Green politics

Green politics (also known as ecopolitics[1]) is a politicalideology that aims to create an ecologically sustainablesociety rooted in environmentalism, nonviolence, socialjustice, and grassroots democracy.[2] It began takingshape in the western world in the 1970s; since thenGreen parties have developed and established themselvesin many countries around the globe, and have achievedsome electoral success.The political term Green was used initially in relation todie Grünen (German for “theGreens”),[3][4] a Green partyformed in the late 1970s.[5] The term political ecology issometimes used in academic circles, but in the latter hascome to represent an interdisciplinary field of study; theacademic discipline offers wide-ranging studies integrat-ing ecological social sciences with political economy[6] intopics such as degradation and marginalization, environ-mental conflict, conservation and control, and environ-mental identities and social movements.[7]

Supporters of green politics share many ideas with theecology, conservation, environmentalism, feminism, andpeace movements. In addition to democracy and eco-logical issues, green politics is concerned with civil lib-erties, social justice, nonviolence, sometimes variants oflocalism[8] and tends to support social progressivism. Theparty’s platform is largely considered left in the politicalspectrum.The Green ideology has connections with various otherecocentric political ideologies, including ecosocialism,ecoanarchism, and ecofeminism, but to what extent thesecan be seen as forms of Green politics is a matter ofdebate.[9]

As the left-wing 'Green' (i.e. capital 'G') political phi-losophy developed, there also came into separate exis-tence unrelated and polar opposite movements on theright that include ecological components such as greenconservatism, eco-capitalism and ecofascism.

1 History

1.1 Influences

Adherents to green politics tend to consider it to be partof a 'higher' worldview and not simply a political ideol-ogy. Green politics draws its ethical stance from a vari-ety of sources, from the values of indigenous peoples, tothe ethics of Gandhi, Spinoza and Uexküll. These peo-ple influenced green thought in their advocacy of long-

term "seventh generation" foresight, and on the personalresponsibility of every individual to make moral choices.Of course, unease about adverse consequences of humanactions on nature predates the modern concept of “envi-ronmentalism”. Social commentators as far apart as an-cient Rome and China complained of air, water and noisepollution.[10]

The philosophical roots of environmentalism can betraced back to enlightenment thinkers such as Rousseauin France and, later, the author and naturalist Thoreau inAmerica. Organised environmentalism began in late 19thCentury Europe and the United States as a reaction to theIndustrial Revolution with its emphasis on unbridled eco-nomic expansion.[11]

“Green politics” first began as conservation and preserva-tion movements, such as the Sierra Club, founded in SanFrancisco in 1892.Left-green platforms of the form that make up the greenparties today draw terminology from the science ofecology, and policy from environmentalism, deep ecol-ogy, feminism, pacifism, anarchism, libertarian social-ism, social democracy, eco-socialism, and/or social ecol-ogy. In the 1970s, as these movements grew in influence,green politics arose as a new philosophy which synthe-sized their goals. The Green Party political movement isnot to be confused with the unrelated fact that in some far-right and fascist parties, nationalism has on occasion beentied into a sort of green politics which promotes environ-mentalism as a form of pride in the “motherland”[12][13]according to a minority of authors.[14]

1.1.1 Early development

In June 1970 in the Netherlands a group called Kabouterswon 5 of the 45 seats on the Amsterdam Gemeenter-aad (City Council), as well as two seats each on coun-cils in The Hague and Leeuwarden and one seat apiecein Arnhem, Alkmaar and Leiden. The Kabouters werean outgrowth of Provo’s environmental White Plans andthey proposed “Groene Plannen” (“Green Plans”).[15]

The first political party to be created with its basis inenvironmental issues was the United Tasmania Group,founded in Australia in March 1972 to fight against de-forestation and the creation of a dam that would damageLake Pedder; whilst it only gained three percent in stateelections, it had, according to Derek Wall, “inspired thecreation of Green parties all over the world.”[16] In May

1

2 2 CORE TENETS

German Green Party co-founder, Petra Kelly, with former Ger-man cabinet member, Otto Schily, at press conference in 1983.

1972, a meeting at Victoria University of Wellington,New Zealand, launched the Values Party, the world’s firstcountrywide green party to contest Parliamentary seatsnationally.[17] A year later in 1973, Europe’s first greenparty, the UK’s Ecology Party, came into existence.The German Green Party was not the first Green Party inEurope to have members elected nationally but the im-pression was created that they had been, because they at-tracted the most media attention: The German Greens,contended in their first national election in 1980. Theystarted as a provisional coalition of civic groups and po-litical campaigns which, together, felt their interests werenot expressed by the conventional parties. After con-testing the 1979 Euro elections they held a conferencewhich identified Four Pillars of the Green Party whichall groups in the original alliance could agree as the ba-sis of a common Party platform: welding these groupstogether as a single Party. This statement of principleshas since been utilised by many Green Parties around theworld. It was this party that first coined the term “Green”(“Grün” in German) and adopted the sunflower symbol.In the 1983 federal election, the Greens won 27 seats inthe Bundestag.

1.1.2 Further developments

The first Canadian foray into green politics took placein the Maritimes when 11 independent candidates (in-cluding one in Montreal and one in Toronto) ran in the1980 federal election under the banner of the Small Party.Inspired by Schumacher’s Small is Beautiful, the SmallParty candidates ran for the expressed purpose of puttingforward an anti-nuclear platform in that election. It wasnot registered as an official party, but some participantsin that effort went on to form the Green Party of Canadain 1983 (theOntario Greens and British ColumbiaGreenswere also formed that year). Current Green Party ofCanada leader Elizabeth May was the instigator and oneof the candidates and she was eventually elected in 2011Canadian federal election.[18]

In Finland, in 1995, the Green League became the firstEuropean Green Party to form part of a state-level Cab-inet. The German Greens followed, forming a govern-ment with the Social Democratic Party of Germany (the"Red-Green Alliance") from 1998 to 2005. In 2001, theyreached an agreement to end reliance on nuclear power inGermany, and agreed to remain in coalition and supportthe German government of Chancellor Gerhard Schröderin the 2001 Afghan War. This put them at odds withmany Greens worldwide, but demonstrated that they werecapable of difficult political tradeoffs.In Latvia, Indulis Emsis, leader of the Green Party andpart of the Union of Greens and Farmers, an alliance ofa Nordic agrarian party and the Green Party, was PrimeMinister of Latvia for ten months in 2004, making himthe first Green politician to lead a country in the historyof the world. In the German state of Baden-Württenburg,the Green Party became the leader of the coalition withthe Social Democrats after finishing second in the Baden-Württemberg state election, 2011. In the following stateelection, 2016, the Green Party became the strongestparty for the first time in a German Landtag.

2 Core tenets

According to DerekWall, a prominent British Green pro-ponent, there are four pillars that define Green politics:ecology, social justice, grassroots democracy and non-violence.[2]

In 1984, the Green Committees of Correspondence inthe United States expanded the Four Pillars into Ten KeyValues which, in addition to the Four Pillars mentionedabove, include:

• Decentralization

• Community-based economics

• Post-patriarchal values (later translated toFeminism)

• Respect for diversity

• Global responsibility

• Future focus

In 2001, the Global Greens were organized as an inter-national Green movement. The Global Greens Charteridentified six guiding principles:

• Ecological wisdom

• Social justice

• Participatory democracy

• Nonviolence

2.3 Participatory democracy 3

• Sustainability

• Respect for diversity

2.1 Ecology

2.2 Economics

Main article: Green economics

Green economics focuses on the importance of the healthof the biosphere to human well-being. Consequently,most Greens distrust conventional capitalism, as it tendsto emphasize economic growth while ignoring ecologicalhealth; the "full cost" of economic growth often includesdamage to the biosphere, which is unacceptable accord-ing to green politics. Green economics considers suchgrowth to be "uneconomic growth"— material increasethat nonetheless lowers overall quality of life.Some Greens refer to productivism, consumerism andscientism as “grey”, as contrasted with “green”, economicviews. “Grey” implies age, concrete, and lifelessness.Therefore, adherents to green politics advocate economicpolicies designed to safeguard the environment. Greenswant governments to stop subsidizing companies thatwaste resources or pollute the natural world, subsidiesthat Greens refer to as "dirty subsidies". Some currentsof green politics place automobile and agribusiness sub-sidies in this category, as they may harm human health.On the contrary, Greens look to a green tax shift that areseen to encourage both producers and consumers to makeecologically friendly choices.Green economics is on the whole anti-globalist. Accord-ing to Greens, economic globalization is considered athreat to well-being, which will replace natural environ-ments and local cultures with a single trade economy,termed the global economic monoculture.Since green economics emphasizes biospheric health, anissue outside the traditional left-right spectrum, differ-ent currents within green politics incorporate ideas fromsocialism and capitalism. Greens on the Left are oftenidentified as Eco-socialists, who merge ecology and en-vironmentalism with socialism and Marxism and blamethe capitalist system for environmental degradation, so-cial injustice, inequality and conflict. Eco-capitalists, onthe other hand, believe that the free market system, withsome modification, is capable of addressing ecologicalproblems. This belief is documented in the business ex-periences of eco-capitalists in the book, The Gort Cloudthat describes the gort cloud as the green community thatsupports eco-friendly businesses.

2.3 Participatory democracy

Since the beginning, green politics has emphasized local,grassroots-level political activity and decision-making.According to its adherents, it is crucial that citizens playa direct role in the decisions that influence their lives andtheir environment. Therefore, green politics seeks to in-crease the role of deliberative democracy, based on di-rect citizen involvement and consensus decision making,wherever it is feasible.Green politics also encourages political action on the in-dividual level, such as ethical consumerism, or buyingthings that are made according to environmentally eth-ical standards. Indeed, many green parties emphasize in-dividual and grassroots action at the local and regionallevels over electoral politics. Historically, green partieshave grown at the local level, gradually gaining influenceand spreading to regional or provincial politics, only en-tering the national arena when there is a strong networkof local support.In addition, manyGreens believe that governments shouldnot levy taxes against strictly local production and trade.Some Greens advocate new ways of organizing authorityto increase local control, including urban secession andbioregional democracy.

2.4 Other issues

The sunflower is an internationally recognized symbol of Greenpolitics.[19]

Green politics on the whole is opposed to nuclear powerand the buildup of persistent organic pollutants, support-ing adherence to the precautionary principle, by whichtechnologies are rejected unless they can be proven to notcause significant harm to the health of living things or thebiosphere.In the spirit of nonviolence, Green politics opposes theWar on Terrorism and the curtailment of civil rights,focusing instead on nurturing deliberative democracy inwar-torn regions and the construction of a civil societywith an increased role for women.

4 3 ORGANIZATION

In Europe, Green parties tend to support the creation ofa democratic federal Europe.Although Greens in the United States “call for an endto the 'War on Drugs'" and “for decriminalization ofvictimless crimes", they also call for developing “a firmapproach to law enforcement that directly addresses vio-lent crime, including trafficking in hard drugs”.[20]

Green platforms generally favor tariffs on fossil fuels, re-stricting genetically modified organisms, and protectionsfor ecoregions or communities. In keeping with theircommitment to the preservation of diversity, greens areoften committed to the maintenance and protection of in-digenous communities, languages, and traditions. An ex-ample of this is the Irish Green Party's commitment tothe preservation of the Irish Language.[21]

Some of the green movement has focused on divestingin fossil fuels. Academics Stand Against Poverty states“it is paradoxical for universities to remain invested infossil fuel companies”. Thomas Pogge says that the fos-sil fuel divestment movement can increase political pres-sure at events like the international climate change con-ference (COP).[22] Alex Epstein of Forbes notes that it ishypocritical to ask for divestment without a boycott andthat a boycott would be more effective.[23] Some institu-tions that are leading by example in the academic area areStanford University, Syracuse University, Sterling Col-lege and over 20 more. A number of cities, counties andreligious institutions have also joined the movement todivest.[24][25]

3 Organization

3.1 Local movements

Green ideology emphasizes participatory democracy andthe principle of "thinking globally, acting locally". Assuch, the ideal Green Party is thought to grow from thebottom up, from neighborhood to municipal to (eco-)regional to national levels. The goal is to rule by aconsensus decision making process.Strong local coalitions are considered a pre-requisite tohigher-level electoral breakthroughs. Historically, thegrowth of Green parties has been sparked by a single issuewhere Greens can appeal to ordinary citizens’ concerns.In Germany, for example, the Greens’ early opposition tonuclear power won them their first successes in the federalelections.

3.2 Global organization

There is a growing level of global cooperation betweenGreen parties. Global gatherings of Green Parties nowhappen. The first Planetary Meeting of Greens was held30–31May 1992, in Rio de Janeiro, immediately preced-

ing the United Nations Conference on Environment andDevelopment held there. More than 200 Greens from 28nations attended. The first formal Global Greens Gath-ering took place in Canberra, in 2001, with more than800 Greens from 72 countries in attendance. The secondGlobal Green Congress was held in São Paulo, Brazil, inMay 2008, when 75 parties were represented.Global Green networking dates back to 1990. Follow-ing the Planetary Meeting of Greens in Rio de Janeiro,a Global Green Steering Committee was created, con-sisting of two seats for each continent. In 1993 thisGlobal Steering Committee met in Mexico City and au-thorized the creation of a Global Green Network includ-ing a Global Green Calendar, Global Green Bulletin, andGlobal GreenDirectory. TheDirectory was issued in sev-eral editions in the next years. In 1996, 69 Green Partiesfrom around the world signed a common declaration op-posing French nuclear testing in the South Pacific, the firststatement of global greens on a current issue. A secondstatement was issued in December 1997, concerning theKyoto climate change treaty.[26]

At the 2001 Canberra Global Gathering delegates forGreen Parties from 72 countries decided upon a GlobalGreens Charter which proposes six key principles. Overtime, each Green Party can discuss this and organize it-self to approve it, some by using it in the local press, someby translating it for their web site, some by incorporat-ing it into their manifesto, some by incorporating it intotheir constitution.[27] This process is taking place gradu-ally, with online dialogue enabling parties to say wherethey are up to with this process.[28]

The Gatherings also agree on organizational matters. Thefirst Gathering voted unanimously to set up the GlobalGreen Network (GGN). The GGN is composed of threerepresentatives from each Green Party. A companionorganization was set up by the same resolution: GlobalGreen Coordination (GGC). This is composed of threerepresentatives from each Federation (Africa, Europe,The Americas, Asia/Pacific, see below). Discussion ofthe planned organization took place in several Green Par-ties prior to the Canberra meeting.[29] The GGC commu-nicates chiefly by email. Any agreement by it has to beby unanimity of its members. It may identify possibleglobal campaigns to propose to Green Parties worldwide.The GGC may endorse statements by individual GreenParties. For example, it endorsed a statement by the USGreen Party on the Israel-Palestine conflict.[30]

Thirdly, Global Green Gatherings are an opportunity forinformal networking, from which joint campaigning mayarise. For example, a campaign to protect the New Cale-donian coral reef, by getting it nominated for WorldHeritage Status: a joint campaign by the New Caledo-nia Green Party, New Caldonian indigenous leaders, theFrench Green Party, and the Australian Greens.[31] An-other example concerns Ingrid Betancourt, the leaderof the Green Party in Colombia, the Green Oxygen

5

Party (Partido Verde Oxigeno). Ingrid Betancourt andthe party’s Campaign Manager, Claire Rojas, were kid-napped by a hard-line faction of FARC on 7 March2002, while travelling in FARC-controlled territory. Be-tancourt had spoken at the Canberra Gathering, mak-ing many friends. As a result, Green Parties all overthe world have organized, pressing their governments tobring pressure to bear. For example, Green Parties inAfrican countries, Austria, Canada, Brazil, Peru, Mex-ico, France, Scotland, Sweden and other countries havelaunched campaigns calling for Betancourt’s release. BobBrown, the leader of the Australian Greens, went toColombia, as did an envoy from the European Federa-tion, Alain Lipietz, who issued a report.[32] The four Fed-erations of Green Parties issued a message to FARC.[33]Ingrid Betancourt was rescued by the Colombian militaryin Operation Jaque in 2008.

3.2.1 Global Green meetings

Separately from the Global Green Gatherings, GlobalGreen Meetings take place. For instance, one took placeon the fringe of the World Summit on Sustainable De-velopment in Johannesburg. Green Parties attendedfrom Australia, Taiwan, Korea, South Africa, Mauritius,Uganda, Cameroon, Republic of Cyprus, Italy, France,Belgium, Germany, Finland, Sweden, Norway, the USA,Mexico and Chile.The Global Green Meeting discussed the situation ofGreen Parties on the African continent; heard a reportfrom Mike Feinstein, former Mayor of Santa Monica,about setting up a web site of the GGN; discussed pro-cedures for the better working of the GGC; and decidedtwo topics on which the Global Greens could issue state-ments in the near future: Iraq and the 2003WTOmeetingin Cancun.

3.3 Green federations

The member parties of the Global Greens are organisedinto four continental federations:

• Federation of Green Parties of Africa

• Federation of the Green Parties of the Americas /Federación de los Partidos Verdes de las Américas

• Asia-Pacific Green Network

• European Federation of Green Parties

The European Federation of Green Parties formed itselfas the European Green Party on 22 February 2004, in therun-up to European Parliament elections in June 2004, afurther step in trans-national integration.

4 Currents

Green politics is usually said to include the green anar-chism, eco-anarchism, green libertarianism, green liber-alism, anti-nuclear movements, and peace movements,although these often claim not to be aligned with anyparty. Some claim it also includes feminism, pacifism andthe animal rights movements. Some Greens support pol-icy measures to empower women, especially mothers; tooppose war, de-escalate conflicts, and stop proliferatingtechnologies useful in conflict or likely to lead to conflict;and Great ape personhood.Greens on the Left adhere to eco-socialism, an ideologythat combines ecology, environmentalism, socialism, andMarxism to criticize the capitalist system as the cause ofecological crises, social exclusion, inequality, and con-flict. Green parties are not eco-socialist, but some Greenparties around the world have or have had a significanteco-socialist membership.Despite this stereotype, some centrist Greens maysubscribe to a more classical liberal Georgist orgeolibertarian philosophy emphasizing individualproperty rights and free-market environmentalism –and shifting taxes away from value created by labor orservice and charging instead for human consumption ofthe wealth created by the natural world (see land valuetax and ecotax).Greens may view the processes by which living beingscompete for mates, homes, and food, ecology, and thecognitive and political sciences very differently. Thesedifferences tend to drive debate on ethics, formation ofpolicy, and the public resolution of these differences inleadership races. There is no single “Green Ethic”.

5 See also

• Outline of green politics (list of related articles, or-ganized for easy browsing)

6 Notes

[1] Peter Reed; David Rothenberg (1993). Wisdom in theOpen Air: The Norwegian Roots of Deep Ecology. Uni-versity of Minnesota Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-8166-2182-8.

[2] Wall 2010. p. 12-13.

[3] Derek Wall (2010). The No-nonsense Guide to Green Pol-itics. New Internationalist. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-906523-39-8.

[4] Jon Burchell (2002). The Evolution of Green Politics: De-velopment and Change Within European Green Parties.Earthscan. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-85383-751-7.

6 8 EXTERNAL LINKS

[5] Playing by the Rules: The Impact of Electoral Systems onEmerging Green Parties. ProQuest. 2007. p. 79. ISBN978-0-549-13249-3.

[6] Peet and Watts, 1996, p.6.

[7] Robbins, 2012.

[8] DustinMulvaney (2011). Green Politics, An A-to-Z Guide.SAGE publications. p. 394.

[9] Wall 2010. p. 47-66.

[10] Keys, David (December 2003). “How Rome polluted theworld”. Geographical 75 (12).

[11] McCormick, John. The Global Environmental Movement(London: John Wiley, 1995).

[12] Staudenmaier, Peter. “Fascist Ecology: The 'GreenWing' of the Nazi Party and its Historical Antecedents.”.Archived from the original on 13 March 2008. Retrieved24 March 2008.

[13] Biehl, Janet; Staudenmaier, Peter (1995). ""Ecology”and the Modernization of Fascism in the German Ultra-Right”. Ecofascism: Lessons from the German Experience.AK Press. ISBN 978-1873176733.

[14] Uekötter, Frank (2006). The green and the brown: a his-tory of conservation in Nazi Germany. Cambridge Uni-versity Press. p. 202. ISBN 9780521612777.

[15] Kempton, Richard. “Amsterdam’s Anarchist Revolt”(PDF). The Provos.

[16] Wall 2010. p. 14.

[17] “The History of The Green Party”. Greens.org.nz. Re-trieved 2015-03-16.

[18] “The Green Movement”. Green Party of Canada. Re-trieved February 12, 2015.

[19] Roussopoulos, Dimitrios (1993). Political ecology: be-yond environmentalism. Montreal: Black Rose Books. p.114. ISBN 1-895431-80-8. Not surprisingly the coloursgreen and yellow are used widely in the symbols of ecolo-gists, the former evoking vegetation and the latter the sun.The sunflower, a popular symbol, embodies both colours,and turns towards the sun, the source of renewable energy.The bicycle is another important icon as bicycle trans-portation is regarded as one of the means to re-humanisesociety.

[20] “Green Party of the United States platform: Criminal Jus-tice”. Green Party. 2004. Retrieved February 12, 2015.

[21] “Green Party Irish Language Policy” (pdf). the GreenParty of Ireland. 2014.

[22] Howard, Emma. “Top academics ask world’s universitiesto divest from fossil fuels”. The Guardian. Retrieved 7April 2015.

[23] Epstein, Alex. “The Moral Case For Investing, Not Di-vesting, In Fossil Fuels”. Forbes. Retrieved 7 April 2015.

[24] “Divestment Commitments”. FossilFree.org. Retrieved 7April 2015.

[25] “Syracuse University to divest fossil fuel investments”.Retrieved 7 April 2015.

[26] John Rensenbrink (August 2003). “Global Greens Net-work - a brief history up to 2003”. Global Greens.

[27] “Canadian Greens / Green Party of Canada Constitution”.green party of canada. Archived from the original on 18February 2004.

[28] “iG - Notícias, Vídeos, Famosos, Esportes, Bate Papo,Infográficos”. Greenparties.hpg.ig.com.br. 2013-09-17.Retrieved 2015-03-16.

[29] “Global Network of Green Parties”. Australian Greens.Archived from the original on 1 March 2003.

[30] “Statement of the Global Green Coordination on theIsraeli-Palestinian Conflict”. Green Party US. Archivedfrom the original on 18 February 2003.

[31] “Spinifex 4, Newsletter of the 2001 Global GreensCongress” (pdf). Consensus Productions.

[32] “Alain LIPIETZ à BOGOTA du 3 au 5 mars 2002”. Prov-idence College: Tony Affigne: Green parties of the worlddeclare: “Free Ingrid Betancourt and Clara Rojas!" (inFrench). Archived from the original on 16 February 2004.

[33] “Green Parties of the World Call for Ingrid Betancout’sFreedom”. Green Parties world wide. Archived from theoriginal on 20 November 2008.

6.1 References

• Wall, Derek (2010). The No-Nonsense Guide toGreen Politics. Oxford: New Internationalist Pub-lications. ISBN 978-1-906523-39-8.

7 Further reading• Dobson, Andrew (2007). Green Politicial Thought.4. Edition (1. Edition 1980), London/ New York:Routledge. ISBN 0-415-40351-0 (Hardcover)

• Gilk, Paul (2009). "Green Politics is Eutopian". TheLutterworth Press.

• Spretnak, Charlene (1986). The Spiritual Dimensionof Green Politics. Santa Fe, N.M.: Bear & Co. 95p. ISBN 0-939680-29-7

8 External links• Global Greens Charter, Canberra 2001

• Ecology and Society – book on politics and sociologyof environmentalism

7

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