high score ielts vocabulary list

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Table of Contents

Introduction 2

IELTS Writing - Overview 2

High Score 100 words 3

A. 3

B. 3

C. 3

D. 3

E. 4

F. 4

G. 4

H. 4

I. 4

J. 5

K. 5

L. 5

M. 5

N. 5

O. 5

P. 5

Q. 6




R. 6

S. 6

T. 6

U. 6

V. 6

W. 6

Z. 7

Must Use Vocabulary 7

IELTS Vocabulary with Sentence (500) 13

A. 13

B. 18

C. 19

D. 27

E. 30

F. 34

G. 36

H. 37

I. 37

J. 42

L. 43

M. 44

N. 46

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O. 47

P. 48

Q. 53

R. 53

S. 57

T. 61

U. 63

V. 64

W. 65




Introduction1. IELTS is a multi-level exam. You get a score between 1 and 9

for each section. Half scores such as 6.5 are possible.Universities often demand an IELTS score of 6 or 7. They mayalso demand a minimum score in each of the 4 sections.

1. IELTS Writing marking schemes

The two writing questions are marked out of 9 according to the followingcriteria:

Task Achievement

Coherence and Cohesion

Lexical Resource

Grammatical Range and Accuracy

2. IELTS Speaking marking schemes

The speaking test is also marked out of 9 according to the followingcriteria:

Fluency and coherence

Lexical resource

Grammatical range and accuracy

Pronunciation

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2. IELTS Writing - Overview

The IELTS Academic and General Writing Modules are similar in someways and different in others. Whichever test you do, you have one hour tocomplete two tasks. It is the nature of the tasks that makes them different.You can see this clearly in the chart below:

General

Task 1: Minimum 150 words: Writing a letter in response to a situation –informal, semi-formal, or formal

Task 2: Minimum 250 words:Writing a more personal essay – possibleinformal style

Academic

Task 1: Minimum 150 words: Interpreting, describing, or comparinginformation presented in graphic form - a diagram, bar chart, line graph,pie chart or table

Task 2: Minimum 250 words: Writing an essay on a general academictopic – formal style.

In both cases, your score is based on three fundamental criteria:

Content: How well do you r present your arguments, ideas andevidence?

Quality: How effectively are you able to communicate your ideas andthoughts?

Technical Aspects: How correct is your grammar? How rich is yourvocabulary? How varied are your sentences?

To complete an organized, coherent piece of writing, you need to take 2-5minutes to plan. During this time, you can consider what position youwill adopt, how you're going to expand on the topic and in what order you




will present your ideas. You should skip the planning activity only if youhave very little time left. In such a case, you can work directly on the taskitself.

Of course, grammar and vocabulary will also be assessed. Make sure youcheck your writing for verb tense agreement, prepositions, word order,sentence patterns, sentence structure, and range of vocabulary. Avoidusing the same verbs, nouns, or adjectives more than once. Do not useslang at all. In the academic section of the IELTS, avoid contractions,which are a clear symbol of informal writing.

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High Score 100 words

These words are indispensable for IELTS exam. You need to use them inyour Speaking and Writing Test. In general, these words will greatlyimprove your IELTS Score.

A.

aberration: something that differs from the normabhor: fill with horror and loathing (unwiling); horrify; hateacquiesce: assent; agree without protestingalacrity: cheerful promptness or willingness; eagerness; speed orquicknessamiable: good-natured and likable; lovable; warmly friendlyappease: bring peace, quiet, or calm to; satisfy or relievearcane: secret; mysterious; known only to the initiatedavarice: greediness for wealth; insatiable desire of gain

B.

brazen: having loud, usually harsh, resonant sound; shamelessbrusque: abrupt and curt in manner or speech; rudely abrupt, unfriendly

C.

cajole: influence or urge by gentle urging or flatteringcallous: emotionally hardened; unfeelingcandor: frankness; quality of being honest and straightforward in attitudeand speechchide: scold mildly so as to correct or improve; express disapprovalcircumspect: carefully aware of all circumstances; cautiousclandestine: secret; conducted with or marked by hidden aims or methodscoerce: restrain by force, especially by law or authority; repress; curbcoherent: adhesive; cohesive; sticking together ; logical; sound; capableof thinking and expressing yourself in a clear and consistent manner




complacency: feeling of contented self-satisfaction, especially whenunaware of upcoming troubleconfidant: a person entrusted with secretsconnive: to plot, schemecumulative: increasing by successive addition

D.

debase: reduce in quality or value; lower in esteem; degradedecry: express strong disapproval of; disparagedeferential: showing deference; respectful and consideratedemure: modest and reserved in manner or behaviorderide: ridicule; make fun of; laugh at with contemptdespot: tyrant; harsh, authoritarian ruler; eastern Orthodox bishopdiligent: assiduous; industrious; hard-working

E.

elated: overjoyed; extremely happy and excitedeloquent: vividly or movingly expressive; persuasiveembezzle: appropriate fraudulently to one's own use, as property entrustedto one's care; apply to one's private uses by a breach of trustempathy: understanding and entering into another's feelingsenmity: ill will; hatred; quality or state of being hostileerudite: learned; scholarly, with emphasis on knowledge gained frombooksextol: praise highly; glorify; celebrate

F.

fabricate: build; put together out of components or partsferal: not domestic; wild; existing in wild or untamed stateflabbergasted: astonished; appalled, amazed, or stunnedforsake: leave someone who needs or counts on youfractious: inclined to make trouble; disobedient; irritablefurtive: marked by quiet and caution and secrecy

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G.

gluttony: excess in eating; extravagant indulgence of the appetite for food;voracitygratuitous: given freely; unwarranted; granted without recompense;unearned

H.

haughty: high; lofty; bold; arrogant; overbearinghypocrisy: act or practice of a hypocrite

I.

impeccable: faultless; incapable of sin or wrongdoingimpertinent: improperly forward or bold; rudeimplacable: incapable of being pacified; not to be relieved;impudent: casually rude, insolent, impertinentincisive: penetrating, clear, and sharp, as in operation or expressionindolent: lazy; slow to heal, grow, or develop; inactiveinept: lacking of judgment, sense, or reason; unsuited; inappropriate;foolishinfamy: notoriety, extreme ill reputeinhibit: restrain; prevent or forbid; hold backinnate: possessed at birth; inborninsatiable: not easily satisfied; impossible to satiate or satisfy; greedyinsular: of isolated people, especially having a narrow viewpointintrepid: fearless; indicating or springing from courageinveterate: deep-rooted; firmly and long established; habitual

J.

jubilant: happy; merry; joyful and proud especially because of triumph orsuccess

K.




knell: the solemn sound of a bell, often indicating a death

L.

lithe: flexible; moving and bending with easelurid: causing shock or horror; gruesome

M.

maverick: one that refuses to abide or be independent; an unbrandedrange animalmaxim: proverb; formulation of fundamental principle or general truthmeticulous: excessively careful; marked by extreme care in treatment ofdetailsmodicum: limited quantity; small or moderate amount; any small thingmorose: ill humored; sullen; depressingly dark; gloomy; persistentmyriad: of very large or indefinite number; of ten thousand

N.

nadir: lowest point; point on sphere opposites zenith diametricallynominal: in name only; insignificantly smallnovice: beginner; person new to a field or activitynuance: subtle or slight degree of difference

O.

oblivious: inattentive or unmindful; lacking all memory; forgetfulobsequious: slavishly attentive; attempting to win favor from influentialpeople by flatteryobtuse: lacking in insight or discernment; stupid

P.

panacea: remedy for all diseases, evils, or difficulties; a cure-all

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parody: work or performance that imitates another work or performancewith ridicule or irony; make fun ofpenchant: strong inclination; definite likingperusal: a careful examination, reviewplethora: excess; overfullness in any respect; superabundancepredilection: condition of favoring or liking; tendency towards;preference

Q.

quaint: odd; old-fashioned; picturesque; unfamiliar or unusual in character

R.

rash: hasty, incautiousrepudiate: disown; refuse to acknowledge; reject validity or authority ofrife: excessively abundant or numerous; in widespread existence, practice,or use

S.

salient: prominent or protruding; projecting outwardly; moving by leapsor springsserendipity: gift for finding valuable or desirable things by accident;accidental good fortune or luckstaid: sober; serious, organized, and professional; characterized by dignityand proprietysuperfluous: being beyond what is required or sufficientsycophant: one who attempts to win favor by flattering influential people;bootlicker; yes manT.

taciturn: silent or reserved in speech; saying little; not inclined to speak orconversetefurbish: to restore, clean uptruculent: disposed to fight; belligerent; aggressively hostileU.




umbrage: resentment, offenceV.

venerable: deserving high respect; impressive by reason of age;profoundly honoredvex: annoy; disturb, especially by minor irritations; be a mystery orbewildering tovociferous: offensively loud; noisy; making outcryW.

wanton: unrestrained; willfully malicious; immoral or unchasteZ.

zenith: point directly overhead in sky; summit

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Must Use Vocabulary

To indicate more information

Besides - Making an additional point; anyway

Furthermore

In addition

Moreover

Likewise

Indeed – In truth

In fact

Also

As well

Foremost - Ranking above all others; Preceding all others in spatialposition

First, Second, Third, Finally

Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly

To indicate an example

For example

For instance

In particular

Particularly - Specifically or especially distinguished from others

Specifically




To illustrate

To demonstrate

To indicate a cause or reason

Since

Because

Because of

Due to

For

For the reason that

As

Inasmuch as - Since

Whereby - As a result of which, By which, "the means whereby weachieved our goal"

To indicate a result or an effect

Accordingly - because of the reason given

Consequently

Hence

So

Therefore

Thus

Thusly - In the way indicated

Thence - From that fact or reason or as a result

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Therefrom - From that circumstance or source

Thereof - Of or concerning this or that, From that circumstance orsource

Corollary - A practical consequence that follows naturally, "blindjealousy is a frequent corollary of passionate love"

To conclude

For the aforementioned reasons

For the aforementioned reasons, there is no doubt that

To sum up the foregoing,

Given these facts

In conclusion

In closing

To conclude

To express an opinion

In all due fairness

With good judgment, (one/we may)

To describe or make

vivid

portray

depict

exhibit

illustrate

expose




present

paint a portrait

limn - Trace the shape of, make a portrait of

delineate

represent

demonstrate

constitute - Form or compose

embodied - (adj) Expressed by

embody - (v) Represent or express in tangible form

embodiment

To prove

manifest - Provide evidence for; stand as proof of

attest - Provide evidence for

testify - Provide evidence for

certify - Provide evidence for

endorse, indorse - Give support or one's approval to

shew - Establish the validity of something, as by an example,explanation or experiment

establish

instance - (v) Clarify by giving an example of

exemplify - (v) Clarify by giving an example of

To compare or contrast

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Whereas

In comparison

In contrast

However

Although

On the other hand

Likewise

Similarly

But

Yet

Withal - Despite anything to the contrary (usually following aconcession)

Withal - Together with this

Nevertheless - Despite anything to the contrary

Nonetheless - Despite anything to the contrary

Notwithstanding - Despite anything to the contrary

Even so - Despite anything to the contrary

All the same - Despite anything to the contrary

To indicate time

After

Before

Currently




During

Eventually

Finally

First, Second, etc.

Formerly

Immediately

Initially

Lastly

Later

Meanwhile

Next

Once

Previously

Simultaneously

Soon

Subsequently

Subsequent - Following in time and order

Hitherto, Heretofore - Used in negative statement to describe asituation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time,“The sun hasn’t rose hitherto.”

In due time

Henceforth

To indicate certainty

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Truly

Sincerely

Genuinely

Surely

Rightfully

Absolutely

Indubitably

Certainly

Without doubt

Needless to say

To indicate doubt

Most likely

More likely

Possibly

Probably

Dubitable - Open to doubt or suspicion

Dubious - Distressed with uncertainty or doubt

To summarize

Overall

To summarize

In summary

To sum up




Paraphrased

Briefly

In brief

Summing up

To put it briefly

précis - A sketchy summary, Make a summary (of)

synopsis - A sketchy summary

apercu - A short synopsis

To provide a condition

provision, proviso - A stipulated condition

stipulate - Specify as a condition or requirement in a contract

given

if

whether

whenever

when

while

To express positive words

magnificent

grandeur - The quality of being magnificent or splendid or grand, thequality of being exalted in character or ideals or conduct

magnanimous - The quality of being exalted in character or ideals orconduct

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fantastic

fantastical

phenomenal

wonderful

extraordinary

marvelous

superb

good

fine

great

avid - Emotionally desirable

avid ambition to succeed

excellent

spectacular

prodigious

grand

brilliant

glorious - Bringing great happiness and thankfulness

illustrious - Widely known and esteemed

notable - Worthy of notice

respected

impressive




splendid

splendiferous - Having great beauty and splendor

resplendent - Having great beauty and splendor, Richly and brilliantlycolorful

flamboyant - Elaborately or excessively ornamented, Richly andbrilliantly colorful

redoubtable - Having or worthy of pride

formidable - Extremely impressive in strength or excellence

prowess

superior

terrific

tremendous

wondrous - Extraordinarily good

wonderful

sublime - Inspiring awe, Lifted up or set high

flair - natural talent

knack - A special way of doing something

outshine - Attract more attention and praise than others

paramount - Having superior power and influence

predominant

preponderating

prevailing

To show intelligence

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profound

shrewd – hardheaded (practical experience and observation)intelligence

astute

acumen - Shrewdness shown by keen insight

insightful

savvy - The cognitive condition of someone who understands

cognition - The psychological result of perception, learning andreasoning

genius

smart

sharp

keen

mastermind

Einstein - Someone who has exceptional intellectual ability andoriginality

work of art

fine art

maven - Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field

mavin - Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field

adept - Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field

whiz - Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field

wizard - Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field




To intensify

incredibly

exceedingly

toppingly - extremely well

extremely

extraordinarily

truly

really

very

utterly - Completely and without qualification; used informally asintensifiers, With sublimity; in a sublime manner

absolutely

perfectly

sublimely

dramatically

sheer - (adj.) Complete and without restriction or qualification;sometimes used informally as an intensifier; (adv.) Directly "he fellsheer into the water"

Said

enounced, enunciated - Speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way

pronounced - Speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way

articulated - Express or state clearly

vocalized - Express or state clearly

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posited - Put firmly

stated

expressed

reported

alleged - Declared but not proved

averred - Report or maintain, To declare or affirm in a grave mannerand formally as true

affirmed, asserted

wrote

composed

indited - Produce a literary work

penned - Produce a literary work

spelt - Indicate or signify

voiced, sounded - Give voice to

demean - Reduce in worth or character, usually verbally

Noted (said)

remarked

denoted - Be a sign or indication of, "Her smile denoted that sheagreed"

observed

commented

mentioned

referred




announced

noticed

Precisely

explicitly

accurately

expressly

exactly

incisively

Numerous

innumerable

many

various

several

diverse

umpteen

umteen

myriad (noun and adj.)

Praise

extol - (v) Praise, glorify, or honor

exalt

glorify

laud

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proclaim

revere

idolize

worship

venerate

Call Forth

evoke - Call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses)

arouse - Call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses)

elicit - Call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses)

enkindle - Call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses)

provoke - Call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses)

inflame - Arouse or excite feelings and passions

awake - Stop sleeping

conjure - Evoke or call forth, with or as if by magic

invoke - Evoke or call forth, with or as if by magic

summon - Gather or bring together

Instil - deposit gradually




3. IELTS Vocabulary with Sentence (500)

A.

Abandon: n. Syn. relinquishlacking restraint or control; feeling of extreme emotional intensity;unbounded enthusiasmWith her parents out of town, Kelly danced all night with abandon.

Abstract: a. Syn. theoretical; abstrusetheoretical; not concrete; not applied or practical; difficult to understandTo him, hunger was an abstract concept; he had never missed a meal.

Academy: n. school for special instruction; society of scholars, scientists, or artistsThe mission of our academy is actually to ensure the health and the well-being of all children.

Access: n. Syn. approachapproach; entry; entranceIt remains to be seen whether the multinationals like Chevron, ExxonMobil, and BP will give in to Mr Chavez's brinksmanship as they know heneeds them as much as they need access to his oil.

Accommodate: v. Syn. adapt; obligedo a favor or service for; provide for; supply with; make suitable; adapt;allow forAs for the stage in the public auditorium, it can easily be adjusted toaccommodate from a full-scale musical production to one by a solovocalist.

Accompany: v. travel with; be associated withBut the night being wet and inclement, Mr. Rochester did not accompanythem.

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Accumulate: v. Syn. collectpile up; collect; mount up; increaseThe tendency of Capital to accumulate is a big threat to the free market.

Accurate: a. Syn. precise; correctcapable of providing a correct reading or measurement; performing withcare and precisionVery Interesting, can anyone tell me, how accurate is the Englishtranslation in the posted clip?

Achieve: v. Syn. accomplish; fulfillgain with effort; accomplish; fulfillWater, energy, health, agriculture, and biodiversity, require the world'sscientific community to come up with the means to achieve sustainabledevelopment.

Acknowledge: v. Syn. recognize; admitdeclare to be true or admit; express obligation, thanksAlthough I acknowledge that the Beatles' tunes sound pretty dated today, Istill prefer them to the songs my brothers play.

Acquire: v. Syn. obtain; gaingain through experience or effort; gain possession of; locate with trackingsystemAs Norman Mailer once said to me, "One of the hardest things to acquireis a persona, and you've got one."

Adapt: v. Syn. alter; modifymake fit for; change to suit a new purposeOne way to adapt is to become smaller, generation by generation.

Adequate: a. Syn. sufficient; enoughsufficient; enough to meet a purposeEngland missed key players through injury, lacked adequate preparationand was unable to match Australia's skill.

Adjacent: a. Syn. adjoining; neighboringadjoining; neighboring; close to; lying nearPhilip's best friend Jason lived only four houses down the block, close butnot immediately adjacent.




Adjust: v. Syn. adapt; regulateadapt; regulateThe opera house was handed over by the builders nearly a year ago, but it'staken many months to install new stage machinery and to adjust theacoustics.

Administrate: v. administer; supplyRemember that Democrats want to increase spending and create more lawswhich in turn create more government to administrate and enforce.

Adult: n. one who has attained maturity or legal age; fully grownNot clear from the video if the adult is a man or woman, but he or she isfacing charges of endangering the welfare of a child.

Advocate: v. Syn. urge; supportspeak, plead, or argue in favour of; plead for; push for somethingThe some doctors advocate a smoking ban in the entire house.

Affect: v. have an emotional or cognitive impact uponThe move is likely to affect women and girls all over the world asinternational brands such as Mango and Zara have signed up to theagreement.

Aggregate: v. Syn. gather; accumulategather into a mass, sum, or whole; amount toBefore the Wall Street scandals, dealers managed to aggregate greatwealth in short periods of time.

Aid: n. person or thing that promotes or helps in something done; helper; assistantThe company has also asked for an additional 3.50 billion dollars in aidfrom the government.

Albeit: ad. even though; although; notwithstandingThis question bothers me, albeit from a different perspective.

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Allocate: v. Syn. assignassign; distribute according to planEven though the Red Cross did allocate a large sum for the relief of thesufferers of the disaster, many people perished.

Alter: v. Syn. modify; change; convertmodify; cause to change; make different; convertIn public neither Mr. Blair's visit nor the regional summit in Nepal hasdone anything to alter India's position on dialogue with Pakistan.

Alternative: a. one of two or more things, ideas or courses of action that may be used;option; choiceElectron Instruments believed its desktop SEM was vastly superior to thenext best alternative from a Japanese competitor.

Ambiguous: a. unclear or doubtful in meaningHis ambiguous instructions misled us; we did not know which road totake.

Amend: v. Syn. correct; improvechange for the better; improve; remove faults or errorsWould McCain amend executive orders to ensure that communicationsbetween persons outside government and White House staff are disclosedto the public?

Analogy: n. Syn. similarity; parallelismsimilarity in some respects; comparison based on similarityThis analogy is almost always noted without further comment, although infact it may be taken further.

Analyse: v. resolve anything complex into its elements; separate into parts for purposeof examination of each separatelyBetter, in my opinion, to acknowledge a particular usage, investigate andanalyse it if so inclined, and move on.

Analysis: n. Syn. study; investigation




study; investigation; process of breaking down a substance into itsconstituent partsYou can read more about those studies here, and my analysis is here.

Annual: a. occurring or payable every yearIt says that the Queen's role in the annual state opening of parliamentshould be changed.

Anticipate: v. Syn. expect; predictact in advance of; deal with ahead of time; predictNature seemed to me benign and good; I thought she loved me, outcast as Iwas; and I, who from man could anticipate only mistrust, rejection, insult,clung to her with filial fondness.

apparent:a. Syn. visiblecapable of being seen, or easily seen; open to view; visible to eyeIt was apparent to all that he was guilty.

append: v. Syn. attachattach; add as supplement or appendixWhen you append a bibliography to a text, you have just created ansupplementary material.

appreciate: v. Syn. admire; valuebe thankful for; increase in worth; be thoroughly conscious ofI am truly thankful for the stocks, which would appreciate in valueconsiderably in future years.

approach: / n. Syn. access; methodaccess; methodFaced with an increasingly competitive jobs market and frequent badpublicity over pay and conditions, the army is getting ever moresophisticated and corporate in its approach to recruitment.

appropriate: v. Syn. acquire; allocateacquire; take possession of for one's own use; set apart for specific useThe ranch owners appropriate the lands that have originally been set asidefor the Indians' use.

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approximate: v. Syn. approachapproach; come nearThe conclusions of yours both approximate to the truth.

arbitrary: a. Syn. capricious; impulserandomly chosen; determined by chance or impulse, and not by reason orprincipleHe threw an arbitrary assortment of clothes into his suitcase and headedoff, not caring where he went.

area: n. plane surface, as of the floor of a room; open space in a building; theenclosed space; extent; scope; rangeHis special interest lies in the area of literature.

aspect: n. Syn. respect; facetdistinct feature or element in a problem; a way in which something can beviewed by the mindAnd I guess as his coming back, the education aspect is more on displaythan the others.

assemble: v. Syn. gatherput together; bring or call together into a group or wholeWashington announced its decision to dissolve the core group of nations,the US, India, Japan and Australia, it would assemble to deliver aid.

assess: v. Syn. estimate; judgeestimate value; judge worth of somethingThey say that they lack both the money and the resources to deployofficials across the country to assess the safety of each and every ferry.

assign: v. Syn. appoint; allotappoint; allot; make over; point out authoritatively or exactlyNever underrate the difficulties which your pupils will have to encounter,or try to persuade them that what you assign is easy.

assist: v. Syn. helpgive help or support to, especially as a subordinateA good way to assist is to bring entrepreneurial and business skills tothem.




assume: v. Syn. suppose; presumesuppose; presume; take on; bearHe looked at me long and hard: I turned my eyes from him, fixed them onthe fire, and tried to assume and maintain a quiet.

assure: v. Syn. solidify; guarantee; convincesolidify; guarantee; convinceI know it, and I don't wish to palliate them, I assure you.

attach: v. Syn. fasten; annexfasten; annex; be in contact withThe anti-nuclear campaigners used concrete blocks and chains to attachthemselves to the rails.

attain: v. Syn. gainachieve or accomplish; gainThe scarecrow sought to attain one goal: he wished to obtain a brain.

attitude: n. posture, action, or disposition of a figure or a statueOne of the major reasons for this change in attitude is that there's moremoney around.

attribute: n. Syn. traitessential quality; reputation; honorHis outstanding attribute was his kindness.

author: n. beginner, former, or first mover of anything; creator; originator; one whocomposes or writes book or composerThe mayor of the village, in delivering the prize to the author of it, made awarm speech in which he said that it was by far the most "eloquent" thinghe had ever listened to.

authority: n. Syn. jurisdiction; powerjurisdiction; power to enforce laws, exact obedience, command, determine,or judge; governmentThe laws will reinforce Australia's authority to turn boats away fromAustralia.

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automate: v. control or operate by automation; replace or enhance human labor withmachinesApplications come in every shape and form to automate tasks on thecomputer.

available: a. Syn. freeconvenient for use or disposal; not busy, free; obtainable; accessibleVaccines are available but are costly and only offer relatively short-termprotection so the animals need regular booster vaccinations.

aware: a. knowing; having knowledge or cognizanceBPA, as you're likely aware, is a chemical commonly found in plastics,food cans, and water bottles.

B.

behalf: n. Syn. representrepresent; advantage, benefit, interest of someoneAnd I'm going to work to assure that that voice that is heard on their behalfis a roar and not a whisper.

benefit: n. Syn. welfare; gainadvantage; something that aids or promotes well-being ; welfare; gainAnother benefit for business is the elimination of currency risk in the Euroarea - the possibility that you might lose money in cross border tradebecause of exchange rate movements.

bias: n. Syn. prejudice; preferencepreference or inclination, especially one that inhibits impartial judgment;influence in unfair wayNow that I can daily watch their news reports on Star Choice, I can tellyou that the bias is as deep there as anywhere.

bond: n. Syn. link; tie; connectionlink; connection; uniting force or tie; binding agreement; dutyLast year, the average short-term bond fund gained about 9%, according toMorningstar.




brief: a. short in time, duration, length, or extent; conciseWhen my brief career as a pop star ended, I found I had done fairly well.

bulk: n. Syn. majority; massmajority; main part; volume; massCanada's largest bulk food retailer, it has more than 112 stores.

C.

capable: a. Syn. competenthaving the ability required for a specific taskCanadian politicians have been in capable of ending this primitivepractice.

capacity: n. Syn. volume; ability; capabilitymental or physical ability; ability to accommodateMike had the capacity to handle several jobs at once.

category: n. Syn. groupgroup; class; collection of things sharing a common attributeRemember, all cars are priced, booked and controlled by car category, notby car maker or model.

cease: v. Syn. stop; terminatestop; terminate; put an end to; discontinueWe must not only cease from the acts of sin, but we must get the vicioushabits and inclinations weakened and destroyed.

challenge: v. assert a right; raise a formal objection; take exception toNowadays no one will challenge the fact that the earth is round.

channel: n. passage for water or other fluids to flow through; bed of a stream or river;route of communication or accessYou should take her request through official channel, there is no privateroom for her issue.

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chapter: n. division of a book or treatise; assembly of monks; bishop's council;organized branch of some societyA new chapter in a novel is something like a new scene in a play.

chart: n. Syn. graph; diagramgraph; diagram; map showing coastlines, water depths, or otherinformation of use to navigatorsA fisherman's chart may be the crucial evidence which finally help to putto rest the mystery of what happened to Roald Amundsen.

circumstance: n. Syn. situation; conditionsituation; condition; detail accompanying or surrounding an eventHer heart is broken, but then a change in circumstance forces them to betogether every day.

cite: v. Syn. quotequote; adduce as an instanceShe could cite passages in the Bible from memory.

civil: a. Syn. civichaving to do with citizens or the state; courteous and politeAlthough Internal Revenue Service agents are civil servants, they are notalways courteous to suspected tax cheats.

clarify: v. Syn. illuminate; elucidatemake clear and comprehensible; elucidateA Japanese delegation has started talks in North Korea to try to clarify thefate of at least ten Japanese citizens who were abducted by the communiststate.

classic: n. work of acknowledged excellence and authority, or its author; creation ofthe highest excellenceHis face was like a Greek face, very pure in outline: quite a straight,classic nose; quite an Athenian mouth and chin.

clause: n. Syn. sentence; phrasesentence; phrase; distinct article, stipulation, or provision in a documentCongress insisted on an exclusion clause for seventeen-year-olds.




code: n. body of law; system of rules or regulations relating to one subject; systemof symbols, letters, or wordsDo you know the postal code of this postal district?

coherent: a. Syn. adhesive; cohesiveadhesive; cohesive; sticking together ; logical; sound; capable of thinkingand expressing yourself in a clear and consistent mannerIf the EU is to form any kind of coherent common foreign policy, it needsFrance and Britain singing from the same song sheet.

coincide: v. Syn. correspondoccur at the same time as; correspondTo coincide with World AIDS Day, the World Health Organization andUN AIDS are launching a campaign to treat three million HIV sufferers bythe year 2005.

collapse: v. breakdown; failureThe streets of Baghdad are littered with putrefying mounds of rubbish thathave been accumulating since the collapse of municipal services in March,with the arrival of coalition forces.

colleague: n. Syn. associatefellow worker; associate; co-workerThe abduction of the Italians, along with one Iraqi colleague, was claimedby several organizations.

commence: v. Syn. originate; start; beginhave a beginning or origin; originate; start; beginMrs. Fairfax swallowed her breakfast and hastened away to commenceoperations.

comment: v. Syn. remark; judgmentexpress an opinion; remarkShe refused to comment about David Beckham's eye injury.

commission: n. fee for services; group of people appointed to find out about something;

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authorizeChina has hit back, its foreign ministry urging the Congressionalcommission to wipe out its prejudice, respect the truth.

commit: v. do something that cannot be changed; cause to be admittedAnd small bands of extremists may again commit heinous crimes in thename of faith.

commodity: n. Syn. goodsgoods; article of trade; advantage; benefit.While some world stock and commodity markets show signs of calmingdown, China is usually an exception.

communicate: v. Syn. convey; inform; correspondsend information about; make known; impart; reveal clearlyWell, it came to me that the best way to communicate is to have direct,personal contact with people.

community: n. Syn. society; districtsociety; a group of people living in the same locality and under the samegovernmentWhere governments manage public life, human freedom in community iscompromised.

compatible: a. Syn. harmoniousharmonious; having similar disposition and tastesThey were compatible neighbors, never quarreling over unimportantmatters.

compensate: v. Syn. make up; reimbursemake amends for; reimburseHe said improved trade would compensate for the jobs lost to competitionfrom India's world beating out-sourcing and computer software industries.

compile: v. Syn. assemble; gather; accumulateput together or compose from materials gathered from several sourcesWe planned to compile a list of the words most frequently used on theseexaminations.




complement: v. Syn. complete; consummatecomplete; consummate; make perfectThe waiter recommended a glass of port to complement the cheese.

complex: a. Syn. intricate; compoundcomplicated in structure; a whole structure, as a building, made up ofinterconnected or related structuresPrescott's speech comes as ministers from around the world struggle toovercome complex arguments about how the Kyoto agreement on cuttinggreenhouse gas emissions should work.

component: n. Syn. element; ingredientelement; ingredient; abstract part of somethingI wish this component like all others of my stereo system is working at thesame time.

compound: v. Syn. combine; constitutecombine; mix; constitute; pay interest; increaseThe makers compound the ingredients by design.

comprehensive: a. Syn. thorough; inclusivethorough; including all or everything; broad in scopeMr. Skubel has since completed what he describes as a comprehensivetwo-week training program and is now setting up his franchise in hishometown.

comprise: v. Syn. includeinclude; consist of; be composed ofIf the District of Columbia were to be granted statehood, the United Statesof America would comprise fifty-one states, not just fifty.

compute: v. Syn. reckon; calculatereckon; make mathematical calculationHe failed to compute the interest, so his bank balance was not accurate.

conceive: v. Syn. design; considerform or develop in the mind; devise; become pregnant with; begin ororiginate in a specific wayI asked was it a mere nervous impression--a delusion? I could not conceiveor believe: it was more like an inspiration.

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concentrate: v. bring to or direct toward a common center; unite more closely; gather intoone bodyI was now able to concentrate my attention on the group by the fire.

concept: n. Syn. notion; ideasomething formed in the mind; thought or notionThe local chain concept is simple: identify your customer, cater to theirtastes and once successful, expand within a neighborhood.

conclude: v. Syn. deduce; inferenclose; reach as an end of reasoning; make final determination ; judge ordecide; bring to an endFrom his appearance we may safely conclude that he is a smoker.

concurrent: a. Syn. simultaneous; coincidentsimultaneous; coincident; occurring or operating at the same timeThe Winter War fought between Finland and the Soviet Union, was aconcurrent war to World War II, and thus is covered in its own mainarticle.

conduct: v. Syn. accompany; directdirect the course of; manage or control; lead or guideYou cannot conduct business like this.

confer: v. bestow; present; have a conference in order to talk something over The sternest-seeming stoic is human after all; and to "burst" with boldnessand good-will into "the silent sea" of their souls is often to confer on themthe first of obligations.

confine: v. Syn. limit; circumscriberestrict in movement; circumscribeYou may take the maniac with you to England; confine her with dueattendance and precautions at Thornfield.

confirm: v. Syn. verify; corroboratesupport or establish the certainty or validity of; verify




In the aftermath of Saturday's mass poisoning, the authorities imposed avirtual news blackout, refusing even to confirm how many people haddied.

conflict: n. Syn. fight; strugglefight; struggle; incompatibility of dates or eventsMalnutrition rates have now been cut by half since the start of the conflict,according to the United Nations.

conform: v. comply with; follow; fit; meetWhy, in defiance of every precept and principle of this house, does sheconform to the world so openly--here in an evangelical, charitableestablishment--as to wear her hair one mass of curls?

consent: v. Syn. accord; concur; allowagree in opinion or sentiment; be of the same mind; accord; concur; allow"And will you consent to dispense with a great many conventional formsand phrases, without thinking that the omission arises from insolence?"

consequent: a. Syn. resultingresulting; following as a logical conclusionHis retirement and consequent spare time enabled him to travel more.

considerable: a. Syn. significantworthy of consideration; large in amount, extent, or degreeThe Tigers are insisting on an interim administration for the north east ofthe island, giving them considerable powers.

consist: v. stand firm; be in a fixed or permanent state; be supported and maintainedIf his notions of hidden treasure had been analyzed, they would have beenfound to consist of a handful of real dimes and a bushel of vague, splendid,ungraspable dollars.

constant: a. Syn. invariable; repeatinginvariable; repeating; continually occurring; persistentYemen's state news agency says the president visited the three woundedofficials at the Saudi hospital, and expressed happiness about constantprogress in their health.

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constitute: v. Syn. formmake up; form something"I never did see the beat of that boy!" She went to the open door and stoodin it and looked out among the tomato vines that would constitute thegarden.

constrain: v. Syn. restrain; confinerestrain; keep within close bounds; confineHis idea is to constrain commercial banks' lending.

construct: v. Syn. erect; buildform by assembling or combining parts; build; createAfter all, perhaps there were different ways to construct machines thatwould have different properties.

consult: v. seek advice or information of; take into account; considerI will consult with our friends, but it's going to be what's in the interests ofour country first and foremost.

consume: v. Syn. devour; eatdevour; eatIt is particularly an issue for those that have made large strides in industrialdevelopment, the sector of the economy that tends to consume the mostenergy.

contact: v. get in touch with; reachBut Britney, 21, says he called her at two of her homes, and even tried tocontact her at her parents' house.

contemporary: a. modern; belonging to the same period of timeThe Danes have now taken the top drama award at the Emmys for threeout of the past four years with contemporary drama set in Denmark.

context: n. Syn. circumstance; settingcircumstanceLast week the Italian Prime Minister apologized to parliament in Rome for




his alleged remarks about the superiority of western culture over that ofIslam, claiming his words had been taken out of context.

contract: v. Syn. shrink; constrictconstrict; make smaller; compress or concentrateThe heat will contract the woollen garment.

contradict: v. Syn. confront; opposeconfront; opposeNow act as you please: write and contradict my assertion--expose myfalsehood as soon as you like.

contrary: a. Syn. oppositerelation of direct opposition; very opposed in nature or character orpurposeOur boat took a course contrary to theirs.

contrast: n. act of distinguishing by comparing differencesIn contrast, the Prime Minister's aides are preparing his defense, sayingthat at the time, the entire cabinet backed the move to war, and that he'swilling to implement all the committee's recommendations.

contribute: v. provide; bestow a quality on Throughout the developed world, many companies provide a fund, whichthey and their staff contribute to, which is then invested in shares, bondsand other assets.

controversy: n. Syn. contention; argumentcontentious speech act; argumentInformation minister Jerry Gana released a statement in which he saysthere has been an international media conspiracy against Nigeria, tohighlight the controversy surrounding the beauty pageant and fanning theflames of violence.

convene: v. Syn. assemblecause to come together formallySix days 'public notice must be given when announcing HTA meetingschedules, meaning the earliest the board can next convene is July 24.

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converse: v. Syn. chatchat; talk informally; engage in a spoken exchange of thoughtsEva is all ears while Lulu and Lola converse.

convert: n. Syn. transformchange something into another form; transformHowever, he suggests that this only be done if the convert is also willinglyaccepted into his position by the community.

convince: v. overpower; force to yield assent to truth; satisfy by proof; prove guiltyYour argument is too weak to convince me; we need more evidence.

cooperate: v. Syn. collaboratework or act together toward a common end or purposeThe best way to get Pakistan to cooperate is to find the reasons why it is sokeen to retain influence in Afghanistan and try to meet its concerns.

coordinate: v. Syn. integrate; harmonizebring order and organization to; harmonizeThe second way of specifying star positions is the equatorial coordinatesystem.

core: n. Syn. center; essencebasic, center, or most important part; essenceBut at the core is a story about two men who can't let go of the sense thatthey are dreaming their way through what might be an ultimatelymeaningless life.

corporate: a. united or combined into one body; collective; belonging to corporation orincorporated bodyThe demonstrators inspired thousands of allies to take to the streets toprotest economic inequality and corporate greed.

correspond: v. be compatible, similar or consistent; exchange messagesMy Russian pen pal and I correspond for several years.




couple: n. Syn. paira male and female associated together; a pair who associate with oneanotherHe catched amarried couple from Chicago.

create: v. make or cause to be or to become; invest with a new thingHe plans to create a new company next year.

credit: n. Syn. reputation; prestigearrangement for deferred payment for goods and services; money availablefor a client to borrowThe proposed treaty would give credit to peasant farmers who developedthe crops in the first place.

criteria: n. standard, rule, or test on which a judgment or decision can be basedThis spring, the health department established a set of criteria for suchclinics, including an offer of primary-care appointments within 24 hours offirst contact.

crucial: a. of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis; of the greatestimportanceThe meeting of today is the crucial moment in his career.

culture: n. Syn. civilizationall the knowledge and values shared by a society ; foster; raising of plantsor animalsLast week the Italian Prime Minister apologised to parliament in Rome forhis alleged remarks about the superiority of western culture over that ofIslam, claiming his words had been taken out of context.

currency: n. Syn. moneymoney; general acceptance or useIt now ranks along with oil and tourism as Mexico's biggest foreigncurrency earner.

cycle: n. periodically repeated sequence of events; long period of time; entire round

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in a circle or a spireDo they not understand that the spin cycle is an important part of thewashing machine?

D.

data: n. collection of facts, observations, or other information related to a particularquestion or problemNow that data is required from around the world, the IEA must obtainthem from a wide variety of sources.

Debate: n. Syn. argumentdiscussion; dispute; discussion involving opposing pointsRobert Potts, who recently retired as chancellor at Arkansas StateUniversity, witnessed the nickname debate in two states.

decade: n. a group or division of ten, especially a period of ten yearsOnly very, very rarely does someone so far out of the political swim asJerry Brown, who last held political office almost a decade ago, manage towin the presidential nomination of a major party.

decline: n. Syn. deterioration; decaychange toward something smaller or lower ; gradual falling off from abetter stateDustan has a record of switching sides when convenient, and there aremany Taliban supporters who would do likewise if the fortunes of thepuritan militia are on the decline.

deduce: v. lead forth; reach a conclusion by reasoning; trace the origin or derivationofOur investor and our employee deduce from the figures that the reportshows that the Company handled a lot of money during the year, and madea bigger profit than ever before.

define: v. determine the nature of; give a definition; describe the nature or basic




qualities of; explainThat argument may define the political parties and help shape the 2012elections.

definite: a. Syn. fixed; exactfixed; exact; having distinct limitsHe introduced the closed circuit of oscillation into wireless telegraphy, andwas one of the first to send electric waves in definite directions.

demonstrate: v. Syn. show; confirm; prove; manifestshow clearly and deliberately; manifest; confirm; proveAfter a series of drug scandals, this was Major League Baseball's chance todemonstrate its determination to crack down on the cheats.

denote: v. Syn. signify; indicate; showindicate; signify directly; refer to specificallyThe word “sex” is simply that—a word to denote whether a person is maleor female.

deny: v. Syn. disagree; disavowdisagree with; refuse; declare untrueWhat I do deny is that we have been inconsistent with respect to our viewof the Constitution

depress: v. Syn. lowerlower in spirits; press downThere are hopes that this could help to revive the internet and technologysector which has shown to depress since the dotcom crash of 2000.

derive: v. Syn. obtain; extractobtain or receive from a source; trace the origin or development ofFor I knew Diana and Mary would derive more pleasure from seeing againthe old homely tables than from the spectacle of the smartest innovations.

design: n. Syn. deviseact of working out the form of something; creation of something in themind; formulate a plan forHe is hired to design a marketing strategy for the new product.

despite: n.

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lack of respect accompanied by a feeling of intense dislike; disdain,contemptuous feelings, hatredHe didn't hide his despite in the party because he believed the hostcheated.

detect: v. Syn. feel; discover the presence of; discern; sense; identifyfeel; discover the presence of; identifyThey won't detect prescription drugs or medication such as cold or flutablets.

deviate: v. Syn. depart; divergeturn away from a principle, norm; depart; divergeRichard did not deviate from his daily routine: every day he set off forwork at eight o'clock, had his sack lunch at 12:15, and headed home at thestroke of five.

device: n. Syn. instrumenttechnique or means; instrument; machine used to perform one or morerelatively simple tasksAnti-gravity device could change air travel.

devote: v. Syn. dedicate; contributededicate; contributeThose who trade them hunt out the fiercest insects and devote many hoursto training them.

differentiate: v. Syn. distinguish; discriminateset apart; distinguish; perceive or show difference in or betweenYou can differentiate car parts by using different color markers; maybeyou use one color for the left side and another for the right.

dimension: n. Syn. measure; sizemeasure of spatial extent, especially width, height, or length; size; aspect;elementDescribing time as a dimension is a natural assumption.

diminish: v. Syn. dwindle; reduce; decreasedwindle; reduce; make smaller or less or to cause to appear soThe only way to diminish mistakes is to bring competitors into the game.




discrete: a. Syn. separate; distinctseparate; consisting of unconnected distinct partsThe universe is composed of discrete bodies.

discriminate: v. make a clear distinction; distinguish; make sensible decisions; judgewiselyIt's not just a notion when 46 states can still discriminate against same-sexcouples getting married.

displace: v. Syn. move; replace; substitutemove or shift from the usual place or position, especially to force to leavea homelandThis war will displace lots of refugees from their villages.

display: v. Syn. exhibit; present; showexhibit; present or hold up to view; show; demonstrate; give evidence of;manifestThe airport authorities decided to remove all Christmas trees because aJewish rabbi threatened to sue them if they didn't also display a menorah.

dispose: v. get rid of; settle or decide a matter; place or set in a particular order;arrangeDo not use them to dispose of household trash.

distinct: a. Syn. definite; separate; differentdefinite; separate; differentThe UN has always been at pains to say that its role in occupied Iraq isdistinct from that of the US-led forces, and many ordinary Iraqisappreciated that the primary UN role was humanitarian.

distort: v. Syn. deform; twisttwist out of proper or natural relation of parts; misshape; misrepresentIt is difficult to believe the newspaper accounts of the riots because of theway some reporters distort and exaggerate the actual events.

distribute: v. Syn. disseminate; allocatehand out; disseminate; allocateThey are planning to buy some main firms that distribute gas to European

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consumers.

diverse: a. Syn. variousdiffering in some characteristics; variousThe professor suggested diverse ways of approaching the assignment andrecommended that we choose one of them.

document: v. Syn. recordprovide written evidence; record in detailShe kept all the receipts from her business trip in order to document herexpenses for the firm.

domain: n. Syn. fieldfield; territory over which rule or control is exercised; networkedcomputers that share a common addressOur cat knows who the queen of the domain is.

domestic: a. Syn. house-hold; tamehouse-hold; of or relating to the home ; within the country or homeOnly a substantial increase in the price of domestic fuel will make localrefineries more profitable.

dominate: v. Syn. monopolize; command; rulemonopolize; command; rule; prevail; be prevalent inPeople tend to have one side of their brain dominate their thought patterns.

draft: n. Syn. sketchrough outline; draw up an outline; sketchNow governments are re-writing the EU's governing treaty and the draftversion is considered by the EU's leaders in Brussels.

drama: n. Syn. playplay; literary work intended for theaterThe Danes have now taken the top drama award at the Emmys for threeout of the past four years.

duration: n. Syn. length; periodlength of time something lastsBecause she wanted the children to make a good impression on the dinnerguests, Mother promised them a treat if they'd behave for the duration of




the meal.

dynamic: a. Syn. energeticenergetic; vigorously activeThe dynamic aerobics instructor kept her students on the run.

E.

economy: n. efficient use of resources; reduction in cost; specific type of economicsystemThe tribe's main economy is primitive agriculture and its wealth issometimes counted in people as well as animals.

edit: v. revise and prepare for publication; select, correct, arrange matter of, forpublicationIn word processing, the ability to define information so as to move it fromone point to another within a text element or into another text element, orto edit it.

element: n. Syn. componentfundamental or essential constituent of a composite entity; basicassumptions or principles of a subjectThere's always an element of danger in mountain climbing.

eliminate: v. Syn. eradicate; abolisheradicate; abolish; rule outSo the EU’s offer to eliminate the subsidy was almost universallywelcomed.

emerge: v. Syn. appearcome into prominence; spring up; appearNew cases continue to emerge on an almost daily basis.

emphasis: n. special attention or effort directed toward something; stressThey also said that there was too much emphasis placed on protecting theliberty of individuals at the expense of broader social justice.

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empirical: a. derived from experiment and observation rather than theoryHe distrusted hunches and intuitive flashes; he placed his reliance entirelyon empirical data.

enable: v. supply with the means, knowledge, or opportunity; make able; makefeasible or possibleAnd the time will come with we shall have become so unfit that nothingwe can do will enable us to survive.

encounter: v. Syn. face; confront; meetface; confront; meet, especially unexpectedly; come uponEven children who can swim are at risk as they often move too far awayfrom their families and then encounter difficulties getting back to dry land.

energy: n. Syn. vigor; powerexertion of force; capacity for work or vigorous activity; usable heat orpowerEach year Americans consume a high percentage of the world's energy.

enforce: v. Syn. force; constrain; compelput force upon; force; constrain; compel; put in motion or action byviolenceCan the police enforce the same rule to avoid another Rodney Kingincident?

enhance: v. Syn. increase; improvemake better or more attractive; increase; improveThis sauce will enhance the flavor of the meat.

enormous: a. Syn. tremendous; huge; massivevery great in size, extent, number, or degrees; huge; massiveAn enormous puppy was looking down at her with large round eyes, andfeebly stretching out one paw, trying to touch her.

ensure: v. make sure or certain; insure; assureFor example, to ensure data security, a publicly held company will need to




control who has access to financial records.

entity: n. real being; something that exists as a particular and discrete unit; fact ofexistencePersons and corporations are equivalent entity under the law.

environment: n. Syn. circumstancesurroundings; totality of surrounding conditionsWe shall never understand the natural environment until we see it as aliving organism.

equate: v. make equal or equivalent; reduce to a standard or an average; equalizeMost Americans equate success with wealth and fame.

equip: v. supply with necessities such as tools or provisions; furnish with thequalities necessary for performanceEscort ships are also the only ships on which you can equip cannons.

equivalent: a. Syn. interchangeable; comparable; tantamountinterchangeable; comparable; equal, as in value, force, or meaningThe Clinton campaign has raised more money in the first three monthsthan all nine Democratic candidates in the equivalent period for the 2004election.

erode: v. Syn. corrodeeat away; wear away by abrasion; become wornThe film shows how dripping water to erode the limestone until only a thinshell remained.

establish: v. set up or found; buildHis first novel did not establish his fame as a writer, but second one did.

estate: n. Syn. propertyextensive landed property; everything you own; all of your assetsJackson's estate is also subject to federal inheritance taxes.

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estimate: v. Syn. assess; appraise; evaluatejudge to be probable; form an opinion about; evaluateThe insurance industry is well prepared to estimate of the loss it willsuffer.

ethic: n. a set of principles of right conduct; theory or a system of moral valuesDo these clowns want us to emulate the Japanese "work until you die"ethic?

ethnic: a. Syn. racialrelating to races; group of people sharing common racial, national, orreligious heritageBut guess why they stay home and suppress what they call ethnic unrest?

evaluate: v. Syn. judge; appraise; estimatejudge; examine and judge carefully; appraiseThey saw several oil slicks but could not evaluate their size.

eventual: a. Syn. ultimate; final; inevitableultimate; occurring at an unspecified time in the futureOne of Mr. Barak's legacies is that more Israelis now know that aneventual peace agreement with the Palestinians will have to involve a dealon Jerusalem.

evident: a. Syn. obvious; apparent; cleareasily seen or understood; obvious; apparent; clearHe was lying on his left side at the time, and in evident pain.

evolve: v. Syn. develop; growdevelop; growThey want to evolve a joint strategy for the next round of WTO relatedtrade negotiations scheduled to be held in Geneva in mid December.

exceed: v. go beyond; be or do something to a greater degreeThis will exceed all my expectations.




exclude: v. leave out of; keep out of; rejectA decision to exclude a third of the countries on that initial list would becontroversial, as debt cancellation is a key element to alleviate globalpoverty.

exhibit: v. Syn. display; showshow, make visible or apparentThe Metropolitan Museum plans to exhibit Goya's works this month.

expand: v. Syn. dilate; extendbecome larger in size or volume; grow stronger; add detailsChina wants to learn from India's success in IT and expand internationaloutsourcing, such as call centers, a booming sector in India.

expert: n. person with a high degree of skill in or knowledge of a certain subjectIf this expert is as good as Foote says, he can tie up the process for a longtime.

explicit: a. Syn. definite; outspokenprecisely and clearly expressed; definite; outspokenDon't just hint around that you're dissatisfied: be explicit about what'sbugging you.

exploit: v. make use of, sometimes unjustlyCesar Chavez fought attempts to exploit migrant farm workers inCalifornia.

export: v. sell or transfer abroad They impose limits on how much developing nations can export to richcountries.

expose: v. Syn. exhibit; show; displayset forth; set out to public viewIt will once again expose their intent to prevent an agenda that peopleclearly want.

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external: a. Syn. exterior; outerexterior; outer; suitable for application to the outsideThere is, said the external relations commissioner, a lot of broken crockeryon the floor, and we're going to have to work hard to put the piecestogether again.

extract: v. Syn. derive; remove; squeezedraw or pull out, usually with some force or effort; remove; get despitedifficulties or obstaclesHe is not planning to expel foreign companies as he needs their expertiseand technology to extract and upgrade Venezuela's heavy crude.

F.

facilitate: v. Syn. promote; expeditehelp bring about; make less difficultRest and proper nourishment should facilitate the patient's recovery.

factor: n. Syn. variable; element; componentanything that contributes causally to a result; element; variableThe Federation warns that unless the world's population acts now to eat ahealthier diet and to take more exercise, obesity will rapidly overtakesmoking as the leading lifestyle risk factor for heart disease and strokes.

feature: n. prominent aspect of somethingNo feature in the scene was extraordinary, but all was pleasing.

federal: a. of or relating to central government; nationalThe new president has to face current and long term federal deficits.

fee: v. give a tip beyond the agreed-on compensationPlease remember to fee the steward.

file: v. line; proceed in lineThe students file into the classroom.




final: a. Syn. lastforming or occurring at the end; terminating; ultimate; conclusiveThe game is now in its final stages, I can see its result already.

finance: n. Syn. fundmanagement of money and credit and banking and investments;subsidizing; fundMr. Brown's views on economic matters are pretty well established andinternationally he's known among finance ministers for his grasp of detail.

finite: a. having a limit; limited in quantity, degree, or capacity; boundedBy the way, it's wrong to think a single individual can overtake apopulation of size infinity in finite time.

flexible: a. Syn. pliant; elastic; docilepliant; elastic; capable of being bent or flexed; pliableThe way of life is very beautiful for those people, who work from home,enjoys having less pressure and they can work in flexible hours at theirown convenience.

fluctuate: v. Syn. waver; shiftrise and fall in or as if in waves; shift; vary irregularlyThe water pressure in our shower does fluctuate wildly.

focus: n. most important thing; a fixed reference point; center of interest or activityWho is responsible and who coordinates the attack is now the focus ofdiscussion.

format: v. Syn. pattern; designpattern; design; set into a specific patternPlease format this letter so it can be printed out.

formula: n. plan; directions for making something; a group of symbols that make amathematical statementHe gave us a general formula for attacking polynomials.

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forthcoming: a. ready or about to appear; making appearanceThe forthcoming talks hold out the hope of real arms reductions.

foundation: n. basis on which something is groundedThere is little foundation for his objections, nobody follow him.

framework: n. Syn. structure; skeletonfundamental structure, as for a written work; skeletonIf they're given a draft framework for such a body, the rebels say they arewilling to resume negotiations.

function: n. act of executing or performing any duty; assigned duty or activityThe function of an adjective is to describe or add to the meaning of a noun.

fund: n. Syn. money; capitalmoney; capital; a reserve of money set aside for some purpose; finance;subsidizeAn activist from Burundi lambasted the world's richer nations for notputting money into the global fund to fight AIDS.

fundamental: a. Syn. primary; essentialrelating to foundation or base; elementary; primary; essentialEl Niao is a natural phenomenon, but some are worried that climatechange could now be altering the cycle in fundamental ways.

furthermore: ad. in addition; moreoverThe guy was about forty, Reacher guessed, and furthermore Reacherguessed he had gotten to be about forty by staying relentlessly aware ofeverything that was happening around him.

G.

gender: n. sexual identity, especially in relation to society or culture; categoryNew reforms are largely uncontroversial, such as gender equality measures




and improved rights of privacy.

generate: v. Syn. cause; produce; createbring into being; give rise to; produceTheir primary concern is not the health of the American people it is tomaximize the revenue they can generate from the American people.

generation: n. all offspring at same stage from common ancestor; interval of timebetween the birth of parents and their offspringThey lived a long time, their generation is 100 years to us.

globe: n. body with the shape of a sphere, especially a representation of the earth inthe form of a hollow ballThrow in the explosion of broadband over the past decade connectingpeople around the globe and small cities look more attractive than ever.

goal: n. Syn. end; objective; aimend; objective; final purpose or aimMy goal, said one, is to share this knowledge with other Afghans,especially Afghan women.

grade: n. Syn. rankstep or degree in any series, rank, quality, order; relative position orstandingHe's not in the first grade as a musician, why do you want to learn pianofrom him?

grant: v. allow to have; give on the basis of merit; be willing to concedeI grant the genius of your plan, but you still will not find backers.

guarantee: n. Syn. assure; ensurepledge that something will happen or that something is trueIf it has decided to build a stockpile of nuclear weapons as the bestguarantee of its security, then a more dangerous confrontation will beunavoidable.

guideline: n.

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statement or other indication of policy; light line, used in lettering, to helpalign the textA good guideline is to post enough to keep your page fresh, but there issuch a thing as overkill!

H.

hence: ad. from this place; from this time; from this reason; as an inference ordeductionWe have no chance to meet each other a week hence.

hierarchy: n. Syn. class; orderarrangement by rank or standing; series in which each element is graded orrankedTo be low man on the totem pole is to have an inferior place in thehierarchy.

highlight: v. Syn. emphasize; stressmake prominent; emphasize; stressHe said it was time to highlight the danger of the possibility of smallerradioactive sources falling into the hands of terrorists.

hypothesis: n. Syn. assumption; theoryassumption; theoryA hypothesis is a tentative statement that proposes a possible.

I.

identical: a. Syn. duplicate; alikeduplicate; alike; being the exact same oneThis is the identical room we stayed in before.

identify: v. Syn. detect; spot; find out; discoverdetect; find out; discoverTogether they intercept millions of telephone calls, emails and faxes, andwith special software, searching for key words and numbers, attempt toidentify threats from terrorists, arms proliferators and so on.




ideology: n. Syn. belief; idea; philosophystudy of origin and nature of ideasFor people who had grown up believing in the communist ideology, it washard to adjust to capitalism.

ignorant: a. Syn. unlearned; uneducated; unawarelacking education or knowledge; unawareAnd what an ignorant little girl she'll think me for asking!

illustrate: v. Syn. represent; demonstrate; depictrepresent; demonstrate; depict; clarify, as by use of examples orcomparisonsThe editor will illustrate the definition with an example sentence.

image: n. Syn. picture; figurevisual representation; representation of a personThe emperor's tomb had his image carved in stone.

immigrate: v. move into another country to stay there permanentlyAmnesty is not deserved for those in the country illegally, though the costto immigrate legally also needs to be lowered.

impact: n. Syn. influence; effectforceful consequence; strong effect; influencing stronglyIt's hard to characterize the cultural effects, although easier to the vitaleconomic impact on China's neighbors.

implement: v. Syn. execute; performput into effect; supply with toolsThe mayor was unwilling to implement the plan until she was sure it hadthe governor's backing.

implicate:v. Syn. incriminateincriminate; involve or imply as necessary accompaniment or resultThe suspicions again implicate high government officials to the pointwhere 911 could well have been an inside job.

implicit: a. Syn. implied; suggested

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implied or understood though not directly expressedJack never told Jill he adored her; he believed his love was implicit in hisactions.

imply: v. Syn. signifyexpress or indicate indirectly; signifyWhy does the word imply male siblings and not female as well?

impose: v. Syn. demand; force; inflictdemand; force; compel to behave in a certain wayIn the past the courts have treated similar cases with great leniency butthere's been growing pressure from the government and the public toimpose stiffer penalties.

incentive: n. Syn. spur; motivesomething, such as the fear of punishment or the expectation of rewardAnother incentive is the tax and duty-free importation of raw materials tobe used for book publishing.

incidence: n. Syn. occurrencerate of occurrence; particular occurrenceThe highest incidence is found in Britain, Australia and Belgium: 30 per1,000,000 per year.

incline: n. Syn. slope; slantcause to lean, slant, or slope; deviate from the horizontal or verticalThe architect recommended that the nursing home's ramp be rebuiltbecause its incline was too steep for wheelchairs.

income: n. gain from labor, business, property, or capitalI can never do that again, two-thirds of my income goes in paying theinterest of mortgages.

incorporate: v. Syn. combine; unitecombine something into a larger whole; uniteI will provide the template for the website but will need someone inincorporate the matrix along with the members area and a few otheraspects to go along with the members area.




index: n. anything which shows, indicates, manifests, or discloses; prologueindicating what follows; second digitDo you know the price index in the city?

indicate: v. Syn. show; reflect; evidence; imply; suggestpoint out; direct to a knowledge ofResearchers indicate that men find it easier to give up smoking thanwomen.

individual: n. single person or thing; human regarded as a unique personalityIf this individual is to be the leader of this country, she will lead us to totaldefeat.

induce: v. Syn. persuadepersuade; bring about; reason or establish by inductionHe was as a dog that had been terribly scorched, and nothing would againinduce him to go near the fire.

inevitable: a. Syn. unavoidableunavoidable; incapable of being avoided or preventedThough taxes are supposedly inevitable, some people avoid paying taxesfor years.

infer: v. Syn. deduce; concludededuce; conclude from evidence or premises; lead to as a consequence orconclusionFrom the students' glazed looks, it was easy for me to infer that they werebored out of their minds.

infrastructure: n. underlying base or foundation especially for an organization or systemMexican federal aviation officials have indicated a substantial investmentin infrastructure is needed for the airline to comply and be viable.

inherent: a. Syn. intrinsic; naturalfirmly established by nature or habitEach branch of the federal government has certain inherent powers.

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inhibit: v. Syn. restrain; preventrestrain; prevent or forbid; hold backOnly two things inhibit him from taking a punch at Mike Tyson: Tyson'sleft hook, and Tyson's right jab.

initial: a. Syn. preliminaryearly; preliminary; occurring at the beginningAn initial study will look at the terrorist threat to peace-keeping forces inthe Balkans.

initiate: v. Syn. begin; originatebegin; originate; admit into membershipThe college is about to initiate a program in reducing math anxiety amongstudents.

injure: v. do harm to; inflict damage; do injustice toGenerally people who injure limbs have bad arthritis as they mature.

innovate: v. change or alter by bringing in something newFor many in our industry, the capacity to innovate is closely tied todeveloping human resources.

insert: v. Syn. input; enterinput; enter; put or set into, between, or amongThe proposal for genetic modification involves to insert a fluorescentprotein into the virus.

insight: n. Syn. understandingunderstanding; grasping the inner nature of things intuitivelyThis insight is then applied to three prominent proposals.

inspect: v. Syn. examinelook over; examine carefully and critically, especially for flawsPlease inspect your father's letter carefully.

instance: n. Syn. exampleexample that is cited to prove a contention or illustrate a point; case oroccurrence




The framework applies equally to all ecosystems and in this instance isadapted for wetlands.

institute: n. advance or set forth in court; association organized to promote art orscience or educationThe institute for biomedical research is a non-profit, independent researchand educational organization known as a world leader in its field.

instruct: v. Syn. teachteach; make aware ofShe had to instruct the students to work on their pronunciation.

integral: a. Syn. complete; entireessential or necessary for completeness; entireDespite the ratings agencies' spectacular failures during the recent crisis,their assessments remain integral to the structure of the financial system.

integrate: v. Syn. combinemake whole; combine; make into one unitShe tried to integrate all their activities into one program.

integrity: n. Syn. uprightness; wholenessquality or condition of being whole or undivided; completenessProtecting global supply chain integrity is of the utmost importance formanufacturers.

intelligence: n. ability to comprehend; understand and profit from experience; intellect;power of cognitionMore than half the variance between people in intelligence is also genetic,Mr. Shane reports, adding that smarter people "tend to be less satisfiedwith their jobs."

intense: a. Syn. extreme; acuteextreme; acute; in an extreme degreeThe Israeli and Palestinian girls engage in intense discussions and heatedarguments.

interact: v. Syn. interplay

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interplay; act together or towards others or withOnly two months ago, there was much criticism of the founders whoorganized the floatation and continued to interact with Wall Street.

intermediate: a. middle; lying between two extremesThey are all from sitting to standing without intermediate pushes with thehands.

internal: a. Syn. inside; interiorinside; interior; located within the limits or surfaceAn internal audit led to Julie Wall's downfall and her vast collection hasnow been auctioned to pay back some of what she owes.

interpret: v. explain or tell the meaning of; translate orally; decipherWhen data is kept under lock and key, as mysterious as a temple secret,only the priests can read and interpret it.

interpretation: n. Syn. explanationexplanation; performer's distinctive personal version of a song, dance,piece of musicGeneral Kazantsev said the interpretation of the leaflets air-dropped onGrozny on Monday, telling civilians to leave or face destruction, was allwrong.

interval: n. Syn. pause; breakpause; break; space between two objects, points, or unitsThe first week, it spouted every five hours, but recently the interval iseight hours.

intervene: v. get involved; come, appear, or lie between two thingsAnd therefore, the place to intervene is to slow down the number ofchildren who begin smoking.

intrinsic: a. Syn. essential; inherentrelating to essential nature of a thing; inherent; built-inAlthough my grandmother's china has little intrinsic value, I shall alwayscherish it for the memories it evokes.




invest: v. put clothe on, as with office or authority; place in possession of rank,dignity, or estate; endow; lay out money or capital in businessYou had better let me invest it along with your six thousand, because ifyou take it you'll spend it.

investigate: v. Syn. explore; research; surveyexplore; observe or inquire into in detail; examine systematicallyNASA has launched its Contour spacecraft, one of a series of missionsdesigned to investigate comets.

invoke: v. call upon; ask for; request earnestlyI again invoke the cooperation of the executive and legislative authoritiesof the States in this great purpose.

involve: v. wind round; connect with something; include necessarily; engagethoroughlyHow should we involve ourselves in school life?

isolate: v. Syn. seclude; separateseclude; set apart or cut off from othersThat research will isolate a large number of antibodies from humans andanimals.

issue: n. Syn. subject; topic; problemsubject; topic; problem; edition; publication; release; publishThe issue could be settled by requiring public education for everyone.

item: n. a whole individual unit; a distinct part that can be specified separately in agroupHe noticed an item in the New York Times that reported his hometown.

J.

journal: n. Syn. magazine; periodical

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magazine; periodical; log; diary; a ledger in which transactions have beenrecorded as they occurredPublished twice yearly, the journal is an open access, online publication.

justify: v. Syn. vindicate; defendadjust the spaces between words; show to be reasonable; explain, clearaway"And old Madam Reed, or the Misses, her daughters, will be solicited byyou to seek a place, I suppose?" "No, sir; I am not on such terms with myrelatives as would justify me in asking favours of them--but I shalladvertise."

L.

label: n. paper affixed to anything by inscription; slip of ribbon, parchment; writingannexed by way of additionThere was no label this time with the words "DRINK ME," butnevertheless she uncorked it and put it to her lips.

labour: n. effort expended on particular task; act of mother giving birth; time periodduring which mother gives birthWhen Lisa went into labour, her doctor was not around, she says.

layer: n. Syn. tier; stratumtier; a relatively thin sheet like expanse or region lying over or underanotherThe layer of thick smoke now covering all of southern California,thousands of firefighters are still struggling to contain ten separate blazes.

lecture: n. teaching by giving a discourse on some subject; speech that is open to thepublicThe students could not follow the lecture on modern chemistry.




legal: a. created by, permitted by law; according to the law of worksI could not rid myself of it by any legal proceedings: for the doctors nowdiscovered that my wife was mad.

legislate: v. make laws; create or pass lawsHe did his best to legislate from the bench and we'll be living with hisopinions for the rest of our lives.

levy: v. Syn. impose; collectimpose fine or tax; collect paymentCrying "No taxation without representation," the colonists demonstratedagainst England's power to levy taxes.

liberal: a. Syn. tolerantopen-minded; tolerant; broad-mindedness; having political views favoringreform and progressHis views may be not agreeable to the liberal political mainstream.

likewise: ad. Syn. similarlysimilarly; as well; tooDostam has a record of switching sides when convenient, and there aremany supporters who would do likewise.

link: v. be or become joined or united; connect, fasten, or put together two or morepiecesAfter a whole day shopping, the travelers will link up again at the airport.

locate: v. Syn. find; monitor; settlefind; monitor; settle; determine or specify the position or limits oIt will also develop techniques to locate and tap underground waterreservoirs.

logic: n. reasoned and reasonable judgment; a system of reasoningYour paper lacks the logic to prove your thesis.

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M.

maintain: v. Syn. support; sustainkeep in any particular state or condition; keep up or carry on; continueWhat we are actually trying to maintain is never ending growth.

major: a. greater in number, quantity, or extent; more importantWe have met with major problems in the project and they will beaddressed as schedule.

manipulate: v. Syn. maneuver; controloperate with one's hands; control or play upon people, forces artfullyMeanwhile, greed and vanity, using lies and fear, will once againmanipulate ignorance and resentment.

manual: n. Syn. guide bookguide book; hand-operatedThree workers at the plant followed an illegal manual and caused a nuclearreaction late last month.

margin: n. Syn. border; rim; roomborder; rim; roomIn the lower house, they will have an even bigger margin.

mature: v. develop and reach maturity; grow old or olderI need to mature my thoughts in future college years.

maximise: v. Syn. maximizemake as big or large as possibleGlass shelves help maximise light in a small bathroom.

mechanism: n. Syn. device; machinedevice; machine; the technical aspects of doing somethingOn the key issue of land rights, it called for a mechanism to study ancestrallinks to the land.

media: n. Syn. medium; television; newspaperpublic institutions that report the news, such as newspapers, magazines,




radio, and televisionScience fiction in media is exponentially bigger as a market than sciencefiction in literary form.

mediat: v. Syn. negotiateresolve or settle differences by working with all conflicting partiesKing Solomon was asked to mediate a dispute between two women, eachof whom claimed to be the mother of the same child.

medium: n. state that is intermediate between extremesCertainly Shostakovich was lucky to work in a wordless abstract medium,where interpretation is strongly subjective.

mental: a. involving mind or intellectual process; affected by disorder of mindAll doctors agreed this is a mental patient.

method: n. Syn. manner; way; modeorderly procedure or process; regular manner of doing anythingShe told us a simple method for making a pie crust.

migrate: v. move from one country or region to another and settle thereMany Germans chose to migrate to South America in the mid-19thcentury.

military: a. Syn. soldiery; militiapertaining to soldiers, to arms, or to war; of whole body of soldiersIn some countries all the young men have to do a year's military service.

minimal: a. the fewest; the least possibleIn order to make it work, you need a certain minimal area of collectivesurface.

minimise: v. Syn. minimizereduce to the smallest possible amount, extent, size, or degreeSome of them wish only to minimise the number of abortions performed,others will be satisfied with nothing less than reducing the number to zero

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regardless of the consequences.

minimum: a. the smallest possible quantityThe questions range from simple tests of knowledge such as - what's theminimum age for buying alcohol?

ministry: n. act of serving; government department, at the administrative levelnormally headed by a ministerThe ministry has tried to develop a management strategy this year but ithas not been implemented because of scarce resources.

minor: a. of lesser importance or stature or rank; not of legal age; limited in size orscopeThese two books had minor differences, reading one of them is enough.

mode: n. Syn. manner; method; styleprevailing style; manner; way of doing something; fashion or styleThe main mode is the regular one that keeps the vehicle's straight aheadmotion in check.

modify: v. Syn. alter; changealter; changeIf you want to modify an existing listing, make sure the url entered belowexactly matches the one that appears in our directory.

monitor: v. Syn. observe; watch; locateobserve; watch; keep an eye onIn this city, religious police, government officials and squads ofschoolboys monitor women and girls' behavior and appearance.

motive: n. Syn. intention; purposeemotion, desire, physiological need; that which gives purpose anddirection to behaviorPat's main motive is to keep the racial divide alive.

mutual: a. Syn. interactive; sharedcommon to or shared by two or more parties; shared




The main thrust is to make progress on practical issues - with mutual tradeand business at the top of the agenda.

N.

negate: v. Syn. nullify; denycancel out; make ineffective or invalid; denyA sudden surge of adrenalin can negate the effects of fatigue: there'snothing like a good shock to wake you up.

network: n. any system of lines or channels crossing like the fabric of a net; complex,interconnected group or systemAt USA the network of railroads hasn't increased in past decades.

neutral: a. Syn. impartialimpartial; not supporting one side over anotherEdwards will remain neutral until after "Super Tuesday", then he willendorse Hillary.

nevertheless: ad. not the less; notwithstanding; in spite of that; yetThere was no label this time with the words "DRINK ME," butnevertheless she uncorked it and put it to her lips.

nonetheless:ad. anyway; howeverIndia hasn't been as successful, but the U.N. says it is nonetheless on trackto cut its poverty rate from 51 percent in 1990 to 24 percent in 2015.

norm: n. Syn. convention; standard; ruleconvention; standard; ruleThis was revoked after the scandals of the clean hands bribery scandalwhich caused a political earthquake at the time in a country where it hadbecome the norm for businessmen to bribe politicians, but now it is back tosquare one.

notion: n. Syn. idea; conceptiongeneral or universal conception; belief or opinion

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With all her knowledge of history, Alice had no very clear notion howlong ago anything had happened.

notwithstanding: ad. nevertheless; in spite ofThe danger of a third world war, present appearances notwithstanding, isnot imminent.

nuclear: a. Syn. atomicof, relating to, or forming a nucleus of an atom; pertaining to, or usingnuclear weaponsThe resolution states that CPS Energy should invest further in nuclearenergy.

O.

objective: a. Syn. fairnot influenced by emotions; having actual existence or realityEven though he was her son, she tried to be objective about his behavior.

obtain: v. Syn. acquire; get; procure; deriveget hold of; gain possession of; acquire, in any wayCongress exceeded its constitutional authority by requiring that allAmericans obtain health insurance or pay a tax penalty.

obvious: a. Syn. evident; apparentexposed; easily discovered; plainIt is a stone pillar set up where four roads meet: whitewashed, I suppose, tobe more obvious at a distance and in darkness.

occupy: v. Syn. inhabitinhabit; live in a certain place; be present in; be inside ofInterestingly, many other Great War memorials also occupy busy.

occur: v. Syn. happentake place; be found to exist ; come to one's mindGlobal warming can occur from a variety of causes, both natural andhuman induced.




odd: a. Syn. bizarre; strange; unusualnot easily explained; beyond from the usual or expected; not divisible bytwoIt is odd that his name is never mentioned.

offset: v. counterbalance, counteract, or compensate for; balanceHe raised his prices to offset the increased cost of materials.

ongoing: a. continuous; existingNow, don't forget on top of that you've still got the day-to-day waste beinggenerated so it's an ongoing problem.

option: n. Syn. alternative; choice; selectionact of choosing; power or freedom to chooseThe Euro made its debut in the financial markets three years ago and it hasbeen an option for any non-cash transaction ever since.

orient: v. Syn. direct; guide; leadfocus toward; determine position with reference to another point; locate toface the eastPhilip spent his first day in Denver to orient the telescope toward themoon.

outcome: n. Syn. result; effectresult; end or consequence; result of a random trialSouth Africa praised the outcome of the election as another indication ofAfrica's growing commitment to multi-party democracy.

output: n. Syn. production; productact or process of producing; production; amount produced during a certaintimeOman's oil output is not as high as some of its neighbors.

overall: a. Syn. general; comprehensivegeneral; comprehensive; from one end to the other; including everythingThey are beginning the assessment of the overall need for reconstructionand rehabilitation.

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overlap: n. representation of common ground between two things; extend over andcover a part ofHe warned of the potential for gap, overlap and duplication.

overseas: ad. beyond or across the sea; abroadHe lived overseas for many years.

P.

panel: n. Syn. boarda group of people gathered for a special purpose; small board or padThe Constitutional Court, a senior panel of judges often accused of sidingwith Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra, has voted to annul his thirdelection victory, according to one of the judges.

paradigm: n. Syn. model; example; patternone that serves as a pattern or model; system of assumptions, concepts,values, and practices that constitutes a way of viewing realityPavlov's experiment in which he trains a dog to salivate on hearing a bellis a paradigm of the conditioned-response experiment in behavioralpsychology.

paragraph: n. distinct division of written or printed matter that begins on a new, usuallyindented lineAfter you read the next paragraph, you'll be offered the choice of threepossible decisions.

parallel: n. Syn. similarity; analogymake or place something to another's side; of or relating to multipleoperations at same time; not intersectingParallel processing is very common in today's computer.

parameter: n. characteristic or feature that distinguishes something from othersSecurity's critical parameter is the ratio of workers to retirees.




participate: v. take part in something; share in somethingEveryone in the class is expected to participate in the discussion.

partner: n. person who is a member of a partnership; associate who works with otherstoward a common goalShe has a live-in partner, is 39 years old, and has three children.

passive: a. Syn. compliant; inactivelacking in energy or will; peacefully resistant in response to injusticeMahatma Gandhi urged his followers to pursue a program of passiveresistance as he felt that it was more effective than violence.

perceive: v. Syn. sense; detectbecome aware of through the senses; detectAnd though I don't comprehend how it is, I perceive you have acquired adegree of regard for that foolish little child Adele, too; and even for simpledame Fairfax?

percent: n. out of each hundred; per hundred; one part in a hundredShe has invested a large percent of her salary.

period: n. duration, continuance, term; end of somethingDeath put a period to his endeavors.

persist: v. Syn. continue; insist; perseverecontinue; insist; persevereWhy, when studies show that cell phone use, and especially texting, whiledriving impairs drivers more than drinking, do so many people persist incombining these lethal behaviors?

perspective: n. Syn. viewpoint; viewappearance of things; view, outlook, or vistaAn essential fact that should put the debate in perspective is that Mary wasreleased after less than four months.

phase: n. Syn. stage; moment

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any distinct time period in a sequence of events; stageBut there's far less consensus on how much the EU might be willing to paytowards reconstruction in a post-war phase, now that it's clear that aconflict will not have United Nations approval.

phenomenon: n. appearance; anything visible, in matter or spirit; extraordinary or veryremarkable person, thing, or occurrenceInternational terrorism is not just a recent phenomenon.

philosophy: n. body of highest truth; investigation of nature, causes, or principles ofreality, knowledge, or values, based on logical reasoningHe holds a master's degree in philosophy from the University of Virginiaand served as press secretary for Kucinich for President in 2004.

physical: a. relating to the body as distinguished from the mind or spiritBecause you know, every intelligent person knows, that the physical is thebasis for the mental and the moral.

plus: a. involving advantage or good; on the positive side or higher end of a scaleThis company controls main gas resource plus many of the pipelines thatsupply it to Europe.

policy: n. settled method of government to administer; system of public or officialadministrationHis overall Latin American policy is just as troubling so no countrywelcomes his visiting until now.

portion: n. Syn. part; section; segmentsection or quantity within a larger thing; a part of a wholeThe largest portion would go into the players' pockets, but the packageincluded payments into a players' pension account and a donation toselected charities.

pose: v. pretend to be someone you are not; assume a posture as for artistic




purposesWe don't know the woman who pose for Leonardo so often.

positive: a. involving advantage or good ; greater than zero; very sure; confidentAn executive involved in the meetings told that Mrs. Bush plans to write apositive book with a minimum of criticism.

potential: a. Syn. possible; latentexisting in possibility; expected to become or beThe volume of unconventional gas isn't significant on a U. K. wide scale,supplying enough electricity for only 1,200 homes, but the potential isthere, analysts say.

practitioner: n. someone engaged in a profession as law, medicineThe difference between the student and the practitioner is the differencebetween applying memory and application of judgement.

precede: v. Syn. antecedecome before; antecedeMost English adjectives precede the noun they modify.

precise: a. Syn. exact; accurateexact; clearly expressed; accurate or correctHow exactly, in precise detail, will he bring about this supposed unity?

predict: v. Syn. forecast; foretellstate, tell about, or make known in advance, especially on the basis ofspecial knowledgeWe're not trying to predict which markets will all of a sudden have double-digit growth in home prices.

predominant: a. Syn. principal; dominant; overpoweringmost frequent or common; having superior power and influenceThe predominant mood among policy-makers is optimism.

preliminary: a. Syn. initial; introductory; preparatoryprior to or preparing for the main matter; introductoryAccording to preliminary, unofficial figures, a large majority, some 84

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percent, voted in favor.

presume: v. Syn. supposetake for granted as true in absence of proof; venture without authorityWe are asked to presume that she is innocent.

previous: a. existing or occurring before something elseThat brings the total number of storms to 26, roundly beating the previousrecord of 21, set 70 years ago.

primary: a. Syn. principal; prime; fundamentalof first rank or importance or value; essential or basicMany ordinary Iraqis appreciated that the primary UN role washumanitarian.

prime: a. Syn. primary; principal; chieffirst in excellence, quality, or value; at the best stage; peak; first in degreeor rank; chiefJordan tonight announced that his group arrested the prime suspect in lastweek's rocket attack.

principal: a. Syn. chief; mainhighest in rank, authority, character, importance, or degreeLots of the principal people gathered around the king, to let him see theywas on his side.

principle: n. basic truth or law or assumption; rule or law of nature; rule of personalconductThis decision was based on principle rather than expediency.

prior: a. Syn. former; antecedent; anterior; previouspreceding in the order of time; former; previousAll the arrangements should have been completed prior to our departure.

priority: n. Syn. preference; precedencepreceding in time, importance, or urgencyThe company says its number one priority is restoring profits, not gainingmarket share at any price.




proceed: n. Syn. continue; advancefollow a certain course; move ahead; travel onward'The trial cannot proceed,' said the King in a very grave voice, 'until all thejurymen are back in their proper places.'

process: n. Syn. progress; advance; procedureact of proceeding; continued forward movement; a series of actionsIn short, I began the process of ruining myself in the received style, likeany other spoony.

professional: a. engaged in, or suitable for a professionMedical workers on trial face criminal charges that range fromprofessional recklessness to illegal sale of donor blood.

prohibit: v. Syn. ban; taboo; forbidban; taboo; forbidThe U.S. Supreme Court has never ruled that public schools must prohibitthe distribution of candy canes or Christmas cards.

project: n. Syn. program; plan; schemeany piece of work that is undertaken or attempted; program; plan; schemeThe project is run by the top-secret Phantom Works in Seattle, the part ofthe company which handles Boeing's most sensitive programmes.

promote: v. Syn. publicize; advancehelp to flourish; advance in rank; publicizeFounder of the Children's Defense Fund, Marian Wright Edelman and herteam ceaselessly promote the welfare of young people everywhere.

proportion: n. Syn. amounts; percentagepercentage; quotient obtained when a part is divided by the whole; partconsidered in relation to the wholeThe requirements grow linearly, in proportion to the number of folk.

prospect: n. Syn. possibility; hope; outlookpossibility of future success; belief about futureThe number of people affected and displaced has increased since theconflict, and at the moment there seems little prospect for them to return to

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villages.

protocol: n. code of correct conduct ; rules governing socially acceptable behavior;record of transactionWhen it comes to weddings, the protocol is actual similar to otherchurches.

psychology: n. science that deals with mental processes and behaviorOne of the things we always focus on in psychology is that you have toseparate the behavior from the person.

publication: n. act or process of publishing printed matter; communication of informationto publicThis publication is accompanied by a beautiful exhibition in the van Goghmuseum in Amsterdam.

publish: v. Syn. "It is an honor to publish this extraordinary book," saidGibson.make public; make known to mankind, or to people in generalOnly in 1687 did he at last publish his new theory.

purchase: n. act or an instance of buying; something boughtRules can differ depending whether the purchase is a residence or aninvestment.

pursue: v. follow in; go in search of or hunt forThey will bring together 165 researchers from 19 countries to pursue arange of innovative strategies.

Q.

qualitative: a. relating to quality; having the character of qualityA painstaking course in qualitative and quantitative analysis by John Wing




gave me an appreciation of the need for, and beauty of, accuratemeasurement.

quote: v. cite or repeat a passage from; repeat or copy the words of anotherHe said he could quote several instances of this behavior.

R.

radical: a. Syn. drastic; extremedrastic; extreme; arising from or going to a root or source; basicPresident Correa has shown he is determined to follow a radical programof reforms to tackle poverty in Ecuador.

random: a. Syn. haphazard; chancewithout definite purpose, plan, or aim; having no specific patternHe used to get super drunk in random places; I don't know where he isnow.

range: n. Syn. limitlimits within which something can be effective; variety of different thingsor activitiesMedical workers on trial face criminal charges that range fromprofessional recklessness to corruption, to illegal sale of donor blood.

ratio: n. Syn. rate; proportionrelation which one quantity or magnitude has to another of the same kind;rate; proportionMen outnumber women here in the ratio of three to one.

rational: a. Syn. logical; reasonableconsistent with; based on; using reasonOne strong proof of my wretchedly defective nature is, that even herexpostulations, so mild, so rational, have not influence to cure me of myfaults.

react: v. act against or in opposition to; show a response or a reaction

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They react negatively to everything I say, because they don't trust me.

recover: v. Syn. regainget or find back; regain a former conditionHe is very ill and unlikely to recover in this month.

refine: v. Syn. purifypurify; make more precise; improveThey refine many valuable nutrients out of the foods in our modern diet.

regime: n. Syn. government; administrationform of government; government in power; administration; prevailingsocial system or patternState Department officials insisted that, privately, the Yeltsin regime isstill willing to cooperate in the search for peace.

region: n. province; district; tract; neighborhood; the upper air; sky or heavens;inhabitants of a districtAll in that region was fire and commotion.

register: v. Syn. recordgive outward signs of; express; record in writing; enroll as a studentNew students will have to register is tomorrow before getting their books.

regulate: v. Syn. directbring into conformity with rules or principles or usage; impose regulations;fix or adjust the time, amount, degree, or rate of In contrast to Europe, the United States is considering a variety of lawswhich would regulate spam but essentially allow it unless an individualspecifically opts out.

reinforce: v. Syn. strengthen; enhancegive more force or effectiveness to; strengthen; enhanceThe laws will reinforce authority to turn boats away from Australia andimpose prison sentences on the crews of boats which do cross the border.

reject: v. Syn. refuse; denyturn down; refuse to accept; dismiss from considerationHe would reject the idea of starting a war.




relax: v. Syn. free; loosen; calmmake less severe or strict; become less tenseOur new colleague should relax if he sees that we are a friendly group.

release: v. Syn. liberate; freedomgive off; liberate; grant freedom to; make something availableHe wanted to release the list with the names of the prisoners beforeMonday.

relevant: a. Syn. pertinentpertinent; having connection with matter at handThe only way for a value brand like ours to remain relevant is to provideinnovation that sets us apart.

reluctance: n. state of being reluctant; unwillingness; hesitancy in taking some actionThe main reason for this reluctance is the threat of litigation fordefamation.

rely: v. Syn. trust; dependrest with confidence; have confidence; dependI rely implicitly on His power, and confide wholly in His goodness.

remove: v. move away from the position occupied; cause to change place; take awayThe leaving of her mother will remove the last obstacle to their marriage.

require: v. Syn. demand; requestinsist upon having; request and expectWe require our secretary to be on time, otherwise we have to cancel theevent.

research: v. inquire into; attempt to find out in scientific mannerThe students who research the history of English are all in this group.

reside: v. Syn. dwell; live; inhabitdwell; live in a place permanently or for an extended periodWe reside officially in Iceland.

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resolve: n. Syn. determination; resolution; decisiondetermination; formal expression by a meeting; agreed to by a voteCivic leaders say their resolve is as strong as it was when they rebuiltdowntown.

resource: n. Syn. materials; abilitiesmaterials; abilities; available sourceStill she went on growing, and, as a last resource, she put one arm out ofthe window, and one foot up the chimney.

respond: v. Syn. react; answershow a reaction to something favorably or as hopedDoctors hope his cancer to respond to the aggressive therapy.

restore: v. Syn. reinstate; renovate; renewgive or bring back; return to its original conditionHe told BBC News that they will restore it using 200-year-old techniquesand all their old tools.

restrain: v. Syn. inhibit; stop; represskeep under control; hold back ; place limits onNo one had leisure to watch or restrain them.

restrict: v. Syn. limit; inhibit; confinekeep or confine within limitsThis will give recommendation on the best way to advance, but not restrictthing.

retain: v. Syn. keep; employkeep; maintain possession of; hire by payment of a fee; keep in mind;rememberI read over 100 books a year, and what I retain is usually the generalstoryline and my impression of the characters.

reveal: v. Syn. expose; uncovermake known; disclose or show"The secret of your birth! Do you mean to say - " "Gentlemen," says theyoung man, very solemn, "I will reveal it to you, for I feel I may haveconfidence in you."




revenue: n. Syn. income; rewardmoney which returns from an investment; annual income; rewardThe government's revenue is made up chiefly of the money we pay intaxes.

reverse: v. Syn. back; rearoverturn; turn inside out or upside down; turning in the opposite directionThe Commission has now launched a high-level diplomatic offensive toreverse the ban.

revise: v. Syn. amend; changeamend; changeLater, he would revise his position and said the reason why he couldn'tmeet the delegates was to do with security concerns.

revolution: n. act of revolving; motion of body round a fixed point or line; rotation; totalor radical change; fundamental change in political organizationThe invention of aircraft caused a revolution in our ways of travelling.

rigid: a. Syn. stiff; strictstiff and unyielding; strict; hard and unbending; not flexibleWithout integration, we are stuck in rigid, inflexible states and to facechaotic feeling or thought.

role: n. Syn. part; functionnormal activity of a person in particular social setting; part played by aperformerAmrozi naively admitted his role in the attack, they said, but the law needsmore than confessions, it needs evidence.

route: n. Syn. wayway for travel or transportationThe pipeline would cross on route from Iran, earning the Pakistanigovernment millions of dollars in transit fees.

S.

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scenario: n. Syn. screenplay; circumstancescreenplay; outline or model of an expected sequence of eventsThe scenario is the same throughout the West countries, all of whosegovernments are responding to the collapse in similar ways.

schedule: n. Syn. timetable; agendaplan for an activity or event; arrangeNow, after the failure of Cancun, there's a much bigger question mark overconcluding the new deal on schedule.

scheme: n. Syn. design; planelaborate and systematic plan of action; chart or outline of a system orobjectAs well as the baby bonus scheme, Prime Minister says his government isto encourage more immigration as a way of bringing in more talent.

scope: n. Syn. range; extent; boundrange of one's perceptions, thoughts, or actions; extent; boundThis group was within the scope of an investigation.

section: n. Syn. part; district; segmentone of several parts; pieces that fit with others to constitute a whole objectThe mob ran out of control along a 5 kilometer section of the mainhighway to Delhi, smashing fences, looting food and beating upshopkeepers.

sector: n. Syn. segmentparticular aspect of life or activity; body of people who form part ofsociety or economyHe was helpless in an important sector of his life.

secure: v. Syn. anchor; defend; confidentfree from fear, care, or anxiety; not have reason to doubtThe troops secure the area before the civilians are allowed to return.

seek: v. make an effort to; try to get; try to discoverI always seek to do good in the world.

select: a.




taken from a number by preference; picked out as more valuable orexcellent than others; of special value or excellenceThis is a very select area; you have to be rich to live here.

sequence: n. serial arrangement in which things follow in logical order or a recurrentpatternScientists unveiled the genome sequence of rice - a tool of great potentialuse to researchers trying to develop new strains of rice with higher yields.

series: n. a number of things or events standing or succeeding in order; sequenceThere are a series of books for dogs; I just read one regarding to mypuppy.

shift: n. Syn. change; turnmoving from one setting or context to another; moving very slightlyTwenty-one developing nations have come together to say, that theybelieve the meeting will be doomed unless there's a radical shift by the richnations.

significant: a. Syn. noteworthy; importantfairly large; important in effect or meaningThis kind of planning presents the government with a significant problem.

similar: a. nearly corresponding; somewhat like; having a general likenessIn return, it wants the US to make similar moves, as to cut tariffs andincrease quotas for EU goods.

simulate: v. Syn. feign; imitatemake a pretence of; reproduce someone's behavior or looksHe tried to simulate insanity in order to avoid punishment for his crime.

site: n. physical position in relation to the surroundings; position; locationWhen someone asks me where to look for help, your site is always on thelist - so thanks.

sole: n. Syn. bottom

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bottom; underside of foot or shoe or boot; bottom surface of a plowThe back of the sole is attached to the shoe by a semi-circle of nails drivenfrom the outside.

somewhat: ad. Syn. slightlyto some extent or degree; rather; a bit; slightlyThere is a Caribbean feel to the song and that type of energy andenthusiasm to the song that makes it somewhat mystifying.

source: n. point of origin, such as spring, of stream or river; one that causes, creates,or initiatesWalters was not expecting an application from this source for the next tenyears.

specific: a. Syn. particular; definitestated explicitly or in detail; definiteFBI officials stressed that they were aware of no specific plot to attack anyother aircraft.

specify: v. Syn. detail; designatedetail; designateHe didn't specify what crimes he was referring to, but said if proof wasfound, the police would ask for charges to be brought.

sphere: n. Syn. ball; globeball; globe; a particular aspect of life or activityI feel more inclination to put you in the way of keeping yourself, and shallendeavor to do so; but observe, my sphere is narrow.

stable: a. Syn. fixed; steadfast; constantnot easily moved or disturbedKeeping insulin stable is important all day long, so avoiding all sugar andanything that breaks down quickly into glucose in the body is the goal.

statistic: n. mathematics of the collection, organization, and interpretation ofnumerical dataWithout correction for socioeconomic background, legal status, and typeof crime, this statistic is close to utterly meaningless.




status: n. Syn. standing; stateposition relative to others; standingHe never troubled himself about his status.

straightforward: a. proceeding in a straight course or manner; not deviating; honest; frank.But a simple and straightforward apology would have been better.

strategy: n. elaborate and systematic plan; plan of action intended to accomplish aspecific goalThe centre will carry out research and develop a strategy to fight thespread of the disease.

stress: n. Syn. emphasisput special emphasis on; utter with an accent; state of extreme difficulty,pressure, or strainHe presided over the economy during the period of its greatest stress anddanger.

structure: n. complex construction or entity; complex composition of knowledgeSociologists have studied the changing structure of the family.

style: n. particular kind; a way of expressing somethingAll the reporters were expected to adopt the style of this newspaper.

submit: v. Syn. defer; yieldrefer for judgment or consideration; hand in; presentWhat I submit is a dialogue that respects the humanity of both parties.

subordinate: a. Syn. inferior; submissiveoccupying lower rank; inferior; submissiveBishop Proudie's wife expected all the subordinate clergy to behave withgreat deference to the wife of their superior.

subsequent: a. Syn. followingfollowing in time or order; succeeding; later

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In subsequent days, other polls showed that the margin hadn't narrowed allthat much.

subsidy: n. Syn. financingdirect financial aid by governmentWithout this subsidy, American ship operators would not be able tocompete in world markets.

substitute: v. Syn. exchange; replaceexchange; put in the place of anotherLow and middle income countries are suffering from the condition, as theysubstitute fiber intake for a much higher consumption of saturated fats andsugar.

successor: n. one who or that which succeeds or follows; one who takes the place whichanother has leftIndeed, depending on who her successor is there, the net impact couldeven be negative.

sufficient: a. Syn. adequate; enoughadequate; enough; being as much as is neededThen the scanty supply of food was distressing: with the keen appetites ofgrowing children, we had scarcely sufficient to keep alive a delicateinvalid.

sum: n. mount or whole of any number of individuals or particulars addedtogether; principal points or thoughts when viewed together; amountHe never had supposed for a moment that so large a sum as a hundreddollars was to be found in actual money in any one's possession.

summary: n. brief statement that presents the main pointsHe gave a summary of the conclusions.

supplement: v. Syn. add; complementadd as something seems insufficient; complement; extension; additionA food supplement is a preparation intended to supply nutrients, which aremissing or not consumed in sufficient quantity in a person's diet.




survey: n. Syn. poll; reviewpoll; detailed critical inspectionA Bank of Israel survey has now shown that the number of families livingbelow the poverty line in Israel tripled between 1988 and 2001.

survive: v. Syn. endure; tolerate; outlivecontinue to live; endure or lastIn 1998, he was lucky to survive when his balloon plummeted into the sea.

suspend: v. Syn. hang; appendhang freely; postpone; delayAs the warning of earthquake, a number of train and subway lines had tosuspend services.

sustain: v. Syn. support; nourish; maintainadmit as valid; keep in existence; lengthen or extend in duration or spaceHow can a country like Spain sustain the millions of migrants who werelosing their jobs in 2009 and provide them with the same welfare stateSpaniards can access in times of economic crisis?

symbol: n. Syn. sign; signalsign; something visible to represent something else invisibleOften the destruction takes place in public, as a visible symbol of peacereplacing war.

T.

tape: n. long thin piece of cloth or paper; measuring instrument for length bynarrow stripThe carpenter should have used his tape measure the room before anyother jobs.

target: n. reference point to shoot at; goal intended to be attainedThe iPhone 5 is an obvious target for Apple fans to pursue.

task: v. Syn. undertake; labor

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labor or study imposed by another; undertake; laborI wished that she would always be so pleasant, and never push me about,or task me unreasonably.

team: n. Syn. ganga number of persons associated together in any work; a flock of wild ducksVolleyball is a team game, how about beach volleyball?

technical: a. having special skill or knowledge; according to principle; formal ratherthan practical; relating to techniqueThe ASX yesterday halted trading for four hours after detecting a technicalissue.

technique: n. practical method or art applied to some particular task; skillfulnessHe displayed a flawless technique in the competition.

technology n. application of science, especially to industrial or commercial objectivesWithout a doubt, they say the use of electronic records and other advancesin technology is dramatically improving patient care.

temporary: a. Syn. impermanentnot permanent; not lastingThe Administration says the tariffs were meant to be a temporary measuredesigned to give the American steel industry time to reorganize.

tense: a. Syn. strained; taut; tightstretch or force to the limit; tightThe northern city of Kano, which has a history of sectarian violence isespecially tense, but has remained peaceful.

terminate: v. Syn. stop; endstop; bring to an end or haltThe attack would terminate the relatively peaceful period after cold war.

text: n. written words; book prepared for use in schools or collegesA controversial new edition of a Japanese history text book has been




chosen by a public school board for use in its schools.

theme:n. Syn. subject; motif; topicsubject of conversation or discussion; topic; essayHis letters were always on the theme of love.

theory: n. doctrine or scheme of things; general or abstract principles of any scienceThe other main theory is that stress during birth somehow leads to left-handedness.

thereby: ad. Syn. thus; accordingly; consequentlythus; accordingly; by that means; because of thatThey hunger and thirst no more; all their wants are supplied, and all theuneasiness caused thereby is removed.

thesis: n. Syn. paper; dissertationpaper; dissertation; an unproved statement put forward as a premise in anargumentA good thesis makes the difference between a thoughtful research projectand a simple retelling of facts.

topic: n. subject of a speech, essay, thesis, discussion, or conversationIt was a very sensitive topic to discuss, may I have chance to change it?

trace: v. Syn. imprint; residuesfollow, discover; make a mark or lines on a surfaceThe first problem is who is responsible for the material: the originalauthor, who may be impossible to trace, or the Internet service provider.

tradition: n. Syn. heritagethought or behavior followed from generation to generation; heritageThe state of Massachusetts has always been famous for its history, andespecially rich in tradition is the region around Boston.

transfer: n. Syn. shift; distract; divertshifting; conveyance or removal of something from one place, person, orthing to another

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They are also looking into allegations of the illegal transfer of shares thatenabled the Chung family to retain management control.

transform: v. Syn. change; convertchange in outward structure or looks; convertHe wants to transform into a monster.

transit: n. act of passing; passage through or over; line or route of passageThe transit was damaged by flood.

transmit: v. Syn. forward; conveyforward; send from one person or place to anotherThey transmit his secret to the whole town.

transport: v. Syn. conveycarry from one place to another; carry away; deportWhat I was trying to transport is the oil that is in demand particularly.

trend: n. Syn. tendencypopular taste; general direction in which something tends to moveOnly late last year, Air Canada seemed to be contradicting the downwardtrend affecting US-based airlines by posting profits.

trigger: v. Syn. initiate; startcause something happen; set offPlease skip the remarks that will trigger bitter debates again.

U.

ultimate: a. Syn. final; fundamental; extremefinal; being the last or concluding; fundamental; elemental; extremeAs the ultimate arbiter of the Constitution, the Supreme Court occupies acentral place in our scheme of government.

undergo: v. Syn. experience; sufferexperience; suffer; pass throughIn February, a court ruled that Mr. Doe should undergo a DNA test.




underlie: v. be located under or below; be the support or basis of; account forIn turn, some of these ideas also underlie the Risch algorithm, which isused in Mathematics for indefinite integration.

undertake: v. Syn. embark; assumetake on; embark on; assumeCan we expect mini robots to undertake major tasks?

uniform: n. consistent; standardized; clothing of a particular groupAt issue is a demand that all imports are accompanied by uniformcertificates authorised by the Commission and not the individual memberstates.

unify: v. Syn. integrate; uniteintegrate; make into or become one unitA proposal by Oracle could help unify emerging specifications fororchestrating Web services.

unique: a. Syn. alone; single; solewithout an equal; being the only one of its kindYou have to face a problem unique to coastal areas.

utilise: v. Syn. utilizeuse; utilizeWe asked some skilled food bloggers how they utilise their unused andexcess ingredients.

V.

valid: a. Syn. sound; truelogically convincing; sound; legally acceptable; well groundedHe said the large number of people surveyed and the lack of corruptingfactors mean certain valid conclusions can be drawn from the results.

vary: v.

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change aspect of; alter in form, appearance, substance, position; makedifferent by a partial change; modifyI believe she was happy in her way: this routine sufficed for her; andnothing annoyed her as much as the occurrence of any incident whichforced her to vary its clockwork regularity.

vehicle: n. Syn. automobile; instrumentautomobile; means of conveying; mediumThe vehicle was driven to an underground garage where, say police, therobbers transferred four strong boxes full of cash into a getaway car.

version: n. Syn. editionwritten work in a new form; edition; interpretation of a particularviewpointHe downloaded the latest version of the software from the Internet.

via: ad. by the way ofHe flew to Europe via the North Pole.

violate: v. treat in a violent manner; abuse; do violence to; disturb; interruptWhile you looked so, I should be certain that whatever charter you mightgrant under coercion, your first act, when released, would be to violate itsconditions.

virtual: a. existing or resulting in essence or effect though not in actual fact; existingin mind, especially as a product of imaginationConnecting the real world with the virtual is the best way of putting thedestiny of the city back in the hands of its citizens.

visible: a. being often in public eye; obvious to the eye The brightened comet in the constellation Virgo may even be visible to thenaked eye, allowing members of the public around the world to join in thishistoric moment in astronomy.

vision: n. Syn. sightability to see; sight; vivid mental image




The Boeing vision for a growing aviation business seems to be one of alarge number of direct, or 'point to point' flights.

visual: a. Syn. visible; opticalseen or able to be seen by the eye; visible; opticalThank you for the visual presentation; it helps very much.

volume: n. Syn. capacity; bulk; amountcapacity; amount of space occupied by an objectThe remains, much reduced in volume from the original, had beenpreserved in the silver box.

voluntary: a. Syn. willing; unforceddone or undertaken of one's own free will; unforcedBut can it be enforced? The answer technically is no - it's a voluntaryagreement and there are no penalties for those who don't control wages.

W.

welfare: n. Syn. benefitbenefit; something that aids health or happinessMany receive government food rations, and about a quarter are living inwelfare camps.

whereas: ad. considering that; it being the case that; sinceWhereas we want a flat, they would rather live in a house.

whereby: ad. by which; by what; howHe devised a plan whereby he might escape.

widespread: a. spread or scattered over a considerable extent; occurring or acceptedwidelyThe most pure form of pay for performance, executive stock options,resulted in widespread cheating over a decade.

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Please find also

IELTS Sample writing with vocabulary

http://www.amazon.com/Writing-vocabulary-writing-Speaking-instructions-ebook/dp/B00FTXRV5K


http://www.amazon.com/Writing-vocabulary-writing-Speaking-instructions-ebook/dp/B00FTXRV5K



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