global warming and civil engineering

8/18/2019 Global warming and civil engineering

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Introduction

Much has been written and debated over recent years about the and the

efect o climate change, global warming , worlds diminishing natural

resources and the increased use o energy in our day-to-day lives.

There are many components present in the atmosphere o the earth. 78%

o the atmosphere is itrogen gas and !"% o it is #$ygen gas. There are

so many other types o gases present in small uantities such as carbon

dio$ide &'#!(, methane, chloro)uorocarbons &'*'s( and water vapour,

which are recently +nown as greenhouse gases. These greenhouse gases

have a vital role in maintaing the average temperature o the earth. utthe increase in the amount o these gases would cause a serious danger

to the earths atmosphere and could bring an end to living beings in the

world.

/lobal warming is a dramatic increase in temperature o the earth within a short

period o time because o several reasons .0arth receives radiations rom sun.

The radiation rom the sun that reaches the outer limits o the atmosphere is

mainly in the visible and ultraviolet regions. 1art o this energy is absorbed by

the earth and its atmosphere, and part is re)ected bac+ into space. The part that

gets absorbed helps to heat the earth, and the earth in turn radiates energy bac+into space. 2 steady state is reached where the earth is radiating energy as ast

as it absorbs it. 3nder such conditions, the average temperature o the 0arth

remains constant. ut this regular phenomenon is afected by several acts, and

one o the ma4or act is greenhouse gases such as Methane, '*'s, 'arbon

dio$ide. These gases absorb some o the inrared radiation emitted rom the

surace o the earth and prevent it being re-radiated into space. The efect o this

ma+es the earth warmer. 1


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*igure-"

The second largest orce in terms o greenhouses gases is carbon dio$ide.

'arbon dio$ide contributes 5% to !6% o the greenhouse gases which causes

global warming. This carbon dio$ide is added to atmosphere by both the natural

process and human activities. atural processes such and volcano eruption and

respiration releases carbon dio$ide. 2nd also the human activities such as

deorestation, land use changes and usage o ossil uels add much more to tcarbon dio$ide he atmosphere. . n the last ew decades the amount o carbon

dio$ide released to the environment has increased. The ndustrial revolutionoccurred in "5th century is directly or indirectly a actor which afects human lie

through environmental pollution. This had become a serious issue because

carbon dio$ide is a greenhouse gas which increases the average temperature o

earth. 'limate change model predict that such a doubling would result in

temperature rises o between !' and 9.:' &with a estimate o about

;'(2.2lthough ;' may not sound much, it will be enough to have a dramatic

efect on the global climate. rst countries to

introduce legislation to cut its carbon ootprint and has set targets aiming to cut3? emissions by ;9% by !=!= and at least 8=% by !=:= 3


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*igure-!

"-T@0 '@2// rmed a mandatory rating system or homes

The 'ode or Kustainable @omes3 to assess and score the sustainability

perormance o new home and o the site. n addition to these goals the

government has pro4ected that a total o three million new homes are needed by

!=!=, two million o them by !="6 to meet the growing demand and address

afordability issues, setting the 3? housing industry a production target o!9==== new homes a year. 2s a result the 3? house building sector is acing

increasing demands to understand sustainable and innovative construction

practices in order to achieve these goals.4

The production o cement is a highly energy intensive production process

dominated by burning o carbon intensive uels such as coal, as a conseuence

the cement industry is a ma4or emitter o carbon dio$ide emissions. The

production o a typical house bric+ involves >ring clay in +ilns in temperature

generally in the range 5==-"!== degrees centigrade. @eat o this magnitude is

again generated through the burning o carbon intensive uels.


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bloc+s ma+e a signi>cant contribution to global carbon dio$ide emissions 5.

Curing the production process appro$imately " ton o carbon dio$ide is released

to the atmosphere or every ton o production o bric+s made o cement 6.

'ivil engineers have power over +ey sectors such as construction, transport,

water supply, drainage and )ood deences. These are the sectors which causeefects on global warming and also these are being afected by global warming.

nitial concepts o sustainable housing, oten labelled as 0co *riendly and /reen

were once seen as a ad more than necessity. The term green means that the

material is produced by a sustainable source and made by renewable materials.

Aecently attitudes towards these types o home have changed and this type o

construction is thought to be increasing in popularity, as members o the

population have become more conscious and engaged around environmental

issues, encouraged by the governments and environmental organisations now

actively promoting the needs and bene>ts o these types o home. 2s a result

sustainability has now become the +ey consideration now when building a new

house. 7

;- httpEFFwww.planningportal.gov.u+FuploadsFcodeGorGsustainableGhomesGtechguide.pd

9- httpEFFwww.greenbeams.comFstate.pd

:- httpEFFwww.greenbeams.comFstate.pd

6- httpEFFwww.celsias.comFarticleFcarbon-negative-encos-bric+sF

7- httpEFFwww.pu-europe.euFsiteF>leadminFAeportsGpublicFsustainabilityGaGguide.pd

SUSTAINABLE MODERN METHODS OF COSTRUCTION

http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/code_for_sustainable_homes_techguide.pdfhttp://www.greenbeams.com/state.pdfhttp://www.greenbeams.com/state.pdfhttp://www.celsias.com/article/carbon-negative-encos-bricks/http://www.pu-europe.eu/site/fileadmin/Reports_public/sustainability_a_guide.pdfhttp://www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/code_for_sustainable_homes_techguide.pdfhttp://www.greenbeams.com/state.pdfhttp://www.greenbeams.com/state.pdfhttp://www.celsias.com/article/carbon-negative-encos-bricks/http://www.pu-europe.eu/site/fileadmin/Reports_public/sustainability_a_guide.pdf


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The modern method o construction &MM'( is the term used to describe a

number o construction methods that are alternative to the traditional bric+ and

bloc+ method o construction. 2ttributes contained with MM' should be

sustainability, eLciency and uality. The consensus amongst industry

proessionals is that MM' alls into the categories such as industrial construction,

nnovative systems that can be constructed on-site, #f-site assembly, #f-siteconstruction, #f-site manuacture, Modular construction, 1re-abricated

construction, Kystem building

TM0A *A2M0K

*igures rom 3?T*2 annual mar+et report suggests that the building sectors,

timber rame mar+et share now stands at !9.9% o all new housing in the 3?.

Timber rame has its obvious environmental credentials being an organic, non-

organic and naturally renewable building material bac+ed by many sources that

a typical tree used in construction absorbs tons o carbon dio$ide rom the

atmosphere. *or these reasons timber rame housing is typically seen as an

obvious H greenJ construction material and this bodes true provided the timber is

sourced rom a certi>ed suppliers.8

2dvantages o using timber ramesE

• Timber rames are renewable resources and in 0urope there is an e$cess

production o sotwood, and thereore the stoc+ o timber rame is

increasing each year.• 2s timber rames absorb carbon rom the atmosphere they are said to be

carbon-neutral. 2t the end o its use they can also be used to get energyby burning it.

• 3sing timber rames ma+es the construction process to be ast. t can be

reduced by != per cent o wor+ing days.• ecause o the high insulation property and as it is a low embodied energy

source timber rames helps to reduce carbon emission though out the lie

o the constructed building. 2nd each building stores about 9 tonnes o

carbon dio$ide.9

2ccording to 3?T*2 H all new houses built in the 3? since "59: had been timber

rame, more than ;== million tonnes o '#! would have been saved. 2t the

current building rates, it will ta+e us another !== years to achieve carbon savings

o this magnitude.J 9

8- httpEFFwww.timberramesweb.comFenvironment.html

5- httpEFFu+ta.comFthe-environmentF

http://www.timberframesweb.com/environment.htmlhttp://uktfa.com/the-environment/http://www.timberframesweb.com/environment.htmlhttp://uktfa.com/the-environment/


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LIME BASED TECHNOLOGIES

Bime products are made rom the sedimentary roc+ limestone commonly ound

in the 3?. Bime is already regularly used in the construction industry however it

is more versatile than its predominant use as a mortar, render or putty. . Bime

technologies have advanced in recent years and when used in con4unction with a

combination o cementitious binders, and other crop based bul+ing materials,

building product comparable to the traditional bric+ and bloc+ have begun to

emerge, with many companies manuacturing and mar+eting a version o crop

based building bloc+. Bime technology is one company using such technologies.

Ta+ing hemp hurds & a by-product o the 3?s agriculture and industrial process (

its @empcrete building products are now well recognised proprietary items.


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Tradical @empcrete 10 state that their products Hare uniue, highly sustainableconstruction products or creation o insulating walls as well as insulation layers

or )oors and roos. @empcrete is a blend o specially prepared hemp shiv and a

special lime based binder. Together these products orm a bio-composite building

material that can be used both or creation o buildings that have e$cellent

thermal and acoustic properties as well as creating a healthy living and wor+ingenvironment. These type o building technologies are considered by many to be

a undamentally renewable and i claims that these produts are carbon negative,

&due to the '#! embodied in the growing and harvesting being greater than

emitted during in the >ring processes( then it would have considerable

sustainability advantages over traditional building materials.

2lthough limeFcrop based building materials generally have low load bearing

capacities when used con4unction with other sustainable construction methods

&such as timber(, structural building envelopes can be created that are highly

thermally eLcient as well as structural. These products can be delivered aspropriety units or mi$ed on site or ast trac+ construction and can be easily be

made waterproo, >reproo and air-tight. n addition these products, do not rot,

are not susceptible to pest attac+ and are completely recyclable with many the

suppliers claiming ertiliIer can be created rom demolition processes.

*igure-;

*igure-9


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"=- httpEFFwww.limetechnology.co.u+FpdsF'[email protected]

ideo- httpEFFwww.youtube.comFwatchNvOP$pbQ9:0RCs

STRAW BASED TECHNOLOGIES

Ktraw is another 3? agriculture by-product &mainly wheat(. The methods odisposing o straw has long been debated, with many tonnes o straw burnt

causing obvious air pollution issues. @omes constructed rom straw have been

around or decades and their use in 2merican houses dates as ar bac+ as the

nineteenth century. The 3?s >rst straw building was constructed in "559

however this menthod is now slowly gaining popularity as a legimate sustainable

structural product. Aecently ?esteven Cistrict 'ouncil have been commissioned

the use o straw technologies in construction development to create a number

or social housing scheme and claim that they are much cheaper to build than

traditional bric+-built properties o similar siIe and design, and are also more

sustainable.

11

The most basic construction process involved in creating a strawhome is to use tightly- pac+ed straw bale tied together structurally with haIel

sta+es to orm the e$ternal load bearing walls. The bales walls are then covered

with a natural plaster render to orm a water tight structure. 2maIonails leading

3? straw bale building company claim that sutainable very thermally eLcient

housing that can easily reach 'K@ rating : can be built or on average S!=,===

less than any li+e or li+e traditionally constructed home. n addition to this basic

orm o straw construction, more sophisticated orms o straw technologies have

been developed.12 . 1reabricated sotwood rames with compressed straw in>ll

are being pioneered in the 3? by companies such as 0coab and Mod-cell.

These innovations and technologies are being continued urther by a )ying

actory concept which involves sourcing locally armed close to a site and

setting up wor+shops to abricate standardised structural panels. This innovative

approach vastly decreases transportation and construction times as well being

inherently a low carbon solution.

http://www.limetechnology.co.uk/pdfs/CPD_Introduction_to_Hemcrete.pdfhttp://www.limetechnology.co.uk/pdfs/CPD_Introduction_to_Hemcrete.pdfhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZxpbX45EYDshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZxpbX45EYDshttp://www.limetechnology.co.uk/pdfs/CPD_Introduction_to_Hemcrete.pdfhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZxpbX45EYDs


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*igure-:

""- httpEFFnews.bbc.co.u+F"FhiFenglandFlincolnshireF759889;.stm

"!-httpEFFwww.eminnovation.org.u+F1age.asp$NK1O9;85

*igure-:-httpEFFwww.strawbale-

net.euFattachmentsF=6;G";==!688;"'arolG2t+insonGeditedGreport;.pd

BLOCS MADE FROM SEWAGE

The combination o ash rom burned sewage with vegetable oil to ma+e bloc+sare classi>ed as carbon-negative because the oil comes rom plants which havedrawn out '=! rom the atmosphere.Ktandard oils turn as a solid binding mi$ture rom a viscous liuid during theoriginal process o ma+ing the bloc+.

on rigg, a spo+esman or Ror+shire


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successully to the mar+et. These bric+s have also passed the tests in >re,

reeIe, thaw and compressive strength1!. 2nd the report o est ood orward Btd

states that these bric+s made o sewage results reduction o "6=% and "!=%

respectively in greenhouse gas emmisions.

";- httpEFFwww.celsias.comFarticleFcarbon-negative-encos-bric+sF

httpEFFencosltd.comFwp-contentFuploadsF!="!F=;F0cobuild!="!.pd

DISUSED SHI""ING CONTAINERS

*ollowing on rom the techniues previously discussed, disused shipping

containers are being loo+ed at as an alternative type o modular construction.

Khipping containers are integral components in enabling the worlds trading

industry to import and e$port produces to every developed country and many

under Ddeveloped countries all over the world. These shipping containers,

currently estimates put surplus shipping container numbers at around !=U

million worldwide. Khipping containers are steel storage bo$es generally

constructed rom 'orton steel designed not to rust or corrode in addition to being

able to withstand the wind, rain, salt e$treme loadings and direct impacts and

multiple layers o sac+ing that the shipping container are sub4ected whilst being

transported and store thousands o miles around the globe. These attributes are

attractive ualities that would suitably >t the criteria reuired or new home and

as such shipping containers are now being loo+ed at as practical alternative

method o construction. n the short term a direct comparison with traditional

building method would suggest that shipping containers are a more

environmentally riendly option as the concept o using disused shipping

containers is undamentally the recycling o an unwanted waste product. 2s with

all modular construction assembly is sample, ast and can be constructed in sae

of site actory conditions. These conditions ensure that uality is maintained

throughV accurate designs can be met allowing rapid erection to ta+e place once

the units arrive on site and with shipping containers already conorm to standard

shipping siIes ma+ing the transporting the converted shipping container house is

http://www.celsias.com/article/carbon-negative-encos-bricks/http://www.celsias.com/article/carbon-negative-encos-bricks/http://encosltd.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Ecobuild2012.pdfhttp://www.celsias.com/article/carbon-negative-encos-bricks/http://encosltd.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Ecobuild2012.pdf


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a relatively easy process. 2dditional bene>ts are the units arrive at site

completely weatherproo so that interiors wor+ can commence immediately and

remain protected through the assembly process. n some instances actory

production has advanced to an e$tent that units can actually be complete ully

>tted out beore arrival on site.

The main advantage o using shipping containers is energy management. 2s this

is being reused these shipping containers, they doesnt have to be melted in to

its raw material which reuires an enormous amount o energy. ecause

according to 3? government energy management plays a vital role in reduction

o carbon emission , hence the reduction o global warming.1#

"9- httpEFFmoderngov.sthelens.gov.u+Fmg'onvert!1C*.asp$NCO"=!:" &page 7(

INSULATING CONCRETE FORMWOR $ICF%

nsulating concrete ormwor+ &'*( is an insulated in- situ concrete system o

using polystyrene building bloc+s that loc+ together in a similar ashion to Bego

without the need or intermediate bedding materials to create a ormwor+ to

which concrete can be poured. This method has become an established

mainstream practice or building houses in countries such as 'anada , /ermany,

*rance and the 3K2, however a number companies li+e 2M', 'A0# group and1olarwall are now promoting the use o this method o ofering their services to

3? house builders. The structural shell o a basic house can be erected by

positioning polystyrene bloc+s in a manner comparable to that o traditional

bloc+s beore pumping concrete to orm the walls. The system is said 1& to

contain greater strength and ofer earlier build times than traditional approaches

saving on overall construction costs. The construction itsel is a very simple

process that is ast and precise and leaves minimal construction waste, reuiring

less euipment than alternative methods and can be carried out using small

numbers o semi- s+illed site staf. n terms o sustainability the polystyrene

building bloc+s used in '* can be recycled and concrete mi$es can be tailored tomeet environmental standards. The construction materials are readily available

http://moderngov.sthelens.gov.uk/mgConvert2PDF.aspx?ID=10251http://moderngov.sthelens.gov.uk/mgConvert2PDF.aspx?ID=10251http://moderngov.sthelens.gov.uk/mgConvert2PDF.aspx?ID=10251


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and in most case locally sourced, with the necessary additional measures to

meet the reuirement to reach higher levels o the sustainable code or homes

easily incorporated without adding huge cost beyond that o bric+ and bloc+.

These advantages are leading manuactures to see '* as direct competition or

bric+ and bloc+ construction.

There are many more advantages in using nsulating concrete ormwor+ such as

saving energy, >re saety, thermal eLciency and acoustic perormance. 2nd due

to its high perormance in thermal insulation and air in >ltration the carbon

emission rom the building becomes signi>cantly low. ecause o materials such

as polystyrene which and uniue cavity closures '* has a greater insulation

property. This can reduce the energy consumption by ;=%.1'

":-2.Tovey, .Aoberts, M.+ilcommons - Cesign and 'onstruction 3sing nsulated 'oncrete

*ormwor+. &httpEFFwww.docstoc.comFdocsF!!:6:!:5FCesign-and-'onstruction-using-nsulating-

'oncrete-*ormwor+ (

"6- httpEFFenergyeLcientbuilders.co.u+Fhow-green-is-ic-

httpEFFwww.ic-tech.comF

OFF SITE MANUFACTURING

Many see the method o using ofsite actory construction to create housing as

essence o what MM' actually is. The @'s document 2 /uide to Modern

'onstruction Methods 1(highlights the various orms the ofsite housing

manuacturing can ta+e these being such as ofsite manuactured D 1anelised,ofsite manuactured Dolumetric, ofsite manuactured D@ybrid, ofsite

manuactured D Kub-assemblies and components. @owever panelised and

volumetric manuacturing are the two main orms o Modern Methods o

'onstruction and these methods are areas currently being used to supersede

traditional methods o construction. olumetric construction is more generally

reerred to as modular construction and is the process o manuacturing the

individual rooms to a home under strict control actory conditions ater which

they can be delivered directly to site as a completed unit reducing site wor+ing

time considerably. These individual units are oten reerred to pods and can be

made rom most construction materials including light guage steel rame, timberrame and material composites. 2t present the most reuent use o this method

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/22565259/Design-and-Construction-using-Insulating-Concrete-Formworkhttp://www.docstoc.com/docs/22565259/Design-and-Construction-using-Insulating-Concrete-Formworkhttp://www.docstoc.com/docs/22565259/Design-and-Construction-using-Insulating-Concrete-Formworkhttp://energyefficientbuilders.co.uk/how-green-is-icf-http://energyefficientbuilders.co.uk/how-green-is-icf-http://www.icf-tech.com/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/22565259/Design-and-Construction-using-Insulating-Concrete-Formworkhttp://www.docstoc.com/docs/22565259/Design-and-Construction-using-Insulating-Concrete-Formworkhttp://energyefficientbuilders.co.uk/how-green-is-icf-http://www.icf-tech.com/


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is or bathroom or +itchen areas &this way o wor+ing enables many o the reired

>$tures and >ttings to be assembled in the actory( although more instances are

occurring where modules ma+ing up the entire home are being abricated. #f

site construction is the best suited and becomes more eLcient when large

numbers o identical houses are reuired. The other main type o manuacturing

is panelised method 1) .This construction type involves preabricatingcomponents o the home such as the walls, )oors and roos again in specialised

actories beore transporting the completed units to be assembled on site. 2s

previously mentioned timber rame walls are regularly constructed in this

manner although numerous other walling materials such as lightweight steels

and components concretes are now constructed in this manner. n terms o

walling panels the orms usually comprise either a structural insulated panels

&K1K( these generally comprise a sandwiching an insulating material core

between two layers o a sheet material or open or closed panelsE #pen panels

are constructed and delivered to site where insulation, windows , services and

lining are >tted. tted. t is suggested that this type o house

building is uture o house building due to the obvious economical and speed

bene>ts it ofers and there are currently many companies involved in this type

production.

Total carbon dio$ide emission o building a new house is about :6 tones. The of-

site manuactured house has "7% lower emission than the houses which are

built on site.1*

"7- ational @ouse uilding 'ouncil @' D 2 /uide to modern 'onstruction Methods.

"8- 1arlimentary #Lce o Kcience and Technology D 1#KT guidance &!==;(

&httpEFFwww.parliament.u+FdocumentsFpostFpostpn!=5.pd (

"5- httpEFFwww.censa.org.u+FdocsFK2-3?GAeportG=7-=9G#[email protected]

DRIVING THE USE OF ALTERNATIVE INNOVATIVE BUILDING MATERILAS

1#BT'2BE

The implementation o legally binding international commitments such as the

?yoto 1rotocol and 03 0nergy 1erormance o uildings Cirective aimed at

reducing harmul emissions have given rise to a number o 3? national andregional level drivers and incentives that signi>cantly show the governments

http://www.parliament.uk/documents/post/postpn209.pdfhttp://www.censa.org.uk/docs/ISA-UK_Report_07-04_OSM_House.pdfhttp://www.censa.org.uk/docs/ISA-UK_Report_07-04_OSM_House.pdfhttp://www.parliament.uk/documents/post/postpn209.pdfhttp://www.censa.org.uk/docs/ISA-UK_Report_07-04_OSM_House.pdf


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intent to address sustainability issues over recent years. The code or sustainable

housing is the /overnments +ey or driving sustainability in the domestic

construction sector and although the 'K@ is at presents still a voluntary

document, there are signs that the government is progressing towards a

mandatory enorcement. ts o using other

sustainable construction products. This broader +nowledge could lead to

alternative products being implemented that are than 4ust measures to satisythe reuirements set out in code but potentially more environmentally and

economically viable and in time could become a more >nancially bene>cial to the

way in which homes are constructed. The prospect o the 'K@ as legislation

alongside 0nergy 1erormance 'erti>cates could in)uence the way house

builders select and utilise their building materials.

'ommissioned by government a review o the 3?s housing supply was carried

out by bar+er in !==9 20 . The report ound that there was an afordable housing

shortage which was creating a Hwidening social and economic divide

with in 3?J The government is now attempting to address this housing supply

shortage by setting the house building industry high targets to supply

appro$imately ; million new 3? homes by !="6 and has published the

sustainable 'ommunities- uilding or the *uture 21report which outlines a ma4or

new house building programme to help this meet growth. 'ontained within this

report are details advocating the use o MM' H to get homes built more uic+ly,

more saely, and to a higher standard.J t also speci>es that a proportion o

dwellings procured using public unds will have to constructed using innovative

methods to create new afordable housing as well

!= -ar+er ? D Aeview o @ousing supply D Celivering KtabilityE Kecuring our *uture @ousing eeds&!==9( &httpEFFimage.guardian.co.u+Fsys->lesF/uardianFdocumentsF!==9F=;F"7Far+er.pd (

!"- #Lce o the deputy 1rime minister C1M(- Kustainable communitiesE uilding or the uture.&httpEFFwww.communities.gov.u+FdocumentsFcommunitiesFpdF"96!85.pd (

ISSUES IN USING ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS+

The one main problem o using lime and hemp materials or construction o

houses is weather, which ta+es twice as long e$pected. The construction should

be done when the temperature o the environment is above : degree 'elsius,

because lime is sensitive to rost damage applied and it ta+es. t ta+es longer

time to dry during wet and cold conditions. There is more possibility or the

ormation o mould in the wall during dry climate condition due to the wetness o wall. ut as lime has high ph value it can prevent the ormation o mould. !!

http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Guardian/documents/2004/03/17/Barker.pdfhttp://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/146289.pdfhttp://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Guardian/documents/2004/03/17/Barker.pdfhttp://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/146289.pdf


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“However, the maintenance burden associated with hemp is regarded as

comparatively small. As an in-situ material, repairs, minor alterations or remedial

works are likely to be accommodated with comparative ease. Apparently, the

material has been used extensively for “plaster mouldings in houses across

!rance"#$% &''().

@ouses made o shipping containers have to be insulated more than the houses

made o bric+, bloc+ or wood structures. ecause metals conduct heat very well.

Cue to the increase in temperature moist will condense in the wall, rust will orm

unless the wall is well sealed. Babours should be specialised in welding cutting o

steel.

2AA0AKE

There are number o barriers hindering the implementation o building

sustainable houses as a whole. These barriers are oten directly lin+ed to reasons

behind why alternative structural building materials are not chosen. The mainindenti>ed barriers can be grouped as either Technical, Kocial and 'ultural or

*inancial issues.

TechnicalE 2 +ey area rom Taylor


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costs database that uanti>es the actual cost o using alternative sustainable

product and methods in practice.

Taylor nancial implications o home buyerE

HThe cost o diferent levels o the 'ode or Kustainable @omes are signi>cantlyhigher than those published in the /overnments 'osts 2nalysis o *inal Aeport

&uly !==8( our e$perience to date suggests that customers would not be

prepared to pay the amounts reuired to reach the higher 'ode levels.J 2!

!!-httpEFFgse.cat.org.u+FpublicGdownloadsFresearchFhempFbuildingGwithGhempGandGlime.pd

!;- Taylorwimpey D 2nalysing the 'ode or Kustainable @omes !==8

&httpEFFplc.taylorwimpey.co.u+FAesourcesFCocumentsFcodeGorGsustainableGhomesGanalysis.pd (

R,-,r,nc,.

"-T@0 '@2//


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"6- httpEFFenergyeLcientbuilders.co.u+Fhow-green-is-ic-

httpEFFwww.ic-tech.comF

"7- ational @ouse uilding 'ouncil @' D 2 /uide to modern 'onstruction Methods.

"8- 1arliamentary #Lce o Kcience and Technology D 1#KT guidance &!==;(

&httpEFFwww.parliament.u+FdocumentsFpostFpostpn!=5.pd (

"5- httpEFFwww.censa.org.u+FdocsFK2-3?GAeportG=7-=9G#[email protected]

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http://energyefficientbuilders.co.uk/how-green-is-icf-http://energyefficientbuilders.co.uk/how-green-is-icf-http://www.icf-tech.com/http://www.parliament.uk/documents/post/postpn209.pdfhttp://www.censa.org.uk/docs/ISA-UK_Report_07-04_OSM_House.pdfhttp://www.censa.org.uk/docs/ISA-UK_Report_07-04_OSM_House.pdfhttp://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Guardian/documents/2004/03/17/Barker.pdfhttp://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/146289.pdfhttp://gse.cat.org.uk/public_downloads/research/hemp/building_with_hemp_and_lime.pdfhttp://plc.taylorwimpey.co.uk/Resources/Documents/code_for_sustainable_homes_analysis.pdfhttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Straw_Bale_Construction/Print_versionhttp://energyefficientbuilders.co.uk/how-green-is-icf-http://www.icf-tech.com/http://www.parliament.uk/documents/post/postpn209.pdfhttp://www.censa.org.uk/docs/ISA-UK_Report_07-04_OSM_House.pdfhttp://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Guardian/documents/2004/03/17/Barker.pdfhttp://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/146289.pdfhttp://gse.cat.org.uk/public_downloads/research/hemp/building_with_hemp_and_lime.pdfhttp://plc.taylorwimpey.co.uk/Resources/Documents/code_for_sustainable_homes_analysis.pdfhttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Straw_Bale_Construction/Print_version


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Barriers page 38-More Straw Bale Building: A Complete Guide To Designing And Building WithStraw By Chris Magwood !eter Ma"# Tina Therrien


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@ouse built with straw