gis mapping of dialect variations in north perak

Dialectologia20(2018),1-20.ISSN:2013-2247

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Received6December2015.

Accepted2April2016.

GISMAPPINGOFDIALECTVARIATIONSINNORTHPERAK1

ZaharaniAHMAD,NorHASHIMAHJALALUDDIN&YusmanizaMOHDYUSOFF

NationalUniversityofMalaysia*∗

[email protected]/[email protected]/[email protected]

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to describe the variations ofMalay dialects spoken in north Perak, and

accordinglydisplayingtheirdistribution inageolinguisticmapbyemployingaGeographical Information

System(GIS)analytical tool.Theanalysisondialectvariations isbasedonphonologicalmodificationsof

liquid segments word final. The data, which were collected in 24 different villages in the region, are

manuallytranscribedandclassifiedintovariantsbasedontheirphonologicalrealisations.Thesevariants,

whichwere initiallyrecorded intheExcelProgram,arethentransferred intotheGISprogrammewhere

the linguistic data are processed systematically. The GIS analytical tool produces geolinguistic maps

demonstrating the distribution of dialect variations and the topographic profiling of the region. It is

apparent that there is a correlation between the two where the latter plays a significant role in

determiningtheformer.

Keywords

dialect,geolinguistics,phonologicalmodification,variants

CARTOGRAFÍAGEOREFERENCIADASOBRELASVARIACIONESDIALECTALESENELNORTEDEPERAK

Resumen

Elobjetivodeesteartículoesdescribirlasvariacionesdelosdialectosmalayosquesehablanenel

norte de Perak y, en consecuencia, mostrar su distribución en un mapa geolingüístico empleando

Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG). El análisis de las variaciones dialectales se basa en

modificacionesfonológicasdelossegmentoslíquidosdefinaldepalabra.Losdatos,quefueronrecogidos

en 24 aldeas diferentes de la región, se han transcritomanualmente y se han clasificado en variantes

1ThisworkhasbeendevelopedunderAP-2012-002Project,fundedbyUniversitiKebangsaanMalaysia.∗*LinguisticProgram,FacultyofSocialSciencesandHumanities,UniversitiKebangsaanMalaysia.

AHMAD,HASHIMAHJALALUDDIN&MOHDYUSOFF

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basadasensusrealizacionesfonológicas.Estasvariantes,queinicialmenteseregistraronenelprograma

Excel, se transfirieron luego al programa SIG, donde los datos lingüísticos se procesaron

sistemáticamente. La herramienta de análisis SIG produce mapas geolingüísticos que demuestran la

distribucióndelasvariacionesdialectalesyelperfiltopográficodelaregión.Esevidentequeexisteuna

correlación entre ambos, donde este último juega un papel importante en la determinación de los

primeros.

Palabrasclave

dialecto,geolinguística,modificacionesfonológicas,variantes

1.Introduction

The advent of modern Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has

inspired the development of many disciplines of study. The utilization of high-end

computertechnologyinGeographicalInformationSystem(GIS)applicationenhancesits

analytical performance and capabilities.ModernGIS and its advanced spatial analysis

tools allow sophisticated and efficient analysis of spatial data inmany fields. One of

them isgeolinguistics,an interdisciplinary field thatoften incorporates languagemaps

depictingspatialpatternsoflanguageordialectlocationinaregion.

Accordingly, this paper attempts todescribe andmap thedistributionofMalay

dialectsspokeninnorthPerakthatcoversthedistrictofLarutMatangSelama(LMS)and

KualaKangsar(KK)byusingtheGIS2tool.ChoroplethmapsproducedbyGISwilldisplay

the spatial pattern of dialect distribution, aswell as exhibiting the topography of the

area,suchashills,mountains,andrivers.Basedonthesemaps,itisapparentthatthere

isacorrelationbetweenthetwowherethelatterplaysasignificantroleindetermining

theformer.

2.Literaturereview

Asrecordedintheliterature,thereweresomestudiesongeodialectofMalaythat

have been conducted by previous scholars (Harun 1983, Ajid 1985, Asmah 1985, and 2ThisresearchissupportedbytheUniversitiKebangsaanMalaysiagrant-UKMAP-2012-002.


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Rohani1986).However,themapsthattheyproducedmerelydepictedthedistribution

of Malay dialects spoken in that particular area without displaying its topographical

features,suchasrivers,hills,andmountains.Inaddition,sincethemapsweremanually

sketched impressionistically, their validity and accuracy are dubious and unreliable.

ExamplesofsuchmapsareshowninMaps1and2below.

Map1.ThedistributionofPerakDialects(Harun1983)

TheabovemapdisplaysthedistributionoffivemaindialectsofPerakMalaywhich

are categorized randomly based on phonological variations, and they are dubbed

accordingtotheirgeo-politicalnamesandlocations.ThedialectspokeninKrianiscalled

Kriandialect,thedialectspokeninKualaKangsaris identifiedasKualaKangsardialect,

andsoforth.Inaddition,therearealsoimmigrantdialectsspokeninthestate,namely

Banjar,Rawa,JawaandMinangkabau.ItisapparentthatHarun’sclassificationonMalay

dialectsspokeninPerakispurelybasedongeopoliticalboundariesratherthanlinguistic

boundaries.

Rohani’s (1986) study, however, does not cover the entire state of Perak, but

solely focuses on the district of Kuala Kangsar. She claims that this area is a dialectal


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transitionregion.Herstudy isalsobasedonphonologicalvariations,particularlythose

that involved vowel and consonant modifications. Areas with similar phonological

behaviorsaregrouped togetherand theirdistribution in thevicinity isdisplayed inan

imprecisemapasshowninMap2.

Map2.ThedistributionofPeraksubdialectinKualaKangsar(Rohani1986)

Incomparison,Rohani’smap(1986)seemstobebetterthanHarun(1983)inthe

sensethattheformerincludessometopographicalfeaturesinhermap,suchasrivers,

roads, railway tracks and the name of the villages. Nevertheless, additional features

suchashillsandmountainsarenotreflectedhere.

Unlike the situation in Malaysia, the use of modern technology in producing a

reliable geodialectal map is flourishing in foreign countries, such as Thailand

(Teerarojanarat& Tingsabadh 2011b), Japan (Onishi 2010) andUSA (Hoch and Hayes

2010)wheremodernGISanalysistoolisusedindefiningdialectorlanguageboundaries

in the region.Teerarojanarat&Tingsabadh (2011a) state that theprocessofmapping

dialect boundaries is not an easy job because it needs to take into account two

importantfactors,namelylanguagebehaviorandmappingtechnique.TheuseofGISis

aimedtoimprovethequalityofthemapsinrepresentingdialectboundariesinThailand.


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In their study, they have successfully collected 170 lexical of Thai language which

represents one lexical semantic unit. Respondents were asked to fill up the

questionnairesandsubsequentlysentthemtotheresearcher.Thecollecteddatawere

analyzed and processed systematically by the GIS analytical tool where it finally

producesamapthatdepictslinguisticboundariesofthelexicalitems.

Teerarojanarat & Tingsabadh’s (2011a) study serves as a case in point how a

geolinguisticstudypertainingtodialectboundariescanbemappedbytheGISsystem.

Basedontheword‘dew’,shehasshownthedistributionofdialectboundariesofcentral

and non-central of Thailand. It must be noted that the overlay technique is also

employed intheGIS inordertocapturetheoverlappingbetweenthe lexical itemand

theareaunderstudies.TheGISmapproducedisasfollows.

Map3.Thedistributionoftheword‘dew’inThailand(Teerarojanarat&Tingsabadh2011a)


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Map4.Anoverlaymapof‘dew’inThailand(Teerarojanarat&Tingsabadh2011b)

3.NorthPerak:abriefbackground

Perak is one the Malay states situated in Peninsula Malaysia. The state is

bordered by Kedah in thewest, Southern Thailand in the north, and Kelantan in the

east.Administratively,thestateofPerakisdividedintotendistricts,namelyHuluPerak,

LarutMatang Selama, Kerian, Kuala Kangsar, Kinta,Manjung, Perak Tengah, Kampar,

Batang Padang andHilir Perak (seeMap 5). For the purposes of this study, only two

districts thatwill be examined that is LarutMatang Selama (SLM) and Kuala Kangsar

(KK). The twodistrictswere selectedbecauseas reported in the literature, theMalay

dialects spoken here are pretty diverse. In addition, their topographic background is

physically complex because the area is covered by mountains, hills, rivers and thick

jungles(seeMap6).TherearetwomajorriversthatrunacrossthestateofPerakthatis

KrianriveronthewestsideandthePerakriverrightintheinterior.Thesettlementsof

traditionalMalaycommunitieswerebelievedtobeinthevicinityofthesetworivers.As

canbeseeninMap7,manyMalayvillages(i.e. ‘kampung’)aresituatedalongthetwo


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rivers.Forthepurposeofthisstudy,atotalof24villageswerevisited,asdisplayedon

Map7.

Thediversityof theMalaydialectsandthe irregularnatureof thesurfaceshape

and features of the region are two important aspects that will be scrutinized in this

study.Weattempttoaccountforwhetherthetwoattributeshaveacloserelationship

inthecontextofdialectaldistributioninthenorthstateofPerak.

Map5.GeopoliticalboundariesofstatedistrictsinPerak


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Map6.TopographicbackgroundofLMSandKK


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Map7.ListofvillagesinLMSandKK4.Methodology

The data used for the study were collected in the field by interviewing the

respondents based on a questionnaire sets with 96 lexical items. Respondents were

asked to pronounce each lexical item in their own native dialect either directly or


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indirectly.Theselectedrespondentsmustbenon-mobileandcategorizedasadults(22-

49 years) and senior citizens (50 years and over). In total, there are about 200

respondentsparticipatedinthisstudy.Theconversationwasthenrecordedbyusinga

smartphone,MP3anddigitalcamera.

Afterdatacollection, thenextstep is transcribingtherawdata.All lexical items

were transcribed in a broad phonetic transcription. Each lexical and its variants are

identified and categorized accordingly based on their phonological realizations. For

example, theword /bɑntɑl/ ‘pillow’ surfacesas fourvariants,namely [bɑntɑj], [bɑtɑ],

[bɑntɛ]and[bɑntɑ].ThesevariantsarethenlabeledasL1,L2,L3andL4consecutively.

List of respondents with their various pronunciations are keyed into Excel program.

Overall data in Excel Program is subsequently transferred into the GIS software for

analysis.Spatialmapswerethenproducedautomatically.

Table1.ListofrespondentsandvariantstabledinExcelProgram


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5.Phonologicalanalysis

Generally, all lexical items, specifically thosewithword final liquid consonants

are pronounced differently by the respondents which are dubbed as variants. For

example, theword /bɑntɑl/ ‘pillow’ surfaces as four variants, namely (i) [bɑntɑj], (ii)

[bɑtɑ], (iii) [bɑntɛ] and (iv) [bɑntɑ]. These variants are commonly identified as

representing certaindialectsofMalay spoken in thePeninsulaMalaysia. For instance,

[bɑntɛ] is associated to PerakMalay (Zaharani 1991, RajaMukhtaruddin 1986, Harun

1983),[bɑtɑ]isPattaniMalay(Ruslan2011),and[bɑntɑj]isKedahMalay(Asmah1985).

Inalinguisticstandpoint,thesevariantshavealotofsimilaritiesaswellasdifferences.

Similarities suggest that the dialects are preserving the shared linguistic heritage

inherited from the same source, and the differences signify that the dialects have

undergone self-development and modifications as time passed by. According to

Chambers&Trudgill(1972),theexistenceofvariousdialectsinalanguageisaresultof

changes in the history of a languagewhichwas originally uniform. In the contexts of

input andoutput relationship, it canbe assumed that the source language acts as an

input,while dialectal variations surfaces as variants are the output. In relation to the

aboveassumptions,thisstudypresupposesthatthelexical/bɑntɑl/astheinputandthe

foursurfacevariantsastheoutputs,namely(i)[bɑntɑj],(ii)[bɑtɑ],(iii)[bɑntɛ]and(iv)

[bɑntɑ]. Linguistically, in the rule-based approach the change from input to output is

driven by phonological rules. In general, there are three rules involved in the

modifications, namely (i) deletion rule, (ii) feature changing rule, and (iii) coalescence

rule. Variants with deletion rule represent PattaniMalay, while variants with feature

changing rule characterize Kedah Malay, and finally variants with coalescence rule

correspondtoPerakMalay.Theabovedescriptioncanbesummarizedasfollows.

1.PattaniMalay

(i)Deletionrule-liquidconsonantsaredroppedwordfinally

Input:/bɑntɑl/ Output:[bɑtɑ][bɑntɑ]

Input:/ulɑr/ Output:[ulɑ]

Input:/ɑir/ Output:[ɛ][ɑe]


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2.KedahMalay

(i)Glideformationrule-/l/consonantbecomesglide[j]wordfinally

Input:/bɑntɑl/ Output:[bɑntɑj]

(ii)Pharingealizationrule-/r/becomespharyngealconsonant[ʕ]wordfinally Input:/ulɑr/ Output:[ulɑʕ]

Input:/ɑir/ Output:[ɑjɑʕ]

3.PerakMalay

(iii)Coalescencerule-/ɑl/becomes[ɛ]and/ɑr/becomes[ᴐ].

Input:/bɑntɑl/ Output:[bɑntɛ]

Input:/ulɑr/ Output:[ulᴐ]

Input:/ɑir/ Output:[ɑjᴐ]

6.GISMapping

The followingdiscussion attempts to illustrate thedistributionofMalay dialects

based on the three lexical items discussed above by presenting choropleth maps

generatedbytheGISanalyticaltool.

6.1Thedistributionof/bɑntɑl/variants

Asalreadybeenmentioned,theword/bɑntɑl/ ‘pillow’hasfourvariants,namely

(i) [bɑntɑj], (ii) [bɑtɑ], (iii) [bɑntɛ],and (iv) [bɑntɑ].The firstvariant representsKedah

Malay, the second variant is PattaniMalay and the third variant is PerakMalay. The

fourthvariant isquite interestingbecause itsexistence isaresultofmergingbetween

two dialects that is Pattani Malay and Perak Malay. Phonological feature of Pattani

Malayissignifiedby/l/deletion,whereasforPerakMalayitinvolvesthepreservationof

homorganicnasalwordinternally.Thedistributionofthesevariantsisshowninthemap

below.


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Map8.Thedistributionof/bɑntɑl/‘pillow’variantsinLMSandKK

Theabovemapdemonstratesthatthe[bɑntɑj]variantidentifiedasKedahMalay

spreadsinthesouthernpartofLMSdistrict.Allthethreevillageslocatedonthebanks

of Krian River (i.e. kampung Kubu Trong, kampung Baru, and kampung Padang Bola

Trong)entirelyspeakthedialect.Itthenspreadstothenorthtowardsthenextvillages.

However, villages in the northwestern part of LMS that are located adjacently to the

stateof KedahdonotuseKedahMalay. These villages are speakingPattaniMalayor

KelantanMalayinstead.ThestateofKelantanislocatedfarawayfromthevillage.

Based on themap above, it can be predicted that KedahMalay comes into the

state of Perak via the Krian Rriver. The dialect subsequently spreads to the north

becausethetopographyoftheareaisrelativelyflatandlowland,andthepresenceof


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somescatteredsmallhillsdoesnothinderthespreadingprocess.Thedialect,however,

does not spread to the northwestern part of LMS because the area is covered by

mountains and hills which accordingly impede themovement. The same explanation

goes to the region in the north where the two states are bordered by hilly and

mountainoushighlands.

Remote villages in the middle of the mountain range (i.e. kampung tanjung

Lengkong, kampung Sungai Rambutan dan kampung Batu 3) adversely use [bɑtɑ], a

variantdesignatingthePattaniMalay.Apparently,thedialectmustbeoriginatingfrom

Pattani/KelantaninthenortheastandprogressesalongthePerakRiverbeforeitmoves

inlandtowardsthewestregion.

InKKdistrict,almostallthevillagesareusingthe[bɑntɛ]variant.Thisvariantisa

typical pronunciation of Perak Malay, and claimed to be a distinctive feature of the

dialect(Zaharani1991,Asmah1985,Harun1983,RajaMukhtaruddin1986).Ascanbe

seen,PerakriverrunsacrossmostpartsofKKdistrict,andalltheinhabitedvillagesare

locatedalongtheriverbasin.Sincemostoftheareaisflatandlowlands,thedialect is

widelydisseminatedatallcorners.

Forvillageslocatedcloselyatthedistrictboundaries,amixtureofdialectsisoften

used. Although there are some small hills here and there, their presence does not

hamper interaction and communication. The villagers in kampung Sempeneh and

kampungSempenehCempakaspeakamixtureoftwodialectsthatisKedahMalayand

PerakMalay.

An interesting observation and worth to be noted is that the occurrence of

[bɑntɑ] which is spoken in the north and east of KK. This variant has its own

characteristicwhichentailsamergeroftwodominantdialectsdiscussedthusfar,thatis

Pattani Malay and Perak Malay. The phonological feature of the former involved

deletion of liquidword finally, and in the latter it retains the homorganic nasalword

internally. The amalgamation of these two phonological features gives rise to a new

MalaysubdialectinthestateofPerak.Concomitantly,PerakMalayisalsospokenhere,

andasaresultdialectmixingisobservableincertainareas.Andagain,mixingofdialects

possibly takes place because there is no topographical barrier that can stop the

distribution.


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BasedontheGISmapdisplayedthusfar,itcanbeconcludedthatthedistribution

ofMalaydialectsinthestateofPerakhasaverycloserelationshipwiththetopography

of theareaconcerned.Thecentral focalpointofMalaydialectdissemination inPerak

stateisalongtheriverbasin.KedahMalayspreadsalongKrianriver,whilePerakMalay

dispersesalongPerakRiverbasin.Formountainousandhillyregions,dialectdistribution

isobstructed,eventhoughthepositionofthevillagesiscloselylocated.

6.2TheDistributionof/ulɑr/variants

Theword/ulɑr/‘snake’hasthreevariantsrepresentingthethreemaindialectof

Malay discussed earlier, that is [ulɑʕ] for KedahMalay, [ulᴐ] represents PerakMalay,

and [ulɑ] symbolizesPattaniMalay. Thedistributionof these variants is shown in the

Mapbelow.

Map9.Thedistributionof/ulɑr/‘snake’variantsinLMSandKK


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Ingeneral,thedistributionof/ulɑr/variantshasthesamedispersalpatternasin

thepreviouscase.TheKedahMalayvariantidentifiedas[ulɑʕ]spreadsalongtheKrian

River,whereas[ulɑ]classifiedasPattaniMalayiswidelyusedinthenorthpartofLMS.

Despite the fact that those villages areborderedby the stateof Kedah, KedahMalay

doesnotdisseminateintotheregionbecausetheareaiscoveredbymountainranges.It

isdeemedthatPattaniMalayisspokentherebecausethePattanipeoplecomefromthe

eastviathePerakRiverandlatersettledownthere.ThePerakMalayvariantsignifiedas

[ulᴐ] is spoken inall thevillages locatedalong thePerakRiver.Since thearea isa flat

riverbasin,interactionandcommunicationremainintactwithoutanyhindrance.

Onesignificantdifferencebetweenthetwo lexical itemsthatcanbeobserved is

thattheirdistributionalpatternatthedistrictboundaryisnotthesame.Intheprevious

case, all thevillagesat theproximityuseamixtureofKedahMalayandPerakMalay.

Whereas inthepresentcase, thevillagers inthenorthspeakamixtureofPattaniand

PerakMalay,whilethevillagersfurthersouthuseamixtureofPattani,KedahandPerak

Malay.

6.3Thedistributionof/ɑir/variants

Similarly to the case of /bɑntɑl/ ‘pillow’, the word /ɑir/ ‘water’ also has four

different variants, namely [ɑjᴐ], [ɑjɑʕ], [ɛ] and [ɑe]which are representing the Perak

Malay,KedahMalayandPattaniMalayconsecutively.Thedistributionofthesevariants

isasfollows.


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Map10.Thedistributionof/ɑir/‘water’variantsinLMSandKK

In thepresent case, thePattaniMalayhas twovariants,namely [ɑe]and [ɛ].As

canbeseen,thelatterisusedinthenorthpartofLMS(i.ekampungTanjungLengkong,

kampungSg.Rambutan,kampungbatu3),whereasthe latter isspoken inthe interior

part of LMS (i.e kampung Pantai Besar, kampung Sempeneh Seberang, kampung

SempenehCempaka).AlthoughthelatterislocatedcloselytotheKKborder,unlikethe

previouscases,itisnotinfluencedbythePerakMalaydialect.Inthesouth,KedahMalay

isstilldominantalongtheKrianRiver.Forthesouthernvillagersthatarelocatedatthe


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KKborder,theyspeakamixtureofthreedifferentdialects–Kedah,PerakandPattani

Malays.

Along thePerakRiver, asusual themostprominentdialect spokenhere is the

PerakMalaywhichisrepresentedby[ɑjᴐ]variant.Justasinthepreviouscase,amixing

ofdialectsalsooccurs intheeastpartofKK,especiallyat theborderwheretheareas

areflatandlowlandregion.Despitethefactthattherearesomesmallhillsscatteredall

over the place, its presence does not prevent the interaction between the local

populations.

7.Summary

ThefindingofthestudydemonstratesthatthedistributionoftheMalaydialects

spokeninthedistrictsofKKandLMSiscorrelatedwiththetopographicalfeaturesofthe

region.ThemapsproducedbyGISanalyticaltoolarereliableandauthenticbecausethe

software employs the same coordinates used in Skewed Restified Orthomorfic (RSO)

andCassini inMalaysia,andthetopographical informationprovidedbytheagenciesis

correctandaccurate.Anoverallsummaryofthefindingsisasfollows:

i)ThedistributionofPerakMalayspreadsacrossthevillagesinthedistrictofKK,

particularly along thePerakRiver. Thevillageshere retain theoriginal featuresof the

dialect.ThisdialectalsospansintotheareaofLMS,particularlyinkampungAirKuning,

kampungKubuHilir andkampungPauh inBukitGantang subdistrictbecause theyare

closelylocatedtoKKandtheareaisnotseparatedbymountainranges.Consequently,

thereisamixtureofPerakMalayandKedahMalayspokeninthearea.Intheeastpart

of KK, PerakMalaymixeswith PattaniMalaywhich subsequently gives rise to a new

subdialectwithamergerofboth.Atthesametime,thedominantdialectofPerakMalay

isalsospokeninthearea.

ii)PattaniMalayspreads in thenorthernpartofLMS,as it is in theproximity to

Hulu Perak, Kelantan and Pattani. Perak Malay as well as the Kedah Malay fails to

penetrate intothevillagesbecausetheareaiscoveredbymountainrangesanddense

forestswhichcomplicatetheprocessofcommunication.


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iii)KedahMalayspreadsinthesouthernpartofLMS,mainlyalongtheKrianRiver.

The dialect, then move northward as the land is flat and level. For areas that are

adjacenttotheKKdistrict, there isamixturebetweenKedahMalayandPerakMalay.

Althoughtherearesmall-scatteredhillsaround,interactionandcommunicationamong

thespeakersarestilltakingplace.

Map11.ThedistributionMalaydialectsinLMSandKK


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gis mapping of dialect variations in north perak

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