gestion de residuos solidos municipales en japon.pdf

8/12/2019 Gestion de residuos solidos municipales en Japon.pdf

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PergamonPII S0956-053X(96)00107-9

Waste Management , Vol . 16 , Nos 5 /6 , pp . 395~405 , 1996 1 9 97 E l s e v i e r S c i e n c e L t dA l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d . P r in t e d i n G r e a t B r i t a i n0956-053X/96 15 .00 + 0 .00

M U N I C I P L S O L I D W S T E M N G E M E N TI N J P N

Shin i ch i Saka iEnvironment Preservation Center Kyoto University Kyoto 606-01 Japan

INTRODUCTIONBasic measures taken in recent years to control wastemanagement in Japan include: (1) Pollution preven-tion, (2) reuse and recycling, and (3) waste incinera-tion with air pollution control.It is generally agreed that it is appropriate to followthe assigned priority of these options. Municipalsolid waste (MSW) is the responsibility of the citizen,the local government and the business sector. Theprincipal strategy to manage MSW is to prevent thedischarge of waste and, where waste must be dis-charged, to recycle as much as possible to reduce thequantity. However, even if effort is made to minimizethe amount of waste, a large proportion still requirestreatment in view of the activities of modern society.Once waste is generated, it must be incineratedand/or buried in landfills if it cannot be recycled.Incineration plays an important role in Japan wherelandfill sites are difficult to secure. With these cir-cumstances in mind, the au thor outlines the origin ofMSW in Japan and the recycling process and thepresent status of thermal recycling with pollutioncontrol. Ash regulation and its treatment methodsare also discussed.REUSES AND RECYCLING IN JAPANPhysical Composition of Actual Municipal SolidWasteIt is important to build up, in material recycling ofMSW, social systems for sorting and separatingLatent MSW and realize an economic demandstructure for recovered resources. This is simplybecause, if MSW is discharged without beingseparated, it must be handled as a mixture of com-plicated physical composition, which makes it diffi-cult to recover materials from automated recyclingsystems. At present, materials discharged as MSWinclude recyclable paper and metal. This indicates

that a large proportion of Latent MSW isbecoming Actual MSW . Thus, the physicalcomposition of MSW would be of significance inevaluating the effects of material recovery. Table 1shows an example of the physical compositionof MSW in representative megalopolies of Japan. 1It is not easy to compare indiscriminately suchcomposition because collection modes and weightpercent bases, wet or dry, differ from city to city, butin terms of weight ratio on a wet basis, used paperand kitchen waste account for about 30% each of thetotal, plastics about 10%, glass 5% and metal 5%.Table 1 is a view of MSW in terms of weight ratio.Another view, in terms of volumetric ratio, isequally important in considering the capacities ofcollect ion vehicles and landfill sites. Takatsuki 2 hasbeen conducting a volume ratio-based study of thephysical composition of MSW for some ten yearsnow, in addition to a study on a small-fractionatedphysical composition. Figure 1 shows the resultsof analysis of recent volume-base MSW physicalcomposition in Kyoto City) Kitchen waste, whichaccounts for about 25% in terms of weight ratio,accounts for some 10% in terms of volumetric ratio.Paper, accounting for approximately 25% in termsof weight ratio, accounts for some 35% in terms ofvolumetric ratio. With plastics, the proportions areapproximately 10% and 40%, respectively, indicatingthat the proportion surges in the volumetric ratio.That is to say, paper and plastics are of relativelygreater significance than other ingredients of MSWfrom the standpoint of waste collection cost andprocessing landfill site capacity.Kyoto City classifies household waste compositionby purpose of use of the original materials, as shownin Fig. 2. In terms of wet weight ratio some 40%comes from foodstuff and 25% from containers andpackaging material. In terms of volumetric ratio,however, containers and packaging material account

395


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3 9 6 S S A K A I

T A B L E 1P h y s i c a l C o m p o s i ti o n o f J a p a n s M u n i c i p a l S o l i d W a s t e , R e c o r d s o f 1989

Paper Kitchen Fabri c Wooden Plastics Rubber, Metal Glass Ceramic Soil & Others Remarkswaste waste leather Rubbish

Sa ppo ro 25.2 46.6 2.4 1.7 12.5 +-- 3.7 7.1 ~ 0.8 ~ Mixed collected was teWet basis

Tokyo 44.5 31.3 3.9 6.1 7.8 0.2 1.2 1.1 0.1 ,-- 3.8 Combus tible was teWet basis

Yo ko ha ma 40.0 9.8 4.2 5.8 14.8 ,--- 5.7 13.2 ~ 6.5 +-- Mixed collec ted was teDry basis

Osaka 35.7 6.5 5.9 5.2 20.3 +-- 5.3 7.1 2.7 - - - - Mixed collected wast eDry basis, H20 46

*Numerical values indicate weightpercentage.

1 0 ~Ileta

8 5 Dr and leather605

4 ~2(Zl

Wet weight Volumetrio rat io415.6k g) 4. 2521.)

FIG UR E 1 Phys ica l compos i tion o f household was tes compar isonbetween weight ratio and volumetric atio.

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40~

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n businessirationsIs commodities

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Wet weight Vohmetric rat ioi 415 .6kg) 4 ,252L)F I G U R E 2 . P h y s i ca l c o m p o s i t i o n o f h o u s e h o l d w a s te s b y o r ig i n .

for more than 60% of the total. UnderstandingMSW on the basis of weight, volumetric and originalmaterial is very important in considering approachesto MSW reduction and verifying the effects ofavoidance and recycling measures taken, as well as infurthering material recovery from Latent MSWand understanding the effects of recycling. I t willbe required in future to establish an organizationto gather information on the physical composition of

MSW f rom a wider range of sources, for process intoeven more accurate statistical values than today.Summary o f Recycling Law of Containers andPackaging4Until now municipal solid waste management, fromits collection and transport to treatment and dispo-sal, has been the responsibility of municipalities.Under the new packaging recycling law 1995, muni-cipalities, consumers and enterprise will share theresponsibility and cost of the recycling of waste con-tainers and packaging. The term containers andpackaging is defined in the law as containers andpackaging of products which become unnecessarywhen the products are consumed or when the pro-ducts are separated from containers or packaging.According to the definition, a l l containers andpackaging which are attached to products are con-sidered to be subject to the law. The law proposesthat municipalities would carry out the separate col-lection of containers and packaging wastes and con-sumers would incorporate the sorting and separatecollection of these wastes. Enterprise would recycleand recommercialize the containers and packagingwastes which the municipalit ies have collected. Spe-cific enterprises would have to recommercialize thevolume of waste containers and packaging whichthey were responsible for using or producing. Enter-prises would carry this responsibility out in thefollowing three methods, as shown in Fig. 3.Personal collection Containers and packagingwould be exempted from the obligation to recom-mercialize if their method of collect ion is certified asfulfilling a certain recovery rate fixed by a competentministerial ordinance, when collection is carried outby the enterprise itself or by someone contracted tocollect the material. For example, when specificenterprises using returnable containers such as beerbottles receive this certification, even if a part of thecontainer is discarded as municipal solid waste, thecontainer would be exempted from the obligation to


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recommercialize. Also, when specific enterprises col-lect the same kind of containers and packaging whichthey manufacture or use, or contract someone else tocollect, the volume o f the collection would be deductedfrom the volume of obligation to recommercialize.Trusting to approved corporation The corporationwould receive approval from the minister to handlethe recommercialization of waste for specific enter-prises. Thus, these enterprises could contract out thecollection to meet their obligations to the law.Approval fo r recommercialization Specific enterpri-ses would either carry out recommercialization bythemselves or could contrac t specially approved cor-porations to do it. Alternatively, it would be neces-sary to obtain a special approval of the competentminister in order to guarantee that they have reachedcertain standards.The operation of sorting and separating collection,which is based on the municipal scheme, would beenforced within two years or, from April 1997. How-ever, containers and packaging made mainly frompaper or plastic which are specified by a governmentordinance would be enforced within five years, orfrom the year 2000.Present Statu s of Mate rial Recycling in JapanUsed paper The paper and pulp statistics5 revealthat Japanese production of paper and plate paper--the paper used for manufacturing corrugated card-board--amounted to 28.31 million tons in 1992 (26.8million tons in 1989). This is the world's secondhighest production, following the 69.5 million tons inthe U.S. in 1989. In terms of per capita consumptionof paper, Japan is the third largest, registering 228kg/person/year, following the 304 kg/person/year inthe U.S. and the 223 kg/person/year in Sweden. Therecycling rate of used paper in Japan was 51.3 in1993 and the reuse rate was 53.1 . These levels arevery high by world standards, may be the highest.Furthermore, Japan achieved the target of 55 in1994. However, the reuse rate of normal paperrepresents only 25 and that of plate paper 86 .Thus, used paper is recycled and reused at a highrate, turned into plate paper which is the material forcorrugated cardboard. Judging from the generalrecycling rate of used paper, it seems that the recy-cling rates of used newspaper and cardboard arebetter than the overall average of 50 . Thus, therecycling and reuse of used paper has long beenpositively promoted socially, for example in the smallbusiness exchange system. This encourages us to holdto our conventional commitment, i.e. continuation ofused newspaper and corrugated cardboard collectionas a central role in recycling. Materials whose

recycling should be furthered in the future are fine-quality paper, such as that for printing in informationprocessing, the probable major cause of the recentincrease in the amount of MSW, and those typesof paper which have a low reuse rate and a lowrecycling rate.

Interesting surveys on the causes of such infre-quent reuse have been conducted by Kyoto City.6Based on the results of a questionnaire survey (replyrate: ca. 68 ) on the destinat ion of used paper wastewhich compared 320 enterprises and 30 public sec-tors. The results indicated that newspaper was sold toused paper collection businesses by approximately66 of the organizations surveyed and corrugatedcardboard was sold by 73 of the survey subjects,whereas computer continuous forms, photocopypaper and ledgers and slips were disposed byapproximately 54, 69 and 69 of the businesses,respectively, indicating a low rate of recycling. One ofthe main reasons for a large percentage of the com-puter forms, photocopies and ledgers and slips notbeing recycled was that they were considered confi-dential documents. In sharp contrast are the mainreasons for not recycling newspaper and cardboard;the storage space is lacking and acceptable collectionbusinesses are not available. In the current situation,paper used for confidential documents is incinerated,together with other Ipaper not requiring confidentialattention. It is desired that greater care be taken onthe side of discarders to ensure that only confidentialdocuments are discarded. Another finding of thesurvey implies that the subject organizations stronglydesire public sector involvement in the collection andstorage of confidential documents. This is one of theaspects to be given further consideration. Fine-qualitypaper is recycled primarily into sanitary paper,whereas the reuse rates of low-quality and platepapers are generally held to be near their upper lim-its. Hence, the reuse rate of used paper in printingand information-processing must be raised toenhance paper recycling.Used m etal The production of steel cans, combin-ing drink and general cans, is an estimated 17 billionpieces for the year 1988, i.e. 730,000 tons a year(assuming an average can weighs 42 g), whereas alu-minum cans are estimated to amount to 8 billionpieces for 1989, or 150,000 tons a year (assuming thata can weighs 18.7 g). Of the tota l can product ion(approx. 25 billion pieces) steel accounts for some68 of the weight and aluminum 32 . The recyclingrate of steel cans was 61 in 1993 (45 in 1988),whereas aluminum was 58 (43 in 1988). Thetarget was to raise the rate to 60 . Steel cans arenormally recycled through the electric furnace process.There are some restrictions7 for recycling material:non-ferrous materials (copper, aluminum and tin,


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MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN JAPAN 399etc.), and impurities such as plastics must be removedfrom the material prior to being compressed into asmall size (length + width + height = 180 cm max.with each side not longer than 80 cm). If these cri-teria are not met, the steel can and scrap is renderedvalueless. Another problem is that for prices of rawiron and imported steel scrap are lower than the costof the domestic collection of secondary materials.For aluminum cans, however, the move towardrecycling is taking root owing to the advantage thatonly 590 kWh/ton of energy is needed to producerecycled aluminum metal, which is only 3% of theenergy (21,100 kWh/ton) needed to produce virginaluminum. It is very likely that government andindustry will encourage further moves toward alumi-num recycling. The share of aluminum cans in drinkcontainers in the U.S. was 1% in 1964. This surged to90% in 1984 and the recycling rate reached 50% orhigher. ~ With reference to this, i t is suggested tha tthe upturn in the aluminum can recycling rate inJapan requires an increase in the number of collec-tion stations and supply collection boxes, thus fur-ther improving the collection system.Used glass In 1990 abou t 2.4 million tons, or 11billion glass bottles, were produced. In terms ofweight ratio, returnable bottles accounted for about25% and one-way bottles for about 75% o f the total.In a survey by the Glass Bottle Recycling PromotionFederation, the total bottle distribution was approxi-mately 6.3 million tons a year, amounting to a round15 billion pieces. Bottles are generally returned toliquor shops and other retailers, and then to whole-salers and bottle companies, and finally to bottlers.The recycling ratio of beer bottles was 97% in 1993and that of rice wine bottles (1.8 1) 83%. This channelof bottle distribution, established as a product con-tainer circulation line, constitutes a social systemwhich will encourage further administrative actiontoward the dissemination of returnable bottles.

The recycling system of broken glass in the form ofcullet as raw mater ial for glass manufacture belongs tothe material recovery system. In addition to materialcollected through liquor shops and other retailers,glass cullet follows a flow from some associatedgroup collection and public sector-involved separa-tion, cuUet-handling businesses, and finally to glassmanufacturers where the cullet is recycled into bot-tles. The cullet use rate was 55.5% in 1993 (48% in1990). Treatment, including removal of contaminan tmaterials, color sorting and washing is carried out inthe recycling process. Efficiency in this process is thegreatest problem with glass cullet recycling.Quality standards for glass cullet include standardsfor heterogeneous glass, specifying tha t chromite andsimilar minerals, and non-melting substances do notremain and that concrete, soil and stones including

bricks, are 50 ppm or less in total. In addition, stan-dards for metal such as iron should be 5 ppm or less,ceramic 20 ppm or less and plastics 100 ppm or less.Such requirements necessitate strong measures tomaintain good quality in cullet manufacture. Thestrong tendency to seek colorless, transparent bottlesin today's glass bottle manufacture incurs demandfor the provision of cuUet sorted by color which is abarrier to glass recycling. The fact that the price ofculler as a raw mater ial is very often higher than thatof virgin material, and that a bottle made from culletweighs more, suggests the need for further improve-ment of separate collection stations and furtheraction toward circulated use.Used plast ics Material recovery from plastics andmaterial recycling were launched only recently withthe collection of only polyethylene phthalate PETbottles and foam trays. Such a short history does notallow the author to judge whether or not the recy-cling and reuse of plastics is possible in the currentsocial system. PET resin production for bottles wasat 100,000 tons a year and polystyrene foam productsat 238,000 tons a year. This is because separation ofplastic types is very difficult under the present condi-tions. Everyone knows that a wide variety of resinsare discharged as waste, ranging from the polyolefine(PO) family to polystyrene (PS) to polyvinyl chloride(PVC) to polyethylene phtha late (PET). However, itis difficult to collect these separately. It is clear that,excluding PET (all of which is used for dr ink bottles),PO, PS and PVC plastics are applied to a very widespectrum of products. The results of a questionnairesurvey3, asking household waste generators if theyknew the differences among plastic resins, showedthat only 2.4% of those replying answered Yes andwere capable of naming such resins. When plasticsare viewed as a subject of material recovery fromMSW, it is therefore reasonable to think it impossibleto collect resins separately under the current system,except where a single resin is used for a given rangeof products (e.g. PET bottles). Even if marking by typeof resin continues to be promoted, there is no reasonto expect waste discharge in completely sorted con-dition. The ideal material recovery and reuse meth-ods for plastics should be pursued with a recognitionof this defect. If society cannot choose this direction,despite recognizing the positive effect of plasticsreuse, the next best measure would be to recover theoil or incinerate the material and generate power.WASTE MANAGEMENT WITH POLLUTIONCONTROLTh e P r e s e n t S t a t u s o f W a s t e M a n a g e m e n t in J a p a n 9The amount o f MSW generated in Japan in 1992 was50.20 million tons compared to 50.77 million tons in


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4 0 0 S S A K A I

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mmm Pamua l amoun t o f MSWPer capita amount o f S W

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FIGU RE 4. MSW am ount between 1987 and 1992 in Japan.

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FIGURE 5. MSW management methods in Japan.

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1 99 1. T h e p r o m o t i o n o f a n a p p r o p r i a t e s t r a te g y f o rw a s t e r e d u c t i o n a n d a n e c o n o m i c r e c e s si o n a re c o n -s i d e re d t o b e t h e r e a s o n s f o r t h e 1 . 1 d e c r e a se . P e rc a p i ta g e n e r a t i o n o f M S W a m o u n t s t o 1 .1 0 k g w h i c ha l s o d e c r e a s e d f r o m t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r ( F i g . 4 ) . T h er a t i o o f w a s te r e c y c l in g f o l lo w e d b y t r e a t m e n t s s u c ha s i n c i n e r a t i o n h a s b e e n i n c r e a s i n g y e a r b y y e a r a n dt h e r a t i o w a s 8 5 . 1 i n 1 9 9 2 ( 8 3 i n 1 99 1 ). O f t h et o t a l M S W g e n e r a t e d w h i c h h a s b e e n t r e a t e d i n t e r -m e d i a t e l y , t h e r a t io o f d i r e c t i n c i n e r a t i o n w a s 7 4 . 3 ,t h e t o ta l r a ti o o f b o t h M S W w h i c h h a s p as s e d o t h e rm e t h o d s s u c h a s c r u s h i n g a n d s e p a r a t i o n a n d c o m -p o s t i n g w a s 1 0 . 7 ( F ig . 5 ). C o n v e r s e l y , t h e a m o u n to f M S W t o b e d i r e c t l y la n d f il l ed w a s 7 . 3 3 m i l l io nt o n s i n 1 9 9 2 ( 8 . 4 6 m i l l i o n t o n s i n 1 9 9 1 ) , w h i c h w e r ee q u i v a l e n t t o 1 4 . 9 ( 1 7 . 0 i n 1 9 91 ) o f t h e t o t a l

a m o u n t . B o t h t h e q u a n t i t y a n d r a t i o h a v e d e c re a s e ds i gn i f ic a n tl y . T h e a m o u n t o f r e s o u r c e r e c o v e r y b ys e p a r a t e c o l l ec t i o n a n d m a t e r i a l s e p a r a t i o n w a s1 .9 3 m i l l i o n t o n s , t h e r a t i o o f w h i c h w a s 3 . 9 . T h ea m o u n t o f r e s o u r c e c o ll e ct e d b y s o m e a s so c i at e dg r o u p c o l l e c t i o n w a s 2 . 1 6 m i l l i o n t o n s ( 1 . 41 m i l l i o nt o n s i n 1 9 9 2 ), w h i c h w a s a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t ly i n c r e a s in g .I n 1 99 1, t h e n u m b e r s o f M S W i n c i n e r a t i o n a n dc o m p o s t i n g f a c i l it i e s w e r e 1 ,8 4 1 a n d 2 9 , r e s p e c t iv e l y .T h e d a i l y t r e a t m e n t c a p a c i t y w a s n e a r l y 1 7 8 , 00 0 t o n si n 1 9 91 . T h e n u m b e r o f l a n d f i ll s it e s w a s 2 , 3 6 1a n d t h e i r re m a i n i n g c a p a c i t y w a s 1 5 4 m i o ( m i l li o n )m 3. T h e n u m b e r o f y e a r s r e m a i n i n g f o r l a n d fi ll i n t h eK i n k i a r e a w a s a b o u t 6 . 8 y e a r s , w h e r e a s i n t h eT o k y o m e t r o p o l i t a n a re a s th e n u m b e r w a s a b o u t 4 . 6y e a r s .


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M U N I C I P A L S O L I D W A S T E M A N A G E M E N T I N J A P A NTABLE 2

Mu nicipal Waste Incinerators in Japan (Japa n W aste Research Foundation in 1 991)

4 1

Num ber of facilities Stoker furnace Fluidized bed furnace Other types TotalContinuou s type 374 33 3 410 (24.3 )Sem i-continuous ype 188 81 0 269 (16.0 )Mechanical-batch type 812 3 0 815 (48.3 )Fixed-grate batc h type 193 0 0 193 (11.4 )To tal 1567 117 3 1687 (100 )

(92.9 ) (6.9 ) (0.2 ) (100 )Capacity (tons/day) Stoker furnace Fluidized bed furnace Other types Total

Co ntinu ous type 112,044 7049 700 l 19,793 (72.7 )Sem i-continuous ype 15,364 5573 0 20,937 (12.7 )Me chanical-batch type 22,364 95 0 22,459 (13.6 )Fixed-g rate batch type 1580 0 0 1580 (1.0 )To tal 151,352 12,717 700 164,679 (10 0 )(91.9 ) (7.7 ) (0.4 ) (100 )

T h e r m a l T r e a t m e n t w i t h P o l lu t i o n C o n t r o l l AT h e r e su l ts o f a s u r v e y c o n d u c t e d b y t h e J a p a nW a s t e R e s e a r c h F o u n d a t i o n o n t h e s ta t u s o f m u n i -c i p a l w a s t e i n c i n e r a t i o n a r e s u m m a r i z e d i n T a b l e 2 .T h e n u m b e r o f M W I i n J a p a n is a l m o s t 1 ,8 0 0, o u t o fw h i c h 1 , 68 7 fa c i l it i e s h a v e a n s w e r e d t h i s s u r v e y . T h em u n i c i p a l w a s t e in c i n e r a t i o n p l a n t s i n J a p a n a r ec l as s if ie d a s c o n t i n u o u s , s e m i - c o n t i n u o u s , m e c h a n i c a lb a t c h a n d f i x e d - g r a t e b a t c h t y p e s . T h e c o n t i n u o u st y p e s a r e e q u i p p e d w i t h m e c h a n i c a l s y s t e m s w h i c hc a n f e e d w a s t e i n t o t h e i n c i n e r a t o r , t r a n s f e r a n d a g i -t a t e w a s t e i n t h e i n c i n e r a t o r a n d d i s c h a r g e t h e a s hc o n t i n u o u s l y a n d e a s i l y u n d e r s t e a d y c o m b u s t i o nc o n t r o l . T h e y o p e r a t e 2 4 h o u r s a d a y . S e m i - c o n t i n u -o u s t y p e s o p e r a t e o n t h e s a m e p r i n c i p l e b u t m o r ei n t e r m i t t e n t l y . T h e y g e n e r a l l y o p e r a t e 1 6 h o u r s ad a y . M e c h a n i c a l b a t c h t y p e f a c i l i t i e s a r e n o t e q u i p -p e d w i t h a m e c h a n i c a l s y s t e m w h i c h c a n f e e d w a s t ei n t o t h e i n c i n e r a t o r e a s i l y a n d c o n t i n u o u s l y a n d t e n dt o c o m b u s t i n t e r m i t t e n t l y . T h e y o p e r a t e , i n p r i n c i p l e ,e i g h t h o u r s a d a y . P a r t o r a ll o f t h e g r a t e s a r e p o w e ro p e r a t e d , a n d t h e a g i t a t i o n o f w a s t e a n d d i s c h a r g eo f a s h a r e c a r r i e d o u t m e c h a n i c a l l y . F i x e d - g r a t eb a t c h t y p e s y s t e m s a r e a l m o s t t h e s a m e a s t h em e c h a n i c a l b a t c h t y p e b u t t h e y o p e r a t e w i t h o u t ag r a te m o v i n g s y st e m . T h e n u m b e r o f l ar g e -s iz e c o n -t i n u o u s t y p e i n c i n e r a t o rs w h i c h o p e r a t e f o r 2 4 h o u r si s 4 1 0 , a c c o u n t i n g f o r 2 4 . 3 o f t h e w h o l e n u m b e r ,a n d r e p r e s e n t s a b o u t 1 2 0 , 0 0 0 t o n s / d a y i n t e r m s o ft r e a t m e n t c a p a c i t y ( 7 2 . 7 o f t h e t o t a l c a p a c i t y ) .C o n t i n u o u s t y p e i n c i n e r a t o r s a r e s m a l l i n n u m b e rb u t a c c o u n t f o r a l a rg e p e r c e n t a g e o f t re a t m e n tc a p a c i t y .

S u f f ic i e n t m e a s u r e s m u s t b e g i v e n t o e n v i r o n m e n -t a l c o n s e r v a t i o n a n d e f f o r t s m u s t b e m a d e t o s u p p l ye l e ct r ic p o w e r a n d h o t w a t e r g e n e r a t e d b y w a s t e h e a te n e r g y th r o u g h i n c i n e ra t i o n t o e n c o u r a g e e n e r g ys a v in g . I n J a p a n , s p e c if i ed c o n t r o l o f h a z a r d o u s

s u b s t a n c e s s u c h a s d u s t , H C 1 , N O x a n d S O x g e n e r -a t e d d u r i n g i n c i n e r a t i o n a r e i n p l a c e , b u t d i r e c tc o n t r o l o v e r p o l y c h l o r i n a t e d d i b e n z o - p - d i o x i n s( P C D D s ) a n d p o l y c h l o r i n a te d d i b e n zo f u r a n s ( P C D F s )h a s b e e n o n l y p a r t l y i m p l e m e n t e d a t t h e m o m e n t .T h e M i n i s t ry o f H e a l t h a n d W e l f a r e d e te r m i n e dg u i d e l i n e s f o r c o n t r o l l i n g d i o x i n s a n d d i b e n z o f u r a n si n m u n i c i p a l w a s t e tr e a t m e n t i n D e c e m b e r 1 99 0. T h ec o u n t e r m e a s u r e s w h i c h f o r m t h e n u c l eu s o f t h eg u i d e l i n e s a r e :

1 . M e a s u r e s t o a c h ie v e c o m p l e t e c o m b u s t i o n ,2 . m e a s u r e s t o l o w e r t e m p e r a t u r e o f f lu e g as i n t ot h e d u s t c o l l e c t o r a n d3 . i m p r o v e m e n t o f t h e c o l l e c t i o n e f f ic i en c y o f d i s -

c h a r g e d d u s t s.B e ca u se f o r m a t io n o f P C D D s / P C D F s c a n b e s up -

p r e s s e d b y a c h i e v i n g c o m p l e t e c o m b u s t i o n , c o n s t r u c -t i o n d e si g n ed f o r c o m p l e t e c o m b u s t i o n a n d o p e r a t i o nc o n t r o l a r e s c h e d u l e d t o b e c a r r i e d o u t u s i n g c o m -b u s t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e , c a r b o n m o n o x i d e a n d o x y g e nc o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n f l u e g a s a s i n d e x e s . N e x t , b e c a u s eP C D D s / P C D F s t e n d t o b e f o r m e d a t t h e d u s tc o l l e c t o r t e m p e r a t u r e o f a r o u n d 3 0 0 C , it w a sd e c i d e d t o l o w e r t h e i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e d u s tc o l l e c to r . I n a d d i t i o n , i n s t a l l a t i o n o f a n e l e c t r o s t a t icp r e c i p i t a t o r o r f a b r i c f il te r w i t h h i g h d u s t r e m o v a le f fi c ie n c y i s p l a n n e d f o r t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f t h eP C D D s / P C D F s r e m o v a l m e a s u r es a s w e ll a s to s u p -p r e s s t h e f o r m a t i o n . T h e c o u n t e r m e a s u r e s b a s e d o nt h e g u i d e li n e s f o r c o n t r o l l i n g d i o x i n s a n d d i b e n z o -f u r a n s c u r r e n t l y p r o v i d e d i n J a p a n a r e e x p e c t e d t ol o w e r t h e P C D D s / P C D F s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s in fl u e g a st o 0 . 5 n g / m 3 N ( 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 - T C D D t o x i c i t y e q u i v a l e n tc o n c e n t r a t i o n ) i n n e w c o n t i n u o u s t y p e i n c i n e r a t i o np l an t s, a n d t h e d i s ch a r g e o f P C D D s / P C D F s f r o mm u n i c i p a l w a s t e i n c i n e r a t i o n p l a n t s t h r o u g h o u tJ a p a n i s e x p e c t e d t o d e c r e a s e t o b e l o w 1 /1 0 o f th e


8/11

4 0 2 S S A K A Ic u r r e n t l e v e l. In a d d i t i o n , b e c a u s e a d e v e l o p m e n t o ft e ch n o l o g ie s t o d e c o m p o s e s l ig h t t ra c e s o f P C D D s /P C D F s c o n t a i n e d i n i n c i n e r a t i o n r e s i d u e i s u n d e r -w a y , e f f o r t m u s t b e m a d e t o f u r t h e r a d v a n c e d e v e l -o p m e n t f o r p r a c ti c a l u se . F u r t h e r r e v i s io n o f d i o x i ng u i d e l in e i n J a p a n m u s t i n c l u d e:

1 . A d o p t i o n o f h i g h l y e f f i c ie n t g a s c l e a n i n g sy s -t e m ,2 . r e s i d u e d e s t r u c t i o n a n d r e c y c l i n g a n d3 . w i d e a r e a m a n a g e m e n t w i t h s o p h i s t i c a t e d t e c h -

n o l o g i e s a n d h i g h e n e r g y r e c o v e r y .

Ash Management in Japan 12 13T h e W a s t e D i s p o s a l a n d P u b l i c C l e a n s i n g L a w ,w h i c h c o n c e r n s a l l a s p e c t s o f w a s t e m a n a g e m e n t , w a st o t a l l y a m e n d e d i n O c t o b e r 1 9 9 1 ( h e r e i n a f t e r r e f e r r e dt o a s t h e W a s t e M a n a g e m e n t L a w a s a m e n d e d ) .U p o n e s t a b l i sh m e n t o f t h e W a s t e M a n a g e m e n t L a w ,f ly a s h r e s u l t i n g f r o m m u n i c i p a l w a s t e i n c i n e r a t i o n( h e r e i n a f t e r r e f e r r e d to a s M W I ) w a s d e s i g n a t e d a s ad o m e s t i c w a s t e u n d e r s p e c i a l c o n t r o l , a s p o s s e s s i n gp r o p e r t i e s t h a t c a n a f fe c t h u m a n h e a l t h a n d e n v i r o n -m e n t . A l t h o u g h d o m e s t i c w a s t e i s g e n e r a l l y c o n s i d -e r e d a s a n e s s e n t i a l l y n o n - h a z a r d o u s w a s t e f r o md a i l y d o m e s t i c a c t i v i t i e s , r a t h e r t h a n f r o m i n d u s t r i a la c t i v i t i e s , s o m e p r o d u c t s f o r d o m e s t i c u s e c o n t a i nh a z a r d o u s s u b s t a n c e s e v e n i n t r a c e a m o u n t s , a n dt h e y t e n d t o a c c u m u l a t e i n s o o t a n d d u s t a l o n g w i t ho t h e r h a z a r d o u s s u b s t a n c e s p r o d u c e d d u r i n g t h e i ri n c i n e r a t io n . T h i s is t h e r e a s o n f o r t h e d e s i g n a t i o n o fa w a s t e u n d e r sp e c i a l c o n t r o l . D i r e c t l a n d f i l l d i sp o sa lo f s u c h s o o t a n d d u s t ( h e r e i n a f te r r e fe r r e d to a s M W If ly a s h ) i s b a n n e d b y t h e n e w r e g u l a t i o n . P r e s e n t l yM W I f ly a s h f o r l a n d f il l d i s p o s a l s h o u l d u n d e r g o a ni n t e r m e d i a t e t r e a t m e n t s p e c i fi e d b y t h e M i n i s t e r o fH e a l t h a n d W e l f a r e :

1 . M e l t i n g a n d so l i d i f i c a t io n ,2 . so l i d i f i c a t i o n b y c e m e n t ,3 . s t a b i l i z a t i o n u s i n g c h e m i c a l a g e n t s , o r4 . e x t r a c t i o n w i t h a c i d o r o t h e r s o l v e n t.T h e t o t a l a n n u a l a m o u n t s o f b o t t o m a s h a n d f ly

a s h p r o d u c e d b y M W I i n J a p a n a r e ca l c u la t e d to b e 5m i l l i o n t o n s a n d 1 . 2 m i l l i o n t o n s , r e sp e c t i v e l y

( T a b l e 3 ) . T h e a s s u m p t i o n s o f t h is c a l c u l a t io n a r e a sf o l l o w s . T h e t o t a l m u n i c i p a l w a s t e i n 1 9 9 1 w a s 5 0 . 7 7m i l l io n t o n s a n d t h e r a t i o o f th e w a s t e t o b e i n c in e r -a t e d w a s 7 3 . A s f o r t h e l i m e u se d i n t h e g a s t r e a t -m e n t u n i t t o n e u t r a l i z e t h e a c i d i c s u b s t a n c e s i n t h ee x h a u s t g a s , s u c h n e u t r a l i z e r s a r e c o l l e c t e d t o g e t h e ri n fl y a s h . T h e a m o u n t o f n e u t r a li z e r is r o u g h l y t w ot im e s t h e a m o u n t o f M W I f ly a s h o r i g i na t in g f r o m t h ea s h c o n t e n t o f w a s te , a l t h o u g h i t v a r i es d e p e n d i n g o nt h e n a t u r e o f t h e w a s te , e x h a u s t g a s t r e a t m e n t c o n -d i t i o n s a n d o t h e r f a c t o r s . I f w e a s s u m e t h a t 1 00 t o n so f w a s t e i s i n c in e r a t e d , i n w h i c h t h e w a s t e c o n t a i n s1 5 a s h , t h e M W I f ly a s h o r i g i n a t i n g f r o m t h e a s h int h e w a s t e a c c o u n t s f o r 1 0 o f t h e a s h , a n d a n a lk a l ii s a d d e d t o t h e f l y d u s t a t a 2 :1 r a t i o , t h e n 1 3. 5 to n so f in c i n e ra t e d b o t t o m a s h a n d 4 . 5 t o n s o f M W I f lya s h w i l l b e p r o d u c e d . I n t h e c a s e o f a s t o k e r f u r n a c e ,a l t h o u g h 5 0 o f t h e t o t a l a m o u n t o f w a s te is t r e a te db y t h e l i m e a d d i t i o n p r o c e s s , m a n y s t o k e r p l a n t sa d o p t w e t s c r u b b i n g . I n 1 99 1 , 8 3 o f t o t a l f a c i li t ie sd i s p o se d o f f ly a s h w i t h b o t t o m a s h a n d 1 3 o ft h o se t r e a t e d a sh u s i n g so l i d i f i c a t io n p r o c e s se s . T h eW a s t e D i s p o s a l L a w a s a m e n d e d r e q u i r e s M W I f l ya s h t o b e s u b j e c t e d t o a n i n t e r m e d i a t e t r e a t m e n ts p e c if ie d b y th e M i n i s t r y o f H e a l t h a n d W e l f a r e a n dt o m e e t t h e c r i t e r i a s p e c i f i e d b y t h e E n v i r o n m e n tA g e n c y ( E n v i r o n m e n t A g e n c y N o t i f i c a t i o n N o . 4 2 ,Ju l y 3 , 1 9 9 2 ) b e f o r e su b se q u e n t l a n d f i l l d i sp o sa l .

T a b l e 4 s h o w s t h e f o u r p r o c e s s e s o f in t e r m e d i a t et r e a t m e n t s p e c i fi e d b y t h e M i n i s t r y o f H e a l t h a n dW e l f a r e (M i n i s t r y o f H e a l t h a n d W e l f a r e N o t if i c a -t i o n N o . 1 9 4) . T h i s t a b l e g i v e s r e l a t i v e e v a l u a t i o n s o ft h e f o u r p r o c e s se s b y t h e a u t h o r s . P r o c e s se s ( 2 ) , ( 3 )a n d ( 4) a re b a s e d o n c h e m i c a l re a c t i o n s o f M W I f lya s h a n d c h e m i c a l s f o r i n s o l u b il i z in g t h e h e a v y m e t a l si n t h e M W I f ly as h . I n p r o c e s s ( 1 ), M W I f ly a s h i se x p o s e d t o a h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e a n d , t h u s , v o l a t i l i z i n gs u b s t a n c e s a r e r e c o v e r e d a s d u s t ( m e l t i n g f ly as h ) , t h er e s i d u e b e i n g r e c o v e r e d a s r o c k - l i k e s l ag . B e c a u s e t h es la g i s b a s ic a l ly v i t r e o u s , t h e h a z a r d o u s h e a v y m e t a l si n c o r p o r a t e d t h e r e i n a r e v e r y u n l ik e l y t o l e a ch ,r e m a i n i n g s t a b l e a g a i n s t l e a c h i n g o p e r a t i o n a n d s o l -v e n t p H . T h e r e i s a n o t h e r e f f e c t i n t h a t t h e d i o x i n s i nt h e M W I f ly a s h a r e m o s t l y d e c o m p o s e d b e c a u s e o ft h e h ig h t e m p e r a t u r e a t m o s p h e r e . W i t h t h e s e f e a t u r e s ,

TABLE 3Ash Production by Municipal Waste Incineration in Japan

Incinerated municipal Bottom ash Fly ash Incinerated residuewaste [1 06 ton /ye ar] [1 06 ton /ye ar] [10~ton/year] I106ton/yearlStok er furna ce 34.20 4.62 1.03 5.65Fluidized bed furn ace 2.90 0.38 0.13 0.51To tal 37.10 5.00 1.16 6.16Note: Total municipal waste production in 1991 = 50.77 x 106ton/year. ncineration atio = 73 . Num ber of total facilities = 1870. Unitproduction of fly ash* = 3 (stoker furnace), 4.5 (fluidized bed furnace). Unit produc tion of bottom ash* = 13.5 (stoker furnace,fluidized bed furnace). *Assumption: Ash content in municipal waste = 15 . Am ount of fly ash = 10 of ash content. Alkali addition =2 times of fly ash, 50 in case of stoker furnace, 100 in case of fluidized bed furnace.


9/11

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10/11

4 0 4 S . S A K A ITABLE 5

Full scale Melting Plants o f M SW Incineration Residue in JapanMunicipalities Completion Capacity (ton /d) Unit no. M anu factu rer Furnace type

1. Num azu City August 1979 20 1 Kubota Rotating surface2. Kashim a Town June 1981 6.5/8 h 1 Takuma Surface melting3. Eastern Saitama 2 M arch 1985 14.4 2 Takum a Surface melting4. Eastern Saitama 1 M arch 1986 15 2 Taku ma Surface melting5. Isahaya City M arch 1987 12.3 1 Kubota Rotating surface6. Sayam a City M arch 1991 15 1 Kubota Rotating surface7. Toky o Ota Ap ril 1991 250 2 Da ido Electric arc8. Anan City October 1991 4.8 2 Takum a Surface melting9. Handa City February 1993 24 1 Ebara Plasma10. Om iya City M arch 1993 75 1 Daida Electric arc11. M atsuyama City M arch 1994 52 1 Ebara Plasma12. Sakado City July 1994 9.6 1 Takum a Surface melting13. Shirane Regional C e n te r October 1994 7/16 h 1 Kubota Rotating surface14. Tokai City M arch 1995 15 2 Nippon Steel Coke bed15. Eastern Saitama, New 1 S ep te m be r995 80 2 Da ido Electric arc16. Kinuura Regional C en te r Se pt em be r 995 15 2 I .H.I . Coke bed17. Sayam a City M arch 1996 15 1 Takum a Surface melting18. M im a Regional Center M arch 1997 5/16 h 1 Kobe Steel Plasma19. Hachioji City M arch 1998 18 2 NK K Electric Joule20. Tam agawa Regional M arch 1998 25 2 Daido Electric arc21. Kano Regional Center M arch 1999 30 2 Hitachi Plasma22. Yokoham a City M arch 2001 60 1 NK K Electric Joule

p r o c e s s ( 1 ) i s u n i q u e a g a i n s t p r o c e s s e s ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) a n d ( 4)w h i c h a r e a l l b a s e d o n c h e m i c a l t r e a t m e n t , w h i l ep r o c e s s ( 1 ) i s b a s e d o n t h e r m a l t r e a t m e n t .

M W I f l y a s h c a n b e t h e r m a l l y s t a b i li z e d b y m e l t i n ga n d s o l i d i fi c a t io n . I n a n y m e t h o d , d e p e n d i n g o n t h es o u r c e o f h e a t i n g e n e r g y , f u e l a n d e l e c t r ic i t y , i n o r -g a n i c m a t e r i a l s m u s t b e m e l t e d a n d s l a g g e d w h i l e t h et e m p e r a t u r e i s k e p t a b o v e t h e m e l t i ng p o i n t o f t h ei n o r g a n i c s . D u r i n g t h i s p r o c e s s , h e a v y m e t a l s w i t hl o w b o i l i n g p o i n t s a r e v o l a t i l i z e d a n d s e p a r a t e d . I nJ a p a n , t h e s e w a g e s l u d g e m e l t i n g p r o c e s s w a s d e v e l -o p e d i n t h e 1 98 0 s a n d h a s b e e n i n p r a c t i c a l o p e r a t i o na t a l m o s t 1 0 fu l l s c a l e p l a n t s . 14,15 S o m e p l a n t s a r eb e i n g o p e r a t e d i n w h i c h M W I f l y a s h , a l o n g w i t hi n c i n er a t io n b o t t o m a s h , is m e l t e d . D e m o n s t r a t i v eo p e r a t i o n a n d e x p e r i m e n t s f o r m e l t in g M W I f l y a s ha l o n e a r e u n d e r w a y . 1 6-1 9 W h e n c o n s i d e r i n g a s ht r e a t m e n t i t i s e s s e n t i a l t o a c c o m p l i s h b o t h d e c o m -p o s i t i o n o f p e r s i s t e n t o r g a n i c p o l l u t a n t s s u c h a sd i o xi n s a n d t h e r e m o v a l o f h e a v y m e t a l s. F l y a s hf r o m M S W i n c i n e r a t i o n i s t r e a t e d b y t h e m e l t i n gp r o c e s s i n w h i c h d i o x i n s i n t h e f l y a s h a r e d e c o m -p o s e d a t t e m p e r a t u r e s o f m o r e t h a n 1 3 00 C i n t h em e l t i n g fu r n a c e a n d h e a v y m e t a l s a r e c o n c e n t r a t e d i na s h f r o m t h e d u s t c o l l e c t o r o f th e m e l t i n g p r o c e s s .

T a b l e 4 g i v e s t h e a u t h o r s ' r e l a t i v e e v a l u a t i o n so f t h e m e t h o d s o f c h e m i c a l o r t h e r m a l s t a b il i z a ti o no f f ly a s h . T h e t a b l e g i v e s q u a l i ta t i v e r a t i n g s o f t h em e t h o d s a s t o p r e s e n t t e c h n i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t s t a t u s ,t r e a t m e n t c o s t , f i n a l d i s p o s a l v o l u m e , l o n g - t e r m s t a -b i l i t y o f r e s i d u e a n d f e a s i b i l i t y o f r e c y c l i n g r e s o u r c e s .A s f a r a s th e p r e s e n t s t a t u s o f te c h n i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t

i s c o n c e r n e d , s o l i d if i c a ti o n b y c e m e n t a n d c h e m i c a lt r e a t m e n t c a n b e v i e w e d a s n e a rl y c o m p l e t e l y e s t a b -l i s h e d t e c h n o l o g i e s . H o w e v e r , m e l t i n g o r a c i d e x t r a c -t i o n a r e n o w u n d e r d e v e l o p m e n t o r i m p r o v e m e n t .

T a b l e 5 l i s t s M S W a s h m e l t i n g p r o c e s s e s b e i n go p e r a t e d c o m m e r c i a l l y a n d u n d e r c o n s t r u c t i o n i nJ a p a n . E v e n t h o u g h t h e s e m e l t i n g p r o c e s s e s a r en o w c o m m e r c i a l i z e d t h e y h a v e t e c h n o l o g i c a l i s s u e st o r e s o l v e a n d r e q u i r e c o n t i n u o u s i n v e s t i g a t i o n t or e a l i z e s t a b l e o p e r a t i o n w i t h m i n i m u m o p e r a t i o na n d m a i n t e n a n c e c o s t . M e l t i n g , c h e m i c a l t r e a t m e n ta n d a c i d e x t r a c t i o n r e q u i r e i n e v i t a b l y h i g h t r e a t m e n tc o s t i n c o m p a r i s o n w i t h s o l i d i f i c a t i o n b y c e m e n t .O p e r a t i n g a n d M a n a g e m e n t c o s t o f m e l t i n g isb e t w e e n 1 00 U S / t o n a n d 1 50 S / t o n. T h e i n s t a l l a t i o nc o s t o f e a c h m e l t i n g p r o c e s s i s th e s a m e l e v el , a l m o s t1 m i l l i o n S / t o n . H o w e v e r , s o l i d if i c a t io n b y c e m e n ti n c re a s e s s o li d v o l u m e b y a b o u t 3 0 % o r m o r e ,r e s u l ti n g i n a n i n c r e a s e d f i n a l d i s p o s a l v o l u m e . A l s o ,s o l i d i f i c a t i o n b y c e m e n t a p p e a r s t o b e d i s a d v a n t a -g e o u s o v e r o t h e r m e t h o d s i n l o n g - t e r m s t a b i l i t y o ft h e s o l i d i f i e d p r o d u c t . W i t h r e s p e c t t o m e t a l c o n c e n -t r a t i o n , s e p a r a t i o n a n d r e s o u r c e s r e c y c l i n g f e a s ib i l it y ,m e l t i n g a n d a c i d e x t r a c t i o n a r e t h o u g h t t o b e b e t t e r .

C O N C L U S I O NM a t e r i a l r e c o v e r y f r o m M S W i s r e t u r n in g m a t e r i a lst o t h e c i r c u l a t i o n s y s t e m o r c o m m e n c i n g n e w c i r c u -l a t i o n . T o a c c o m p l i s h t h i s , t h e r e i s a n e e d n o t o n l yf o r t e c h n o l o g y t o r e c o v e r m a t e r i a l s b u t a l s o f o rb u i l d i n g a s o c i a l s y s t e m , i n c l u d i n g m a n u a l s e p a r a t i o n


11/11

M U N I C I P A L S O L I D W A S T E M A N A G E M E N T I N J A P A N 4 5a n d t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f n e w e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e s .A f t e r w a s t e r e d u c t i o n a n d r e c y c l i n g , m u n i c i p a l w a s t em u s t b e i n c i n e r a t e d a n d / o r d i s p o s e d o f in l a n d f il l s.I n c i n e r a t i o n p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e a s a w a s t et r e a tm e n t m e t h o d i n J a p a n b e c a u s e o f it s h i g h p o p u -l a t i o n d e n s i t y a n d l i m i t e d l a n d f i l l a r e a . O f t h e 5 0m i l l i o n t o n s o f m u n i c i p a l w a s t e p r o d u c e d i n 1 9 9 2,7 4 w a s i n c i n e r a te d . I n 19 9 0 , t h e M i n i s t r y o f H e a l t ha n d W e l f a r e p r o m u l g a t e d g u i d e l i n e s f o r c o n t r o l o fP C D D s / P C D F s i n m u n i ci p a l w a s t e tr e at m e n t. I n th i sg u i d e li n e , 0 . 5 n g T E Q / N m 3 i s t h e e x p e c t ed v a l u e f o rn e w c o n t i n u o u s t y p e f u r n a c e s . A c c o r d i n g t o J a p a n ' sW a s t e M a n a g e m e n t L a w a s a m e n d e d i n 1 9 9 1 , M W If ly a s h c a n n o t b e a l l o w e d t o b e d i s p o s e d o f u n l e ss it ist r e a t e d b y o n e o f t h e f o u r m e t h o d s s p e c i f i e d b y t h eM i n i s t r y o f H e a l t h a n d W e l f a r e . T h e y a r e :

1 . M e l t i n g2 . S o l i d i f i c a t i o n b y c e m e n t3 . S t a b i l i z a t i o n b y c h e m i c a l a g e n t4 . A c i d ex t r a c t i o n .F o r i d e a l l o n g - t e r m m e a s u r e s a g a i n s t w a s t e i n c i n -

e r a t i o n r e s i d u e s , r e s e a r c h a n d d e v e l o p m e n t p r i o r i t i e ss h o u l d b e g i v e n t o r e s o u r c e r e c y c l i n g , f o l l o w e d b ys t a b i l i z a t i o n a n d s t o r a g e m a n a g e m e n t . B o t h t o x i cr e d u c t i o n a n d r e c y c l i n g t e c h n o l o g i e s a r e i m p o r t a n tt o t h e c y c l e c o n c e p t f o r M S W .R E F E R E N C E S

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