GILDED AGE

WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER ABOUT INDUSTRY PRE-CIVIL WAR?

• Region-• Workers in the factory-• Major product-• Transportation-

US INDUSTRIALIZATION PART II

• Why does the US continue to industrialize?• natural resources• labor supply• Labor saving technologies• Gov’t policies to benefit them• Entrepreneurs

• Natural resources • Oil- Industries arise to make $$• Coal & iron

• Steel Process (remove carbon from iron)• Bessemer Process- inject air into molten iron to remove carbon• Cities become centers for steel (ex. Pittsburg)

IMPACT OF STEEL

• Steel • RR• Barbed wire, McCormick &

Deere’s farm equipment • Farming more efficient

• Bridges• Skyscrapers

• *helps America expand in all directions

OTHER TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES

• Thomas Edison- light bulb• Alexander Graham Bell- phone• Motion pictures• Phonograph • Henry Ford- Assembly Line• Refrigerated train car

BIG BUSINESS LEADERS

ANDREW CARNEGIE

• Background Info: early money from RR & Later enters the Steel Industry (his company will dominate the steel industry)

• Tactics:• Goal: make product cheaper• Employees can buys stock• Competition amongst his employees• Buys out his opponents

• Charity: • Donated a significant amount of his

wealth to otherswww.biography.com

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER

• Dominated the oil industry• His company: Standard Oil• Tactics:

• push out competitors • Created an oil trust • Horizontal integration

• Interesting facts:• Will be worth $1 billion by 1916

www.wikipedia.org

JP MORGAN

• Bought out other companies

• Dominated the banking industry

• Interesting fact- Carnegie forces Morgan to buy his steel company for 400 million• Morgan takes the company &

brings its worth to over $1.4 billion

www.wikipedia.org

AMERICAN PERCEPTIONS OF THESE MEN

• These men called themselves “captains of industry” while average Americans disliked their tactics & Called them “Robber Barons” instead• They defended their success with the concept of Social

Darwinism- _________________________________

• Tactics:• Dominate an industry & create a monopoly • Once in control, hike the prices up• Pay low wages

GOV’T INVOLVEMENT

• US Government starts to realize they need to “regulate” Big business as many Americans are unhappy with the tactics (like creating a monopoly)

• In 1890, Congress passed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act

• Illegal to form a trust that hinders free trade• Law is difficult to enforce & not very effective

SOUTH DURING GILDED AGE

• Still very rural• Focusing on cotton

• Sharecropping

• Some industry starting to occur• Many textile mills

FACTORY LIFE

INDUSTRIAL LIFE

• Long hours, low pay, unsafe working conditions, use of women & children• Death rate higher for women

• Upsets the working classes• Decide to organize

AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR (AFL)

• Samuel Gompers• Believe in collective

bargaining to achieve lower hours and higher pay• Also believed in strikes

• AFL is successful

SOCIALISM & THE WORKER

• Eugene Debs- activist & key socialist leader • What is socialism?

• An economic and political system based on gov’t control of business and property and equal distribution of wealth (452)

• Communism- extreme form

• Many workers turn to socialism to improve working conditions

HAYMARKET AFFAIR

• Haymarket Affair 1886• 3,000 workers meet in Chicago square

• Upset about police brutality (workers killed)• Bomb tossed on police line & they fire back• 7 police officers and several workers killed• Source of bomb is unknown, but the Speakers at the

square convicted of inciting a riot• 4 killed

• Impact: protesters are associated with the unions & many turn against Unions • The community Blames the unions for the violence

HAYMARKET SQUARE

PULLMAN STRIKE

• Due to Panic of 1893, many workers fired & others lose wages• Strike in spring of 1894• Union groups refuse to ride in Pullman cars• Pullman hires strike breakers• Turns violent- federal troops sent in

• All strikers fired and blacklisted from other jobs

HATRED OF UNIONS

• Industrial leaders feared the power of unions• Make it very difficult for unions to exist• Laws passed by Congress to legalize it• Union membership continued to grow anyways• Why weren’t the Unions strong in the South?

RAILROADS

IMPORTANCE OF RR

• New markets• Cities specialize in 1

product• Promote the growth of

other industries• Affects daily life

• (time zones created)• Modern stock holder

companies form• Connect the US

(transcontinental RR0- Promontory Point, Utah 1869)

WHO BUILT THE RR?

• Workers:• Chinese • Irish• Ex-slaves • War

• Working condition: very dangerous

www.wikipedia.org

GEORGE PULLMAN

• Made sleeper cars & built a town to house his employees

• Builds town for employees- All services provided (different from NE), Tight rules for the residents, Wanted a disciplined work force

• Revolt in 1894 (due to Panic of 1893)

www.wikipedia.com

RR CORRUPTION

• Sold extra Land to friends• Supposed to sell to public at cheap prices

• Cost to build RR• Lie about the cost

• Different rates• Higher rates for farmers • Free passes to journalists for positive press

ATTEMPTS TO STOP RR CORRUPTION

• Background Info: farmers in Midwestern states convinced courts to regulate the RR

• As a result, Congress passed Interstate Commerce Act 1886• Wanted to remind states that they can’t regulate

commerce • Created the Interstate Commerce Commission

• A group of men to oversee the RR & make sure they aren’t corrupt

• Impact: isn’t very effective

THE WEST

WESTERN DEVELOPMENT

• Why go west?• Gold Rush• Exodusters- ________________________• Ranchers/cattle herding• Homestead Act 1862

• 160 acres for free if you farmed on the Great Plains for 5 years• Helps populate the west

LIFE• Homes of sod brick• Extreme weather & Loneliness • Settlers Eventually turned to barb wire• New inventions

• Cyrus McCormick- _____________

• John Deere- __________________

• 2/3’s of the homesteaders fail • 1890’s open OK territory- people rush

in!!

SOD HOMES

STATEHOOD

• Nebraska 1867• South Dakota 1889• North Dakota 1889• Colorado 1876• Wyoming 1890• Montana 1889• Idaho 1890• Utah 1896• Nevada 1864• Washington 1889

POPULISM

• A movement of farmers to improve their life• Want legislation to prevent corruption in

businesses & laws to help them • Very popular in the __________ & ___________• Goals:

• Increase in $ supply• Graduated income tax• Federal loan program• Election of Senators by popular vote• Presidents limited to 1 term• Secret ballot• 8 Hour workday

ELECTION OF 1896

• Currency is the key issue• Gold or silver

• Candidates:• William Jennings Bryan (D)

• Want gold & silver

• William McKinley (R)• Wants gold

• Winner: ________________________• Impact: ______________________

www.coveringdelta.com

CONFLICT W/ NATIVES RAILROADS

LABOR UNIONSIMMIGRATION

CONSEQUENCES OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH

HISTORY OF US CONFLICT WITH NATIVE AMERICANS

o1830’s Jackson assigns Indian Territory o1850’s- first treaties made oBy 1865- various tribes scattered throughout the

westo farmers, hunter-gathers, livestock, crafts,

fishing, nomads

CONFLICT IN THE WEST

• As settlers move west- there’s Tension b/w settlers, miners, US army & Natives • Fighting occurs

• To avoid wars, the US gov’t convinces the tribes to sign treaties relocating the tribes to smaller tracts of land • Mandy do relocation, but the younger generations refuse

to follow the new treaties & several wars break out on the Great Plains

CUSTER’S LAST STAND

• 1874 Col. George A. Custer announces there’s GOLD in the Black Hills• Miners rush in

• The Sioux tribe refuses to leave the region• Leaders: Crazy Horse & Sitting

Bull lead an attack on Custer’s men at Little Bighorn

• Impact of event- _____________

AMERICAN REACTION TO CONFLICT

• Many Americans believe the Natives should move to reservations

• Others sympathized as seen with Helen Hunt Jackson’s A Century of Dishonor analyzed the injustices to the natives

• Some believed Assimilation was the answer • Children sent to schools to

become “Americanized”

School in Nebraska

http://www.history.uiuc.edu/fac_dir/hoxie/hoxie/images/ReservationScenes/index.htm

DAWES ACT 1887

• Goal: break up tribes• Given 160 acres• Live on land for 25 yrs.= gain citizenship• Act is failure

• Many Native Americans living in poverty & disease• Land provided isn’t great

SIOUX WAITING FOR FOOD PINE RIDGE RESERVATION

http://www.history.uiuc.edu/fac_dir/hoxie/hoxie/images/ReservationScenes/index.htm

GHOST DANCE

•Some tribes Attempts to hold onto tradition & resist the “white” culture

• Shaman had a vision that Jesus was coming to rescue them from the white man (evil)

• Natives would sing & dance to prepare for his arrival

•Indian Bureau of Affairs outlaws the mov’t

GHOST DANCE

2 EVENTS OF CONFLICT

• 1. The Sioux leader Sitting Bull Is killed in 1890• 2. Dec. 28th, 1890

• 350 Sioux sent to a reservation at Wounded Knee, SD • Army orders weapons to be turned over

• Shot fired & the Army attacks• Over 300 Sioux are killed• Officially ends the Indian Wars

RESPONSE

• https://voicethread.com/share/7226690/

IMMIGRATION

IMMIGRATION

• Up to 1850’s most immigrants came from western Europe• British• Irish• Germans

• By the 1890’s more from E & S Europe• ______________________________________________________

• 1870-1920 20 million come to the US• 2nd wave is dislike by Americans-

• Why? _____________________________

OTHER GROUPS

• Chinese & Japanese arrive on the West coast• Chinese build the RR • C & J face intense discrimination on the West

Coast

ELLIS ISLAND

• Upon arrival to the US, all immigrants were inspected (2% denied entry)

• European Immigrants arriving on the East Coast went through Ellis Island• 17 million pass through

• Inspection:• Medical tests• Quick questions (no criminals wanted!)

ELLIS ISLAND

Nat’l Archives

ANGEL ISLAND

• West coast version of Ellis Island • San Francisco Bay• Mostly Asians• 50,000 immigrants passed through• Conditions rougher than Ellis Island

ANGEL ISLAND

LIFE FOR NEW IMMIGRANTS

• Needed to find job, housing and adjust to new place

• Many will stay with similar cultural groups • Churches, synagogues, clubs, societies, etc.• Americans weary of new groups

• Believed America was a melting pot• Upset that new immigrants don’t want to assimilate

URBANIZATION

• Urbanization- _______________________________• What new inventions allow for this growth?

• Immigrants and Americans move to cities for factory jobs

• Cities overcrowded and face many problems• Crime• Fire• Lack of efficient transportation• Unsafe drinking water• Lack of sanitation

PROBLEMS

• Large masses of Americans & immigrants living in poverty in US Cities

• Lived in tenements • Typically 6-8 floors that held 24-32

families• Roughly 4,000 people in one block

• Building had poor ventilation, little sunshine, privacy & were fire hazards

• High mortality rate

THE BREAKERS

MARBLE HOUSE

ROSECLIFF

REFORM FOR CITY LIFE

• City reformers will target cities to address problems• Eventually legislation will pass to improve standards for

housing

• Settlement house- ____________________________• Most famous settlement house- Hull House

• Created by Jane Addams• Chicago, Il

URBANIZATION

• Immigrants easily taken advantaged of • Political machines- ____________________________• Help immigrants in return for a vote• How do they help? ______________________________

• City politicians were very corrupt• Graft- • Boss Tweed-

• Middle & upper class move out of cities & create 1st suburbs

• Cities full of excitement- department stores, shows, parks

LIFE IN THE SOUTH- START HERE IN

DECEMBER

SOUTHERN LIFE

• Majority of Southerners participating in Sharecropping the south

• Some industry with _______________________• Rights given to African Americans during

Reconstruction disappear • Review-

• 13th-• 14th-• 15th-

VOTING RESTRICTIONS

• White southerners want to limit the voting opportunities for Black men

• Develop 3 restrictions to make it almost impossible to vote• Poll tax- ______________________• Literacy test- _________________• Grandfather clause- ____________

SEGREGATION

• During Reconstruction, black codes developed to limit the movement & freedoms of ex-slaves

• After Reconstruction (1877), southern states create Jim Crow laws to officially segregate ALL aspects of society

www.pbs.org

IMPACT OF JIM CROW LAWS

• African Americans become second class citizens• Receive inferior education and access to public &

private facilities • Southern whites use terror & violence to enforce

laws• Lynching is common

• Some African Americans move north to escape prejudice & discrimination• Live in segregated neighborhoods & still face problems• Violence breaks out in some cities over competition for

jobs

PLESSY V. FERGUSON

• 1896• Homer Plessy is arrested for sitting

in a “whites only” section of a train• He Violated segregation laws

• He believes that since he’s of mixed descent, segregation laws violate his rights

• Supreme Court rules “separate but equal”• Explain- __________________________

EDUCATION IN AMERICA

US EDUCATION

• Prior to the Civil War, education fairly basic• Some reforms made in the North

• During the Gilded Age, emphasis on education occurs

• More Americans going to High School • Business leaders want prepared workers &

those with managerial skills• Curriculum expanded to include civics, social

studies & science• men- • Women-

EDUCATION FOR IMMIGRANTS

• School taught immigrants English and assimilated them into American culture

• Other immigrants resented the Protestant nature of schools especially the Catholic immigrants, so they start their own schools• Mostly in the North• Wanted Catholic faith taught in schools

EDUCATION FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS

• Blacks excluded from white schools & universities while little funding was spent on their schools

• 2 Civil Rights leaders emerge in late 1800’s• Booker T. Washington

• Racism will end when all blacks have useful skills (will improve their status in the South)

• Est. Tuskegee Institute- focus on agricultural, domestic & mechanical work

EDUCATION FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS

• W.E.B. Du Bois• Disagrees with Washington- wants liberal

arts education, so they can be leaders• Focused on the Talented 10th-

____________________________• Eventually will help form the NAACP

(goal- ________________)