green mac lccp

8/6/2019 Green Mac Lccp

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GREEN-MAC-LCCPA Tool for Assessing the Life Cycle Energy &

Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Alternative Refrigerants

Stella Papasavva, William R. HillGeneral Motors, R&D Center & HVAC Product Development

For Presentation at the

USEPA Mobile Air Conditioning Climate Protection Partnership

December 9, 2008


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OUTLINE Background

GREEN-MAC-LCCP ModelRefrigerant System Assumptions

Vehicle Assumptions

Climate-Drive Assumptions

Environmental Assumptions

Globally Weighted LCCP Calculations

Alternative Refrigerant s Global Fleet Results

Conclusions


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The European Union (EU) Directive 2006/40/EC (1) prohibitsrefrigerants with Global Warming Potentials (GWP) greater than150, starting from 2011

Current automotive refrigerant HFC-134a (GWP = 1,430) will bebanned

in all new type vehicle models sold in the EU starting January 1st,2011 in all new vehicles sold in the EU after January 1st, 2017

The EU Directive is focused only on the Direct Climate Impact ofrefrigerant emissions

The more significant Indirect Climate Impactof fuel use forvehicle air conditioning needs to be accounted for as well

The greatest environmental benefit can be realized when asystems Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) approach guides voluntary

and regulatory action

BACKGROUND


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Common Alternative Refrigerants

Refrigerant 1234yfGWP=4

CC

C

CO O

R-744GWP=1

F

F

F

F

H

HC C

R-134aGWP=1,430

H

F

F

H

H

H

C C

Leakage

Rates

Efficiency

[COP]

Capacity

Energy toManufacture

R-152aGWP=122

Baseline


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CO 2 CO 2CO 2

TransportationMine

Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) of Refrigerants

CO 2

CO 2

Refrigerant

MANUFACTURING

Transportation

Indirect Emissions

End-use of chemicals

Direct Emissions

CO2

Recycling

CO2

Breakdown

CO2

HFC

Atmospheric degradation products

+

HCOFCOF

2

HFTFA

Alt. Refrigs

Refrigerant

USE

RefrigerantEnd-of-Life

Raw Materials

Alt. Refrigs

Alt. Refrigs

Non-HFC

or


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50 world experts have agreed an LCCP Model:Experts from Industry, Governmental and Non-GovernmentalOrganizations, National Laboratories, and Academia

Transparent assumptions, calculations, and results

Globally peer reviewed and accepted worldwide as themost credible method of comparing the Life Cycle GHGemissions of alternative refrigerants

Hosted on the US EPAs website:http://www.epa.gov/cppd/mac/

An SAE standard, SAE J2766 has been balloted andapproved

GREEN-MAC-LCCPPath-braking Work
http://www.epa.gov/cppd/mac/http://www.epa.gov/cppd/mac/


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Vancouver 33%Toronto 33%Montreal 33%

New Delhi 33%Bombay 33%Bangalore 33%

Beijing 50%Shanghai 50%

101419

15

27

17

25

18

3126

49

40

23

50

1726

42

40

25

21

41

32

23

19

26

19

38

18

52

33

2024

37

28

50

30DC3225

23

26

6941

57

2129

58 43

43

6

F

DC

Code for A/C& Dehumidification

Fargo, NDChicago, IlBoston, MAWashington DC

Houston, TXMiami, FL

Assigned Climate

Los Angeles

Phoenix, AZ

GREEN-MAC-LCCP -V361-City World Model ONE CAR & VEHICLE FLEETS
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://euobserver.com/onm/media/file3/56gJcr.png&imgrefurl=http://euobserver.com/9/26841&h=307&w=230&sz=129&hl=en&start=321&um=1&usg=__nQonYxqS7gXo9LkxoZCubaw8NSk=&tbnid=I06o4O1ak6n0XM:&tbnh=117&tbnw=88&prev=/images?q=images+car+fleets&start=320&ndsp=20&um=1&hl=en&sa=N


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GREEN-MAC-LCCPVehicle Registrations

The Vehicle Registrations presented here do not include SUVs & Trucks

Total Midsize Vehicle Registrations in World Regions for 2008 & 2017

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

North

America

South &

Central

America

Europe Japan India China Other

World

Veh

icleReg

istatio

n(millions

)

2008

2017


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Direct Emissions Indirect Emissions

Regular Emissions Energy Consumption of ACSystem and Engine Cooling Fan

Irregular Emissions Energy Consumption to MakeComponents

Service Emissions Energy Consumption to MakeRefrigerant

End-of-Life Emissions Energy to Transport EachComponent

Leakage from Refrigerant Productionand Transportation

Energy for the End-of-LifeRecycling and Recovery

GREEN-MAC-LCCPModel Framework


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Vehicle Assumptions Car Size

Compact [current] Midsize [current] SUV [current]

Engine type L4 [current] V6 [current] V8 [current]

Refrigerant System Assumptions: Leakages System Mass Temperature at Evaporator Outlet COP, Qe (from Bench or Vehicle tests) Condenser/Gas Cooler Air Inlet air at idle

conditions

Front End Air Flow Engine Cooling Fan

Vehicle Usage & Climate Assumptions: Distance based on region % Drive Time in Ambient during 6AM - 24PM

Different for Each City

Cabin Comfort -% Time with A/C ON Driving cycle based on region

Environmental Assumptions: CO2-eq from refrigerant production Transportation, End-of-Life and By-

Product Emissions

Ambient Temperature Operation Humidity effects

Model

GREEN-MAC-LCCPModel Input Assumptions


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GREEN-MAC-LCCP -V3MAC Material Input - Example


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GREEN-MAC-LCCP - V3Data Input Examples Climate & Driving


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Temperature Variation per World Region

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

U.SAvg

.

Cana

da

S.Amer

ica

EUAvg

.

JapanA

vg.

IndiaA

vg.

ChinaA

vg.

Othe

rWorld

%T

ime

Spen

tinTempera

ture

Ranges

=38

GREEN-MAC-LCCPClimate Conditions

Relative Humidity for Various Temperature Bins in Each World Region

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

U.S Avg. Canada South

America

EU Avg. Japan

Avg.

India Avg. China

Avg.

Other

World

%

RelativeHumidityperTem

peratureBin

3-1112-20

21-29

30-37


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GREEN-MAC-LCCPComparison of Drive Cycles

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

US-

BigCity

US Avg. Japan EU &

China

India%T

imeofAverageS

peed

10

25

65

80

>80

Cabin Confort in Terms of % A/C ON Time

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

U.S Canada SouthAmerica

EU Japan India China OtherWorld

%A

/CONTimeduringAnnualDriving

=38


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GREEN-MAC-LCCPData Input Examples

Leakage Rates N. America Canada S. America


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GREEN-MAC-LCCPLeak Rate Temp. dependence

Ref: Denis Clodic, Mines ParisTech - ARMINES

Dependence of Average Annual Temperature to Refrigerant Leaks

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

U.S Canada SouthAmerica

EU Japan India China OtherWorld

RefrigerantRegula

rLeakage[g/y]


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GREEN-MAC-LCCPData Plot for Small Car Fleet

The results assume the use R134a for Vehicles in the Fleet prior to 2011 and

All New Vehicles Produced after 2011 have the New Refrigerant

2017 Global CO2-Eq by Region - Car Fleets

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Africa &

M.East

Asia E.Europe N. America S. & C.

America

W.Europe World

CO

2-Eq

(MM

T)

Baseline R-134a HFC-1234yf R-744


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GREEN-MAC-LCCP"Plot of data assuming entire fleet of vehicles has specified refrigerant in 2017"

2017 Global CO2-Eq by Region - Car Fleets

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Africa &

M.East

Asia E.Europe N. America S. & C.

America

W.Europe World

CO

2-Eq

(MMT

)

Baseline R-134a HFC-1234yf R-744

AssumingAllVehicles Registered in 2017 have the New Refrigerant


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GREEN-MAC-LCCPData Plot for Midsize Car Fleet

The results assume the use R134a for Vehicles in the Fleet prior to 2011 and

All New Vehicles Produced after 2011 have the New Refrigerant


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CO2-eq Emissions for Global Fleets using R-134a in YEAR 2017

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Africa &

Middle East

Asia EU North

America

S. & Central

America

Other World World

LC

CPCO2-Eq.Emissions(MMT

)% Contribution of Regional CO2-eq.

Emissions during A/C Operation

17%

1%

7%

10%

10%

19%

11%

23%

U.S

Canada

SouthAmericaEU

Japan

India

China

OtherWorld


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R-134a Components of Lifetime CO2 Emissions

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

Pho

enix

Hou

ston

Bos

ton

Chi

cago

Farg

o

WD

C

LosA

ngel

es

Mia

mi

Mon

treal

Toro

nto

Van

couv

er

Mexic

oC

ity

Bue

nosA

ires

Rio

deJa

neiro

C.Am

eric

a

C.A

M.O

ther

S.A

M.O

ther

Car

acas

Hel

sinki

Mos

cow

Sto

ckho

lmO

slo

Cop

enha

gen

Pra

gue

War

saw

Lju

blja

na

E.E

U.O

ther

Dublin

Am

sterda

m

Vie

nna

Fran

kfurt

Bru

ssel

s

Ank

ara

Lond

on

Deb

rece

n

Gen

eva

Bra

tisla

va

Bucha

rest

Paris

Por

to

Mad

rid

Rom

e

Ath

ens

Jeru

sale

m

M.E

.Oth

er

Toky

o

Kag

oshi

ma

Sap

poro

Ban

galo

re

Bom

bay

New

Delhi

Syd

ney

Beijin

g

Sha

ngha

i

Kw

angj

u

Tehr

an

Taip

ei

Kuala

Lum

pur

Ban

gkok

Asi

aO

ther

Joha

nnesbu

rg

LCCPLifetimeCO

2-eq.emissions(kg

)

Indirect Emissions due to A/C

Vehicle OperationRefrigerant Emissions Due to

LeakageA/C Mass Transportation

Recover/Recycle/Recharge

RefrigerantTotal EOL

Component Mfg

Atmospheric Degradation

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

WDC Phoenix


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Refrigerant R-1234yf Components of Lifetime CO2 Emissions

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

20,000

Pho

enix

Hou

ston

Bos

ton

Chi

cago

Far

go

WD

C

LosA

ngel

es

Mia

mi

Mon

treal

Tor

onto

Van

couv

er

Mexic

oC

ity

Bue

nosAire

s

Rio

deJa

neiro

C.Am

eric

a

C.A

M.O

ther

S.A

M.O

ther

Car

acas

Hel

sinki

Mos

cow

Sto

ckho

lmO

slo

Cop

enha

gen

Pra

gue

War

saw

Lju

blja

na

E.E

U.O

ther

Dublin

Am

ster

dam

Vie

nna

Fra

nkfu

rt

Bru

ssel

s

Ank

ara

Lond

on

Deb

rece

n

Gen

eva

Bratis

lava

Bucha

rest

Paris

Porto

Mad

rid

Rom

e

Ath

ens

Jeru

sale

m

M.E

.Oth

er

Tok

yo

Kag

oshi

ma

Sap

poro

Ban

galo

re

Bom

bay

New

Delhi

Syd

ney

Beijin

g

Sha

ngha

i

Kw

angj

u

Teh

ran

Tai

pei

Kuala

Lum

pur

Ban

gkok

Asi

aO

ther

Joha

nnesbu

rg

LCCPLife

time

CO

2-eq.

em

iss

ions

(kg

)

Indirect Emissions due to A/C Vehicle

OperationRefrigerant Emissions Due to Leakage

A/C Mass Transportation

Recover/Recycle/Recharge Refrigerant

Total EOL

Component Mfg

Atmospheric Degradation

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

WDC Phoenix


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GREEN-MAC-LCCPModel has been peer reviewed andaccepted as a global standard by more than 50 expertsrepresented by 25 companies & other organizations

GREEN-MAC-LCCPModel will continue to be the

trusted method to guide refrigerant choice worldwide andto reward systems and companies achieving the highestenvironmental performance

Model accurately compares refrigerants under the same

boundary conditions

No other model has been offered freely

CONCLUSIONS


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The new Alternative Refrigerant HFO-1234yf has lower LCCP in all world

regions.

Results for both Small and Midsize Car provide same conclusions

HFO-1234yf reduces LCCP GHG emissions in both type of vehicles

R-744 with TXV shows equal performance to baseline HFC-134a for smallcars and slight increase in GHG emissions for Midsize cars, equippedwith OTB

R-744 performs better than R-134a in cooler/mild climates. Large cars inmild climates can use R-744 where cost is no object

CONCLUSIONS

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