 twenty ; 21 twenty-one ; 30 thirty; 40 forty; 50 fifty; 60 sixty; 70 seventy; 80 eighty; 90 ninety;9 ninety-nine; 100 one hundred; 200 two hundred; ;900 nine hundred; 1,000 one thousand; 2,000 two thousand; 10,000 ten thousand; 11,000 eleven

housand; 20,000 twenty thousand; 21,000 twenty-one thousand; 100,000 one hundred thousand; 999,000 nine hundred ninety-nine thousand; 1,000,000ne million; 10,000,000 ten million; 1,000,000,000 one milliard / one billion) ORDINALE. The first, second,third,fourth,fifth,sixth...twenty-first, fifty-second, seventy-third, eighty-forth.. Adica 1st , 2nd,3rd,4th...

C) FRACTIONAR. a) fractie ordinara 5/9se citeste five-ninth. b) fractie zecimala 1.32 se citeste one point three two.

D) MULTIPLICATIV. single, double/twofold, triple/threefold, fourfold,tenfold...) DISTRIBUTIV. one at a time, two at a time, three at a time=unul odata, 2 odata, 3 odata ;;;;;;; one by one, two by two= unul cate unul, 2 cate 2, 3 cate

;;;;; by twos, by threes, by tens=cate 2, cate 3, cate 10;;;;;;;;by the dozen, by the hundred, by de million=cu duzina, cu suta, cu milionul...

5. PREPOSITIONS(prepozitii)

Partea de vorbire ce se fol ca elem de leg intre 2 cuv care nu au aceeasi functie sintactica.

) Of place (de loc)

ON=pe IN/inside=in/in interiorul UNDER=sub BEHIND=dupa AT=la

ETWEEN=intre NEAR =langa NEXT TO / BY/ BESIDE=de langa

IN FRONT OF= in fata OPPOSITE=opus

ABOVE = deasupra, de mai sus BELOW = de mai jos/sub INTO=in/la AROUND = imprejurul AMONG=printre

) Of time (de timp). Arata cand se intampla ceva.

IN AT ON

n the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, inuly (months), in summer (seasons), in 1991 (years),n the 21th century

At 8 oclock, at Eid, at night, at midnight, at Easter,at the weekend, at the moment, at noon, at present

On Sundays (days of the week), on August2nd, on Christmas Day, on Friday afternoon,on a cold day, on a summer night

On time=la timpul stabilit; In time=suficient de devreme, nu intarziat; at8.30= exact la acel ceas; by 8.30=nu mai tarziu de.) Of movement (de miscare)

OFF=a fi in afara subiectului; OUT OF=afara din; ONTO=pe; THROUGH = prin; UP=in sus/la deal; DOWN=in jos/la vale; OVER=peste (pe deasupra);ALONG=de-alungul; ACROSS=peste (traversand); FROMTO=de laspre; TOWARDS/TO= in directia lui

) Altele: ABOARD(la bord); AGAINST(contra); AMID(in mijlocul); BENEATH(dedesupt); BEYOND(dincolo de); CONCERNING(in ceea ce priveste);DESPITE(in ciuda a); DURING(in decursul); EXCEPT(cu exceptia); MINUS(minus, fara); OFF(afara,deoparte); PER(pe); REGARDING(privitor la);

ROUND(circular/de jur imprejur); TILL(pana la); UNDERNEATH(de jos/inferior); UNTIL(in/pana la); UNTO(catre/spre); UPON(pe); VERSUS(contra);VIA(prin); WITH(cu).


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6.THE CONJUNCTION (conjunctia)

Partea de vorbire ce se fol ca elem de leg intre 2 cuv care au aceeasi functie sintactica, sau 2 propozitii de acelasi fel, sau regenta de subordonata.) Copulative. Folosim AND pt a uni 2 idei similare. Ex: He is tall. He is thin. ----He is tall and thin.

...si folosim BUT pt a uni 2 idei diferite. Ex: I can dance. I cant sing. ---I can dance but I cant sing.ESIDES (de altfel/in afara de aceasta); FURTHER(in plus/suplimentar); FURTHERMORE(in plus); AS WELL AS(la fel ca); NO LESS THAN(nu mai mic

a); BOTH...AND(atat..cat si); NEITHER..NOR(nici..); NOT ONLY...BUT OLSO(nu doar..ci si).) Disjunctive. Folosim ORpt a uni 2 posibilitati. Ex: I can come now. I can come tomorrow. ---I can come now or tomorrow.

ELSE(alt); OR ELSE(ca de nu); OTHERWISE(altminteri); EITHER..OR(sau exclusiv)) Concluzive. ACCORDINGLY(corespunzator/deci); CONSEQUENTLY(in consecinta); HENCE(asadar/deci); SO(asa); SO THEN(deci); THEREFORE

asadar); THEN(apoi/atunci); FOR THAT REASON(pt acest motiv); ON THAT ACCOUNT(pe acest calcul); THAT IS WHY(iata de ce)) Explicative. Folosim BECAUSE ca sa oferim o motivatie. Ex: Why are you late? Because my car didnt work

AS(cum/deoarece); FOR(caci); NAMELY(si anume); FOR EXAMPLE(de exemplu); FOR INSTANCE(de exemplu); SUCH AS(ca de pilda); THAT

S(adica); VIZ.(si anume); LET US SAY(sa zicem).

7. PRONUME SI EXPRIMAREA POSESIEI

A) Personal Pronouns

(pronume personal)

Possessive Adjectives

(adjectiv posesiv)

B) Poseessive Pronouns

(pronume posesiv)

C) Reflexive Pronouns

(pronume reflexiv)

nainte de verb,a subiect

Dupa verb,ca obiect

Urmate de substantive Neurmate de substantive La Diateza reflexive, subiectulface actiunea si o si sufera

=euYou=tu

He=elhe=ea=el/ea..

We=noi

You=voi

hey=ei/ele

Me = mie, miYou = tie, ti

Him=lui,iHer=ei,iIt=lui/eiUs = noua,ne,

You=voua, dv

Them = lor, dansilor

My = meu/mea/mele/mei.Your = tau/ta/tale/tai.

His = lui/eiHer = lui/eiIts = lui/eiOur = nostru, noastra

Your = vostru, voastra

Their = lor

Mine = al meu/a meaYours = al tau/a ta

His = al lui/ a luiHer = al ei/a ei-----------------Ours = al nostru, a noastra

Yours = al vostru, a voastra

Theirs = al lor, a lor

Myself=pe mineYourself=pe tine

Himself=pe elHerself=pe eaItself=pe el/eaOurselves=pe noi

Yourselves=pe voi

Themselves=pe ei/ele like fish. Tell me a story. It is my dog. That girl is mine. I wash myself.

*Cand e asezat dupa un

substantiv, e precedat deprepozitia to:Tell a

story to me.

*Posesivitatea pt lucruri se foloseste

cu OF. Ex: The trunkofthe tree.(Desi sunt si exceptii, cand OF se

fol pt oameni: She is a friend ofmine/hers/theirs..)

*Se fol la sfarsitul propozitiei

) Alte modalitati de exprimare a posesiei

POSSESSIVE CASE cu s/s POSSESIVE CASE cu OF

) Ex1: David is Elsas husband. Whose father is David? Bob and Marys.

He is Alices uncle, too. * Ex2: Whose hat is it? Its Mikes.) Singular pt subst regulate: The boys ball ( mingea baiatului);

) Singular pt subst neregulate: mans hand

) Plural pt subst regulate : the boys balls ( mingiile baietilor);) Plural pt subst neregulate: the men hats.

a) OF+numele lucrului. Ex: the windows of the house

b) OF+POSSESIVE CASE. Ex: Thats a friend of Marys.c) OF+POSSESSIVE PRONOUN. Ex: Ive got a bookof yours.

D) Pronumele Demonstrativ: THIS/THESE THAT/THOSE

De apropiere (near) Sg: THIS=acesta/aceasta

Pl: THESE=acestia/acestea

De departare (far) Sg: THAT=acela/aceea

Pl: THOSE=aceia/acelea

) Pronumele Interogativ.Who=cine; Whose=al/a/ai/ale/cui; Towhom=cui; Who(m)=pe cine/pe care/cu cine/cu care; Whichof=care dintre; What=care

. Indefinite Pronouns (pronume nehotarat)

pozitiv Interogativ negativ

ameni Someone=careva/cineva

Somebody= cineva

Anyone=careva/oricare/nimeni

Anybody =cineva/oricine/nimeni

No one/ not anyone=nici unul/o

Nobody/not anybody=nimeniucruri Something=ceva Anything=ceva/orice/nimic Nothing/not anything=nimic

ocuri Somewhere=undeva Anywhere=undeva/oriunde Nowhere/not anywhere=nicaieri

Ex: Is there anybody in the kitchen? Yes, there is somebody in the kitchen; but there is nobody in the bedroom and there is not anybody in the living roomither.

G. Alte Pronume

BOTH. Se refera la 2 oameni sau 2 lucruri. Are un sens pozitiv si ia verbul la plural. Ex: Tom is rich. Laura is rich, too. Both of them are rich / Theyre both rich.

* ALL. Se refera la mai mult de 2 oameni sau 2 lucruri. Are un sens pozitiv si ia verbul la plural. Ex: John, Ann and Mary are students / All of themre students. They are all students.

NEITHER. Se refera la 2 oameni sau 2 lucruri. Are un sens negativ si ia verbul la singular sau la plural. Ex. Tom isnt poor. Laura isnt poor either.Neither of them is/are poor.

NONE. Se refera la mai mult de 2 oameni sau 2 lucruri.Are un sens negativ si ia verbul la singular sau plural. Ex: John, Mary and Ann havent got a car.

None of them has/have a car.ANOTHER. Se fol in fata subst numarabile cu sensul inca unul. Ex: I like this shirt. Im going to buy another one.OTHER. Se fol in fata subst la plural cand ne referim la unul diferit. Ex: Jim likes traveling and learning about other cultures.

THE OTHER. Se fol in fata subst la sg sau la pl cu sensul cel scapat. Ex: The police arrested one man but the other one got away.SO. Se fol pt a exprima ca se agreeaza cu cele afirmate in propozitia afirmativa. Ex: Theyre decorating their house this week. So we are.

NEITHER/NOR. Se fol pt a exprima ca se agreeaza cu cele afirmate in propozitia negative. Ex: Kate doesnt eat fish. Neither/nor do I.

8. ADJECTIVES (adjective)

An adjectivele describu un substantiv. Ex: It is an old book; A lion is a wild animal.


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Adjectivele raman la fel la plural. Ex: They are old books. (Nu se spune - there olds books).Adjectives pot sta inaintea unui substantive Ex: John is a tall man, sau dupa verbul to be Ex: John is tall.

A. COMPARATIA ADJECTIVELOR SCURTE (monosilabice sau bisilabice)

POZITIV COMPARATIV SUPERLATIV

De inferioritate

(nu asa de..ca)

De egalitate

(tot asa deca)

De superioritate

(maidecat)

Relativ

(cel/cea mai)

Absolut

(foarte)

.big

.clean

.happy

Not so/as big as

Not so/as clean asNot so/as happy as

As big as

As clean asAs happy as

Bigger

CleanerHappier

The biggest

The cleanestThe happiest

Very big

Very cleanVery happy

. COMPARATIA ADJECTIVELOR LUNGI


De inferioritate

(nu asa de..ca)

De egalitate

(tot asa deca)

De superioritate

(maidecat)

Relativ

(cel/cea mai)

Absolut

(foarte)

.beautiful Not so/as beautiful as As beautiful as More beautiful than The most beautiful Very beautiful

C. COMPARATIA ADJECTIVELOR NEREGULATE


De inferioritate

(nu asa de..ca)

De egalitate

(tot asa deca)

De superioritate

(maidecat)

Relativ

(cel/cea mai)

Absolut

(foarte)

.good/well

.bad/ill

.little

.fewmuch/many

.old

.far

.near

.fore0. late

1.hind

Not so/as good as As good as Better than

Worse thanLesser

FewerMore

Older/elderFarther/further

NearerFormerLater/latter

Hinder

The best

The worstThe least

The fewestThe most

The oldest/eldestThe farthest/furthest

The nearest/nextThe foremost/firstThe latest/last

Thehindmost/hindermost

Very good

Adjectivele neregulate nu respecta regula in cazul comparativului de superioritate si al superlativului relative; la celelalte forme, regula e aceeasi ca la A si B.

Reguli: a) big-bigger/biggest b) nice-nicer/nicest c) lazy-lazier/laziest (Exceptii: shy-shyer;sly-slyer;dry-dryer;wry-wryer )

9. ADVERB

Adverbele descriu verbe. Ex: He is eating his lunch quickly.

Noi formam adverbul adaugand -ly adjectivului. Ex: careful carefully; loud loudly; easy easily.

Atentie: tragic-tragically; horrible-horribly; sleepy-sleepily.

Sunt si cateva exceptii. Ex: good-well; fast fast; hard hard.) DE FREGVENTA. * AF ne spun cat de des ceva se intampla: ALWAYS(intotdeauna), USUALLY(de obicei), OFTEN(de multe ori/adesea),

OMETIMES (uneori / cateodata), RARELY/SELDOM(rareori), NEVER(niciodata).Folosim AF inainte sau dupa vb-ul principal. Ex : She usually comes early.

Folosim AF inainte sau dupa vb-ul to be. Ex: He is rarely late.

) DE MOD. FAST(rapid); HARD(greu); BADLY(rau/teribil);EASILY(usor);CERTAINLY(cu siguranta); KINDLY(amabil); SURELY(cu siguranta);

O(asa); SLOWLY(incet); WELL(bine).

) DE LOC. ABOVE(deasupra), ABROAD(afara), AWAY(departe), BEFORE(inainte), BEHIND(dinapoi), BELOW(de jos), BETWEEN(dintre),

Y(langa); DOWNSTAIRS(jos pe scari); UPSTAIRS(sus pe scari); FAR(departe); NEAR(aproape); HENCE(asadar); HERE(aici); THERE(acolo); IN(in);

OUT(afara); INSIDE(inauntru/interior); OUTSIDE(afara/exterior); OVER(deasupra); UNDER(dedesubt); WITHIN(inauntru); WITHOUT(fara);

ACKWARDS(inapoi/indarat); DOWNWARDS(in jos); UPWARDS(in sus); EASTWARD(la est); WESTWARD(la vest); NORTHWARD(la nord);

OUTHWARD(la sud); HOMEWARD(spre casa); ONWARD(inainte); WHERE(unde); WHEREVER(oriunde); ANYWHERE(oricare); ELSEWHERE

aiurea); EVERYWHERE(peste tot); NOWHERE(nicaieri); SOMEWHERE(undeva)

) DE TIMP. AFTER(dupa); AFTERWARDS(dupa aceea); AGO(in urma); ALREADY(deja); BEFORE(inainte); DAILY(zilnic); EARLY(devreme);VER(vreodata); FIRST(intai); GENERRALY(in general); IMMEDIATELY(imediat); INSTANTLY(instant); LATE(tarziu); LATELY(de curand);

AST(ultim); LASTLY(in sfarsit); MEANWHILE(intre timp); NEVER(niciodata); NOW(acum); OCCASIONALLY(ocazional); OFTEN(adesea); ONCE

candva); PRESENTLY(indata); RARELY(rar); RECENTLY(recent); SELDOM(rareori); SINCE(din); SOMETIMES(cateodata); SOON(curand); STILL

nca); THEN(atunci); TODAY(azi); TOMORROW(maine); WEEKLY(saptamanal); YET(inca); YESTERDAY(ieri); A WEEK/YEARAGO(o sapt in

rma); LAST WEEK (saptamana trecuta).; TODAY WEEK(azi o saptamana); TOMORROW WEEK(maine o saptamana).

) DE CAUZA/SCOP (raspund la intrebarea WHY(de ce); CONSEQUENTLY(); HENCE(); FOR THAT(); FOR THAT REASON(); SO(); SO THAT();

HAT IS WHY(); THEREFORE().

INTRODUCTIVE. ACCORDINGLY(in consecinta); CONSEQUENTLY(in consecinta/deci); HOWEVER(oricu,/totusi); THEREFORE(asadar/ prin

rmare); IN ANY CASE(in nici un caz); OF COURSE(desigur).

) EXPLICATIVE. AS(asa cum); NAMELY(adica/si anume); SUCH AS (asa/atat de)

)CANTITATIVE. ABOUT(cam); ALMOST(aproape); ANY(ceva); ALTOGHETHER(cu totul); AS(in masura in care); BUT(dar); COMPLETELY

complet); ENOUGH(suficient); ENTIRELY(intreg); EVEN(chiar); EXCEEDINGLY(excesiv); EXTREMELY(extrem); FAR(cu mult); HALF(jumatate);

HARDLY(anevoie); LITTLE(putin); LESS(mai putin); LEAST(cel mai putin); MUCH(mult); MORE(mai mult); MOST(cel mai mult); MOSTLY(de cele

mai multe ori); NEARLY(aproape/indeaproape); ONLY(doar); PARTLY(in oarecare masura); PRETTY(destul de); QUITE(complet); RATHER(destul de);

CARCELY(abia); SOMEWHAT(oarecat); SUFFICIENTLY(suficient); TOO(prea); UTTERLY(absolut); VERY(foarte); WELL(cat trebuie); WHOLLY(cu

otul).

ALTELE. YES(da); INDEED(intr-adevar); DOUBTLESS(fara indoiala); CERTAINLY(cert); TRULY(cu adevarat); VERILY(cu sinceritate); MAYBE

poate); PERHAPS(probabil); POSSIBLY(posibil); PROBABLY(probabil); NAY(arhaic)/NO/NOT(nu); NEVER(niciodata); HARDLY(anevoie);

CARCELY(abia).


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). LOCUTIUNILE ADVERBIALE. AFTER ALL(dupa toate); AT ALL(totdeauna); AT FIRST(dintai); AT LARGE(in general); AL LEAST(barem); AT

RESENT(actualmente); AT RANDOM(la intamplare); BY ALL MEANS(musai, negresit); BY NO MEANS(nicidecum); BY THE WAY(apropo); IN

ACT(de fapt); IN GENERAL(in general); IN PARTICULAR(in particular); IN SHORT(in scurt); IN VAIN(in van); NOT AT ALL(deloc); OF COURSE

desigur); OF OLD(odinioara); TOPSY-TURVY(deavalma); UPSIDE DOWN(cu susul in jos); BY AND BY(indata); TO AND FRO(dus si intors/inainte si

napoi).

) NOTE

SINCE e fol pt a exprima un punct de pornire. Ex: Ive know Ann since Octomber.

FORe fol pt a exprima o per de timp. Ex: Ive known Mary for 2 months.

YET e fol in intrebari si negatii. Ex: Have you met him yet? I havent met him yet.

ALREADY e folosit in declaratii si intrebari. Ex: Ive already posted the letters.

JUST se fol cu PRESENT PERFECT. Ex: Ive just called the doctor.

JUST NOW se fol cu PAST SIMPLE. Ex: He left just now.

10. VERBUL

A. Timpul: trecut, prezent si viitor.

B. Modul:1. Personal (predicativ): Indicativ (forme de prezent, trecut si viitor). Subjonctiv (s ). Conditional (a ). Imperativul.

2. Impersonal: Infinitiv. Participiu. Gerund.

1. Personal (predicativ): Indicativ (forme de prezent, trecut si viitor).

Forme de prezent:PRESENT SIMPLE

Affirmative Negative Interogative + Short answers

Long/short form Long form Short form

eat = eu mananc I do not eat= eu nu mananc I dont eat Do I eat? = eu mananc? Yes, I do. No, I dont.

You eat = tu mananci You do not eat = You dont eat Do You eat ?= tu mananci?

He eats= el mananca He does not eat = He doesnt eat Does He eat? = el mananca? Yes, he does. No, he doesnt.

he eats = ea mananca She does not eat = She doesnt eat Does She eat? = ea mananca? Yes, she does. No, she doesnt.

eats = el/ea mananca It is does eat = It doesnt eat Does It eat?= el/ea mananca? Yes, it does. No, it doesnt.

We eat = noi mancam We do not eat = We dont eat Do We eat? = noi mancam? Yes, we do. No, we dont.

You eat = voi mancati You do not eat = You dont eat Do You eat ? = voi mancati?

hey eat = ei/ele mananca They do not eat = They dont eat DoThey eat?= ei/ele mananca? Yes, they do. No, they dont.

Noi folosim PS pt actiuni repetate sau pentru situatii permanente. Ex: Tom is student. He goes to school every day.Expresii folosite cu PS: USUALLY(de obicei); ALWAYS(intotdeauna); OFTEN(adesea); NEVER (niciodata); EVERYDAY/YEAR/(in fiecare zi/an

tc)/FRIDAYS/TEN OCLOCK, ON MONDAYS ; ONCE A WEEK (odata pe saptamana); TWICE A WEEK (de 2 ori pesaptamana ); IN THEMORNING/EVENING/AFTERNOON, AT NIGHT/THE WEEKEND .

* Regulipt persoana 3-a singular pt verbele ce se termina in:Ss,sh,ch,x,o --- es

x: I kiss he kisses; I go he goes; I do he does.

Consoana+y ---- ies

Ex: I cry ----- he cries

Vocala +y -----s

Ex: I play ---- he plays

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RESENT CONTINUOUS

Affirmative Negative Interogative+ Short answers

Long form Short form Long form Short form

am eating =eu mananc Im eating I am not eating= eu nu mananc Im not eating Am I eating?

You are eating =tu mananci Youre eating You are not eating You arent eating Are You eating? Yes, I am. No, Im not.

He is eating =el mananca Hes eating He is not eating He isnt eating Is He eating? Yes, he is. No, he/she/it isnt.

he is eating =ea mananca Shes eating She is not eating She isnt eating Is She eating? Yes, she is. No, she isnt.

is eating=el/ea mananca Its eating It is not eating It isnt eating Is It eating? Yes, it is. No, it isnt.

We are eating =noi mancam Were eating We are not eating We arent eating Are We eating? Yes, we are. No, we arent.You are eating = voi mancati Youre eating You are not eating You arent eating Are You eating?

hey are eating =ei/ele mananca Theyre eating They are not eating They arent eating Are They eating? Yes, they are. No, theyarent.

Noi folosim PC pt actiuni/stari temporare sau pt actiuni care se intampla acum, in momentul vorbirii.De asemenea noi folosim urmatoarele imperative cu PC: Look! Listen!NOW(acum), AT PRESENT, AT THE MOMENT, TODAY; TONIGHT; THIS WEEK; TOMORROW; sunt folosite cu PC;*Reguli pt -ing: a) work working; b) cut cutting; stop stopping; run-running ; c) write writing; dive diving; see-seeing; d) play playing ; flyflying; e) lie-lying

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PRESENT PERFECT

A) Pt verbele regulate.



have walked =eu am plimbat Ive walked I have not walked I havent walked Have I walked? = am eu?

Yes, I have. No, I havent.

You have walked =tu ai plimbat Youve walked You have not walked You havent walked Have You walked ?= ai tu?

Yes, you have. No, you havent.

He has walked =el a plimbat Hes walked He has not walked He hasnt walked Has He walked? = are el?

Yes, he has. No, he hasnt.

he has walked =ea a plimbat Shes walked She has not walked She hasnt walked Has She walked? = are ea?


5/13

Yes, she has. No, she hasnt.

has walked =el/ea a plimbat Its walked It has not walked It hasnt walked Has It walked?=are el/ea?Yes, it has. No, it hasnt.

We have walked=noi am plimbat Weve walked We have not walked We havent walked Have We walked? =avem noi?Yes,we have. No, we havent

You have walked =voi ati plimbat Youve walked You have not walked You havent walked Have You walked? = aveti voi?Yes, you have. No, you havent.

hey have walked=ei/ele au plimbat Theyve walked They have not walked They havent walked Have They walked?= au ei/ele?Yes, they have. No, they havent.

Reguli de spelling: ca la PAST SIMPLE (Verbe regulate).

B) Pt verbele neregulate(coloana a 3-a din lista, participiu trecut)

Affirmative Negative Interogative + Short answersLong form Short form Long form Short form

have eaten =eu am mancat Ive eaten I have not eaten I havent eaten Have I eaten ? = am eu? Yes, I have. No, I havent.

You have eaten =tu ai mancat Youve eaten You have not eaten You haventeaten

Have You eaten ?= ai tu? Yes, you have. No, you havent.

He has eaten =el a mancat Hes walked He has not eaten He hasnt eaten Has He eaten? = are el? Yes, he has. No, he hasnt.

he has eaten =ea a mancat Shes eaten She has not eaten She hasnt eaten Has She eaten? = are ea? Yes, she has. No, she hasnt.

has eaten =el/ea a mancat Its eaten It has not eaten It hasnt eaten Has It eaten?=are el/ea? Yes, it has. No, it hasnt.

We have eaten =noi am

mancat

Weve eaten We have not eaten We havent eaten Have We eaten? =avem noi? Yes,we have. No, we havent

You have eaten =voi atimancat

Youve eaten You have not eaten You haventeaten

Have You eaten? = aveti voi? Yes, you have. No, youhavent.

hey have eaten =ei/ele au

mancat

Theyve eaten They have not eaten They havent

eaten

Have They eaten?= au ei/ele? Yes, they have. No, they

havent.Folosim PPpt a arata o actiune care s-a desfasurat intr-un trecut apropiat, este nedefinita in timp si are legatura cu prezentul, sau se desfasoara si in present.Ex1: The Smiths HAVE BOUGHT a new house. (Cand au cumparat-o nu stim..);Ex2: She HAS BEEN a student at this school for 2 years (ea a venit la acea scoala acum 2 ani si e inca acolo studenta)

Se traduce de cele mai multe ori cu perfectul compus, dar si cu prezentul.Expresii temporale folosite cu PP a) ALREADY/deja (I have already cooked dinner. Have you already eaten?) b) YET/inca (Have you spoken to him yet?havent spoken to him yet) c) JUST/doar ce (I have just finished my homework). d) EVER/vreodata (Have you ever visited Paris? Its the most beautiful

ity I have ever visited). e) RECENTLY/recent (He has recently bought a new car) f) SO FAR/pana acum (Ive typed 10 letters so far). g) NEVER/iciodata (I have never seen a lion). h)SINCE/de (Shes been ill since Monday). i)FOR/de (Shes been ill for 2 days).j) HOW LONG/cat de mult.

)LATELY l)THIS year/week.. j)ONCE k)SEVERAL TIMES.

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RESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS


Long form Short form Long form Short formhave been working = eu muncesc Ive been working I have not been

workingI havent been working Have I been working?

Yes, I have. No, I havent.

You have been working = tumuncesti

Youve been working You have not beenworking

You havent beenworking

Have You been working ?Yes, you have. No, you havent.

He has been working =el munceste Hes been working He has not beenworking

He hasnt been working Has He been working?Yes, he has. No, he hasnt.

he has been working =ea munceste Shes been working She has not beenworking

She hasnt beenworking

Has She been working?Yes, she has. No, she hasnt.

has been working =el/ea munceste Its been working It has not beenworking

It hasnt been working Has It been working?Ye s, it has. No, it hasnt.

We have been working = noi muncim Weve been working We have not beenworking

We havent beenworking

Have We been working?Yes,we have. No, we havent

You have been working =voi munciti Youve been working You have not been

working

You havent been

working

Have You been working?

Yes, you have. No, you havent.hey have been working =ei/ele

muncesc.Theyve been working They have not been

workingThey havent beenworking

Have They been working?Yes, they have. No, they havent.

Pt actiune care a inceput de curand si se desfasoara in mod continuu si neintrerupt pana in present . Ex: They have been making biscuits since 9 oclock.si pt a exprima iritare, criticism. Ex: Who has been reading my newspaper?!

Se traduce prin timpul prezent.Se folosesc urmatoarele adverbe: FOR, SINCE, HOW LONG.

Forme de trecutAST SIMPLE pt Verbe regulate.

Affirmative Negative Interogative + short answers

Long form Short form

walked = eu plimbam I did not walk = I didnt walk = Did I walk? Yes, I did. No, I didnt.

You walked =tu plimbai You did not walk = You didnt walk = Did you walk? Yes, you did. No, you didnt.

He walked = el plimba He did not walk = He didnt walk = Did he walk? Yes, he did. No, he didnt.he walked = ea plimba She did not walk = She didnt walk = Did she walk? Yes, she did. No, she didnt.

walked =el/ea plimba It did not walk = It did not walk = Did it walk? Yes, it did. No, it didnt.

We walked = noi plimbam We did not walk = We didnt walk = Did we walk? Yes, we did. No, we didnt.

You walked = voi plimbati You did not walk = You didnt walk = Did you walk? Yes, you did. No, you didnt.

hey walked = ei /ele plimbau They d id not walk = They d idnt walk = Did they walk? Yes, they did. No, they didnt.

Folosim Past Simple)pt actiuni ce s-au intamplat intr-un timp definit din trecut. Ex: She went to scool by bus yesterday.


6/13

) pt actiuni ce s-au intamplat una dupa alta. Ex: First he had breakfast and then he left for work.) pt actiuni ce s-au intamplat in trecut si nu se pot repeat. Ex: I once spoke to Princess Diana.

Reguli of spelling pt vb: a) love-loved; type-typed; move-moved b) stop stopped; travel travelled; c) play-played d) marry married; study studied;arry-carried e) mimic-mimicked

Expresii temporal folosite cu PS: AGO,HOW LONG AGO, YESTERDAY, LAST month/week/year,JUST NOW, WHEN, IN 2005, THEN..

AST SIMPLE pt Verbe neregulate (forma a doua go/WENT/gone).



went = eu mergeam I did not go = I didnt go = Did I go? Yes, I did. No, I didnt.

You went =tu mergeai You did not go = You didnt go = Did you go? Yes, you did. No, you didnt.

He went = el mergea He did not go = He didnt go = Did he go? Yes, he did. No, he didnt.

he went = ea mergea She did not go = She didnt go = Did she go? Yes, she did. No, she didnt. went =el/ea mergea It did not go = It did not go = Did it go? Yes, it did. No, it didnt.

We went = noi mergeam We did not go = We didnt go = Did we go? Yes, we did. No, we didnt.

You went = voi mergeati You did not go = You didnt go = Did you go? Yes, you did. No, you didnt.

hey went =ei/ele mergeau They did not go = They didnt go = Did they go? Yes, they did. No, they didnt.

Unele verbe la Past Simple nu suporta terminatia ed. Acestea se numesc verbe neregulate (in lista sunt pe coloana a 2-a).

AST SIMPLE HAD ( careeste PAST SIMPLE al verbului HAVE (GOT).)



had = eu aveam/am avut I did not have = I didnt have = Did I have? Yes, I did. No, I didnt.

You had =tu aveai You did not have = You didnt have = Did you have? Yes, you did. No, you didnt.

He had = el avea He did not have = He didnt have = Did he have? Yes, he did. No, he didnt.

he had = ea avea She did not have = She didnt have = Did she have? Yes, she did. No, she didnt.

had =el/ea avea It did not have = It did not have = Did it have? Yes, it did. No, it didnt.We had = noi aveam We d id not have = We d idnt have = Did we have? Yes, we did. No, we didnt.

You had = voi aveati You did not have = You didnt have = Did you have? Yes, you did. No, you didnt.

hey had = ei /ele aveau They did not have = They didnt have = Did they have? Yes, they did. No, they didnt.

HAD este PAST SIMPLE al verbului HAVE (GOT).

AST SIMPLE COULD ( care este PAST SIMPLE de la CAN)



could = eu puteam I could not = eu nu I couldnt. Could I ? Yes, I could. No, I couldnt.

You could = tu puteai You could not You couldnt. Could You ? Yes, you could. No, you couldnt.

He could = el putea He could not He couldnt. Could He ? Yes, he could. No, he couldnt.

he could = ea putea She could not She couldnt. Could She ? Yes, she could. No, she couldnt.

could = el/ea putea It could not It couldnt. Could It ? Yes, it could. No, it couldnt.

We could = noi puteam We could not We couldnt.. Could We ? Yes, we could. No, we couldnt.You could = voi puteati You could not You couldnt. Could You ? Yes, you could. No, you couldnt.

hey could = ei/ele puteau. They could not They couldnt. Could They ? Yes, they could. No, they couldnt.

AST SIMPLE (WAS - WERE)



was=eu am fost I was not=eu nu am fost I wasnt Was I? (Am fost eu?)Yes, I was./No, I wasnt.

You were=tu ai fost You were not You werent Were you? Yes, you were. No, you werent.

He was=el a fost He was not He wasnt Was he? Yes, he was. No, he wasnt.

he was=ea a fost She was not She wasnt Was she? Yes, she was. No, she wasnt.

was=el/ea a fost It was not It wasnt Was it? Yes, it was. No, it wasnt.

We were=noi am fost We were not We werent Were we? Yes, we were. No, we werent.

You were=voi ati fost You were not You werent Were you? Yes, you were. No, you werent.

hey were=ei/ele au fost They were not They werent Were they? Yes, they were. No, they werent.

Folosim PAST SIMPLEpentru actiuni care s-au intamplat intr-un timp definit din trecut si s-au incheiat la un timp specific din trecut. Ex: He bought a new

ar last week..*Expresii temporale cu PS: yesterday (ieri), last week month/year/night (saptamana/luna/anul/noaptea trecut/a), a week/two weeks/hours ago..(o saptamana/

saptamani/ore in urma), then(atunci), then, in 2003, when.

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AST CONTINOUS



was walking =eu plimbam I was not walking I wasnt walking Was I walking? Yes, I was./No, I wasnt.

You were walking =tu ai plimbai You were not walking You werent walking Were you? Yes, you were. No, you werent.

He was walking =el plimba He was not walking He wasnt walking Was he? Yes, he was. No, he wasnt.

he was walking =ea plimba She was not walking She wasnt walking Was she? Yes, she was. No, she wasnt.

was walking =el/ea plimba It was not walking It wasnt walking Was it? Yes, it was. No, it wasnt.

We were walking =noi plimbam We were not walking We werent walking Were we? Yes, we were. No, we werent.

You were walking =voi plimbati You were not walking You werent walking Were you? Yes, you were. No, you werent.

hey were walking =ei/ele plimbau They were not walking They werent walking Were they? Yes, they were. No, they werent.

Arata o actiune care s-a desfasurat in mod continuu si neintrerupt intr-o perioada bine definite de timp din trecut. Ex: He was studying for his Maths test atoclock last night

Sau o actiune care s-a desfasurat in acelasi timp cu una sau mai multe actiuni tot din trecut. Ex: Mum was reading a book while Dad was watching TV.


7/13

Sau pt o actiune care era in progress cand alta actiune a interrupt-o. Atentie: actiunea care a interrupt tb sa fie la Past Simple. Ex: Kate was sunbathingwhen it started to rain.

Se traduce prin imperfect.Expresii temporal folosite cu PC: WHILE(in timp ce), WHEN(atunci cand), AS(ca), ALL day/night/morning(toata ziua/..), ALL DAY YESTERDAY(ieri

oata ziua).

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PAST PERFECT (had+V-ed/III)



had waited =eu asteptasem Id waited I had not waited I hadnt waited Had I walked? = am eu?Yes, I Had. No, I hadnt.

You had waited =tu asteptasei Youd waited You had not waited You hadnt waited Had You walked ?= ai tu?Yes, you have. No, hadnt.

He had waited =el asteptase Hed waited He had not waited He hadnt waited Had He walked? = are el?

Yes, he Had. No, he hadnt.

he had waited =ea asteptase Shed waited She had not waited She hadnt waited Had She walked? = are ea?Yes, she Had. No, she hadnt.

had waited =el/ea asteptase Itd waited It had not waited It hadnt waited Had It walked?=are el/ea?Yes, it Had. No, it hadnt.

We had waited =noi asteptaseram Wed waited We had not waited We hadnt waited Had We walked? =avem noi?Yes,we Had. No, we hadnt.

You had waited =voi asteptaserati Youd waited You had not waited You hadnt waited Had You walked? = aveti voi?Yes, you Had . No, you hadnt.

hey had waited =ei/ele asteptasera Theyd waited They had not waited They hadnt waited Had They walked?= au ei/ele?Yes, they Had. No, they hadnt.

PP exprima o actiune trecuta, anterioara altei actiuni tot din trecut . Ex: She had already left when I got home.si o actiune terminate in trecut, al carui rezultat era vizibil in trecut. Ex: He was happy. He had won the race.Se traduce prin mai mult ca perfectul (dar si prin perfect compus sau uneori prin imperfect).

Expresii temporal folosite cu PP: BEFORE; AFTER;JUST;ALREADY;FOR;SINCE;EVER;NEVER;TILL/UNTIL;WHEN;BY;BY THE TIME..

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AST PERFECT CONTINOUS (had+been+V-ing)



had been waiting =eu asteptasem Id been waiting I had not been waiting I hadnt been waiting Had I been waiting? = am eu?Yes, I Had. No, I hadnt.

You had been waiting =tu asteptasei Youd been waiting You had not been waiting You hadnt been

waiting

Had You been waiting ?= ai tu?

Yes, you have. No, hadnt.

He had been waiting =el asteptase Hed been waiting He had not been waiting He hadnt been waiting Had He been waiting? = are el?

Yes, he Had. No, he hadnt.he had been waiting =ea asteptase Shed been waiting She had not been waiting She hadnt been waiting Had She been waiting? = are ea?

Yes, she Had. No, she hadnt.

t had been waiting =el/ea asteptase Itd been waiting It had not been waiting It hadnt been waiting Had It been waiting?=are el/ea?

Yes, it Had. No, it hadnt.

We had been waiting =noi

asteptaseram

Wed been waiting We had not been waiting We hadnt been waiting Had We been waiting? =avem noi?

Yes,we Had. No, we hadnt.

You had been waiting =voi

asteptaserati

Youd been waiting You had not been waiting You hadnt been

waiting

Had You been waiting?= aveti voi?

Yes, you Had . No, you hadnt.

hey had been waiting =ei/ele

asteptasera

Theyd been

waiting

They had not been

waiting

They hadnt been

waiting

Had They been waiting?= au ei/ele?

Yes, they Had. No, they hadnt.

PP exprima o actiune care a inceput intr-un moment din trecut si s-a desfasurat in mod continuu si neintrerupt pana intr-un alt moment tot din trecut. Ex:

he had been working as a clerk for 10 years before she resigned.

PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS este echivalentul lui Present Perfect Continous.

Se traduce prin mai mult ca perfectul sau imperfect.*Expresii temporal folosite cu PPC: FOR;SINCE.

Forme de viitor

IMPLE FUTURE



will work=eu voi munci Ill work I will not work I wont work Will/Shall I work?

You will work= tu vei munci Youll work You will not work You wont work Will you work? Yes, I will.No, I wont.

He will work= el va munci Hell work He will not work He wont work Will he work? Yes, he will. No, he wont.

he will work=ea va munci Shell work She will not work She wont work Will she work? Yes, she will. No, she wont.

will work= el/ea va munci Itll work It will not work It wont work Will it work? Yes, it will. No, it wont.

We will work= noi vom munci Well work We will not work We wont work Will/Shall we work? Yes, we will. No, we wont.

You will work=veti veti munci Youll work You will work You wont work Will you work? Yes, we will. No, we wont.

hey will work=ei/ele vor munci Theyll work They will not work They wont work Will they work? Yes, they will. No, they wont.

Noi folosim SF pt : a) a vorbi despre lucruri care pot sau nu pot sa se intample in viitor. Ex: Well visit Disney Land one day.;

b) a vorbi despre decizii imediate (on the spot decisions). Ex: We havent got any sugar. Ill go and buy some.c) cu verbe ca: HOPE, THINK,BELIEVE,EXPECT; expresii ca IM SURE, IM AFRAID; cu adverbe ca PROBABLY, PERHAPS(posibil).

WILL se foloseste sa exprime, pe langa decizii pe moment/imediate si predictii sau lucruri care nu e sigur ca se vor intampla. Ex: He will probably win the

ace.


8/13

SHALL poate fi folosit cu I sau cu WE in intrebari, sugestii, oferte, cand vrem sa facem ceva pentru o persoana. Ex: e diferenta intre Shall I make you aoup of tea?/Shall we go to the cinema tonight si I will wash the dishes tonight.

Expresii temporale folosite cu SF: TOMORROW, TONIGHT, NEXT week/year, IN 2 DAYS, THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW, SOON, IN A WEEK.

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BE GOING TO



am going to =eu planuiesc sa Im going to I am not going to = eu nuplanuiesc sa

Im not going to Am I going to? Yes, I am. No, Im not.

You are going to =tu planuiesti sa Youre going to You are not going to You arent going to Are You going to ?

He is going to =el planuieste sa Hes going to He is not going to He isnt going to Is He going to? Yes, he is. No, he isnt.

he is going to =ea planuieste sa Shes going to She is not going to She isnt going to Is She going to? Yes, she is. No, she isnt.

t is going to =el/ea planuieste sa Its going to It is not going to It isnt going to Is It going to? Yes, it is. No, it isnt.

We are going to =noi planuim sa Were going to We are not going to We arent going to Are We eating? Yes, we are. No, we arent.

You are going to = voi planuiti sa Youre going to You are not going to You arent going to Are You going to?

hey are going to =ei/ele

planuiesc sa

Theyre going to They are not going to They arent going to Are They going to? Yes, they are. No, they

arent.

Folosim BGT sa vorbim despre planuri si intentii. Ex: We are going to travel France next summer.

si cand sunt evidente ca ceva urmeaza sa se intample in viitor. Ex:Look at the grey clouds. It is going to rain tonight.si sa exprimam lucruri dj decise pt viitorul apropiat. Ex: He is going to fly to Rome tomorrow.

Expresii temporale folosite cu BGT: TOMORROW, TONIGHT, NEXT week/year, IN 2 DAYS, THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW, SOON, IN A WEEK.

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UTURE CONTINOUS

Affirmative Negative Interogative+ Short answersLong form Short form Long form Short form

will be working=eu voi munci. Ill be working I will not be working I wont beworking

Will/Shall I be working?

You will be working = tu veimunci.

Youll beworking

You will not beworking

You wont beworking

Will you be working? Yes, I will. No, I wont.

He will be working = el va munci. Hell beworking

He will not beworking

He wont beworking

Will he be working? Yes, he will. No, he wont.

he will be working =ea va munci. Shell beworking

She will not beworking

She wont beworking

Will she be working? Yes, she will. No, she wont.

will be working = el/ea va munci. Itll be working It will not be working It wont be

working

Will it be working? Yes, it will. No, it wont.

We will be working = noi vommunci.

Well beworking

We will not beworking

We wont beworking

Will/Shall we be working? Yes, we will. No, wewont.

You will be working =veti vetimunci.

Youll beworking

You will be working You wont beworking

Will you be working? Yes, we will. No, we wont.

hey will be working =ei/ele vormunci.

Theyll beworking

They will not beworking

They wont beworking

Will they be working? Yes, they will. No, theywont.

FC arata ca o actiune va fi in curs de desfasurare intr-un moment bine definit din viitor. Ex: At 12 oclock next Sunday, Ill be fishing with my son.Cele mentionate in legatura cu SHALL si WILL la Simple Future sunt valabile si aici.

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UTURE PERFECT (will/shall+have+V-ed/III)



will have worked =eu voi fi

muncit

Ill have worked I will not have

worked

I wont have

worked

Will/Shall I have worked?

You will have worked = tu vei fi

muncit

Youll have

worked

You will not have

worked

You wont have

worked

Will you have worked? Yes, I will.No, I wont.

He will have worked = el va fi

muncit

Hell have

worked

He will not have

worked

He wont have

worked

Will he have worked? Yes, he will. No, he wont.

he will have worked =ea va fi

muncit

Shell have

worked

She will not have

worked

She wont have

worked

Will she have worked? Yes, she will. No, she

wont.

will have worked = el/ea va fi

muncit

Itll have

worked

It will not have

worked

It wont have

worked

Will it have worked? Yes, it will. No, it wont.

We will have worked = noi vom fi

muncit

Well have

worked

We will not have

worked

We wont have

worked

Will/Shall we have worked? Yes, we will. No, we

wont.

You will have worked =veti veti fimuncit

Youll haveworked

You will have worked You wont haveworked

Will you have worked? Yes, we will. No, wewont.

hey will have worked =ei/ele vor

muncit

Theyll have

worked

They will not have

worked

They wont have

worked

Will they have worked? Yes, they will. No, they

wont.

Noi folosim SF pt a arata o actiune viitoare desfasurata inaintea altei actiuni tot din viitor. Ex: His mother will have finished cooking by the time we

rrive there; She will have finished by 8 oclock.

Expresii temporale folosite cu FP: until/till; by; before; by then;

Se traduce prin viitor anterior.Se fol foarte rar.

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UTURE PERFECT CONTINOUS



9/13


will have been working =eu voimunci

Ill have beenbeen working

I will not have beenworking

I wont have beenworking

Will/Shall I have been working?

You will have been working = tuei fi muncit

Youll havebeen working

You will not havebeen working

You wont havebeen working

Will you have been working? Yes, I will.No, Iwont.

He will have worked = el va fimuncit

Hell have beenworking

He will not have beenworking

He wont havebeen working

Will he have been working? Yes, he will. No, hewont.

he will have been working =ea vamuncit

Shell have beenworking

She will not havebeen working

She wont havebeen working

Will she have been working? Yes, she will. No, shewont.

will have been working = el/eaa fi muncit

Itll have beenworking

It will not have beenworking

It wont havebeen working

Will it have been working? Yes, it will. No, itwont.

We will have been working = noi

om fi muncit

Well have been

working

We will not have been

working

We wont have

been working

Will/Shall we have been working? Yes, we will.

No, we wont.You will have been working =veti

eti fi muncitYoull havebeen working

You will have beenworking

You wont havebeen working

Will you have been working? Yes, we will. No, wewont.

hey will have been workingei/ele vor fi muncit

Theyll havebeen working

They will not havebeen working

They wont havebeen working

Will they have been working? Yes, they will. No,they wont.

Arata o actiune care va fi in curs de desfasurare inaintea unui moment din viitor. Ex: Dont ring us up till 8 oclock, we shall have been sleeping till then

pana atunci vom dormi).Expresii temporale folosite cu FP: by..for.Se traduce prin viitor.

Se fol foarte rar.

1. Personal (predicativ): Subjonctiv (s).Ex. I wish he understood me (As dori sa ma inteleaga); Its time we left (e timpul sa plecam); We expect that the new building shall be finished soon; Mayou long live (sa traiesti multi ani); I wish you would forget it (as vrea sa uiti asta).

1. Personal (predicativ): Conditional (a).x: What could I do (ce-as putea face)? You might ask her (Ai putea sa o intrebi).

mperativ. Exprima un ordin/indemn/urare. Ex: Let me go! Be quiet! Dont be rude!

1. Personal (predicativ): Imperativul.We use the imperative to tell one or more

eople to do or not to do something.Positive Negative

Close your book! (Inchide cartea! ) Do not close your book! (Nu inchide cartea!). Dont close your book!

Uneori folosim Lets pt a face astfel o sugestie. Ex: Lets run into the house (sa fugim in casa); Lets dance. Dar nu punem semnul exclamarii.

2. Impersonal: Infinitiv. Participiu. Gerund.

2. Impersonal: INFINITIVUL (TO)

$$$$$$$$ In forma to+ vb(full infinitive).)pt a exprima scopul. Ex: Why did you go to the bakers? TO BUY bread.) il folosim dupa WANT si WOULD LOVE/LIKE. Ex: I would like to visit Madrid.

) il folosim dupa verbe ca KNOW, REMEMBER, ASKsi sunt urmate de cuvinte tipice intrebarilorWHO,WHAT,WHERE si HOW. Ex: I know how tomake an omlette.

) il folosim dupa adjective. Ex: Im glad to see you here.) il folosim dupa intrebari(mai putin WHY). Ex: I dont know what to do.

$$$$$$$$$ In forma fara to, scurt (bare infinitive).

) il folosim dupa verbele modale. Ex: He can dance but he cant sing.) il folosim dupa LET,MAKE,HEAR/SEE. Ex: My dad lets me use the computer.

$$$$$$$$$ Chestiunea TOO(prea)-ENOUGH(destul)

A) TOO+adjectiv/adverb+ to infinitive. Vine inaintea adjectivului.Are mereu sens negativ. Ex: Hes too young to travel alone.; He drove too slowly

o win the race. Suporta si interferente in constructive. Ex: The ring is too expensive for me to buy; Theres too much traffic today; There are too manyars in the streets;

) a)Adjectiv/adverb+ENOUGH+to infinitive. Vine dupa adjectiv.E de obicei pozitiv. Ex: Shes old enough to drive a car.; He left early enough toatch the train. Dar poate fi si la negativ. Ex: She is not strong enough to carry her bike. There isnt enough butter left.

b)ENOUGH+substantiv+to infinitive. Ex: Hes got enough money to buy a car.

2. Impersonal: PARTICIPIU

rezent (vb +ing). Descrie ce fel e cineva. Ex: Ted is an interesting person.

recut. (vb+ed/III). Descrie cum se simte cineva. Ex: Mary is interested in English literature; The children have gone to bed.erfect (having+V-ed/III). Se traduce printr-o intreaga propoz circumstantiala de timp, cauza etc. Ex: Having finishing the lecture, the teacher left the

lassroom (Dupa ce profesorul a terminat prelegerea, profesorul a parasit clasa)

2. Impersonal: GERUNDUL (-ING FORM)

Folosim -ING FORM:

) ca substantiv: I like swimming) dupa verbe ca ENJOY, LOVE, HATE, LIKE, DISLIKE, LOOK FORWARD TO, STOP. Ex: He enjoys reading.) dupa GO pt activitati fizice. Ex: He goes fishing every Sunday.

) dupa prepozitii. Ex: Shes tired of working long hours.

C. AspectSimplu. Actiunea se face general sau repetat si nu ne intereseaza durata ei. Ex: Tom wrote a letter and posted it.

Continuu. Actiunea se desfasoara in mod continuu, neintrerupt intr-o per de timp bine definita. Ex: Mary is going to school now.


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D. Verbe specialeD1) Verbe auxiliare.

le ajuta la formarea unor constructii verbale compuse: to be, to have, to do, shall/will/should/would, to let (let me sing).VB-ul TO BE (a fi)



am=eu sunt Im I am not= eu nu sunt Im not Am I ? = sunt eu? Yes, I am. No, Im not.

You are=tu esti Youre You are not You arent Are You ?= esti tu? Yes, you are. No, you arent.

He is=el este Hes He is not He isnt Is He? = este el? Yes, he is. No, he isnt.

he is=ea este Shes She is not She isnt Is She? = este ea? Yes, she is. No, she isnt.

is=el/ea este Its It is not It isnt Is It ?=este el/ea? Yes, it is. No, it isnt.We are=noi suntem Were We are not We arent Are We? =suntem noi? Yes, we are. No, we arent.

You are=voi sunteti Youre You are not You arent Are You? = sunteti voi? Yes, you are. No, you arent.

hey are=ei/ele sunt Theyre They are not They arent Are They ?= sunt ei/ele? Yes, they are. No, they arent.

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HAVE (GOT)=A AVEA

(in engleza britanica avem GOT; in cea Americana e fara GOT )



have got =eu am Ive got I have not got= eu nu am I havent got Have I got ? = am eu? Yes, I have. No, I havent.

You have got =tu ai Youve got You have not got You haventgot Have You got ?= ai tu? Yes, you have. No, you havent.

He has got=el are Hes got He has not got He hasnt got Has He got? = are el? Yes, he has. No, he hasnt.

he has got =ea are Shes got She has not got She hasnt got Has She got? = are ea? Yes, she has. No, she hasnt. has got =el/ea are Its got It has not got It hasnt got Has It got?=are el/ea? Yes, it has. No, it hasnt.

We have got =noi avem Weve got We have not got We havent got Have We got? =avem noi? Yes,we have. No, we havent

You have got =voi aveti Youve got You have not got You havent got Have You got? = aveti voi? Yes, you have. No, you havent.

hey have got =ei/ele au Theyve got They have not got They havent got Have They got?= au ei/ele? Yes, they have. No, they havent.

D2) Verbe modale.

Verbele modale au aceesi forma la toate persoanele. Sunt inaintea subiectului in intrebari si suporta NOT dupa ele in negatii. Iau infinitival fara TO

upa ele. Ex: Can he sing? No, he cant sing but he can dance.

A). CAN(a putea). Se foloseste pt a exprima abilitatea in present (Ex: She can type) sau pt cererea permisiunii (Ex: Can I use your pen?).



can = eu pot I can not = eu nu pot. I cant. Can I ? Yes, I can. No, I cant.

You can = tu poti You can not You cant. Can You ? Yes, you can. No, you cant.He can = el poate He can not He cant. Can He ? Yes, he can. No, he cant.

he can = ea poate She can not She cant. Can She ? Yes, she can. No, she cant.

can = el/ea poate It can not It cant. Can It ? Yes, it can. No, it cant.

We can = noi putem We can not We cant. Can We ? Yes, we can. No, we cant.

You can = voi puteti You can not You cant. Can You ? Yes, you can. No, you cant.

hey can = ei/ele pot They can not They cant. Can They ? Yes, they can. No, they cant.

Folosim CAN I?pt a cere permisiunea atunci cand vrem sa facem ceva. Ex: Can I watch TV? No, you cant. Its time for bed.si pt a spune ce suntem in stare sa facem in present. Ex: I can run fast.). COULD. Se foloseste pt a exprima abilitatea in trecut (Ex: He could run fast when he was 17) sau pt cererea politicoasa a permisiunii (Ex: Could I

ave some tea, please?).

C). MUST MUSTNT

.Folosim MUSTpt a exprima necesitatea (Ex: Its raining. I must take my umbrella) sau obligatia (Ex: I must tidy my room). Se foloseste doar curezentul.

. MUST NOT/MUSTNT se fol pt a arata ca ceva e interzis sau ca cineva nu are permisiunea sa faca ceva (Ex: You mustnt eat in the class).D). HAVE TO se fol pt a exprima necesitatea; nu se poate alege sa se faca altfel. E obligatoriu. (Ex: Nurses have to wear a uniform at work). El devineHAS TO la timpul present pers 3-a sg afirmativ (Ex: She has to finish the job), sau HAD TO la toate persoanele la timpul trecut afirmativ (fiind neregulat)Ex: He had to leave early), precum si DO/DOES/DID pt a-si forma interogativele si negatiile(Ex: Did she have to leave?/She doesnt have to finish now)

Affirmative Negative Interogative


have to go =eu trebuie sa merg I do not have to go= eu nutrebuie sa merg

I dont have to go Do I have to go ? -

You have to go =tu trebuie sa mergi You do not have to go = You dont have to go.. Do you have to go ? Yes, I do. No, I dont.

He has to go =el trebuie sa mearga He does not go = He doesnt have to go.. Does he have to go? Yes, he does. No, he doesnt.

he has to go =ea trebuie sa mearga She does not go = She doesnt have to go.. Does she have to go? Yes, she does. No, she doesnt.

has to go =el/ea trebuie sa mearga It does not go = It doesnt have to go.. Does it have to go? Yes, it does. No, it doesnt.

We have to go =noi trebuie sa mergem We do not have to go = We dont have go.. Do we have to go? Yes, we do. No, we dont.

You have to go =voi trebuie sa mergeti You do not have to go = You dont have go.. Do you have to go? Yes, we do. No, we dont.

hey have to go =ei/ele trebuie samearga

They do not have to go = They dont have go.. Do they have to go? Yes, they do. No, they dont.

*Noi folosim DONT HAVE TO cand vorbim despre lucruri care nu sunt necesar a fi facute,x: You dont have to come to the party with me.

D) DONT HAVE TO/DOESNT se fol pt a exprima lipsa necesitatii. (Ex: You dont have to do the ironing. I did it yesterday).) SHALL poate fi folosit cu I sau cu WE in intrebari, sugestii, oferte, cand vrem sa facem ceva pentru o persoana. Ex: e diferenta intre Shall I make you a

oup of tea?/Shall we go to the cinema tonight si I will wash the dishes tonight.


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) WILL Se fol pt : a) a vorbi despre lucruri care pot sau nu pot sa se intample in viitor. Ex: Well visit Disney Land one day.; b) a vorbi despre deciziimediate (on the spot decisions). Ex: We havent got any sugar. Ill go and buy some . c) pt predictii sau lucruri care nu e sigur ca se vor intampla. Ex: He

will probably win the race.G) WOULD se fol pt a exprima politetea sau cereri formale. Ex: Would you carry my suitcase?

H) WOULD LIKE se fol pt a exprimapolitetea sau cereri formale sau sugestii. Ex: Would you like some more tea?) SHOULD (e o ide buna!) / SHOULDNT (nu e o ide buna)/OUGHT TO sunt folosite pt a oferi sfat. Ex: You should see a dentist. You shouldnt eat

weets.

) MAY se fol sa arate ca ceva e posibil (Ex: There are clouds in the sky. It may rain) si pt a cere permisiunea politicos (Ex: May I use your computer?)

Yes, you may(Da, poti). No, you may not (Nu, nu poti).K) MIGHT este forma de trecut a lui MAY. Ex: Theres a lot of traffic. I might be a little late for the meeting.

) NEED(a fi nevoie). Se fol in special in propozitii interogative si negative. Ex: He need no fear.M) DARE(a indrazni).Se fol in special in propozitii interogative, negative. Ex: How dare you? -(cum indraznesti?!)

D3) Verbe tranzitive.vb-ul dupa care urmeaza obligatoriu un complement direct. Ex: Tom gives a flower to Mary.

D4) Verbe intranzitive.

le nu primesc complement direct. Ex: Please yourself (fa ce-ti place).

E. Probleme speciale

. THERE IS THERE ARE

Affirmative Negative Interogative


g THERE IS = acolo este THERES THERE IS NOT THERE ISNT IS THERE?

THERE ARE = acolo sunt - THERE ARE NOT THERE ARENT ARE THERE?

. THERE WAS THERE WEREAffirmative Negative Interogative


g THERE WAS = acolo a fost THERE WAS NOT THERE WASNT WAS THERE?

THERE WERE = acolo au fost THERE WERE NOT THERE WERENT WERE THERE?

. ing FORM / THE TO INFINITIVE.

Noi folosim forma -ing ca substantiv. Like/love/not like/not love + vb- ing Ex: Swimming is good; I like swimming. Inotul este bun.; eu iubesc inotul.

Would like/would love + to infinitive Ex: I would like to visit Spain one day.

Mi-ar place sa vizitez Spania intr-o zi.

. LIKE/LOVE/HATE + VB-ING

We often use the -ing formafter the verbs LIKE,LOVE,HATE.

like playing tennis. (Imi place tenisul) I love eating vegetables (Imi plac/iubesc vegetalele). I hate watching TV.(Urasc privitul la TV)

. WANT + TO VB.

We often use the TO form after the verb WANT

Ex: I want to buy a computer.(Eu vreau sa cumpar un computer)

WAS/WERE GOING TO

Pt a exprima aranjamente fixe in trecut. Ex: He got up early. He was going to catch the 6 oclock train.Pt a exprima planuri neimplinite din trecut. Ex: She was going to travel around Europe but she didnt because she fell ill.

Pt a exprima o actiune pe carfe cineva a intentionat sa o realizeze in trecut dar nu a realizat-o. Ex: She was going to buy a new car but in the end sheepaired her old one.

. USED TO

Se foloseste pt a vorbi despre obiceiuri ale trecutului. Ex: I used to cry when I was a baby.

Are aceeasi forma la toate persoanele, sg si pl.Isi formeaza negativul si interogativul cu DID. Ex: I didnt use to sleep late. ; Did you use to sleep late?

. WISHES (dorinte)

WISH+Past Simple I wish he were/was with us.

WISH+subiect+COULD+Bare Infinitive I wish he could learn faster.

WISH+subiect+WOULD+Bare Infinitive I wish they would build a new house.

WISH+Past Perfect I wish he hadnt failed his test.

IF ONLY e echivalentul lui I WISH, dar e mai empatic. Ex: I wish he could help me --------- If only he could help me.

F. Diateza.

DIATEZA PASIVA (PASSIVE VOICE)

Diateza e forma pe care o ia verbul in functie de ce face subiectul, astfel:

) DIATEZA ACTIVA: cand subiectul este activ, adica el face actiunea exprimata de verb. Ex: Mother washes the child.) DIATEZA REFLEXIVA: cand subiectul face actiunea si o si sufera. Ex: I wash myself; I am glad; I wash my hands.

) DIATEZA PASIVA: cand subiectul e pasiv, iar actiunea exprimata de verb e facuta de altcineva si se rasfrange asupra subiectului. Se introduce cu BY,au acesta se omite.Ex: Daca la Diateza Activa aveam Mother washes the child, la diateza pasiva avem The child is washed by mother.

Obiectul propozitiei din diateza activa devine subiectul propozitiei din diateza pasivaFolosim DP doar cu verbe tranzitive. Ex: They built that castle in 1600. That castle was built in 1600.

- Se formeaza folosind vb-ul TO BE+ PAST PARTICIPLE (vb+ed/III).


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Interogativul Diatezei Pasive suporta intrebarea WHO/WHATBY.Ex: Who was the TV invented by? What was the fire caused by?

D. ACTIVA D. PASIVA

affirmative negative interogative

t Present Simple Jack waters the plants. The plants are watered by Jack. The plants arentwatered every

week.

Are the plants wateredevery week?

t Past Simple Tina sent the mail. The mail was sent by Tina. The email wasntsent by Tyna.

Was the email sent byTyna?

t Present Perfect He has delivered the letters The letters have been delivered.

t Past Perfect He had delivered the letters The letters had been delivered.

t Present Continous He is delivering the letters The letters are being delivered.

t Past Continous He was delivering the letters The letters were being delivered.

t Future Simple He will deliver the letters The letters will be delivered.t Infinitive He has to deliver the letters The letters have to be delivered.

t Modal+Be+Past part(III) He must deliver the letters The letters must be delivered.

t Future Perfect They will have repaired the car The car will have been repaired

erfect Infinitive She ought to have repaired the car The car ought to have been repaired

nfinitive He likes people admiring his car He likes his car being admired.

erfect Gerund Having repaired the car,. .. The car, having been repaired,..

DIATEZA PASIVA si PRONUMELE RELATIVE

Pronumele relative WHO,WHICH,WHOSE,THATetc ne spun mai multe despre substantive si introduc relative clauses (propozitii relative).

Cand ne referim:

Pt Oameni, folosim WHO/THAT ca subiect si

WHO/WHOM/THAT ca obiect.

Pt obiecte, animale folosim WHICH/THAT

ca subiect dar si ca obiect.

Pt posesie, folosim WHOSE.

he girl who/that is talking on the phone is Mary.

saw a friend who/whom/that I hadnt seen for years.

The car which/that is parked outside is Jacks.

Heres the bag which/that you left on my desk.

Thats the man whose daughter is a president.

Thats the bag whose handle is broken.PRnu pot fi omise cand ele sunt subiectul din relative clause. Ex: I saw a film. It was really exciting---I saw a film which/that was really exciting.

PRpot fi omise cand ele sunt obiectul din relative clause. Ex:Thats the man. Ann met him last day.---Thats the man (which/that) Ann met last day.

G. Concordanta timpurilor (The Sequence of Tenses).

e refera la un set de reguli ce reglementeaza relatia dintre predicatul propozitiei principale si predicatele propozitiilor ei secundare/subordonate.

) Cand vb in propozitia principala e la un timp prezent, in propoz subordonate putem folosi orice timp. Ex. I know that he will help me.

) Cand vb in propoz principala e la viitor, vb in secundara poate fi la un timp viitor sau la un timp prezent. Ex: Shell come when she is ready.) Cand vb in propoz principala e la trecut, in propoz sec predicatele tb sa fie tot la un timp trecut (past tense, past perfect, future in the past). Ex: She did the

leaning after she had done the washing-up.

CONDITIONALS

FRAZELE CONDITIONALE constau din 2 parti:

THE IF-CLAUSE/ DACA - PROPOZITIA/(ipoteza) si.THE MAIN CLOUSE/ PROPOZITIA PRINCIPALA/(rezultatul).

and I. vine inaintea lui II, cele 2 propozitii sunt separate printr-o virgula. Ex: If it doesnt rain, we will go to the park.and II vine inainte de I., nu vom folosi virgule. Ex: We will go to the park if it doesnt rain

I. IF CLAUSE II. MAIN CLAUSE

CONDITIONALA DE TIP 0 IF+PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE

Ex: If you heat ice, it melts. (Daca incalzesti gheata, se topeste)

CONDITIONALA DE TIP 1 IF+PRESENT SIMPLE FUTURE; IMPERATIVE; MODALE +

(can/must/may) INFINITIV(fara to).

-If he doesnt wear his coat, he will be cold.

- If you have a headache, take an aspirin.

- If you see her, you can give her a message.

CONDITIONALA DE TIP 2 IF+PAST SIMPLE sau PAST CONTINOUS WOULD/COULD/MIGHT+

INFINITIVE(fara to)

-If she had a computer, she would send him an email.

Nota :Putem folosi in mkn ac caz si WEREsi WAScu persoana a 1-a si a 3-a sg in IF CLOUSE.

Ex: If he were/was younger, he would travel faster.

CONDITIONALA DE TIP 3 IF+PAST PERFECTsau PAST PERFECT

CONTINOUS

WOULD/COULD/MIGHT+

PAST PARTICIPLE (III)

-If you hadnt been rude, he wouldnt have punished you.

Nota: a) Unless = if not. Ex: If you cant afford it, dont buy it echivalent cu UNLESS you can afford it, dont buy itEx: Well go for picnic if it doesnt rain. echivalent cu Well go for a picnic unless it rain.

) As long as, providing that= if. Ex. As long as hes in time, we wont be late for the meeting.

ropozitiile secundare/subordonate pot fi: a) subordonata de timp(Time Clause) Ex: He turned the TV as soon as he had finished studing. b) subordonata decop (Clauses of Purpose): Ex. He phoned to invite her to dinner; Ill buy some cake in case they came; She saved money so that she can buy a house;

hey hurried in order not to miss the train. c) subordonate de concesie (Clauses of concession). Ex: Althout/Even though he has lived in Spain for 5ears, he cant speak Spanish; She came to work in spite of having a cold. d) subordonate de rezultat (Clauses of result). Ex:Shes such a good teacher

hat all her students are like her. e) subordonate relative (Relative Clauses, introduse de who, whom,whose,which, that ). Ex: Theres the boy whotarted the fight; I saw a film which was very good; She is Mrs Smith, whose daughter works in my office.

11. QUESTIONS (intrebari)

) YES/NO questions. Ex: Is she happy? Yes, she is. No, she isnt.

) WH- questions.


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t oameni Pt lucruri/animaleactiuni/meserii

Pt loc Pttimp Pt cantitate Pt maniera sipt motiv

Pt distanta/lungime/inaltime

who(care)/whose(alarui; a carei; a

aror)/which of(peare dintre)

what(ce/ceeace)/which one

of(care dintre)

where(unde) when(cand)/what time(in ce timp)/ how

long(cat de mult)/ howoften(cat de des).

how much(cat demult)/how

many(cat demulti)

how(cum)---

why(de ce).

how far(cat dedeparte)/how wide(cat de

larg)/how long(cat delung)/ how high(cat de

inalt)

1) Daca WHO, WHICH sau WHAT sunt subiectul intrebarii, nu punem verbul in conjugarea clasica. Ex:Nu Who does know Jane, ci Who knows

ane?

2) Daca WHO, WHICH sau WHAT sunt obiectul intrebarii, punem verbul in conjugarea clasica. Ex: Who does Jane know?

)Cand ii cerem civa sa decida/aleaga intre 2 optiuni, formam intrebarea cu OR(ori/sau). Ex: Do you like football or basketball?) QUESTION TAGS (intrebari disjunctive). Sunt intrebari scurte puse la sfarsitul propozitiei. Le punem nu neaparat ca sa aflam informatie, ci ca sa ni se

onfirme parerea noastra. O QUESTION TAG are aceeasi auxiliaritate ca a verbului din propozitie. Daca in propozitie nu avem verb auxiliar, vom folosiDO/DOES/DID dupa caz. O intrebare pozitiva e urmata de o QUESTION TAG negativa (Ex: He likes apples, doesnt he?; She is sleeping, isnt she?), iar

intrebare negative e urmata de o QUESTION TAGpozitiva (Ex: She doesnt like apple, does she?).--------Exemple si explicatii suplimentare:

# WHO-WHAT

WHO is used for people. Ex: Who is she? SHE IS Ann. WHAT is used for things and animals. Ex: What is this? It is a book.

#HOW MUCH HOW MANY

olosim HOW MUCH cu substantive la singular nenumarabile:VEZI Pct2.Ex: How much cheese is there on the table? Not much./A lot.

Cat de multa branza este acolo pe masa? Nu multa./O multime.

Folosim HOW MANY cu substantive la plural numarabile: VEZI Pct2.Ex: How many apples are there? Not many./A lot (sau lots of).

Cat de multe mere sunt acolo? Nu multe. / O multime (multimi)

MUCH si MANYpot fi folosite si la afirmativ in engleza formala. Ex: a) There is much jam in the jar. b) Many people learn English.

12. REPORTED SPEECH (vorbirea indirecta)

DIRECT SPEECH (vorbirea directa) REPORTED SPEECH (vorbirea indirecta)

Present Simple.

I want to go to bed early, she said.Past Simple/Present Simple.

She said she wanted to go to bed early.

Present Continous.

Shes speaking to Joe, he said.Past Continous.

He said she was speaking to Joe.

Present Perfect.

Ive bought you some flowers, she said.Past Perfect.

She said she had bought me some flowers.

Past Simple.

He lost all the money, she said.Past Perfect.

She said he had lost all the money.

Future.

Ill see you later, he said.Conditional.

He said he would see me later.

Present Perfect Continous

Ive been typing since morning she said.Past Perfect Continous

She said she had been tying since morning

Se foloseste in limbaj academic particula THAT. Ex: I want to go to bed early, she said------ She said (THAT) she wanted to go to bed early. Inngleza vorbita ea poate fi omisa.

Expresiile de timp se schimba dupa cum urmeaza.

DIRECT SPEECH (vorbirea directa) REPORTED SPEECH (vorbirea indirecta)

tonight,today,this week.. that night, that day, that week..

now then, at that time

yesterday, last year.. the day before, the previous year

tomorrow, next year.. the day after, the next year

two days ago two days before

Pt a reda o intrebare in vorbirea indirecta, se fol mai degraba WHETHERsi mai putin IF. Ex: Do you know Jim? Mary asked me. ---Mary asked me

whether I knew Jim.

Unele cuvinte se schimba f de context. Thisthat; these---those; herethere; come -- go.Ca sa nu repetam pronumele sau numele a 2 persoane, se fol fie numele persoanei , fie THE FORMERsau THE LATTER. Ex: Ask Tom if he is going

o come to see me tonight John told Mary. ---John told Mary to ask Tom whether the latter was going to go to see him that night.

Ordinea cuvintelor din propozitia vorbirii directe. Ex: He asked: What time is it?-----He asked what time it was.

Nu doar verbul said se foloseste la trecerea de la vorbirea directa la cea indirecta, ci functie de contex, urmatoarele: ORDER, ASK,TELL, BEG,UGGEST, OFFER,PROMISE,REFUSE,ADVISE,WARN,EXPLAIN, INVITE, ACCUSE, COMPLAIN..

x1: He said to me: get out of the house-----He ordered to me to get out of the house.

x2. No, I wont buy you a computer---- She refused to buy a computer.

x3. Please, help me!----She begged me to help her.

x4. Lets visit Sally----She suggested visiting Sally.

La RS, modalele se modifica: wish/shallwould; cancould/would able to; maymight; shallshould; mustmust/had to . Ex: She said Ill do itater---She said (that) she would to do it latter; She said I may speak to Ann---She said (that) she might speak to Ann.

Atentie la lista vb-lor neregulate!

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