handbook of interventional radiologic procedures 5th ed by
TRANSCRIPT
3
4
5
“Dedicated to the innovative spirit of interventional radiologists.”
6
7
8
Acquisitions Editor: Ryan ShawProduct Development Editor: Lauren PecarichSenior Production Project Manager: Alicia JacksonDesign Coordinator: Stephen DrudingManufacturing Coordinator: Beth WelshMarketing Manager: Dan DresslerPrepress Vendor: Absolute Service, Inc.
Fifth edition
Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Copyright © 2001 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Copyright ©1996 Little Brown & Co. All rights reserved.This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in anyform or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrievalsystem without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. To requestpermission, please contact Wolters Kluwer at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email [email protected], or via our website at lww.com (products and services).
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in China
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Kandarpa, Krishna, editor. | Machan, Lindsay, editor. | Durham, Janette, editor.Title: Handbook of interventional radiologic procedures / [edited by] Krishna Kandarpa, Lindsay Machan, Janette D. Durham.Description: 5th edition. | Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer, [2016] | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2015044268 | ISBN 9781496302076Subjects: | MESH: Radiography, Interventional—methods—Handbooks.Classification: LCC RD33.55 | NLM WN 39 | DDC 617/.05—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015044268
Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by theabove-mentioned copyright. The views expressed by the author(s) do not necessarily reflect those of the National Institute of BiomedicalImaging and Bioengineering, the National Institutes of Health, or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
This work is provided “as is,” and the publisher disclaims any and all warranties, express or implied, including any warranties as to accuracy,comprehensiveness, or currency of the content of this work.
This work is no substitute for individual patient assessment based on healthcare professionals’ examination of each patient and consideration of,among other things, age, weight, gender, current or prior medical conditions, medication history, laboratory data, and other factors unique to thepatient. The publisher does not provide medical advice or guidance, and this work is merely a reference tool. Healthcare professionals, and notthe publisher, are solely responsible for the use of this work including all medical judgments and for any resulting diagnosis and treatments.
Given continuous, rapid advances in medical science and health information, independent professional verification of medical diagnoses,indications, appropriate pharmaceutical selections and dosages, and treatment options should be made and healthcare professionals shouldconsult a variety of sources. When prescribing medication, healthcare professionals are advised to consult the product information sheet (themanufacturer’s package insert) accompanying each drug to verify, among other things, conditions of use, warnings, and side effects and identifyany changes in dosage schedule or contraindications, particularly if the medication to be administered is new, infrequently used or has a narrowtherapeutic range. To the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/ordamage to persons or property, as a matter of products liability, negligence law or otherwise, or from any reference to or use by any person ofthis work.
LWW.com
9
KRISHNA KANDARPA, MD, PhDDirector, Research Sciences and Strategic Directions, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging andBioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. Previously, he served as Chief Medicaland Scientific Officer, Delcath Systems, Inc., New York, New York; Professor and Chair of Radiology at theUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School and Radiologist-in-chief, UMass Memorial Medical Center,Worcester, Massachusetts; Professor of Radiology, Cornell Medical School, and Chief of Service,Cardiovascular & Interventional Radiology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York;Associate Professor of Radiology, Harvard Medical School; and co-Director, Cardiovascular & InterventionalRadiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. He received a doctorate in EngineeringScience from Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, and a doctorate in medicine fromthe University of Miami, Miami, Florida. He was past President and Chair of the SIR Research & EducationFoundation and on the Board of Directors, Academy of Radiology Research.
LINDSAY MACHAN, MDAssociate Professor of Radiology, University of British Columbia and Interventional Radiologist, VancouverHospital, Vancouver, Canada. Previously served as regional lead, Interventional Radiology VancouverCoastal Health, and interventional radiologist at the Hammersmith Hospital in London, United Kingdom, andthe Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He received his MD from theUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. Diagnostic Radiology residency and Interventional fellowshipwere completed at the University of British Columbia. He is a past President of the Western Angiographic andInterventional Society and a founding member of the Canadian Interventional Radiology Association. He wasa co-founder of Angiotech Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and Ikomed Medical, Vancouver, Canada, both medicaldevice companies.
JANETTE D. DURHAM, MDProfessor of Radiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado. Previously served asMedical Director for Interventional Radiology, co-Director of the Cardiac and Vascular Center, and Presidentof the Medical Staff, University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, Colorado. She received an MD from theIndiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, and an MBA from the University of Denver,Denver, Colorado. Diagnostic Radiology residency was completed at Indiana University, Indianapolis,Indiana, and Vascular fellowship at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,Massachusetts. She is a past President of the Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR).
10
CONTENTS
ForewordPrefaceContributing AuthorsAbbreviations
SECTION I: VASCULAR ACCESS AND CATHETER-DIRECTED ANGIOGRAPHY
1 Vascular Access and Catheter-Directed AngiographyKhashayar Farsad, Frederick S. Keller, and Krishna Kandarpa
2 Diagnostic VenographyRulon L. Hardman and Krishna Kandarpa
3 Vascular Closure DevicesEvan Lehrman and Joshua L. Weintraub
4 Management of Vascular ComplicationsJohn Chung and Lindsay Machan
SECTION II: TRANSARTERIAL PROCEDURES
Ischemia and Hemorrhage
5 Acute Ischemic Stroke: Endovascular ManagementRajan K. Gupta, Jennifer R. Simpson, and David A. Kumpe
6 Carotid Artery StenosesJ. Diego Lozano, Ajit S. Puri, and Ajay K. Wakhloo
7 Vascular Emergencies of the Head and NeckMichele H. Johnson
8 Renovascular Hypertension: Endovascular ManagementThomas A. Sos and David W. Trost
9 Acute Mesenteric IschemiaS. Lowell Kahn, Luke R. Wilkins, and Alan H. Matsumoto
10 Acute Gastrointestinal HemorrhageMichael D. Darcy
11 Aortoiliac InterventionsJoshua D. Kuban, Sun Ho Ahn, and Timothy P. Murphy
12 Superficial Femoral Artery InterventionsRipal T. Gandhi, Jonathan J. Iglesias, and James F. Benenati
11
13 Infrapopliteal Arterial InterventionsMahmood K. Razavi
14 Acute Limb Ischemia: Pharmacomechanical and Thrombolytic TherapyM. Fuad Jan and Mark W. Mewissen
15 Trauma ManagementBrian F. Stainken
Aneurysms and Malformations
16 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and DissectionsDavid S. Wang and Michael D. Dake
17 Pulmonary Vascular MalformationsJeffrey S. Pollak
18 Abdominal Aortic AneurysmsParag J. Patel and Sanjay K. Paidisetty
19 Management of Stent-Graft EndoleaksNathaniel C. Swinburne and Robert A. Lookstein
20 Visceral AneurysmsDavid M. Hovsepian and Sebastian Kos
21 Arteriovenous Malformations of the Viscera and ExtremitiesRobert J. Rosen and Allison Borowski
Tumor Embolization
22 Hepatic Metastases: ChemoembolizationMichael C. Soulen
23 Hepatocellular Carcinoma: ChemoembolizationJean-Francois H. Geschwind, Maria Tsitskari, and Christos S. Georgiades
24 Hepatic Malignancies: RadioembolizationRobert J. Lewandowski and Riad Salem
25 Uterine Fibroid EmbolizationJames B. Spies
26 Splenic and Renal EmbolizationSebastian Kos, David M. Liu, and Stephen G.F. Ho
27 BPH: Prostatic Artery EmbolizationAndré Moreira de Assis, Airton Mota Moreira, and Francisco Cesar Carnevale
SECTION III: TRANSVENOUS PROCEDURES
Central Venous Access and Management
28 Central Venous Access—Nontunneled
12
Sidney Regalado and Brian Funaki
29 Central Venous Access—TunneledSidney Regalado and Brian Funaki
30 Central Venous Access ManagementJamie B. Arton and Mitchell Smith
Dialysis Access and Management
31 Dialysis FistulaeAalpen A. Patel and Scott O. Trerotola
32 Dialysis GraftsAalpen A. Patel and Scott O. Trerotola
33 Dialysis Catheter ManagementD. Thor Johnson and Thomas M. Vesely
Deep Venous Thrombosis
34 Pulmonary Emboli: Arteriography, Thrombectomy, and ThrombolysisUgur Bozlar, Ulku C. Turba, Krishna Kandarpa, and Klaus D. Hagspiel
35 Vena Caval FiltersJennifer P. Montgomery and John A. Kaufman
36 Acute Extremity DVT: Thrombectomy and ThrombolysisSuresh Vedantham
37 Angioplasty and Stenting for Chronic Venous DiseaseRaj P. Shah and Michael J. Hallisey
Hepatic and Portal Venous Interventions
38 Transvenous BiopsyMatthew G. Gipson and Rajan K. Gupta
39 Preoperative Portal Vein EmbolizationDavid C. Madoff and David Li
40 Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic ShuntsZiv J. Haskal
41 Balloon-Occluded Retrograde Transvenous ObliterationNicholas J. Hendricks and Ziv J. Haskal
Varicoceles and Varicosities
42 Varicocele EmbolizationEric H. Reiner, Lindsay Machan, and Jeffrey S. Pollak
43 Ovarian and Pelvic Vein EmbolizationLindsay Machan
13
44 Thermal and Nonthermal Saphenous Vein AblationRonald S. Winokur, Neil M. Khilnani, and Robert J. Min
45 Varicose, Perforator, and Spider Veins: Liquid AblationLindsay Machan
SECTION IV: NONVASCULAR PROCEDURES
Biopsy and Drainage
46 Biopsy Procedures of the Lung, Mediastinum, and Chest WallMatthew D. Cham, Claudia I. Henschke, and David F. Yankelevitz
47 Catheter Drainage of Intrathoracic CollectionsJared D. Christensen, Jeremy J. Erasmus, and Edward F. Patz Jr.
48 Thoracic Duct Embolization for ChylothoraxMikhail C.S.S. Higgins and Maxim Itkin
49 Percutaneous Abdominal BiopsyNisha I. Sainani and Stuart G. Silverman
50 Drainage of Abdominal Abscesses and Fluid CollectionsAshraf Thabet and Ronald S. Arellano
51 Percutaneous Gastrostomy, Percutaneous Gastrojejunostomy, Jejunostomy, andCecostomyJi Hoon Shin, Andrew J. Lipnik, Ho-Young Song, and Daniel B. Brown
52 Percutaneous Biliary InterventionsDavid W. Hunter
53 Percutaneous Nephrostomy and Antegrade Ureteral StentingAnne M. Covey and Krishna Kandarpa
54 Lymphocele and Cyst Drainage and SclerosisDanny Cheng, Parag Amin, and Thuong G. Van Ha
Tumor Ablation
55 Pulmonary TumorsBradley B. Pua and Stephen B. Solomon
56 Hepatic TumorsLaura Crocetti and Riccardo Lencioni
57 Renal TumorsJoseph P. Erinjeri and Timothy W.I. Clark
Musculoskeletal Interventions
58 Musculoskeletal Biopsies and AblationsPeter L. Munk
14
59 Vertebroplasty and KyphoplastyMartin G. Radvany and Kieran Murphy
60 Spinal Injections for Pain ControlManraj K.S. Heran and Mohammed T. Alshammari
SECTION V: INTRAPROCEDURAL PATIENT MANAGEMENT
61 Universal Protocol in Interventional RadiologyRathachai Kaewlai and Hani H. Abujudeh
62 Sedation, Analgesia, and AnesthesiaMarcus A. Lehman and Leonard J. Lind
63 Drug AdministrationEllen McKeon-Levine and Petra Clark
64 Treatment of Contrast Media ReactionsMichael A. Bettmann
65 Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: Prevention and ManagementMichael A. Bettmann
The following chapters can be accessed online.
SECTION VI: NONINVASIVE EVALUATION AND DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING
e-66 Noninvasive Evaluation: Lower Extremity ArteriesJoseph F. Polak and James F. Benenati
e-67 Color Doppler and Duplex Ultrasound Imaging of Peripheral ArteriesJoseph F. Polak
e-68 Doppler Ultrasound of Abdominal VasculatureAjay K. Singh and Rathachai Kaewlai
e-69 Color Doppler and Ultrasound Imaging of Peripheral VeinsJoseph F. Polak
e-70 Magnetic Resonance AngiographyNanda Deepa Thimmappa and Martin R. Prince
e-71 Computed Tomographic AngiographyMichael L. Martin
e-72 Radionuclide Evaluation for Interventional RadiologistsDon C. Yoo and Sabah S. Tumeh
e-73 PET/CT for Oncologic InterventionsDon C. Yoo
e-74 Clinical Evaluation of the Cancer PatientKaren Marshall and Robert J. Lewandowski
15
e-75 Cancer Imaging for Interventional RadiologistsAjay K. Singh and Rathachai Kaewlai
SECTION VII: SPECIAL INTERVENTIONS
e-76 Pediatric AngiographyManraj K.S. Heran and Mohammed T. Alshammari
e-77 Bronchial Artery EmbolizationMohammed T. Alshammari and Manraj K.S. Heran
e-78 Tracheobronchial StentsK. Pallav Kolli and Roy L. Gordon
e-79 Esophageal StentsHo-Young Song, Ji Hoon Shin, and Chang Jin Yoon
e-80 Gastroduodenal Stent PlacementJin Hyoung Kim, Ho-Young Song, and Chang Jin Yoon
e-81 Colorectal Stent PlacementJin Hyoung Kim, Ho-Young Song, and Ji Hoon Shin
e-82 Retrieval of Intravascular Foreign BodiesAneeta Parthipun and Tarun Sabharwal
e-83 Liver Transplant ManagementWael E.A. Saad
e-84 Selective Salpingography and Fallopian Tube RecanalizationLindsay Machan
e-85 Abnormal Placentation: Minimizing Surgical Blood LossSusan Kiernan O’Horo
e-86 Peritoneal DialysisPeter B. Hathaway
e-87 Management of Recurrent AscitesMaye M. Chan and David A. Rosenthal
e-88 The Whitaker TestDavid W. Hunter
SECTION VIII: MATERIALS AND METHODS
e-89 Angiographic Contrast MediaMichael A. Bettmann
e-90 Angiographic Equipment Selection and ConfigurationKeith J. Strauss and J. Anthony Seibert
e-91 Standard Angiography/Interventional Procedure Tray Contents
16
Petra Clark
e-92 Needles, Guidewires, Catheters, and StentsDavid W. Trost
e-93 Embolization MaterialsSiobhan M. Flanagan, Olga Duran-Castro, and Jafar Golzarian
e-94 Commonly Used MedicationsMikhail C.S.S. Higgins, Krishna Kandarpa, and Michael A. Bettmann
SECTION IX: RISK MANAGEMENT
e-95 Risk ManagementSarah D. Cohn
e-96 QA/QI General PrinciplesMichael A. Bruno and Hani H. Abujudeh
e-97 Quality Improvement Strategies in Interventional RadiologyGloria M. Salazar and Hani H. Abujudeh
e-98 PQI ProjectsMohammad Mansouri and Hani H. Abujudeh
e-99 Radiation Safety in Interventional RadiologyDonald L. Miller
e-100 Infection Control and Sterile Techniquein Interventional RadiologyDaniel Chan
SECTION X: NURSING MANAGEMENT
e-101 Nursing Management during Angiography and Interventional ProceduresEvelyn P. Wempe, DéAnn O. McNamara, and Krishna Kandarpa
e-102 Organization and Operation of the Interventional Radiology ClinicEvelyn P. Wempe, Richard Foley, and DéAnn O. McNamara
e-103 Outpatient Drainage—Catheter CareSusan Benveniste, Maye M. Chan, and DéAnn O. McNamara
APPENDICES
Appendix A: Vascular AnatomyKrishna Kandarpa
Appendix B: Nursing ChecklistEvelyn P. Wempe, DéAnn O. McNamara, and Krishna Kandarpa
Appendix C: Hemodynamic Monitoring and Cardiovascular PressuresMichael G. Flater
17
Appendix D: Magnetic Resonance Angiography ProtocolsNanda Deepa Thimmappa and Martin R. Prince
Appendix E: Computed Tomographic Angiography ProtocolsMichael L. Martin
Appendix F: Contrast Media TableMichael A. Bettmann
18
FOREWORD
The field of interventional radiology continues to grow and to change. The scope of care provided by thiscritical medical discipline has advanced rapidly over the quarter of a century since the very first edition of thisHandbook in 1989. There are few other disciplines that have changed so much in this brief amount of time.The scope of this change is represented by the table of contents that has expanded to over 100 chapters, andmore important, the Handbook continues to emphasize not only procedures that have been described inprevious editions but also the important expanding roles of endovascular and nonvascular interventionaltherapies for a multitude of disease states. Reflecting changes in the health care system, important chapters onquality assurance and improvement, risk management, as well as safety—including radiation and infectioncontrol—have been included.
More important, discussions on the clinical practice of interventional radiology are addressed, includingorganizational and operational issues, nursing management, and the practical use and management ofpharmacologic therapies.
It is hard to imagine how the Handbook of Interventional Radiologic Procedures could possibly improveover prior editions. Since its initial publication, this Handbook has become an essential reference forinterventionalists at all levels of experience. It will undoubtedly be essential for residents and fellows duringtheir training and should remain an important reference for practitioners who will benefit from the valuablepractical information contained in this volume.
The field of interventional radiology continues to evolve as both a clinical and a procedural discipline.The challenges of creating a comprehensive handbook of practical information in a volume that can actuallybe carried around has become more difficult. Yet the editors and authors have amassed a volume that is briskand focused in style, extremely well organized and catalogued to make it easy for the reader to get criticalinformation when necessary in the treatment of specific patients. This handbook is a tool in the hands ofinterventionalists which is as helpful as any of the devices that may be used in specific procedures. In keepingwith the times, an updated electronic version for handheld devices is once again provided.
I’m certain that the fifth edition of the Handbook of Interventional Radiologic Procedures will become anindispensable tool and resource in the lab coat of all interventional radiologists and staff performing theseprocedures. I know it will for me.
Barry T. Katzen, MD
19
PREFACE
From inability to let well alone; from too much zeal for the new and contempt for what is old; from puttingknowledge before wisdom, science before art, and cleverness before common sense, from treating patients ascases, and from making the cure of the disease more grievous than the endurance of the same, Good Lord,deliver us.
Sir Robert Hutchinson
Correspondence regarding modern treatment in the British Medical Journal, March 12, 1953, p. 671.
Interventional radiology remains a vibrant field with evolving and rapidly growing applications due in large part of the ingenuity andcreativity of its practitioners. Although it is true that medical necessity may have mothered many inventions, scientific advances andcompetitive pressures have also done much to motivate this innovational spirit. Future success will depend not only on a continued proactive“innovational” attitude but, more importantly, also on embracing the clinical management of patients, and staying ahead of unrelentingcompetition. Fortunately, the pace of innovations and the specialty’s acquisition of clinical management skills have necessitated a fifth editionof Handbook of Interventional Radiologic Procedures.
This book should be useful not only for practicing interventional radiologists but also for fellows and residents in training, and for thoseseasoned general radiologists who are several years out from formal training but have retained the skills required for performing interventionalprocedures. This book will also help interventional nurses and special procedure technologists in performing their own vital tasks moreefficiently by enhancing medical knowledge specific to each procedure.
We realize that there is no single way to perform a procedure and do not mean to imply that the descriptions here are the only appropriateones. The intent is to provide a framework that the interventionalist can use and build on as more experience is gained. As in prior editions, eachchapter on procedures has been organized in a consistent outline format to facilitate easy access to specific sections on indications andcontraindications, preprocedure preparation, procedural protocol, postprocedure care, and expected outcomes—all toward improving patientsafety by preventing complications or managing them appropriately when they do occur. This latter information is especially useful while theprocedure is being discussed with the patient before obtaining informed consent. We have—to the best of our ability—corrected mistakes andoversights from prior editions.
We are eternally grateful to the contributors worldwide for their painstaking efforts in creating what we hope will be another successfulhandbook. We thank Dr. Barry Katzen for kindly writing the foreword. We thank Ryan Shaw and Rebeca Barroso of Wolters Kluwer forguiding us through the process, and most of all for their patience.
K. K.L. M.J. D.
20
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
Hani H. Abujudeh, MD, MBAAssociate Professor of RadiologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, Massachusetts
Sun Ho Ahn, MD, FSIRAssistant Professor of RadiologyAlpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, Rhode Island
Mohammed T. Alshammari, MDConsultant Interventional RadiologistSecurity Forces Hospital ProgramRiyadh, Saudi Arabia
Parag Amin, MDAssistant Professor of RadiologyLoyola University Medical CenterMaywood, Illinois
Ronald S. Arellano, MD, FSIRAssociate Professor of RadiologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, Massachusetts
Jamie B. Arton, MHS, PA-CInstructor of RadiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAurora, Colorado
James F. Benenati, MDClinical Professor of RadiologyMiami Cardiac and Vascular InstituteFlorida International University HerbertWertheim College of MedicineMiami, Florida
Susan Benveniste, BSN, RN, CRNDivision of Interventional RadiologyBrigham and Woman’s HospitalBoston, Massachusetts
Michael A. Bettmann, MD, FACR, FSIRProfessor of Radiology EmeritusWake Forest University School ofMedicineWinston-Salem, North Carolina
21
Allison Borowski, MDRadiologistLenox Hill HospitalNew York, New York
Ugur Bozlar, MDAssociate Professor of RadiologyGulhane Military Medical AcademyAnkara, Turkey
Daniel B. Brown, MD, FSIRProfessor of RadiologyVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashville, Tennessee
Michael A. Bruno, MS, MD, FACRProfessor of Radiology and MedicinePenn State College of MedicineHershey, Pennsylvania
Francisco Cesar Carnevale, MD, PhDProfessor of RadiologyUniversity of São Paulo Medical SchoolSão Paulo, Brazil
Matthew D. Cham, MDAssociate Professor of RadiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, New York
Daniel Chan, MDPrecision Vascular and InterventionalDallas, Texas
Maye M. Chan, PA-CDivision of Abdominal Imaging and InterventionBrigham and Women’s HospitalBoston, Massachusetts
Danny Cheng, MDAssistant Clinical Professor of RadiologyUC Davis Medical CenterSacramento, California
Jared D. Christensen, MDAssistant Professor of RadiologyDuke University Medical CenterDurham, North Carolina
John Chung, MD, FRCPCClinical Instructor of RadiologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Petra Clark, MS, CNS-AG, RN, CRN
22
Division of Interventional RadiologyBrigham and Women’s HospitalBoston, Massachusetts
Timothy W.I. Clark, MD, FSIRAssociate Professor of Clinical Radiology and SurgeryUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphia, Pennsylvania
Sarah D. Cohn, RN, JD, FACNMGeneral CounselMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, Wisconsin
Anne M. Covey, MD, FSIRAssociate Professor of RadiologyMemorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center/Weill Cornell Medical CenterNew York, New York
Laura Crocetti, MD, PhD, EBIRAssistant Professor of RadiologyCisanello Hospital/Pisa University School of MedicinePisa, Italy
Michael D. Dake, MDThelma and Henry Doelger ProfessorDepartment of Cardiothoracic SurgeryStanford University School of MedicineStanford, California
Michael D. Darcy, MDProfessor of RadiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, Missouri
André Moreira de Assis, MDInterventional RadiologyUniversity of São Paulo Medical SchoolSão Paulo, Brazil
Olga Duran-Castro, MDProfessor of RadiologyDivision of Interventional Radiology and Vascular MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolis, Minnesota
Jeremy J. Erasmus, MDProfessor of Diagnostic RadiologyMD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas
Joseph P. Erinjeri, MD, PhDAssociate MemberMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center/Weill Cornell Medical CenterNew York, New York
23
Khashayar Farsad, MD, PhDAssistant ProfessorDotter Interventional InstituteOregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, Oregon
Siobhan M. Flanagan, MDAssistant Professor of RadiologyDivision of Interventional Radiology and Vascular MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolis, Minnesota
Michael G. Flater, RNTerritory ManagerZOLL LifeVestPittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Richard Foley, MS, RNRadiology and IV TherapyBrigham and Women’s HospitalBoston, Massachusetts
Brian Funaki, MDProfessor of RadiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicago, Illinois
Ripal T. Gandhi, MD, FSVMAssociate Clinical ProfessorMiami Cardiac and Vascular InstituteFlorida International University Herbert Wertheim College of MedicineMiami, Florida
Christos S. Georgiades, MD, PhD, FSIR, FCIRSEAssociate Professor of Radiology and SurgeryJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, Maryland
Jean-Francois H. Geschwind, MDProfessor of Radiology and OncologyYale University School of MedicineNew Haven, Connecticut
Matthew G. Gipson, MDAssistant Professor of RadiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAurora, Colorado
Jafar Golzarian, MD, FSIRProfessor of Radiology and SurgeryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolis, Minnesota
Roy L. Gordon, MDProfessor Emeritus of Radiology
24
University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, California
Rajan K. Gupta, MDAssistant Professor of RadiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAurora, Colorado
Klaus D. Hagspiel, MDProfessor of Radiology, Medicine (Cardiology) and PediatricsUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesville, Virginia
Michael J. Hallisey, MDDepartment of RadiologyHartford HospitalHartford, Connecticut
Rulon L. Hardman, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of RadiologyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake City, Utah
Ziv J. Haskal, MD, FSIR, FAHA, FACR, FCIRSEProfessor of RadiologyUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesville, Virginia
Peter B. Hathaway, MDUtah Imaging AssociatesUtah Vascular ClinicSalt Lake City, Utah
Nicholas J. Hendricks, MDInterventional RadiologyVirginia Hospital CenterArlington, Virginia
Claudia I. Henschke, PhD, MDProfessor of RadiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, New York
Manraj K.S. Heran, MD, FRCPCAssociate Professor of RadiologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Mikhail C.S.S. Higgins, MD, MPHFellow, Division of Interventional RadiologyHospital of the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania
Stephen G.F. Ho, MD, FRCPCClinical Professor of Radiology
25
University of British ColumbiaVancouver, British Columbia, Canada
David M. Hovsepian, MDClinical Professor of RadiologyStanford University School of MedicineStanford, California
David W. Hunter, MD, FSIR, FACRProfessor Emeritus of RadiologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolis, Minnesota
Jonathan J. Iglesias, MDMiami Cardiac and Vascular InstituteMiami, Florida
Maxim Itkin, MDAssociate Professor of Radiology and SurgeryUniversity of Pennsylvania Medical CenterPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania
M. Fuad Jan, MBBS, MD, FACC, FACCPAurora Cardiovascular ServicesAurora Health CareMilwaukee, Wisconsin
D. Thor Johnson, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of RadiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAurora, Colorado
Michele H. Johnson, MD, FACRProfessor, Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery(Otolaryngology) and NeurosurgeryYale University School of MedicineNew Haven, Connecticut
Rathachai Kaewlai, MDDepartment of Diagnostic and Therapeutic RadiologyMahidol UniversityBangkok, Thailand
S. Lowell Kahn, MD, MBAAssistant Professor, Surgery and Interventional RadiologyTufts University School of MedicineSpringfield, Massachusetts
John A. Kaufman, MD, MS, FSIRFrederick S. Keller Professor of Interventional RadiologyOregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, Oregon
Frederick S. Keller, MDProfessor of Interventional RadiologyOregon Health and Science University
26
Portland, Oregon
Neil M. Khilnani, MDAssociate Professor of Clinical RadiologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew York, New York
Jin Hyoung Kim, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of RadiologyUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
K. Pallav Kolli, MDAssistant Professor of Clinical RadiologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoCalifornia, San Francisco
Sebastian Kos, EBIR, FCIRSEChairman, Institute of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineHirslanden Klinik St. AnnaLuzern, Switzerland
Joshua D. Kuban, MDFellow, Vascular and Interventional RadiologyAlpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, Rhode Island
David A. Kumpe, MD, FSIRProfessor of Radiology, Surgery, and NeurosurgeryUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAurora, Colorado
Marcus A. Lehman, MDAssistant Professor of AnesthesiologyUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnati, Ohio
Evan Lehrman, MDAssistant Professor of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan Francisco, California
Riccardo Lencioni, MD, FSIR, EBIRProfessor of RadiologyPisa University School of MedicinePisa, Italy
Robert J. Lewandowski, MD, FSIRAssociate Professor of RadiologyNorthwestern UniversityChicago, Illinois
David Li, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of RadiologyDivision of Interventional Radiology
27
New York-Presbyterian Hospital/WeillCornell Medical CenterNew York, New York
Leonard J. Lind, MD, FCCMProfessor of Clinical AnesthesiologyUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnati, Ohio
Andrew J. Lipnik, MDAssistant Professor of Clinical Radiology and Radiological SciencesVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, Tennessee
David M. Liu, MD, FRCPC, FSIRClinical Associate Professor of RadiologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Robert A. Lookstein, MD, FSIR, FAHAProfessor of Radiology and SurgeryMount Sinai Health SystemNew York, New York
J. Diego Lozano, MDFellow, Interventional NeuroradiologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcester, Massachusetts
David C. Madoff, MDProfessor of RadiologyNew York-Presbyterian Hospital/WeillCornell Medical CenterNew York, New York
Mohammad Mansouri, MDMassachusetts General HospitalBoston, Massachusetts
Karen Marshall, RN, BSNNorthwestern Memorial HospitalChicago, Illinois
Michael L. Martin, MDClinical Associate Professor of RadiologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Alan H. Matsumoto, MD, FACR, FSIR, FAHAChair and Theodore E. Keats Professorof RadiologyUniversity of Virginia Health SystemCharlottesville, Virginia
Ellen McKeon-Levine, RN, BSNDivision of Interventional RadiologyBrigham and Women’s HospitalBoston, Massachusetts
28
DéAnn O. McNamara, MS, ACNP-BC, CRNClinical EducatorDivision of Interventional RadiologyBrigham and Women’s HospitalBoston, Massachusetts
Mark W. Mewissen, MDClinical Adjunct Professor of MedicineUniversity of WisconsinMadison, Wisconsin
Donald L. Miller, MD, FSIR, FACRChief Medical Officer for Radiological HealthOffice of In Vitro Diagnostics and Radiological HealthCenter for Devices and Radiological HealthFood and Drug AdministrationSilver Spring, Maryland
Robert J. Min, MD, MBAProfessor & Chairman of RadiologyNew York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical CenterNew York, New York
Jennifer P. Montgomery, MD, PhDFellow, Vascular and InterventionalDotter Interventional InstituteOregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, Oregon
Airton Mota Moreira, MD, PhDSpecialist in Vascular and Interventional RadiologyUniversity of São Paulo Medical SchoolSão Paulo, Brazil
Peter L. Munk, MDCM, FRCPC, FSIRProfessor of Radiology and OrthopedicsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Timothy P. Murphy, MDProfessor of RadiologyAlpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, Rhode Island
Kieran Murphy, MB, FRCPC, FSIRProfessor of RadiologyUniversity of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada
Susan Kiernan O’Horo, MD, MPH, FSIRInstructor of RadiologyBrigham and Women’s HospitalBoston, Massachusetts
Sanjay K. Paidisetty, MD
29
Fellow, Vascular and Interventional RadiologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, Wisconsin
Aneeta Parthipun, MBBS, BSc (Hons), FRCRFellow, Interventional RadiologyGuy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation TrustLondon, United Kingdom
Aalpen A. Patel, MD, FSIRFellowship Director, Vascular and Interventional RadiologyGeisinger Health SystemDanville, Pennsylvania
Parag J. Patel, MD, MSAssociate Professor of Radiology and SurgeryMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, Wisconsin
Edward F. Patz Jr., MDJames and Alice Chen Professor of Radiology, Professor of Pharmacology and Cancer BiologyDuke University Medical CenterDurham, North Carolina
Joseph F. Polak, MD, MPHProfessor of RadiologyTufts University School of MedicineBoston, Massachusetts
Jeffrey S. Pollak, MDThe Robert I. White, Jr. Professor ofInterventional RadiologyYale University School of MedicineNew Haven, Connecticut
Martin R. Prince, MD, PhD, FACRProfessor of RadiologyCornell and Columbia UniversitiesNew York, New York
Bradley B. Pua, MDAssistant Professor of RadiologyNew York-Presbyterian Hospital/WeillCornell Medical CollegeNew York, New York
Ajit S. Puri, MDAssociate Professor of Radiology and NeurosurgeryUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcester, Massachusetts
Martin G. Radvany, MD, FSIRChief, Interventional NeuroradiologyWellSpan Neurosciences & RadiologyYork, Pennsylvania
Mahmood K. Razavi, MD, FSIR, FSVM
30
Director, Center for Clinical Trials and ResearchSt. Joseph Heart and Vascular CenterOrange, California
Sidney Regalado, MDClinical Assistant Professor of RadiologyNorthShore University Health System/University of Chicago HospitalsEvanston, Illinois
Eric H. Reiner, DOAssociate Professor of RadiologyYale University School of MedicineNew Haven, Connecticut
Robert J. Rosen, MDDirector of Peripheral Vascular InterventionDirector, AVM Center of New YorkLenox Hill Heart and Vascular InstituteNew York, New York
David A. Rosenthal, MHP, PA-CChief Physician AssistantDivision of Interventional RadiologyBrigham and Women’s HospitalBoston, Massachusetts
Wael E.A. Saad, MD, FSIRProfessor of RadiologyUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn Arbor, Michigan
Tarun Sabharwal, MBBcH, FRCSI, FRCR, FSIR, FCIRSE, EBIRConsultant Interventional RadiologistDepartment of Interventional RadiologyGuy’s and St. Thomas’ HospitalsLondon, United Kingdom
Nisha I. Sainani, MDStaff RadiologistBrigham and Women’s HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBoston, Massachusetts
Gloria M. Salazar, MDInstructor of RadiologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, Massachusetts
Riad Salem, MD, MBAProfessor of Radiology, Medicine, and SurgeryNorthwestern UniversityChicago, Illinois
J. Anthony Seibert, PhD, FAAPM, FACRProfessor, Department of Radiology
31
University of California Davis Health SystemSacramento, California
Raj P. Shah, MD, MBAResident, Department of RadiologyHartford HospitalHartford, Connecticut
Ji Hoon Shin, MD, PhDProfessor of RadiologyUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineAsan Medical CenterSeoul, South Korea
Stuart G. Silverman, MD, FACRProfessor of RadiologyBrigham and Women’s Hospital/ Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, Massachusetts
Jennifer R. Simpson, MDAssistant Professor of NeurologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAurora, Colorado
Ajay K. Singh, MDAssistant Professor of RadiologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, Massachusetts
Mitchell Smith, MD, MSAssistant Professor of RadiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAurora, Colorado
Stephen B. Solomon, MDProfessor of RadiologyMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center/Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York, New York
Ho-Young Song, MD, PhDProfessor of RadiologyAsan Medical Center/University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul, Republic of Korea
Thomas A. Sos, MD, FSIR, FACR, FAHAProfessor and Vice Chair of RadiologyNew York-Presbyterian Hospital/WeillCornell Medical CenterNew York, New York
Michael C. Soulen, MD, FSIR, FCIRSEProfessor of Radiology and SurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania
James B. Spies, MD, MPH
32
Professor of RadiologyGeorgetown University School of MedicineWashington, DC
Brian F. Stainken, MDChairman, RadiologyThe Stamford HospitalStamford, Connecticut
Keith J. Strauss, MSc, FAAPM, FACRAssistant Professor of RadiologyUniversity of Cincinnati School of MedicineCincinnati, Ohio
Nathaniel C. Swinburne, MDResident, Department of RadiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, New York
Ashraf Thabet, MDDiagnostic RadiologistMassachusetts General HospitalBoston, Massachusetts
Nanda Deepa Thimmappa, MDFellow, Body MRINew York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical CenterNew York, New York
Scott O. Trerotola, MDStanley Baum Professor of Radiology and Professor of SurgeryUniversity of Pennsylvania PerelmanSchool of MedicinePhiladelphia, Pennsylvania
David W. Trost, MDAssociate Professor of Clinical RadiologyNewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/WeillCornell Medical CenterNew York, New York
Maria Tsitskari, MDVascular and Interventional RadiologistAmerican Medical CenterNicosia, Cyprus
Sabah S. Tumeh, MD, FACRMedical DirectorPiedmont Atlanta HospitalAtlanta, Georgia
Ulku C. Turba, MDAssociate Professor of RadiologyRush University Medical CenterChicago, Illinois
Thuong G. Van Ha, MD
33
Professor of RadiologyUniversity of Chicago MedicineChicago, Illinois
Suresh Vedantham, MDProfessor of Radiology and SurgeryWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, Missouri
Thomas M. Vesely, MD, FSIRInterventional RadiologistVascular Access Services, LLCSt. Louis, Missouri
Ajay K. Wakhloo, MD, PhD, FAHAProfessor of Radiology, Neurosurgery,and NeurologyUniversity of MassachusettsWorcester, Massachusetts
David S. Wang, MDClinical Assistant Professor of RadiologyStanford University School of MedicineStanford, California
Joshua L. Weintraub, MD, FSIRProfessor of RadiologyNewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical CenterNew York, New York
Evelyn P. Wempe, MBA, MSN, ARNP, ACNP-BC, AOCNP, CRNDirector of Nursing, Interventional RadiologyUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, Florida
Luke R. Wilkins, MDAssistant Professor of RadiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesville, Virginia
Ronald S. Winokur, MDAssistant Professor of RadiologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew York, New York
David F. Yankelevitz, MDProfessor of RadiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, New York
Don C. Yoo, MDAssociate Professor of Radiology (Clinical)The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidence, Rhode Island
Chang Jin Yoon, MD, PhD
34
Professor of RadiologySeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnam, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
35
ABBREVIATIONS
18F-FDG 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose2D Two-dimensional3D Three-dimensionalA AnkleAAA Abdominal aortic aneurysmAASLD American Association for the Study of Liver DiseasesABI Ankle-brachial indexACA Anterior cerebral arteryACAS Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis TrialACD Advance care directivesACE Angiotensin-converting enzymeACLS Advanced cardiac life supportACR American College of RadiologyACT Activated clotting timeADC Analog-to-digital converterADH Antidiuretic hormoneADP Adenosine diphosphateAE Adverse eventsAECD Automatic external cardioverter-defibrillatorAF Atrial fibrillationAFB Acid-fast bacilliAFP α-FetoproteinAGIH Acute gastrointestinal hemorrhageAHRQ Agency for Healthcare Research and QualityAK Above-kneeALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosisAMFPI Active matrix flat-panel imagerAMI Acute mesenteric ischemiaAML AngiomyolipomaAo AortaAP AnteroposteriorAPD All-purpose drainageAPF Arterioportal fistulaAPTT Activated partial thromboplastin timeARDS Adult respiratory distress syndromeARNP Advanced registered nurse practitionerASA Acetylsalicylic acidASA American Society of AnesthesiologistsASD Atrial septal defectASPECTS Alberta Stroke Program early computed tomography scanAT Anterior tibial
36
ATIII Antithrombin IIIATM AtmospheresAV ArteriovenousA-V AtrioventricularAVF Arteriovenous fistulaAVG Arteriovenous graftAVM Arteriovenous malformationAVP Amplatzer Vascular PlugBAC Bronchioloalveolar carcinomaBAE Bronchial artery embolizationBCLC Barcelona Clinic Liver CancerBE Balloon expandableβ hCG Beta human chorionic gonadotropin hormoneBGC Balloon-guiding catheterbid Two times per dayBIPAP Bi-level positive airway pressureBLS Basic life supportBMI Body mass indexBMS Bare-metal stentsBMT Bone marrow transplantBOT Balloon occlusion toleranceBP Blood pressureBPH Benign prostatic hyperplasiaBRTO Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliterationBTK Below-the-kneeBUN Blood urea nitrogenBW BandwidthCABG Coronary artery bypass graftCAD Coronary artery diseaseCAS Carotid artery stentingCASH Chemotherapy-associated steatohepatitisCAVATAS Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty StudyCaVenT Catheter-directed Venous ThrombolysisCBC Complete blood countCBCT Cone-beam computed tomographyCBF Cerebral blood flowCBV Cerebral blood volumeCC Cisterna chyliCCA Common carotid arteryCCD Charge-coupled deviceCCS Canadian Cardiovascular SocietyCDC Centers for Disease Control and PreventionCDT Catheter-directed thrombolysisCEA Carcinoembryonic antigen; carotid endarterectomyCFA Common femoral arteryCFV Common femoral veinCHA Common hepatic arteryCHF Congestive heart failure
37
CIA Common iliac arteryCIN Contrast-induced nephropathyCIWA Clinical Institute Withdrawal AssessmentCKD Chronic kidney diseaseCLABSI Central line-associated bloodstream infectionCLI Critical limb ischemiaCMS Centers for Medicare and Medicaid ServicesCNS Central nervous systemCOPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseCOX CyclooxygenaseCP Cerebral protectionCPAP Continuous positive airway pressureCPAS Congenital pulmonary artery stenosisCPOE Computerized physician order entryCPR Cardiopulmonary resuscitationCPRF Curved planar reformatsCPT Current Procedural TerminologyCr Creatinine (serum)CQI Continuous quality improvementCR-BSI Catheter-related bloodstream infectionsCRC Colorectal cancerCREST Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stenting TrialCRP C-reactive proteinCSF Cerebrospinal fluidCsI Cesium iodideCT Computed tomographyCTA Computed tomographic angiographycTACE Conventional transarterial chemoembolizationCTO Chronic total occlusionCTP CT perfusionCTV Computed tomography venographyCV Central venousCVA Cerebral vascular accidentCVC Central venous catheterCVD Chronic venous diseaseCXR Chest radiograph; chest xrayD5½NS 5% dextrose, half-normal saline solutionD5W 5% Dextrose solutionDAP Dose–area productDAVF Dural arteriovenous fistulaDCI Delayed cerebral ischemiaDEB Drug-eluting bead; drug-eluting balloonDER Dual energy radiographyDES Drug-eluting stentDH Degree of hypertrophyDIC Disseminated intravascular coagulopathyDICOM Digital imaging and communication in medicineDIPS Direct intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
38
DLGJ Double lumen gastrojejunostomyDIR Dose Index Registry; double inversion recoveryDM Diabetes mellitusDMSO Dimethyl sulfoxideDNI Do not intubateDNR Do not resuscitateDOQI Disease Outcomes Quality InitiativeDQE Detective quantum efficiencyDSA Digital subtraction angiographyDTPA Diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acidDUS Doppler ultrasound; duplex ultrasoundDVT Deep vein thrombosisE&M Evaluation and ManagementEASL European Association for the Study of the LiverECG ElectrocardiogramECOG Eastern Cooperative Oncology GroupECST European Carotid Surgery TrialED Emergency departmentEDV End-diastolic velocityEGFR Epidermal growth factor receptoreGFR Estimated GFREIA External iliac arteryENT Ear, nose, and throatEPD Embolic protection deviceERCP Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographyERF Esophagorespiratory fistulaESBL Extended-spectrum betalactamaseESCAPE Endovascular Treatment for Small Core and Anterior Circulation Proximal Occlusion with
Emphasis on Minimizing CT to Recanalization TimesESI Epidural steroid injectionESWL Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsyEUS Endoscopic ultrasoundEVA-3S Endarterectomy versus Angioplasty in Patients with Symptomatic Severe Carotid StenosisEVAR Endovascular aortic aneurysm repairEVLT Endovenous laser treatmentEVOH Ethylene vinyl alcoholEXTEND-IA Extending the Time for Thrombolysis in Emergency Neurological Deficits–Intra-arterialFB Foreign bodyFDA U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationFDG-PET Positron emission tomographyFFP Fresh frozen plasmaFHVP Free hepatic venous pressureFLR Future liver remnantFNA Fine needle aspirationFNH Focal nodular hyperplasiaFOV Field-of-viewGA General anesthesiaGABA γ-Aminobutyric acid
39
Gd GadoliniumGDA Gastroduodenal arteryGDC Gugliemi detachable coilGd-MRA Gadolinium enhanced MRAGFR Glomerular filtration rateGI GastrointestinalGJ GastrojejunostomyGP GlycoproteinGSV Greater saphenous veinGU GenitourinaryGW GuidewireHA Hepatic arteryHAP Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysmHAS Hepatic artery stenosisHASTE Half-Fourier acquisitions with single-shot turbo-spin echoHAT Hepatic artery thrombosisHCC Hepatocellular carcinomaHCFMEA Health Care Failure Mode and Effects AnalysishCG Human chorionic gonadotropinHCl HydrochlorideHct HematocritHD HemodialysisHgb HemoglobinHHT Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasiaHIFU High-intensity focused ultrasoundHIT Heparin-induced thrombocytopeniaHITT Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis syndromeHMPAO Hexamethylpropyleneamine oximeHMW High-molecular-weightHOCA High-osmolality contrast agentsHPS Hepatopulmonary syndromeHR Hazard ratio; heart rateHSG HysterosalpingogramHT High thighHTN HypertensionHU Hounsfield unitHV Hepatic venousHVPG Hepatic venous pressure gradientIA Intra-arterialIC IntracranialICA Internal carotid arteryICBT Intercostobronchial trunkICD-10 International Classification of Diseases, 10th revisionICH Intracerebral hemorrhageICP Intracranial pressureICSS International Carotid Stenting StudyICU Intensive care unitID Internal diameter
40
IFU Instructions for useIHI Institute for Healthcare ImprovementIHSS Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosisII Image intensifierIIA Internal iliac arteryIIEF International Index of Erectile FunctionIJ Internal jugularIJV Internal jugular veinIM IntramuscularIMA Inferior mesenteric artery; internal mammary arteryIMS III Interventional Management of Stroke IIIIMV Inferior mesenteric veinINR International normalized ratioIO Interventional oncologyIOM Institute of MedicineIPSS International Prostate Symptom ScoreIQR Interquartile rangeIR Interventional radiology; interventional radiologistIRE Irreversible electroporationISAT International Subarachnoid Aneurysm TrialISV Internal spermatic veinITT Intention to treatIV Intravenous; intravenouslyIVA Inferior vesical arteryIVC Inferior vena cavaIVUS Intravascular ultrasoundJ-tube JejunostomyKAP Kerma–area productKGR Kinetic growth rateKP KyphoplastyK-RAS Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene HomologKTS Klippel–Trenaunay syndromekVp Kilovolt peakKVO Keep vein openLA Left atrial; left atriumLAD Left anterior descendingLAO Left anterior obliqueLCD Liquid crystal displayLDCT Low-dose CTLDH Lactate dehydrogenaseLDL Low-density lipoproteinLFT Liver function testLGIB Lower GI bleedingLM Lymphatic malformationsLMA Laryngeal mask airwayLMWH Low-molecular-weight heparinLOCA Low-osmolality contrast agentsLOCM Low osmolar contrast medium
41
LSCA Left subclavian arteryLSF Lung shunt fractionLSN Last seen normalLUTS Lower urinary tract symptomsLV Left ventricle; left ventricularLVEDP Left ventricular end-diastolic pressureLVEDV Left ventricular end-diastolic volumeLVO Large vessel occlusionMAA Macroaggregated albuminMAC Monitored anesthesia careMAO Monoamine oxidaseMAP Mean arterial pressureMBB Medial branch blockMC Manual compressionMCA Middle cerebral arterymCRC Metastatic colon cancermCTA Multiphase CTAMD Medical doctorMI Myocardial infarctionMIP Maximum intensity projectionMODS Multiple organ dysfunction syndromeMPA Multipurpose shapeMPR Multiplanar reformationsMR Magnetic resonanceMRA Magnetic resonance angiographyMR CLEAN Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke
in the NetherlandsMRCP Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatographyMRDSA Magnetic resonance digital subtraction angiographymRECIST Modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid TumorsMR RESCUE Mechanical Retrieval and Recanalization of Stroke Clots Using EmbolectomyMRI Magnetic resonance imagingMRV Magnetic resonance venogram; magnetic resonance venographymTICI Modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarctionMTT Mean transit timeMWA Microwave ablationnAC n-Acetyl cysteineNaHCO3 Sodium bicarbonateNASCET North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy TrialnBCA n-Butyl cyanoacrylateNCCT Noncontrast computed tomographyNG NasogastricNG-tube Nasogastric tubeNIH National Institutes of HealthNIHSS National Institutes of Health Stroke ScaleNINDS National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNKF-KDOQI Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality InitiativeNLST National Lung Screening Trial
42
NOHAH Nonocclusive hepatic artery hypoperfusion syndromeNOMI Nonocclusive mesenteric ischemiaNPH Neutral protamine HagedornNPO Nil per osNS Normal salineNSAID Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugNSCLC Non–small cell lung cancerNSF Nephrogenic systemic fibrosisNTG NitroglycerinNYHA New York Heart AssociationOD Outer diameterOP OutpatientOPSI Overwhelming post-splenectomy infectionOR Operating roomOSA Obstructive sleep apneaPA Physician’s assistant; pulmonary arteryPACS Picture archiving and communication systemPAD Peripheral arterial disease; pulmonary artery diastolicPAE Prostate artery embolizationPAP Pulmonary arterial pressurePARTO Plug-assisted retrograde transvenous obliterationPAVM Pulmonary arteriovenous malformationPBD Percutaneous biliary drainagePCA Patient-controlled analgesia; posterior cerebral arteryPCC Prothrombin complex concentratePCDT Pharmacomechanical catheter-directed thrombolysisPCI Percutaneous coronary interventionPC-MRA Phase contrast-MRAPCN Percutaneous nephrostomyPCORI Patient-Centered Outcomes Research InstitutePCSA Patient-controlled sedationPCW Pulmonary capillary wedgePCWP Pulmonary capillary wedge pressurePD Peritoneal dialysisPDCA Plan–Do–Check–ActPE Peroneal; pulmonary embolism/embolusPEEP Positive end-expiratory pressurePEG Polyethylene glycolPEM Polidocanol endovenous microfoamPERP Patient entrance reference pointPET Positron emission tomographyPFO Patent foramen ovalePGA Polyglycolic acidPGJ Percutaneous gastrojejunostomyPIAA Physicians Insurers Association of AmericaPICC Peripherally inserted central catheterPIOPED Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism DiagnosisPJ Percutaneous jejunostomy
43
PMMA PolymethylmethacrylatePMT Percutaneous mechanical thrombectomyPO By mouthPPH Postpartum hemorrhageP-PS Power-pulse spraypr Per rectumPRBC Packed red blood cellPRG Percutaneous radiologic gastrostomyPSA PseudoaneurysmPSA Prostate specific antigenPSD Peak skin dosePSV Peak systolic velocityPT Prothrombin time; posterior tibialPTA Percutaneous transluminal (balloon) angioplastyPTC Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiographyPTD Percutaneous thrombolytic devicePTFE PolytetrafluoroethylenePTRA Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplastyPTS Postthrombotic syndromePTT Partial thromboplastin timePTX PneumothoraxPV Percutaneous vertebroplasty; portal vein/venousPVA Polyvinyl alcoholPVC Premature ventricular contractionPVE Portal vein embolizationPVR Pulmonary vascular resistance; pulse volume recordingPVS Portal vein stenosisPVT Portal vein thrombosisQA Quality assuranceqEASL Quantitative European Association for the Study of the Liverqid Four times per dayQISS Quiescent interval single shotQOL Quality of lifeRA Right atriumRAO Right anterior obliqueRAPTURE Radiofrequency Ablation of Pulmonary Tumors Response EvaluationRAS Renal artery stenosisRBBB Right bundle branch blockRBC Red blood cellRCA Root cause analysisRCC Renal cell carcinomaRCT Randomized controlled trialRF RadiofrequencyRFA Radiofrequency ablationRHV Right hepatic veinRI Renal insufficiency; resistive indexRIJ Right internal jugularRIM Rösch inferior mesenteric
44
RN Registered nurseROBOT Rotational bidirectional thrombectomyROI Region of interestROSE Rapid on site evaluationRPO Right posterior obliqueRR Respiratory rateRT Respiratory therapistrt-PA Recombinant tissue plasminogen activatorRV Right ventricleRVEDP Right ventricular enddiastolic pressureRVR Renal vein reninSAH Subarachnoid hemorrhageSAP Superabsorbent polymerSBP Systolic blood pressureSBRT Stereotactic body radiotherapySC Subcutaneous; subclavianSEER Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End ResultsSEMS Self-expanding metallic stentsSEV Superficial epigastric veinSFA Superficial femoral arterysFLR Standardized future liver remnantSI SacroiliacSICH Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhageSIN Salpingitis isthmica nodosaSIR Society of Interventional RadiologySIRS Systemic inflammatory response syndromeSK StreptokinaseSMA Superior mesenteric arterySMV Superior mesenteric veinSNMMI Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular ImagingSNR Signal-to-noise ratioSNRB Selective nerve root blockSPACE Stent-supported Percutaneous Angioplasty of the Carotid Artery versus EndarterectomySPECT Single-photon emission computed tomographySPGR Spoiled gradient echoSPN Solitary pulmonary nodulesSQ SubcutaneousSSFP Steady state free precessionSSFSE Single-shot fast spin echoSSI Surgical site infectionSSV Short saphenous veinSTIR Short T1 inversion recoverySTS Sodium tetradecyl sulfateSUV Standardized uptake valueSVC Superior vena cavaSVR Systemic vascular resistanceSVS Society of Vascular SurgerySVT Superfical venous thrombosis
45