how to create an innovative solution of light emitting inspired by nature?
DESCRIPTION
Lumina project. Dissertation MSc Industrial Product Design. Coventry University. August 2012TRANSCRIPT
How to create an innovative
solution of light emitting
inspired by nature?
Bruno Zingone
August 2012
Acknowledgements
Thanks to Coventry School of Art and Design and all tutors,
especially Karen Bull and Clive Hilton.
I would like to also thank my parents, my cousin Marco Chino, all my friends
and Catherine Taylor for their help and the support.
List of Figures
Figure 1. Conceptual framework (Author’s Own Picture) 9
Figure 2. CAMP Woodpecker Axe (Rockwood 2008) 10
Figure 3. Motorola i560 (Rockwood 2008) 10
Figure 4. Fast Skin (Speedo 1996) 11
Figure 5. Firefly (Marlene 1978) 11
Figure 6. Skyphos (Smolíková 2011) 12
Figure 7. Philips Bio-Light (Philips 2011) 12
Figure 8. Field of light (Munro 2012) 13
Figure 9. Table 6 Togetherness (Author’s Own Data) 15
Figure 10. Table 9 Magic (Author’s Own Data) 15
Figure 11. Table 8 Safety (Author’s Own Data) 15
Figure 12. Table 3 Sensations Map (Author’s Own Data) 16
Figure 13. Camping scenario sketch (Author’s Own Picture) 17
Figure 14. Sketch shapes bio-inspired (Author’s Own Picture) 18
Figure 15. Sketch lightning shapes (Author’s Own Picture) 19
Figure 16. Sketch Cave Story (Author’s Own Picture) 20
Figure 17. Use of the device (Author’s Own Picture) 22
Figure 18. Light colours proposal (Author’s Own Picture) 22
Figure 19. Light proposal shape 1 (Author’s Own Picture) 23
Figure 20. Light proposal shape 2 (Author’s Own Picture) 24
Figure 21. Render lighting device proposal 1 (Author’s Own Picture) 25
Figure 22. Render lighting device proposal 2 (Author’s Own Picture) 26
Table of contents
0. Abstract 6
1. Introduction 8
2. Conceptual Framework 10
3. Biomimicry and Bioluminescence 11
4. Relationship between people and light 15
5. Scenario 18
6. Conclusion and Outcomes 19
7. Reflective report 27
8. List of References 29
9. Appendices
9.1 Appendix I. Copy of Questionnaire 32
9.2 Appendix II. Questionnaire Results 34
9.3 Appendix III. Copy of Ethics Checklist 38
9.4 Appendix IV. Copy of poster 43
9.5 Appendix V. DVD with report and poster
0. Abstract
This project has as first aim to research about how to create an innovative solution of light
emitting inspired by nature. The objectives are to find how nature produces light and to
identify the relationship between people and light.
Nature is a big source of inspiration and there are different ways to be inspired from it. The
discipline that studies the best ideas from nature to solve human problems is known as
Biomimicry. Several designers use Biomimicry for their projects.
Analyzing the use of light in nature it’s been analyzed the ability of many groups of
organisms to produce light. This phenomenon is called Bioluminescence. The most
notorious bioluminescence organisms are fireflies, jellyfish and bacteria.
To find the response of people to light a questionnaire has been used in order to get
feedback directly from the users. The questionnaire considers the relationship between
emotions and light. The result of the questionnaire leads to the choice of the light effects.
To demonstrate the several possibilities to apply the findings, the outdoors has been
chosen as the setting. Camping represents the perfect scenario that combines outdoor
activities, social experiences and different uses of light. Examples of the various uses of
light could be people gathering around a camp fire, lighting up a path, creating a safe and
magical atmosphere and for exploring nature.
The final result from the research is a guide line to design an innovative solution of the use
of light in outdoor and camping scenarios inspired from Bioluminescence.
The outcome is a family of light sources extracted from a matrix of design opportunities.
These devices take inspiration from the camping life and from the experience of the camp
fire. They suggest aggregation between people and create a safe and a magical
atmosphere.
Bioluminescence it is been used also as technology. Bioluminescence organisms produce
a special protein called Luciferase and if this is combined with oxygen it begins to emit
light (Baldwin 1996). This protein can currently be produced in laboratories such as Sigma
Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich 2012). It can be used to create a glowing liquid in order to emit
suggestive light effects and this technology represents an innovative solution of eco-
friendly light sources.
1. Introduction
This Project starts by analyzing the research question: “How to create an innovative
solution of light emitting inspired by nature?”
Nature is a big source of inspiration and there are different ways to be inspired from it. The
discipline that studies the best ideas from nature to solve human problems is known as
Biomimicry.
There are several samples of products inspired by Biomimicry such as the Camp
Woodpecker Axe designed by Franco Lodato as its name suggests, its curve of the spine
is inspired from a woodpecker (Rockwood 2008). Furthermore, the structure of the
Motorola i560 with alternating hard and soft layers it is inspired by the lobster’s tough outer
shell (Rockwood 2008) and additionally, the Fast Skin suit designed by Speedo based on
the scales of shark by reducing water friction (Speedo 1996).
The proposal is to take inspiration from nature sources that produce light. Many groups of
organisms produce light including fungi, bacteria, jellyfish and fireflies. They produce light
as a signalling system and possibly as a defence mechanism. This phenomenon is called
Bioluminescence. Bioluminescence is source of inspiration in shapes and lights effects
which are extremely pleasing to the eye also in the technological way to produce light and
in the way to create magical and suggestive atmospheres.
The Czech designer Katerina Smolíková uses Bioluminescence as inspiration for the
shape of her chandelier Skyphos (Smolíková 2011). Philips uses the Bioluminescence
technology for a new concept of bio-light powered by a biological technology that uses
bioluminescent bacteria to create ambient light effects (Koninklijke Philips Electronics
2011). The British artist and light designer Bruce Munro creates Experience Longwood
Garden, an evocative and imaginative field of light inspired by fireflies using optical fibre
(Munro 2012).
The relationship between people and lights has been investigated in order to evaluate
different ways of using lighting and how different kind of lights influences the mood. It has
been researched about the effects of lighting on people and spaces and the role of the
light in seasonal affective disorders. To find the response of the people to light it has been
created a questionnaire that considers the relationship between different emotions and
sensations with lights and ways to use it. The result is a map of emotions that people feel
in relation to different lights.
To demonstrate the several possibilities to apply the findings, the outdoors has been
chosen as the setting. Camping represents the perfect scenario that combines outdoor
activities, social experiences and different uses of light. Examples of the various uses of
light could be people gathering around a camp fire, lighting up a path, creating a safe and
magical atmosphere and for exploring nature. Designing for camping scenario involves
considering aspects such as portability, flexibility, self-sufficiency and ecology.
The final result from the research is a guide line to design an innovative solution of the use
of light in outdoor and camping scenarios inspired from Bioluminescence. The outcome is
a family of light sources extracted from a matrix of design opportunities. This device
suggests aggregation between people and creates an atmosphere of safety and a magical
environment in line with the result of the analysis of the relationship between people and
light. The technology is also inspired from a near future use of the bioluminescence to
create an innovative solution of eco-friendly light source.
Figure 1. Conceptual framework (Author’s Own Picture)
How
Bioluminescence is
used in the
nature?
Question Objectives Methods Analysis Conclusion
What is the
relationship
between people
and light?
How to create an
innovative solution of
light emitting inspired
by nature?
Technological
use of
Bioluminescence
Library research
online documents
and magazines
Library research
online documents
and magazines
Critical comparison of data
Matrix of how light influence the mood
Comparison with previous data
Research, questionnaires and interview.
A guide line to design an innovative solution of light emitting
2. Conceptual Framework
The Research question is:
“How to create an innovative solution of light emitting inspired by nature?”
The Research Objectives are:
- To find how Bioluminescence is used in the nature
- To identify the relationship between people and light
- To identify what is the technological use of bioluminescence
The Design Objectives are:
- To create an innovative way to use light in outdoor and camping areas as result
of an investigation of the relationship between people and light.
3. Biomimicry and Bioluminescence
Biomimicry is a new discipline that studies nature's best
ideas and imitates these designs and processes to solve
human problems. Throughout history nature has solved
many of the problems we are currently facing, for example a
leaf is studied to invent a better solar cell. (Benyus 2007)
There are several samples of products inspired from
Biomimicry like the Camp Woodpecker Axe designed by
Franco Lodato. As the name of this axe suggests, it was
inspired by a woodpecker, the best example of a hammer in
nature. Centring the shaft under the axe head and adding a
slight curve to the spine, the axe was pitching downward,
like the bird's beak, rather than pick at near right angle to the
shaft (Figure 2). The result was more balanced and efficient
(Rockwood 2008).
Another case of product inspired from nature is the Motorola
i560. It is made alternating hard layers of polycarbonate and
soft layers of a rubber like plastic just like the lobster’s tough
outer shell is made of hard and soft layers of chitin
combined with calcium carbonate (Figure 3). This provides
the Motorola i560 with a high standard of durability, shock
Figure 2. CAMP Woodpecker
Axe (Rockwood 2008)
Figure 3. Motorola i560
(Rockwood 2008)
and dust resistance, vibration and temperature variation
(Rockwood 2008).
One of the most famous samples of product inspired from
Biomimicry is the Fast Skin suit designed by Speedo (Figure
4). It’s based on shark scales. It has been observed that the
reason for the ability of sharks to swim fast is in the design
of their scales that reduce water friction. In this way Speedo
designed its suits to help the swimmers swim faster
(Speedo 1996).
Looking for a source of inspiration in nature, the ability of
fireflies to emit light was attractive. Also their light effects
are very fascinating. This phenomenon is called
Bioluminescence. There are many groups of organisms
that produce light; the most common are fungi, bacteria,
jellyfish and fireflies (Figure 5). There are also many kinds
of insects, worms, marine micro-organisms and particular
types of fish. They produce light as a signalling system and
possibly as a defence mechanism (Marlene 1978 : xiii).
Figure 4. Fast Skin
(Speedo 1996)
Figure 5. Firefly (Marlene
1978)
Bioluminescence has shapes and light effects that are
extremely pleasing to the eye and are very inspiring in visual
design. It is also possible to use Bioluminescence as a
source of inspiration in the technological way to produce light
and in the way to create magical and suggestive
atmospheres.
Several designers used Bioluminescence as source of
inspiration. Kateřina Smolíková’s Skyphos Chandelier is
inspired by the shapes and by the light effects of deep sea
luminescent organisms (Figure 6). It combines the
gracefulness of a jellyfish with a glass structure and LED
lighting. Kateřina Smolíková has received the Outstanding
Student Design Award for the project (Smolíková 2011).
An example of intriguing project is the Philips Bio-Light
(Figure 7). It is an experimental ambient light that uses the
Bioluminescence as inspiration for a new way to produce light
powered by a biological technology. The concept explores the
use of bioluminescent bacteria, which are fed with methane
and composted material. Alternatively the cellular light array
can be filled with fluorescent proteins that emit different
frequencies of light (Koninklijke Philips Electronics 2011).
Figure 6. Skyphos
(Smolíková 2011)
Figure 7. Philips Bio-Light
(Philips 2011)
The British artist and light designer Bruce Munro creates the
Experience Longwood Garden (Figure 8). It is an evocative
and imaginative field of light. Inspired by the atmosphere that
creates the light of the fireflies, Munro placed an installation
of optical fibre in the midst of nature to create a suggestive
environmental light effect. (Munro 2012)
Figure 8. Field of light
(Munro 2012)
4. Relationship between people and light
It has been investigated the relationship between people and lights in order to evaluate
different ways of using lighting and how different kinds of light influence the mood. It has
been researched about the effects of lighting on people and spaces and also, the role of
light in seasonal affective disorders. Light creates the atmosphere for each situation, for
example sad, romantic and magical. In addition to the aforementioned, light can also
guarantee health, safety and enjoyment affecting our impression of the space. Lighting
designers work on the visual quality, aesthetics and the art of lighting using up to date
technical knowledge.
Light needs to be designed for each situation. The Illuminating Engineering Society of
North America (IESNA) studies light and its effect on people and spaces. IESNA studies
says that many lighting designers divide light in layers such as: the light that gives a clear
vision enough to guarantee safely; the general lighting or ambient lighting to set a mood;
and the visual interest something that adds a touch of magic or something to stimulate the
user. Light affects the behaviour of people using the space. Main examples are to help
visibility, aid orientation and guide people down a bright path. Brightness can focus
attention facing wall luminance is a preference. Lighting can also affect body position (Rae
2000).
Light is often responsible for health disorders. Seasons with total or partial absence of light
or in some cases with too much light can cause Seasonal affective disorder (SAD). SAD is
a type of depression that tends to occur at the same time each year, usually during the
winter. The exact cause of SAD is not fully known, but it is thought to be linked to reduced
exposure to sunlight that usually affects some
of the brain's chemicals and hormones.
Symptoms of SAD are the following: a change
in mood, a lack of interest in life, being less
active than normal and sleeping more. It is
thought that SAD affects around 2 million
people in the UK and more than 12 million
people across Northern Europe. SAD can
affect people of any age including children.
The symptoms are most likely to appear in
someone aged between 18 and 30 years old
(NHS 2012).
To find the response of the people to light it
has been opted for a practical approach. In
this way is has been created a questionnaire
to get feedback directly from the users. This
questionnaire considers the relationship
between emotions and lights and it has a low
ethic risk (Appendix III). It is structured in two
questions. The first question is about
observing nine different lights present on the
questionnaire and it asks which sensation is
felt for each of the light in question. The second
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Togetherness
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Figure 9. Table 6 Togetherness
(Author’s Own Data)
Figure 10. Table 9 Magic (Author’s Own Data)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Magic
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Figure 11. Table 8 Safety (Author’s Own Data)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Safety
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Figure 12. Table 3 Sensations Map (Author’s Own Data)
question mentions nine words about sensations and the way the light is utilized. It also
asks the users to associate each of them to the light considered most appropriate
(Appendix I).
The aforementioned questionnaire has been submitted to 26 people. The results of the
questionnaire show that the orange and the white lights were chosen from the majority of
the people as lights that provide a sensation of togetherness (Figure 9). The white light is
also the most chosen for reading, eating and exploring. The pink light is the most chosen
for the sensation of magic (Figure 10), the green light is the most chosen for the sensation
of safety (Figure 11) and it also represents a very relaxing light (Figure 12) (Appendix II).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
happy
excited
angry
nervous
sad
relaxedL1
L2
L3
L4
L5
L6
L7
L8
L9
5. Scenario
To demonstrate the several possibilities to apply the findings, it has been chosen camping
as the scenario. Camping represents the perfect scenario that combines outdoor activities,
social experiences and different uses of light. Examples of the various uses of light could
be gathering around a camp fire, lighting up a path, a safe and magical atmosphere and
for exploring nature (Figure 13).
Designing for a camping scenario also involves considering aspects such as portability,
flexibility, self-sufficiency and ecology.
Figure 13. Camping scenario sketch (Author’s Own Picture)
6. Conclusion and Outcomes
The final result from the research is a guide line to design an innovative solution of the use
of light in outdoor and camping scenarios inspired from Bioluminescence.
The outcome is a family of light sources extracted from a matrix of design opportunities.
These devices take inspiration from the camping life and from the experience of the
campfire. They suggest aggregation between people and create a safe and a magical
atmosphere. The inspiration has been acquired from the soft and organic shapes of
Bioluminescence organisms, in particular jellyfish and mushrooms (Figure 14). These
shapes also suggest a tactile experience of a soft and ductile material like rubber or
silicon.
Figure 14. Sketch shapes bio-inspired (Author’s Own Picture)
It is also possible to use Bioluminescence as technology to produce light. Bioluminescence
organisms produce a special protein called Luciferase and if this is combined with oxygen
it begins to emit light (Baldwin 1996). This protein can currently be produced in
laboratories such as Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich 2012). It can be used to create a
glowing liquid in order to emit suggestive light effects and this technology represents an
innovative solution of eco-friendly light sources (Fig. 15).
The life stages of the light are designed as a process that is an active part of the user’s
experience. The way to turn on the light represents the first stage. Then it starts and
intensifies until it reaches the optimal intensity. As it approaches the final stage it slowly
dims until it turns off. The life of light has been depicted with a storyboard called Cave
Story where a prehistoric cave man is the protagonist. Cave Story starts by showing a
cave man walking to a cave carrying a big piece of meat and some wood. Once he is in
the cave he starts to turn on a fire while striking some stone and then he starts to enjoy the
fire using it to warm himself up. When the fire starts to increase he uses it to cook his
Figure 15. Sketch lightning shapes (Author’s Own Picture)
dinner. In the following scenes we can see the fire slowly diming down while the cave man
enjoys his food and relaxes until he falls asleep when the fire turns off (Figure 16).
The self-sufficiency of this technology also represents a key point for the application in
outdoor and camping scenarios. These aspects are emphasized by the ability of these
devices to be filled up with water directly on the place of use and be emptied after use in
order to reduce the weight in aid of the portability. In this way the empty device can also be
easily folded and stored in order to guarantee a high standard of flexibility and usability.
In order to use this device it is enough to fill it up with water and add the capsule that
dissolving in water releases the bioluminescence protein that makes the water glow in
different colours (Figure 17 and Figure 18).
Figure 16. Sketch Cave Story (Author’s Own Picture)
Figure 17. Use of the device (Author’s Own Picture)
Figure 18. Light colours proposal (Author’s Own Picture)
Figure 19. Light proposal shape 1 (Author’s Own Picture)
Figure 20. Light proposal shape 2 (Author’s Own Picture)
Figure 21. Render lighting device proposal 1 (Author’s Own Picture)
Figure 22. Render lighting device proposal 2 (Author’s Own Picture)
7. Reflective Report
The start of this project coincides with the start of my master’s degree in Industrial Product
Design. Although this is not my first experience studying abroad, this is my first experience
studying at a British University.
My first thought is surely for all the people that have been next to me guiding and
encouraging me, such as my tutors, my friends and colleagues from university and my
friends and relatives that were close even if from distance.
When I started this project I didn’t know where exactly it would lead me to. Writing a
dissertation in English has been a very challenging experience at times. I started the
project by choosing a Research Question. I knew that this decision would affect the path of
the entire project, that’s why I chose to orientate it to nature as a source of inspiration.
Many times during my studies, I was fascinated by nature and I found it in art and design
several times. I feel that nature has a special power, we are part of it and in some way we
have to give it back something. In my project while looking for sources of inspiration I was
fascinated once again from nature discovering new kinds of beauty and shapes.
During these studies I have without a doubt learned to look at the results of the research
from a more objective point of view. I have also learned that there are different kinds of
data and some are more reliable than others, furthermore some data is irrelevant. A main
step is in fact learning how to identify them. To this end, this project has surely amplified
my way of thinking in a critical and creative way.
The possibilities to compare each other with people that have different nationalities and
backgrounds is in fact truly inspiring and fascinating. It was the first time that I have
needed to create a questionnaire. I had an intriguing task of taking to various types of
people and discovering different points of view was an extremely valuable experience.
When observing the results of the questionnaire, sometimes they were very similar and at
other times contrasting which made the project even more fascinating.
I am very satisfied about the result of my project in terms of overall work as in the design
outcomes that represent an elegant goal in shapes and design. They also represent my
progress in all design phases and the improvement of my skills.
The end of my project also coincides with the end of this master’s which has been an
incredible experience. This is an important goal for me, but also a boost of enthusiasm and
a new starting point for my career in design.
8. List of References
Banger, B. (1976) Nature as Designer.
London: F. Warne & co.
Benyus, J. (1997) Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature.
New York : Morrow
Benyus, J. (2007) The Biomimicry Institute
[online] 9 May available from < http://biomimicryinstitute.org/about-us/ >
[9 May 2012]
Baldwin, T. O. (1996) Firefly luciferase: the structure is known, but the mystery
remains
Texas : Current Biology Ltd
Debrie, B. (1974) Design Lessons from Nature
New York: Watson – Guptill Publications
Koninklijke Philips Electronics (2011) Bio-light
[online] 20 December available from
<http://www.design.philips.com/philips/sites/philipsdesign/about/design/designportfo
lio/design_futures/bio_light.page>
[20 December 2011]
Marlene, A. (1978) Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence.
London : Academic Press
Munro, B. (2012) Field of light
[online] 10 June available from < http://www.fieldoflight.co.uk >
[10 June 2012]
Neill, W. (1993) By Nature's Design.
Pat Murphy and Paul Doherty
NHS (2012) Seasonal affective disorder
[online] 25 May available from < http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/seasonal-affective-
disorder/ >
[25 May 2012]
Powers, A. (1999) Nature in Design.
United Kingdom: Conran Octopus
Rae, M. (2000) IESNA Lighting Handbook
New York : Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.
Rockwood, K. (2008) Biomimicry: Nature-Inspired Designs
[online] 14 May available from < http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/129/ >
[14 May 2012]
Rosenthal, N. (1993) Winter Blues
New York : Guilford Press
Sigma-Aldrich (2012)
[online] 23 August available from < http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/ >
[23 August 2012]
Smolíková, K. (2011) Skyphos
[online] 21 December available from < http://smolikova.freepage.cz/skyphos/ >
[21 December 2011]
Speedo (1996) Speedo Fast Skin
[online] 25 May available from < http://www.speedo.com >
[25 May 2012]
Appendix I
Questionnaire: lights and emotions.
Question 1: For each of the lights on page 2 circle the emotion that you feel. The middle point on the line is
a balanced emotional state. The centre of the diagram shows “none” which represent an indifferent or
emotionless mood.
L 1: L 2: L3:
L 4: L 5: L 6:
L 7: L 8: L9
Question 2: Associate to each of the following sensations and ways to use the light from page 2 that you
consider more appropriate.
Sensation of: togetherness ………. ( eg: L 1 )
adventure ……….
safety ……….
magic ……….
Way to use: reading ……….
eating ……….
exploring ……….
illuminate a path ……….
signal a location ……….
L 1: L 2: L 3:
L 4: L 5: L 6:
L 7: L 8: L 9:
Appendix II
Questionnaire lights and emotions: Results
Results data for Question 1: “For each of the lights on page 2 circle the emotion that you feel. The middle
point on the line is a balanced emotional state. The centre of the diagram shows “none” which represent
an indifferent or emotionless mood.”
Each light has been represented by a number preceded by the letter “L” (Eg: L1, L2, etc).
For each emotion has been assigned a value of 2. For the middle point has been assigned a value of 1. For
each “none” position has been assigned a value of 2 (Table 1).
The results from Table 1 has been converted in percentage for each light (Table 2) and then transferred in
the graphic (Table 3).
happy excited angry nervous sad relaxed none total
L1 2 14 12 14 0 4 6 52
L2 5 3 2 6 0 22 8 46
L3 5 3 2 0 0 22 4 36
L4 7 11 1 2 5 8 12 46
L5 13 21 0 3 2 0 8 47
L6 12 2 0 5 5 14 6 44
L7 5 3 2 10 6 9 10 45
L8 12 10 1 9 3 7 4 46
L9 9 5 0 4 2 16 14 50
Table 1
happy excited angry nervous sad relaxed none total
L1 3,8 26,9 23 26,9 0 7,7 11,7 100
L2 11 6,5 4,3 0,5 0 47,8 30,1 100
L3 14 8,3 5,5 0 0 61,1 11,2 100
L4 15 23,9 2,2 4,3 10,9 17,4 26,1 100
L5 28 44,7 0 6,4 4,2 0 17 100
L6 27 4,5 0 11,4 11,4 31,8 13,7 100
L7 11 6,7 4,4 22,2 13,3 20 22,3 100
L8 26 21,7 2,2 19,6 6,5 15,2 8,7 100
L9 18 10 0 8 4 32 28 100
Table 2
Table 3
Results data for Question 2: “Associate to each of the following sensations and ways to use the light from
page 2 that you consider more appropriate.”
For each vote has been assign a value of 1 (Table 4). The value from Table 4 has been converted in
percentage (Table 5) than transferred the relatives graphics for each sensation and way to use (From Table
6 to Table 14).
Togetherness Adventure Safety Magic Reading Eating Exploring Illuminate a path
Signal a location
L1: 1 7 0 1 0 1 0 1 9
L2: 5 4 7 2 0 1 3 4 3
L3: 0 2 4 6 0 3 4 1
L4: 0 2 0 11 1 3 2 1
L5: 5 3 2 2 2 5 3 5 5
L6: 1 1 4 6 0 5 6 5
L7: 1 3 1 5 2 0 2 1
L8: 8 4 3 3 1 3 0 3 6
L9: 8 0 5 7 20 10 9 5 4
Table 4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
happy
excited
angry
nervous
sad
relaxed
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
L6
L7
L8
L9
Togetherness Adventure Safety Magic Reading Eating Exploring Illuminate a path
Signal a location
L1: 3,4 26,9 0 2,3 0 3,6 0 3,8 31
L2: 17,2 15,4 26,9 4,6 0 3,6 10 15,4 10,3
L3: 0 7,7 15,4 14 0 10,7 13 3,8
L4: 0 7,7 26 4 0 10 7,7 3,4
L5: 17,2 11,5 7,7 4,6 8 17,8 10 19,2 17,2
L6: 3,4 3,8 15,4 14 0 17,8 20 19,2 0
L7: 3,4 11,5 3,8 12 8 0 6,7 0 3,4
L8: 27,6 15,4 11,5 7 3 10,7 0 11,5 20,7
L9: 27,6 0 19,2 16 77 35,7 30 19,2 13,8
Table 5
Table 6 Table 7
Table 8 Table 9
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Togetherness
1
2
3
4
5
6
70
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Adventure
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Safety
1
2
3
4
5
6
70
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Magic
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Table 10 Table 11
Table 12 Table 13
Table 14
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Reading
1
2
3
4
5
6
70
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Eating
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Exploring
1
2
3
4
5
6
70
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Illuminate a path
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Signal a location
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
