guidelines to fill the questionnaireecastats.uneca.org/acsweb/portals/0/economic...

Guidelines to Fill the Questionnaire Introduction This data collection is a joint activity of the African Centre for Statistics (ACS) and the Food Security and Sustainable Development Division (FSSDD) of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) which contributes to the preparation of the Fifth Sustainable Development Report on Africa (SDRA-V). As it is indicated in the invitation letter the preparation of the fifth issue of the SDRA is ongoing, under the theme achieving sustainable development in Africa through green growth. For this issue of the SDRA, the data collection will entail working with 15 pilot countries to collect primary data to populate the sustainable development indicators that will underpin the analysis. The long term objective is to gradually move towards national-level data collection for subsequent issues of the SDRA, and it is in this connection that your country has been selected as a pilot country. The data requested in this Questionnaire may be available in different institutions in a country. The focal points in national statistical offices, in consultation with relevant ministries and agencies, are therefore requested to bring together the data from these different sources and submit one consolidated version of the questionnaire. In compiling the questionnaire, the focal points in national statistical offices should work together with the invited participants in the same country. The data requests in the Questionnaire are organized by sectors that include demographic statistics, social statistics, national accounts, agricultural statistics, energy statistics, monetary and financial statistics, foreign trade statistics, and environment statistics. The sectors are further divided into variables that cover various sub-sectors and the data requests mainly cover the years 2002 to 2011. In general, the Questionnaire asks for key information concerning sustainable development in a country. The tables in the Questionnaire cover population, enrolment, health, employment, income distribution, mortality, gross domestic product, mineral production and rent, agricultural production and fertilizer use, fisheries, energy use and prices, financial status, government revenue, remittances, foreign direct investment, imports, exports, emissions, desertification, and fossil fuels. The definitions of each variable in the tables are included in the Glossary which is listed in order of appearance of the variables. If variables are repeated, the definition can be found where the variable first appeared. Furthermore, if standardized translation in French is not available, the source used in the English Glossary will also be repeated in the French version Steps to Follow

Provide the contact information of the focal person who filled the Questionnaire. If necessary, include footnotes to give additional information on data. Based on the definitions provided, fill in the table’s as much as possible (see the Glossary). If a

different definition or methodology has been used, explain the differences in a footnote or provide the definition and/or methodology applied as supplementary information.

Provide as much information as possible in the footnotes on the source and data collection method for each value.

If the requested data are not available, leave the cell blank. If the value of the requested variable is less than half the unit of measurement, the cell should be

filled with "0". Report data in the requested unit.

The completed Questionnaire should be sent to FSSD and/or ACS at email addresses [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] before 23 November 2012. Contact us: If you have any questions, contact FSSD and ACS at ECA: Email: Alessandra Sgobbi ([email protected]), Nnamdi Nnadozie ([email protected]), Negussie Gorge ([email protected]).

Glossary (English) Domain Indicator Definition Units of Measuring Source

Demographic statistics

Mid-year population aged 0-14, Mid-year population aged 15-24, Mid-year population aged 25-64, Mid-year population aged 65+

De facto total population as of 1 July of the year indicated and in the age group indicated. A de facto population includes all persons physically present in the country or area at the reference date.

Population data are presented in thousands

UNDESA. Glossary of Demographic Terms; Population Division, Population Estimates and Projection Section website; http://esa.un.org/wpp/Documentation/glossary.htm. Accessed September 20, 2012.

Mid-year population (Female) De facto female population as of 1 July of the year indicated.A de facto population includes all persons physically present in the country or area at the reference date.



Mid-year population (Male) De facto male population as of 1 July of the year indicated.A de facto population includes all persons physically present in the country or area at the reference date.



Urban Population De facto population living in areas classified as urban according to the criteria used by each area or country. Data refer to 1 July of the year indicated. A de facto population includes all persons physically present in the country or area at the reference date.



Rural Population De facto population living in areas classified as rural (that is, it is the difference between the total population of a country and its urban population). Data refer to 1 July of the year indicated A de facto population includes all persons physically present in the country or area at the reference date.



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Domain Indicator Definition Units of Measuring Source

Social Statistics

Enrolment The number of pupils or students officially enrolled in a given grade or level of education, regardless of age Number UNESCO Institute for statistics.2011. Global Education Digest: Comparing education statistics across the world: 295. http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/ged-2011-en.pdf. Accessed September 20, 2012.

Male/female enrolment, primary

The number of male/female pupils or students officially enrolled in primary education regardless of age Number UNESCO Institute for statistics.2011. Global Education Digest: Comparing education statistics across the world: 295. http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/ged-2011-en.pdf. Accessed September 20, 2012.

Male/Female enrolment, secondary

The number of male/female pupils or students officially enrolled in secondary education regardless of age Number UNESCO Institute for statistics.2011. Global Education Digest: Comparing education statistics across the world: 295. http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/ged-2011-en.pdf. Accessed September 20, 2012.

Male/Female enrolment, technical/vocational

Total number of male/female pupils or students enrolled in technical / vocational programmes at a given level of education

Number UNESCO Institute for statistics.2011. Global Education Digest: Comparing education statistics across the world: 303. http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/ged-2011-en.pdf. Accessed September 20, 2012.

Male/Female enrolment, tertiary

The number of male/female pupils or students officially enrolled in tertiary education regardless of age Number UNESCO Institute for statistics.2011. Global Education Digest: Comparing education statistics across the world: 295. http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/ged-2011-en.pdf. Accessed September 20, 2012.

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Domain Indicator Definition Units of Measuring Source Private Enrolment Total number of pupils or students at a given level of education enrolled in institutions that are not operated

by a public authority but controlled and managed, whether for profit or not, by a private body (e.g. non-governmental organization, religious body, special interest group, foundation or business enterprise)

Number UNESCO Institute for statistics.2011. Global Education Digest: Comparing education statistics across the world:302. http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/ged-2011-en.pdf. Accessed September 20, 2012.

Primary Education (ISCED level 1)

Primary education provides learning and educational activities typically designed to provide students with fundamental skills in reading, writing and mathematics (i.e. literacy and numeracy), and to establish a sound foundation for learning and solid understanding of core areas of knowledge and personal development, preparing for lower secondary education. It aims at learning at a basic level of complexity with little if any specialization.

UNESCO Institute for Statistics.2011. The International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED): Paris: 84. http://www.uis.unesco.org/StatisticalCapacityBuilding/Workshop%20Documents/Education%20workshop%20dox/2009%20ISCED%20TAP%20II%20Paris/ISCED_TAP_II_Meeting_report_July2009.pdf. Accessed September 20, 2012.

Secondary Education (ISCED levels 2-3)

Secondary education provides learning and educational activities building on primary education and preparing for both first labour market entry as well as post-secondary non-tertiary and tertiary education. Broadly speaking, secondary education aims at learning at an intermediate level of complexity. ISCED distinguishes lower and upper secondary education.


Vocational Education (ISCED level 4)

Education that is designed for learners to acquire the knowledge, skills and competencies specific to a particular occupation or trade or class of occupations or trades. Vocational education may have work-based components (e.g. apprenticeships). Successful completion of such programmes leads to labour-market relevant vocational qualifications acknowledged as occupationally-oriented by the relevant national authorities and/or the labour market.


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Domain Indicator Definition Units of Measuring Source Tertiary Education (ISCED levels 5-8)

Tertiary education builds on secondary education, providing learning activities in specialised fields of education. It aims at learning at a high level of complexity and specialisation. Tertiary education includes what is commonly understood as academic education, but is broader than that because it also includes advanced vocational orprofessional education.


Public/private expenditure per pupil or student by level (primary, Secondary, vocational, tertiary)

Total public/private expenditure per pupil or student in the specified level of education (primary, Secondary, vocational, tertiary).

Local currency UNESCO Institute for statistics.2011. Global Education Digest: Comparing education statistics across the world: 300. http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/ged-2011-en.pdf. Accessed September 20, 2012.

Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people)

Nurses – includes professional nurses (and midwives), auxiliary nurses and enrolled nurses, and other nurses such as dental nurses or primary care nurses.Midwives – includes auxiliary midwives and enrolled midwives. Does not include traditional birth attendants, who are counted as community health workers.

Number per 1000 people WHO.2006. The World Health Report 2006: Statistical annex explanatory notes: 164. http://www.who.int/whr/2006/annex/06_annex_notes_en.pdf. Accessed September 20, 2012.

General government expenditure on health (GGHE)

General government expenditure on health (GGHE) is the sum of health outlays paid for in cash or supplied in kind by government entities, such as the Ministry of Health, other ministries, parastatal organizations or social security agencies (without double counting government transfers to social security and extra-budgetary funds). It includes all expenditure made by these entities, regardless of the source, so includes any donor funding passing through them. It includes transfer payments to households to offset medical care costs and extra-budgetary funds to finance health services and goods. It includes current and capital expenditure. In this indicator resources are tracked for all public entities acting as financing agents: managing health funds and purchasing or paying for health goods and services.

Local currency WHO.2011.World Health Statistics: Indicator code book-World health statistics indicators: 183-232. http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/WHS2011_IndicatorCompendium.pdf. Accessed September 20, 2012.

Total expenditure on health Total expenditure on health (THE) : The sum of all outlays for health maintenance, restoration or enhancement paid for in cash or supplied in kind. It is the sum of General Government Expenditure on Health and Private Expenditure on Health. Total expenditure on health (THE) is measured as the sum of spending of all financing agents managing funds to purchase health goods and services.

Local currency WHO.2011.World Health Statistics: Indicator code book-World health statistics indicators: 183-232. http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/WHS2011_IndicatorCompendium.pdf. Accessed September 20, 2012.

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Domain Indicator Definition Units of Measuring Source Labor force by age and gender The labour force or "currently active population" comprises all persons who fulfill the requirements for

inclusion among the employed or the unemployed.Number of people ILO.1982: Resolution concerning

statistics of the economically active population, employment, unemployment and underemployment adopted by the Thirteenth international conference of labor statistics: 2. http://ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/download/res/ecacpop.pdf. Accessed September 20, 2012.

Number of unemployed work force, total (Urban, Rural)

The unemployed comprise all persons above a specified age who during the reference periodwere: - without work, that is, were not in paid employment or self employment during the reference period; - currently available for work, that is, were available for paid employment or self-employment during the reference period; and - seeking work, that is, had taken specific steps in a specified recent period to seek paid employment or self-employment.

Number ILO.1982: Resolution concerning statistics of the economically active population, employment, unemployment and underemployment adopted by the Thirteenth international conference of labor statistics: 4. http://ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/download/res/ecacpop.pdf. Accessed September 20, 2012.

Number of unemployed work force, youth (Urban, Rural)

The unemployed youth comprise all persons between the age of 15 and 24 who, during the reference period, were: (a) without work; i.e. had not worked for even one hour in any economic activity (paid employment, self-employment, or unpaid work for a family business or farm); (b) currently available for work; and (c) actively seeking work; i.e. had taken active steps to see work during a specified recent period (usually the past four weeks).

Number ILO.1982, October. The youth employment network.http website://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/yen/whatwedo/projects/indicators/2.htm: Accessed September 20, 2012.

Gini index of income inequality

A summary measure of the extent to which the actual distribution of income, consumption expenditure, or a related variable, differs from a hypothetical distribution in which each person receives an identical share.

A dimensionless index scaled to vary from a minimum of zero to a maximum of one; zero representing no inequality and one representing the maximum possible degree of inequality.

http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/indisd/english/chapt3e.htm

National consumption that accrues to poorest quintile of the population

Income that accrues to to the poorest fifth (20%) of the population Local currency UNDP.2003. Indicator for Monitoring Millennium Development Goals.2003: 10. http://www.undp.or.id/mdg/documents/MDG%20Indicators-UNDG.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

National consumption that accrues to second poorest quintile of the population

Income that accrues to the second poorest 20% of the population Local currency UNDP.2003. Indicator for Monitoring Millennium Development Goals.2003: 10. http://www.undp.or.id/mdg/documents/MDG%20Indicators-UNDG.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

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Domain Indicator Definition Units of Measuring Source National consumption that accrues to third quintile of the population

Income that accrues to the third poorest 20% of the population Local currency UNDP.2003. Indicator for Monitoring Millennium Development Goals.2003: 10. http://www.undp.or.id/mdg/documents/MDG%20Indicators-UNDG.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

National consumption that accrues to fourth quintile of the population

Income that accrues to the fourth poorest 20% of the population Local currency UNDP.2003. Indicator for Monitoring Millennium Development Goals.2003: 10. http://www.undp.or.id/mdg/documents/MDG%20Indicators-UNDG.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

National consumption that accrues to richest quintile of the population

Income that accrues to the richest fifth (20%) of the population Local currency UNDP.2003. Indicator for Monitoring Millennium Development Goals.2003: 10. http://www.undp.or.id/mdg/documents/MDG%20Indicators-UNDG.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Mortality rate under 5 years old Under-5 mortality refers to the probability of dying before age 5, per 1,000 newborns (ISD P 77) Per thousand live births. UN.2007.Indicators of Sustainable Development: Third Edition. Methodology sheet: 3, 51. http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Life expectancy at birth The average number of years that a newborn could expect to live, if he or she were to pass through life subject to the age-specific death rates of a given period (ISD P82)

Years of life UN.2007.Indicators of Sustainable Development: Third Edition. Methodology sheet: 3, 51. http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

National Accounts

Gross capital formation 10.31 Gross capital formation is measured by the total value of the gross fixed capital formation, changes in inventories and acquisitions less disposals of valuables. Before discussing in detail the entries to be recorded under each of these items, it is necessary to clarify the coverage of the item and the application of accounting rules such as valuation, time of recording and the identification of ownership. (SNA P 198)

Local currency European Communities, IMF, OECD, UN, World Bank. 2009. Systems of National Accounts (SNA):198. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/SNA2008.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Consumption of fixed capital 6.240 Consumption of fixed capital is the decline, during the course of the accounting period, in the current value of the stock of fixed assets owned and used by a producer as a result of physical deterioration, normal obsolescence or normal accidental damage. The term depreciation is often used in place of consumption of fixed capital but it is avoided in the SNA because in commercial accounting the term depreciation is often used in the context of writing off historic costs whereas in the SNA consumption of fixed capital is dependent on the current value of the asset.

Local currency European Communities, IMF, OECD, UN, World Bank. 2009. Systems of National Accounts (SNA):123. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/SNA2008.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

General government final consumption expenditure

9.114 General government final consumption expenditure consists of expenditure, including expenditure whose value must be estimated indirectly, incurred by general government on both individual consumption goods and services and collective consumption services.

Local Currency European Communities, IMF, OECD, UN, World Bank. 2009. Systems of National Accounts (SNA): 150:622. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/SNA2008.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

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Domain Indicator Definition Units of Measuring Source Household final consumption expenditure

9.113 Household final consumption expenditure consists of the expenditure, including expenditure whose value must be estimated indirectly, incurred by resident households on individual consumption goods and services, including those sold at prices that are not economically significant and including consumption goodsand services acquired abroad.

Local Currency European Communities, IMF, OECD, UN, World Bank. 2009. Systems of National Accounts (SNA): 150:623. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/SNA2008.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Wages and salaries 7.43 Wages and salaries include the values of any social contributions, income taxes, etc., payable by the employee even if they are actually withheld by the employer for administrative convenience or other reasons and paid directly to social insurance schemes, tax authorities, etc., on behalf of the employee. Wages and salaries may be paid in various ways, including goods or services provided to employees as remuneration in kind instead of, or in addition to, remuneration in cash.

Local currency European Communities, IMF, OECD, UN, World Bank. 2009. Systems of National Accounts (SNA): 140. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/SNA2008.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

GDP at constant price There are two separate ways in which GDP can be defined:a. the production measure of gross domestic product (GDP) is derived as the value of output less intermediate consumption plus any taxes less subsidies on products not already included in the value of output,b. the expenditure measure of gross domestic product (GDP) is derived as the sum of expenditure on final consumption plus gross capital formation plus exports less imports.GDP at constant price estimates of GDP are obtained by expressing values in terms of a base period.

Local currency European Communities, IMF, OECD, UN, World Bank. 2009. Systems of National Accounts (SNA); 332. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/SNA2008.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

GDP at current price There are two separate ways in which GDP can be defined:a. the production measure of gross domestic product (GDP) is derived as the value of output less intermediate consumption plus any taxes less subsidies on products not already included in the value of output,b. the expenditure measure of gross domestic product (GDP) is derived as the sum of expenditure on final consumption plus gross capital formation plus exports less imports.GDP at current prices, also known as nominal GDP, is GDP at the prices of the current reporting period

Local currency European Communities, IMF, OECD, UN, World Bank. 2009. Systems of National Accounts (SNA): 332. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/SNA2008.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Value added Value added is the balancing item which can be measured either gross or net, that is, before or after deducting consumption of fixed capital:a. Gross value added is the value of output less the value of intermediate consumption;b. Net value added is the value of output less the values of both intermediate consumption and consumption of fixed capital.

European Communities, IMF, OECD, UN, World Bank. 2009. Systems of National Accounts (SNA): 95. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/SNA2008.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

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Domain Indicator Definition Units of Measuring Source Agriculture, Gross value added Agriculture corresponds to ISIC Rev.4 Section A, Divisions 01-03 that include agriculture, forestry and

fishing. This Section includes the exploitation of vegetal and animal natural resources, comprising the activities of growing of crops, raising and breeding of animals, harvesting of timber and other plants, animals or animal products from a farm or their natural habitats.

Local currency UN.2008. International Standards Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC). Department of Economic and Social Affairs Statistics Division: Rev 4. 65. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/seriesM/seriesm_4rev4e.pdf. Accessed September 12.

European Communities, IMF, OECD, UN, World Bank. 2009. Systems of National Accounts (SNA): 95. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/SNA2008.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Services Sector, etc. Gross value added

Services corresponds to ISIC Rev.4 Sections G - U, Divisions 45-99 which include value added in wholesale and retail trade (including hotels and restaurants), transport, and government, financial, professional, and personal services such as education, health care, and real estate services. Also included are imputed bank service charges, import duties, and any statistical discrepancies noted by national compilers as well as discrepancies arising from rescaling.

local currency UN.2008. International Standards Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC). Department of Economic and Social Affairs Statistics Division: Rev 4. 65. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/seriesM/seriesm_4rev4e.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Manufacturing Sector, Gross value added

Manufacturing corresponds to ISIC Rev.4 Section C, Divisions 10-33. Manufacturing includes the physical or chemical transformation of materials, substances, or components into new products, although this cannot be used as the single universal criterion for defining manufacturing. The materials, substances, or components transformed are raw materials that are products of agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining or quarrying as well as products of other manufacturing activities. Substantial alteration, renovation or reconstruction of goods is generally considered to be manufacturing.

Local currency UN.2008. International Standards Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC). Department of Economic and Social Affairs Statistics Division: Rev 4. 85. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/seriesM/seriesm_4rev4e.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Crude Oil rents Rent is the income receivable by the owner of a natural resource (the lessor or landlord) for putting the natural resource at the disposal of another institutional unit (a lessee or tenant) for use of the natural resource in production.

Crude oil: Crude oil is a mineral oil of natural origin comprising a mixture of hydrocarbons and associated impurities, such as sulphur. It exists in the liquid phase under normal surface temperature and pressure and its physical characteristics (density, viscosity, etc.) are highly variable. This category includes field or lease condensate recovered from associated and non-associated gas where it is commingled with the commercial crude oil stream.

USD or local currency European Communities, IMF, OECD, UN, World Bank. 2009. Systems of National Accounts (SNA): 150. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/SNA2008.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

OECD, IEA, Eurostats. 2005. Energy Statistics Manual: 186. http://www.iea.org/stats/docs/statistics_manual.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

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Domain Indicator Definition Units of Measuring Source Mineral rents Rent is the income receivable by the owner of a natural resource (the lessor or landlord) for putting the

natural resource at the disposal of another institutional unit (a lessee or tenant) for use of the natural resource in production.

USD or local currency European Communities, IMF, OECD, UN, World Bank. 2009. Systems of National Accounts (SNA): 150:7.109. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/SNA2008.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Agricultural Statistics

Average yield in kilograms per hectare of selected food crop

Crop yield refers to harvested production per unit of harvested area for crop products. In most of the cases yield data are not recorded but obtained by dividing the production data by the data on area harvested.

Kilograms per hectare of harvested land

FAO Statistics Division Web site. http://faostat.fao.org/site/375/default.aspx. Accessed September 12, 2012

Area harvested 11.100. Area harvested refers to the total area from which the crop is gathered. Thus, area destroyed because of drought, flooding, pest attack or any other reason is excluded. In this regard, a certain percentage loss criterion – for example, yield is less than 20% of what it normally is – is used to determine if a crop is destroyed. Crop that is damaged but not destroyed is included in the area harvested. If possible, the area harvested should exclude uncultivated patches, footpaths, ditches, headlands, shoulders and shelterbelts.

FAO. 2010. A System of Integrated Agricultural Censuses and Surveys. World Programme for Census of Agriculture. 1; 88. http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/georgian/methodology/agriculture/WCA2010.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Mineral Fertilizer use Mineral fertilizers are fertilizers prepared from inorganic materials manufactured through an industrial process. Manufacturing entails mechanical enrichment, simple crushing, or more elaborate chemical transformation of one or more raw materials. Mineral fertilizers are also known as “chemical fertilizers”, “artificial fertilizers”, and “inorganic fertilizers.

Kilograms per hectare (kg/Ha) reported on an annual basis

FAO. 2010. A System of Integrated Agricultural Censuses and Surveys. World Programme for Census of Agriculture. 1; 92. http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/georgian/methodology/agriculture/WCA2010.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Rice CPCv2 01130 UNDESA. 2007. CPC: Detailed Structure and Correspondence of CPC. 2:3. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/docs/CPCv2_structure.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Maize CPCv2 01120 UNDESA. 2007. CPC: Detailed Structure and Correspondence of CPC.2:3. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/docs/CPCv2_structure.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Cotton CPCv2 0143, CPCv2 01921 UNDESA. 2007. CPC: Detailed Structure and Correspondence of CPC.2:5-7. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/docs/CPCv2_structure.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

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Domain Indicator Definition Units of Measuring Source Oil Palm CPCv2 01490 UNDESA. 2007. CPC: Detailed

Structure and Correspondence of CPC.2:6. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/docs/CPCv2_structure.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Legumes CPCv2 0124, CPCv2 0170 UNDESA. 2007. CPC: Detailed Structure and Correspondence of CPC.2: 6. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/docs/CPCv2_structure.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Agricultural Land Area Agricultural land is the total of cropland and permanent meadows and pastures. Hectares FAO. 2010. A System of Integrated Agricultural Censuses and Surveys. World Programme for Census of Agriculture. 1; 79. http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/georgian/methodology/agriculture/WCA2010.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Land area under temporary crops

11.104. Temporary crops may be grown more than once on the same land in the same agricultural year. This is known as successive crops. This may involve the same crop or different crops and is important in countries with more than one cropping season. For successive crops, the area should be reported for each crop each time the land is sown during the year. Thus, if a 1 ha field is used for growing rice in the summer and maize in the winter, the crop area data are shown as 1 ha of rice and 1 ha of maize. If two rice crops – a summer crop and a winter crop – are grown on the 1 ha field during the year, the area of rice is shown as 2 ha. Successive crops may be grown by two different holdings and should be counted accordingly.

Hectares FAO. 2010. A System of Integrated Agricultural Censuses and Surveys. World Programme for Census of Agriculture. 1; 89. http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/georgian/methodology/agriculture/WCA2010.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Land under permanent crops 1.1.4 Land under permanent cropsLand cultivated with long-term crops which do not have to be replanted for several years (such as cocoa and coffee); land under trees and shrubs producing flowers (such as roses and jasmine); and nurseries (except those for forest trees, which should be classified under 0121 - "Forest land"). Land under permanent meadows and pastures are excluded from “Land under permanent crops.”Excludes: Herbaceous forage crops.

Hectares European Communities, IMF, OECD, UN, World Bank. 2009. System of Environmental Economic Accounting Central Framework: 267. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/White_cover.pdf Accessed September 12, 2012

Land area under permanent pasture

1.1.5 Land under permanent meadows and pasturesLand used to grow permanent (five years or more growth cycle) herbaceous forage crops through cultivation or naturally (wild prairie or grazing land). Permanent meadows and pastures on which trees and shrubs are grown should be recorded under this heading only if the growing of forage crops is the most important use of the area. Measures may be taken to keep or increase productivity of the land (i. e. use of fertilizers, mowing or systematic grazing by domestic animals.)This class includes: - Grazing in wooded areas (agro-forestry areas, for example).- Grazing in shrubby zones (heath, maquis, garigue).- Grassland in the plain or low mountain areas used for grazing: land crossed during transhumance where the animals spend a part of the year (approximately 100 days) without returning to the holding in the evening: mountain and sub-Alpine meadows and similar; steppes and dry meadows used for pasture. (SEEA P267-68)

Hectares European Communities, IMF, OECD, UN, World Bank. 2009. System of Environmental Economic Accounting Central Framework:267-268. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/White_cover.pdf Accessed September 12, 2012

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Domain Indicator Definition Units of Measuring Source Land area under organic agriculture

Organic agriculture: agricultural production system based on specific standards for achieving socially, ecologically and economically sustainable agro-ecosystems


Agricultural area irrigated Irrigation refers to purposely providing land with water, other than rain, for improving pastures or crop production. Irrigation usually implies the existence of infrastructure and equipment for applying water to crops, such as irrigation canals, pumps, sprinklers or localized watering systems. However, it also includes manual watering of plants using buckets, watering cans or other devices. Uncontrolled land flooding by overflowing of rivers or streams is not considered irrigation.


Agricultural area for modern variety seeds

Modern varieties are the products of plant breeding in the formal system by professional plant breeders. These varieties are also called “high-yielding varieties” or “high-response varieties”. Agricultural area for modern variety seeds is land area exclusively dedicated for/to modern variety of seeds


Forest area 1.2.1 Forest landLand spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 m and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. Excludes land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use, and land that is predominantly used for maintenance and restoration of environmental function.Explanatory notes: - Forest land is determined both by the presence of trees and the absence of other predominant land uses. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 m in situ.- Includes areas with young trees that have not yet reached but which are expected to reach a canopy cover of 10 percent and tree height of 5 m. It also includes areas that are temporarily unstocked due to clear-cutting as part of a forest management practice or natural disasters, and which are expected to be regenerated within 5 years. Local cConditions may, in exceptional cases, justify that a longer time frame is used.-Includes forest roads, firebreaks and other small open areas;- May include forest land in national parks, nature reserves and other protected areas such as those of specific environmental, scientific, historical, cultural or spiritual interest.- Includes windbreaks, shelterbelts and corridors of trees with an area of more than 0.5 hectares and width of more than 20 m.- Includes abandoned shifting cultivation land with a regeneration of trees that have, or is expected to reach, a canopy cover of 10 percent and tree height of 5 m.- Includes areas with mangroves in tidal zones, regardless whether this area is classified as land area or not.- Includes areas with bamboo and palms provided that land use, height and canopy cover criteria are met.- Some agroforestry systems such as the “Taungya” system where crops are grown only during the first years of the forest rotation should be classified as forest.Excludes: tree stands in agricultural production systems, such as fruit tree plantations, oil palm plantations, rubber and Christmas trees and agroforestry systems when crops are grown under tree cover

Hectares European Communities, IMF, OECD, UN, World Bank. 2009. System of Environmental Economic Accounting Central Framework: 268-269. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/White_cover.pdf Accessed September 12, 2012

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Domain Indicator Definition Units of Measuring Source Total land ownership certificates issued

Ownership refers to the rights to land that are, in everyday language, associated with the ability to use, control, transfer, or otherwise enjoy a land parcel as long as those activities are allowed by law. In statutory tenure it is often associated with freehold. However, land law does not tend to define explicitly what is meant by “ownership”.Parcel is a portion of land for which distinct rights exist.Total land ownership certificates issued is the total number of land ownership certificates issued to land owners.

Number FAO. 2002. Land Tenure Studies: Land Tenure and Rural Development: 47.

Total land ownership certificates issued to men

Ownership refers to the rights to land that are, in everyday language, associated with the ability to use, control, transfer, or otherwise enjoy a land parcel as long as those activities are allowed by law. In statutory tenure it is often associated with freehold. However, land law does not tend to define explicitly what is meant by “ownership”.Parcel is a portion of land for which distinct rights exist.Total land ownership certificates issued to men is the total number of land ownership certificates issued to men land owners.

Number FAO. 2002. Land Tenure Studies: Land Tenure and Rural Development: 47.

Fishery stocks 5.422 Fishery biologists define a “stock” as a group of individuals from the same species that constitute a unit in breeding new offspring. If mating between members of different groups occurs to the level required to modify their gene pools in the long term, those groups should be considered to belong to one stock. The resource management should be based on this concept of stock. The boundary of a stock in this sense does not correspond to national boundaries and when aquatic resources belonging to a stock move around multiple countries’ boundaries, international collaboration in management is needed and the national asset account of such stock can be defined based on the share of access to the stock.

Metric tons European Communities, IMF, OECD, UN, World Bank. 2009. System of Environmental Economic Accounting Central Framework: 188. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/SNA2008.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Gross catch/Harvest (of fishery) in quantity

5.430 The FAO has defined terms for the different stages of the catch from when fish encounter fishing gear to when they are landed. They are summarized here with a complete depiction of the relationships presented in a diagram in Annex A5.4.i. Gross removal. The total live weight of fish caught or killed during fishing operations.ii. Gross catch. The total live weight of fish caught (Gross removal less pre-catch losses)iii. Retained catch. The total live weight of fish retained (Gross catch less discarded catch)iv. Landings. The net weight of the quantities landed as recorded at the time of landingv. Nominal catch. The live weight equivalent of the landings.

Metric tons European Communities, IMF, OECD, UN, World Bank. 2009. System of Environmental Economic Accounting Central Framework: 189. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/SNA2008.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Gross Catch/Harvest (of fishery) in value

5.430 The FAO has defined terms for the different stages of the catch from when fish encounter fishing gear to when they are landed. They are summarized here with a complete depiction of the relationships presented in a diagram in Annex A5.4.i. Gross removal. The total live weight of fish caught or killed during fishing operations.ii. Gross catch. The total live weight of fish caught (Gross removal less pre-catch losses)iii. Retained catch. The total live weight of fish retained (Gross catch less discarded catch)iv. Landings. The net weight of the quantities landed as recorded at the time of landingvi. Nominal catch. The live weight equivalent of the landings.

Local Currency European Communities, IMF, OECD, UN, World Bank. 2009. System of Environmental Economic Accounting Central Framework: 189. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/White_cover.pdf Accessed September 12, 2012

Domestic production of food according to CPC in quantity

Food includes food products, beverages and tobacco. According to the Central Product Classification (CPC) ver.2 it is under Section 2, Divisions 21-25. It includes Meat, fish, fruit, vegetables, oils and fats; Dairy products and egg products; Grain mill products, starches and starch products; other food products; Beverages; and tobacco products.

Metric tons UNDESA. 2007. CPC: Detailed Structure and Correspondence of CPC.2: 4: 12-21. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/docs/CPCv2_structure.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

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Domain Indicator Definition Units of Measuring Source Domestic Material Consumption (DMC) (minerals, biomass, fossil fuels) in quantity

Domestic Material Consumption (DMC) is defined as the weight of the total amount of materials directly used in the economy (used domestic extraction plus imports), minus the materials that are exported. Materials may be broken down by type of material (minerals, biomass, and fossil fuels). Material inputs of domestic origin are classified into three main material groups: • minerals (metal ores, other industrial minerals, construction materials), • biomass (from agriculture reported by harvest statistics, from agriculture as a by-product of harvest, from grazing of agricultural animals, from forestry, from fishing, from hunting, from other activities), • Fossil fuels: hard coal, lignite, crude oil, natural gas, other.

Metric tons. UN.2007.Indicators of Sustainable Development: Third Edition. Methodology sheet.3:86. http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Energy Statistics

Energy use (kilogram oil equivalent) (Hydropower, Geothermal, Wind, Solar, Solid Biomass, Nuclear, Fossil fuels, others)

Energy use (kilogram oil equivalent) is total commercial energy use (consumption) measured in units of oil equivalent

Metric ton oil equivalence UNDP.2003. Indicator for Monitoring Millennium Development Goals.59-60. http://www.undp.or.id/mdg/documents/MDG%20Indicators-UNDG.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Hydropower Hydropower: Potential and kinetic energy of water converted into electricity in hydroelectric plants. Pumped storage should be included. Detailed plant sizes should be reported net of pumped storage. Hydropower is the electrical energy derived from turbines being driven by flowing water in rivers, with or without man-made dams forming reservoirs.

Metric ton oil equivalence OECD, IEA, Eurostats. 2005. Energy Statistics Manual: 188. http://www.iea.org/stats/docs/statistics_manual.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Geothermal Geothermal energy: Energy available as heat emitted from within the earth'scrust, usually in the form of hot water or steam. It is exploited at suitable sites:_ For electricity generation using dry steam or high enthalpy brine after flashing._ Directly as heat for district heating, agriculture, etc.

Metric ton oil equivalence OECD, IEA, Eurostats. 2005. Energy Statistics Manual. 187. http://www.iea.org/stats/docs/statistics_manual.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Wind Wind energy: Kinetic energy of wind exploited for electricity generation in wind turbines. Metric ton oil equivalence OECD, IEA, Eurostats. 2005. Energy Statistics Manual. 192. http://www.iea.org/stats/docs/statistics_manual.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Solar Solar energy: Solar radiation exploited for hot water production and electricitygeneration, by:_ Flat plate collectors, mainly of the thermosyphon type, for domestic hot water orfor the seasonal heating of swimming pools_ Photovoltaic cells._ Solar thermal electric plants.Note: Passive solar energy for the direct heating, cooling and lighting of dwellingsor other buildings is not included.


Solid Biomass Solid biomass Covers organic, non-fossil material of biological origin which may be used as fuel for heat production or electricity generation. It comprises: Charcoal: Covers the solid residue of the destructive distillation and pyrolysis of wood and other vegetal material.


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Domain Indicator Definition Units of Measuring Source Nuclear Nuclear represents the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced by a nuclear power plant with an

average thermal efficiency of 33%, that is, 1 TWh equals 0.261 Mtoe.Metric ton oil equivalence IAEA, UNDESA, IEA, Eurostat, EEA.

2005. Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies. 149. http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1222_web.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Fossil fuels Coal oil and natural gas. They are derived from remains of ancient plant and animal life Metric ton oil equivalence UN.1997. Studies in Methods: Glossary of Environment Statistics. 35. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/SeriesF/SeriesF_67E.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Total Final consumption of energy

Total final consumption (TFC) refers to the sum of consumption by the different end-use sectors and thus excludes energy consumed or losses incurred in the conversion, transformation and distribution of the various energy carriers.

Megajoules (mJ) IAEA, UNDESA, IEA, Eurostat, EEA. 2005. Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies. 150. http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1222_web.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Energy consumption by the energy sector

Consumption by the energy sector comprises the consumption of fuels and electricity used by the energy producing industries, e.g. for heating, lighting, and operation of all equipment used in the extraction process, for traction and distribution. It includes the quantities consumed in compression stations and pumping stations of oil and gas pipelines, as well as the station use and loss of electric power plants (including electricity used for pumping at pumped storage installations).

Megajoules (mJ) UN.2009. Energy balance and Electricity Profile: Concept and Definitions: xii. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/energy/balance/2009/2009_xii.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Energy Consumption by transport sector

Consumption by transport includesall fuels consumed by road traffic, by ships engaged in transport in inland and coastal waters and aircraft engaged in domestic flights, and by railways. Fuels consumed by agricultural equipment are included in agricultural consumption.


Energy consumption by industry and construction sector

Consumption by industry and construction is broken down into the iron and steel industry, the chemical industry and other industries and construction. Consumption in the chemical industry refers to use as fuel only. Fuels consumed by the energysector, and all inputs into energy conversion, such as fuels used by industrial/self producers of thermal electricity, are excluded.


Electric power consumed Public supply electricity measured as being finally consumed (through the established metering and charging mechanisms, plus self –generators' consumption of self generated electricity.

kWh UN.1991. Studies in Methods, Energy Statistics: A Manual for Developing Countries: 61. http://og.ssb.no/ogwebpage/oldmanuals/SeriesF_56E.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Percentage of electricity lost during transmission and distribution

Transmission and distribution losses are all losses due to transport and distribution of electricity. Losses in transformers which are not considered as integral part of the power plant are also included.The amount of losses is mainly dependent on the size of the country (length of power lines), voltage of transmission and distribution and quality of network. In some countries, theft may be a large part of losses; this is sometimes called non-technical losses.

% OECD, IEA, Eurostats. 2005. Energy Statistics Manual.: 51. http://www.iea.org/stats/docs/statistics_manual.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

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Domain Indicator Definition Units of Measuring Source Population using solid fuels as source of energy

Population using solid fuels is the population that relies on biomass (wood, charcoal, crop residues and dung) and coal as the primary source of domestic energy for cooking and heating.

Number UNDP.2003. Indicator for Monitoring Millennium Development Goals: 63. http://www.undp.or.id/mdg/documents/MDG%20Indicators-UNDG.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Electricity prices to industrial/commercial customers including relevant taxes.

Electricity is the transfer of energy through the physical phenomena involving electric charges and their effects when at rest and in motion. Electricity can be generated through different processes such as: the conversion of energy contained in falling or streaming water, wind or waves; the direct conversion of solar radiation through photovoltaic processes in semiconductor devices (solar cells); or by the combustion of fuels.The prices included here are charged to final industrial end-users of electricity.

Local currency per kWh. UN.2011. International Recommendation for Energy Statistics (IRES): 50. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/structural_indicators/documents/Electricity%20prices.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012.

Electricity prices to domestic customers including relevant taxes

Electricity is the transfer of energy through the physical phenomena involving electric charges and their effects when at rest and in motion. Electricity can be generated through different processes such as: the conversion of energy contained in falling or streaming water, wind or waves; the direct conversion of solar radiation through photovoltaic processes in semiconductor devices (solar cells); or by the combustion of fuels.The prices included here are charged to domestic customers of electricity.

Local currency per kWh UN.2011. International Recommendation for Energy Statistics (IRES): 50. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/structural_indicators/documents/Electricity%20prices.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012.

Monetary and financial statistics

External Debt External debt refers to debt liabilities of a country, sector, or unit to nonresidents that require payment of interest and/or principal by the debtor at some point in the future.

USD IMF.2000. Monetary and Financial Statistics Manual: 70. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/mfs/manual/pdf/mfsindex.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012.

Internal Debt Debt liabilities owed by residents to residents of same economy are internal debt Local currency IMF.2011.Public Sector Debt Statistics: Guide for Compilers: 3. Section 2.5 http://www.tffs.org/pdf/method/PSDS11fulltext.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012.

Tax Revenue 5.2 Tax revenue, which forms the dominant share of revenue for many government units, is composed of compulsory transfers to the general government sector. Certain compulsory transfers, such as fines, penalties, and most social security contributions, are excluded from tax revenue. Refunds and corrections of erroneously collected tax revenue have the appearance of transactions that decrease the net worth of the government unit imposing the tax. More accurately, they are adjustments that allow the excessive increase in net worth previously recorded to be corrected. As such, these transactions are treated as negative revenue.

Local currency IMF. 2001. Government Finance Statistics Manual: 47 http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/gfs/manual/pdf/all.pdf . Accessed September 12, 2012

Social contributions [GFS] 5.4 Social contributions [GFS]1 are actual or imputed receipts from either employers on behalf of their employees or from employees, self-employed, or non-employed persons on their own behalf that secure entitlement to social benefits for the contributors, their dependents, or their survivors. The contributions may be compulsory or voluntary.


Grants 5.5 Grants are noncompulsory transfers received by government units from other government units or international organizations. When statistics are compiled for the general government sector, grants from other domestic government units would be eliminated in consolidation so that only grants from foreign governments and international organizations would appear. Grants may be classified as capital or current and can be received in cash or in kind.

USD or local currency IMF. 2001. Government Finance Statistics Manual: 47. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/gfs/manual/pdf/all.pdf . Accessed September 12, 2012

Property income [GFS] 5.6 Property income [GFS] is received when general government units place financial assets and/or non-produced assets at the disposal of other units. Interest, dividends, and rent are the major components of this category.


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Domain Indicator Definition Units of Measuring Source Sales of goods and services 5.7 Sales of goods and services include sales by market establishments,

administrative fees, incidental sales by non-market establishments, and imputed sales of goods and services. Some administrative fees are so high that they are clearly out of proportion to the cost of the services provided. Such fees are classified as taxes.5.8 Sales of goods and services are recorded as revenue without deduction of the expenses incurred in generating that revenue. It is quite possible for general government units to sell their output at prices that are less than the cost of production. Indeed, as non-market producers, most general government units distribute their output without charge or for prices that are not economically significant. In these cases, the net worth of the unit has decreased because the expense from production is higher than the revenue from the sale of the goods and services in question. In a broader perspective, however, the general government unit is seen as having decided to produce the goods or services as a matter of public policy and to impose some fees or sell some items, rather than give them away, to defray some of the costs or to eliminate some of the excess demand that otherwise would exist. In this view, the resources have already been committed and the fees or sales receipts


Miscellaneous other revenue 5.9 Other types of non-tax revenue that might be received are fines, penalties, forfeits, settlements arising from judicial processes, voluntary transfers other than grants, and sales of existing goods, including used military items.


Government Expense 6.1 Expense is a decrease in net worth resulting from a transaction. Governments have two broad economic responsibilities: to assume responsibility for the provision of selected goods and services to the community on a non-market basis and to redistribute income and wealth by means of transfer payments. These responsibilities are largely fulfilled through expense transactions, which are classified in two ways in the GFS system: an economic classification and a functional classification.


Remittances Remittances represent household income from foreign economies arising mainly from the temporary or permanent movement of people to those economies.1 Remittances include cash and noncash items that flow through formal channels, such as via electronic wire, or through informal channels, such as money or goods carried across borders. They largely consist of funds and noncash items sent or given by individuals who have migrated to a new economy and become residents there, and the net compensation of border, seasonal, or other short-term workers who are employed in an economy in which they are not resident.

USD or local currency IMF.2009. Balance of Payment and International Investment Position Manual Sixth Edition: 272. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/bop/2007/pdf/bpm6.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Foreign Direct Investment Foreign direct investment reflects the objective of obtaining a lasting interest by a resident entity in one economy (‘‘direct investor’’) in an entity resident in an economy other than that of the investor (‘‘direct investment enterprise’’). The lasting interest implies the existence of a long-term relationship between the direct investor and the enterprise and a significant degree of influence on the management of the enterprise. Direct investment involves both the initial transaction between the two entities and all subsequent capital transactions between them and among affiliated enterprises, both incorporated and unincorporated.A foreign direct investor is an individual, an incorporated or unincorporated public or private enterprise, a government, a group of related individuals, or a group of related incorporated and/or unincorporated enterprises which has a direct investment enterprise – that is, a subsidiary, associate or branch – operating in a country other than the country or countries of residence of the foreign direct investor or investors.

USD IMF.2009. Balance of Payment and International Investment Position Manual Sixth Edition: 272. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/bop/2007/pdf/bpm6.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

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Domain Indicator Definition Units of Measuring Source Total expenditure on research and development

Research and [experimental] development consists of the value of expenditures on creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications. This does not extend to including human capital as assets within the SNA.

Local currency European Communities, IMF, OECD, UN, World Bank. 2009. Systems of National Accounts (SNA): 10.103:206. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/SNA2008.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Total micro credit available Amount of micro-credit available Microcredit is a small capital given to the poor to do business. To some, it is a life line out of harshest of living conditions. To others, it is detrimental to the living conditions of the poor.

Local currency UN, OSCAL.2002. Africa Advocacy Forum II: Microcredit – A Solution for Africa: 20. http://www.un.org/esa/africa/microfinance_model.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Total micro credit available to men

Amount of micro-credit available to menAmount of micro-credit availableMicrocredit is a small capital given to the poor to do business. To some, it is a life line out of harshest of living conditions. To others, it is detrimental to the living conditions of the poor.

Local currency UN, OSCAL.2002. Africa Advocacy Forum II: Microcredit – A Solution for Africa: 20. http://www.un.org/esa/africa/microfinance_model.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Foreign Trade Statistics

Values of Export of goods (FOB) and services

General exports consist of:(a) Exports of domestic goods (including compensating products after inward processing which changed their origin from foreign to domestic) from any part of the statistical territory, including free zones and customs warehouses;(b) Re-exports of foreign goods from any part of the statistical territory, including free zones and customs warehouses.

USD or local currency UNDESA.2010. International Merchandise Trade Statistics: Concepts and Definitions: 52:28. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/trade/eg-imts/IMTS2010-final-22March2011.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Values of Import of goods (CIF) and services

General imports consist of:(a) Imports of foreign goods (including compensating products after outward processing which changed their origin from domestic to foreign) entering the free circulation area, premises for inward processing, industrial free zones, premises for customs warehousing or commercial free zones;(b) Reimports of domestic goods into the free circulation area, premises for inward processing or industrial free zones, premises for customs warehousing or commercial free zones.

USD or local currency UNDESA.2010. International Merchandise Trade Statistics: Concepts and Definitions: 52:27. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/trade/eg-imts/IMTS2010-final-22March2011.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Goods Goods are physical, produced objects for which a demand exists, over which ownership rights can be established and whose ownership can be transferred from one institutional unit to another by engaging in transactions on markets. They are in demand because they may be used to satisfy the needs or wants of households or the community or used to produce other goods or services. The production and exchange of goods are quite separate activities. Some goods may never be exchanged while others may be bought and sold numerous times. The production of a good can always be separated from its subsequent sale or resale.

European Communities, IMF, OECD, UN, World Bank. 2009. Systems of National Accounts (SNA): 96:6.15. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/SNA2008.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Services Services are the result of a production activity that changes the conditions of the consuming units, or facilitates the exchange of products or financial assets. These types of service may be described as change effecting services and margin services respectively. Change-effecting services are outputs produced to order and typically consist of changes in the conditions of the consuming units realized by the activities of producers at the demand of the consumers. Change-effecting services are not separate entities over which ownership rights can be established. They cannot be traded separately from their production. By the time their production is completed, they must have been provided to the consumers.

European Communities, IMF, OECD, UN, World Bank. 2009. Systems of National Accounts (SNA): 96:6.17. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/SNA2008.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

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Domain Indicator Definition Units of Measuring Source Values of manufactured goods exports (FOB)

Manufactured goods are here defined to comprise sections 5 through 8 of the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC). These sections are: chemicals and related products, manufactured goods classified chiefly by material, machinery and transport equipment and miscellaneous manufactured articles.Manufacturing exports represent the value of all manufactured goods provided to the rest of the world.

USD or local currency UNDESA. 2006. Standard International Trade Classification (SITC): Statistical Paper. 34: 4: xi-xii. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/trade/sitc%20rev%204%20final.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Values of total Agricultural exports

Total agricultural exports are expressed in terms of value. They cover all movements out of the country of the commodity in question during the reference period. They include commercial trade, donated quantities and estimates of unrecorded trade. Agricultural exports represent the value of all agricultural goods provided to the rest of the world.

USD or local currency FAO Statistics website. http://faostat.fao.org/site/375/default.aspx. Accessed September 12, 2012

Export of food by SITC sections

Food comprises the commodities in SITC sections 0 (food and live animals), 1 (beverages and tobacco), and 4 (animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes) and SITC division 22 (Oil-seeds and oleaginous fruits)

USD or local currency UNDESA. 2006. Standard International Trade Classification (SITC): Statistical Paper. 34: 4: x-xi. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/trade/sitc%20rev%204%20final.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Import of food by SITC sections

Food comprises the commodities in SITC sections 0 (food and live animals), 1 (beverages and tobacco), and 4 (animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes) and SITC division 22 (Oil-seeds and oleaginous fruits)

USD or local currency UNDESA. 2006. Standard International Trade Classification (SITC): Statistical Paper. 34: 4: x-xi. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/trade/sitc%20rev%204%20final.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Net energy imports in quantity Net energy import is calculated as imports minus exports, both measured in oil equivalents. Imports and exports are the amounts that have crossed the national territorial boundaries of a given country, whether or not customs clearance has taken place. A negative value for net imports indicates that the country is a net exporter.

kg of oil equivalent IAEA, UNDESA, IEA, Eurostat, EEA. 2005. Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies: 83. http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1222_web.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Net energy imports in value Net energy import is calculated as imports minus exports, both measured in oil equivalents. Imports and exports are the amounts that have crossed the nationalterritorial boundaries of a given country, whether or not customs clearance has taken place. A negative value for net imports indicates that the country is a net exporter.

USD or local currency IAEA, UNDESA, IEA, Eurostat, EEA. 2005. Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies: 83. http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1222_web.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

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Domain Indicator Definition Units of Measuring Source

Environmental Statistics

Total GHG emissions excluding emission due to LULUCF(carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride)

Greenhouse gases act like a blanket around the Earth or like the glass roof of a greenhouse; they trap heat from sunlight and keep the Earth some 30ºC warmer than it would be otherwise. The Kyoto Protocol covers a basket of six greenhouse gases produced by human activities: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride.

Metric tons IAEA, UNDESA, IEA, Eurostat, EEA. 2005. Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies: 83. http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1222_web.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Emission of GHG due to LULUCF(carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, others)

Emission of GHG due to Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) is defined as a greenhouse gas inventory sector that covers emissions and removals of greenhouse gases resulting from direct human-induced land use, land-use change and forestry activities.

Metric tons UNFCCC website. http://unfccc.int/essential_background/glossary/items/3666.php. Accessed September 12, 2012

Ambient concentration of pollutants in the capital city(Ozone, Sulphur dioxide, Nitrogen dioxide, Particulate matter (PM10, and PM2.5) and Lead)

Ambient concentration measure environment quality indicating the amount of pollutants found per unit volume in different environment media.

μg/m3, ppm or ppb, as appropriate;

United Nations (1997), Glossary of Environment Statistics, page 5

Land area affected by desertification

The area of land in drylands that is affected by desertification. Desertification is defined as land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various factors, including cli¬matic variations and human activities.

Square Kilometer UN.2007.Indicators of Sustainable Development: Third Edition. Methodology sheet; 3:61. http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

People living on degraded land(Overall, Urban, rural)

Land degradation is reduction or loss of the biological or economic productivity and complexity of rain-fed cropland, irrigated cropland, or range, pature, forest or woodlands resulting from natural processes, land uses or other human activities and habitation patterns such as land contamination, soil erosion, and destruction of vegetation cover.

Number United Nations (1997), Glossary of Environment Statistics, page 45

Wetland areas Wetland is an area of low-lying land where the water table is at or near the surface most of the time. Wetlands include swamps, bogs, fens, marshes and estuaries.

Hectares United Nations (1997), Glossary of Environment Statistics, page 78

Fossil fuel resources Fossil fuels: Coal oil and natural gas. They are derived from the remains of ancient plant and animal life. Metric tons United Nations (1997), Glossary of Environment Statistics, page 35

Coal & peat resources Coal includes primary solid fuels such as hard coal and lignite, and derived fuels (including patent fuel, coke oven coke, gas coke, coke oven gas and blast furnacegas). Peat is also included in this category.


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Domain Indicator Definition Units of Measuring Source Natural gas resources Natural gas: It comprises gases, occurring in underground deposits, whether liquefied or gaseous, consisting

mainly of methane. It includes both “nonassociated” gas originating from fields producing hydrocarbons only in gaseous form, and “associated” gas produced in association with crude oil as well as methane recovered from coal mines (colliery gas).

m3 OECD, IEA, Eurostats. 2005. Energy Statistics Manual: 189. http://www.iea.org/stats/docs/statistics_manual.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Crude Oil resources Crude oil: Crude oil is a mineral oil of natural origin comprising a mixture of hydrocarbons and associated impurities, such as sulphur. It exists in the liquid phase under normal surface temperature and pressure and its physical characteristics (density, viscosity, etc.) are highly variable. This category includes field or lease condensate recovered from associated and non-associated gas where it is commingled with the commercial crude oil stream.

Barrels OECD, IEA, Eurostats. 2005. Energy Statistics Manual: 186. http://www.iea.org/stats/docs/statistics_manual.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Production of fossil fuels Fossil fuels: Coal oil and natural gas. They are derived from the remains of ancient plant and animal life. Barrels United Nations (1997), Glossary of Environment Statistics, page 35

Production of coal Coal includes primary solid fuels such as hard coal and lignite, and derived fuels (including patent fuel, coke oven coke, gas coke, coke oven gas and blast furnacegas). Peat is also included in this category.


Production of natural gas Natural gas: It comprises gases, occurring in underground deposits, whether liquefied or gaseous, consisting mainly of methane. It includes both “nonassociated” gas originating from fields producing hydrocarbons only in gaseous form, and “associated” gas produced in association with crude oil as well as methane recovered from coal mines (colliery gas).

Cubic metres OECD, IEA, Eurostats. 2005. Energy Statistics Manual: 189. http://www.iea.org/stats/docs/statistics_manual.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Production of crude oil Crude oil: Crude oil is a mineral oil of natural origin comprising a mixture of hydrocarbons and associated impurities, such as sulphur. It exists in the liquid phase under normal surface temperature and pressure and its physical characteristics (density, viscosity, etc.) are highly variable. This category includes field or lease condensate recovered from associated and non-associated gas where it is ommingled with the commercial crude oil stream.


Domestic consumption of crude oil

Crude oil: Crude oil is a mineral oil of natural origin comprising a mixture of hydrocarbons and associated impurities, such as sulphur. It exists in the liquid phase under normal surface temperature and pressure and its physical characteristics (density, viscosity, etc.) are highly variable. This category includes field or lease condensate recovered from associated and non-associated gas where it is ommingled with the commercial crude oil stream.


Price of coal Coal includes primary solid fuels such as hard coal and lignite, and derived fuels (including patent fuel, coke oven coke, gas coke, coke oven gas and blast furnacegas). Peat is also included in this category.

USD or local currency IAEA, UNDESA, IEA, Eurostat, EEA. 2005. Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies: 149. http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1222_web.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Price of natural gas Natural gas: It comprises gases, occurring in underground deposits, whether liquefied or gaseous, consisting mainly of methane. It includes both “nonassociated” gas originating from fields producing hydrocarbons only in gaseous form, and “associated” gas produced in association with crude oil as well as methane recovered from coal mines (colliery gas).

USD or local currency OECD, IEA, Eurostats. 2005. Energy Statistics Manual: 189. http://www.iea.org/stats/docs/statistics_manual.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

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Domain Indicator Definition Units of Measuring Source Price of crude oil Crude oil is a mineral oil of natural origin comprising a mixture of hydrocarbons and associated impurities,

such as sulphur. It exists in the liquid phase under normal surface temperature and pressure and its physical characteristics (density, viscosity, etc.) are highly variable. This category includes field or lease condensate recovered from associated and non-associated gas where it is commingled with the commercial crude oil stream.

USD or local currency OECD, IEA, Eurostats. 2005. Energy Statistics Manual: 186. http://www.iea.org/stats/docs/statistics_manual.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Mineral Reserve A ‘Mineral Reserve’ is the economically mineable material derived from a Measured and/or Indicated Mineral Resource. It is inclusive of diluting materials and allows for losses that may occur when the material is mined. Appropriate assessments, which may include feasibility studies, have been carried out, including consideration of, and modification by, realistically assumed mining, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, social and governmental factors. These assessments demonstrate at the time of reporting that extraction is reasonably justified. Mineral Reserves are sub-divided in order of increasing confidence into Probable Mineral Reserves and Proved Mineral Reserves.

Metric tons Eden. B, DiMatteo. I. 2007. Classification issues for Mineral and Energy Resource (UNSD), Prepared for the 11th London Group meeting, Pretoria South Africa: 4. http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/londongroup/meeting11/LG11_18a.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Production of Minerals Production is an activity, carried out under the responsibility, control and management of an institutional unit, that uses inputs of labour, capital, and goods and services to produce outputs of goods and services.

Metric tons European Communities, IMF, OECD, UN, World Bank. 2009. Systems of National Accounts (SNA): 95:6.2http://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/SNA2008.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Price of minerals Market prices are defined as amounts of money that willing buyers pay to acquire something from willing sellers

USD or local currency European Communities, IMF, OECD, UN, World Bank. 2009. Systems of National Accounts (SNA): 50:3.119http://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/SNA2008.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Export of Minerals In the case of the general trade system, export flows come from: (a) The free circulation area, premises for inward processing orindustrial free zones;(b) Premises for customs warehousing or commercial free zones.There are three types of exports:(c) Domestic goods originating in the free circulation area or in industrial free zones;(d) Domestic goods comprised of compensating products after inward processing;(e) Foreign goods in the same state as previously imported.

USD or local currency UNDESA.1998. International Merchandise Trade Statistics: Concepts and Definitions, page 27

Import of Minerals In the case of the general trade system, import flows come from the rest of the world or from customs transit, i.e., goods redirected from customs transit to remain in the economic territory. There are three types of imports:(a) Foreign goods (other than compensating products after outward processing);(b) Foreign goods comprised of compensating products after outward processing;(c) Domestic goods in the same state as previously exported.

USD or local currency UNDESA.1998. International Merchandise Trade Statistics: Concepts and Definitions, pages 25-26

Iron CPC V2.0 14100 UNDESA. 2007. CPC: Detailed Structure and Correspondence of CPC.2: 12-21. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/docs/CPCv2_structure.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

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Domain Indicator Definition Units of Measuring Source Copper CPC V2.0 14210 UNDESA. 2007. CPC: Detailed

Structure and Correspondence of CPC.2:12-21. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/docs/CPCv2_structure.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Nickel CPC V2.0 14220 UNDESA. 2007. CPC: Detailed Structure and Correspondence of CPC.2:12-21. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/docs/CPCv2_structure.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Aluminium CPC V2.0 14230 UNDESA. 2007. CPC: Detailed Structure and Correspondence of CPC.2:12-21. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/docs/CPCv2_structure.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Precious metals CPC V2.0 14240 UNDESA. 2007. CPC: Detailed Structure and Correspondence of CPC.2:12-21. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/docs/CPCv2_structure.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Other non-ferrous metals CPC V2.0 14290 UNDESA. 2007. CPC: Detailed Structure and Correspondence of CPC.2:12-21. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/docs/CPCv2_structure.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Phosphate CPC V2.0 16110 UNDESA. 2007. CPC: Detailed Structure and Correspondence of CPC.2:12-21. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/docs/CPCv2_structure.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Lignite CPC V2.0 11030 and 11040 UNDESA. 2007. CPC: Detailed Structure and Correspondence of CPC.2:12-21. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/docs/CPCv2_structure.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

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Domain Indicator Definition Units of Measuring Source Peat CPC V2.0 11050 UNDESA. 2007. CPC: Detailed

Structure and Correspondence of CPC.2:12-21. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/docs/CPCv2_structure.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Coal CPC V2.0 11010 and 11020

UNDESA. 2007. CPC: Detailed Structure and Correspondence of CPC.2:12-21. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/docs/CPCv2_structure.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Uranium and thorium CPC V2.0 1300 13000 Uranium and thorium ores UNDESA. 2007. CPC: Detailed Structure and Correspondence of CPC.2:12-21. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/docs/CPCv2_structure.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Precious stones CPC V2.0 16310 UNDESA. 2007. CPC: Detailed Structure and Correspondence of CPC.2:12-21. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/docs/CPCv2_structure.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

Patent grants in environmentally related technologies

Patent Grant is a Legal rights conferred on the applicant by a patent office for a limited period (normally 20 years). A patent is an exclusive right granted by law to applicants / assignees to make use of and exploit their inventions for a limited period (generally 20 years from filing). The patent holder has the legal right to exclude others from commercially exploiting his invention for this limited period. In return for exclusive rights, the applicant is obliged to disclose the invention to the public in a manner that enables others, skilled in the art, to replicate the invention. The patent system isdesigned to balance the interests of applicants / assignees (exclusive rights) and the interests of society (disclosure of invention).

Number WIPO. 2008. World Patent Report: A Statistical Review: 60. http://www.wipo.int/freepublications/en/patents/931/wipo_pub_931_2008.pdf. Accessed September 12, 2012

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