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IEEE Spectrum Tech Insiders:
RF Trends
May 28, 2008
Moving To A Wirelessly Connected World: Trends In WANs, MANs, LANs and PANs
Francis SidecoSr. Analyst, Wireless Communications
Ubiquitous Wireless – 3 Copyright © 2000-2007 | iSuppli Corporation | All Worldwide Rights Reserved | Confidential – Patents Pending
Presentation Agenda
Wireless Technology Overview
Multiple Generations
Multiple Modes
Design Implications
Isn’t Wireless All the Same?
What’s Driving All of These Technologies?
Got Wireless?
Not Just for Handsets Anymore
Dealing with the Alphabet Soup
Current Industry Solutions to the Multi-mode Problem
Summary
Ubiquitous Wireless – 4 Copyright © 2000-2007 | iSuppli Corporation | All Worldwide Rights Reserved | Confidential – Patents Pending
Presentation Agenda
Wireless Technology Overview
Multiple Generations
Multiple Modes
Design Implications
Isn’t Wireless All the Same?
What’s Driving All of These Technologies?
Got Wireless?
Not Just for Handsets Anymore
Dealing with the Alphabet Soup
Current Industry Solutions to the Multi-mode Problem
Summary
Ubiquitous Wireless – 5 Copyright © 2000-2007 | iSuppli Corporation | All Worldwide Rights Reserved | Confidential – Patents Pending
Wireless Industry: A Dynamic Growth Market
An Exciting Time For the Industry
Subscriber growth continues at a very strong pace
3.7 billion subscribers at the end of 2008
>50% of the world population will be wireless subscribers by end of 2008
– China wireless subscribers now exceeds 500 million
– India adding 8 million + new wireless subscribers every month
Wireless subscribers growing to over 4.9 billion by 2012
Global Mobile device unit shipments exceeded 1.29 billion in 2008
12.2% growth over 2007
Will reach 1.6 billion units in 2012
Mobile device market will exceed $156 billion in 2008
Ubiquitous Wireless – 6 Copyright © 2000-2007 | iSuppli Corporation | All Worldwide Rights Reserved | Confidential – Patents Pending
2008: Decision Year for 4G
3G 3.5G 4G
Super 3G, 3GPP LTE
WiMAX802.16e
W-CDMA
CDMA20001xEV-D0
HSDPA HSUPA
CDMA20001xEV-D0 Rev A
CDMA20001xEV-D0 Rev B
UMB
An OFDM Technology
100s of kbps 10- 15 Mbps 20- 40 Mbps
Source – iSuppli Corporation Wireless Systems Service
Ubiquitous Wireless – 7 Copyright © 2000-2007 | iSuppli Corporation | All Worldwide Rights Reserved | Confidential – Patents Pending
Mobile handset/device production forecast
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Mill
ions
of U
nits
4G3G2.5G2G1G
Source – iSuppli Corporation Mobile Handset Market Tracker
Ubiquitous Wireless – 8 Copyright © 2000-2007 | iSuppli Corporation | All Worldwide Rights Reserved | Confidential – Patents Pending
Wireless Technology Landscape
GSMcdmaONE
HSxPA LTE
GPRS, EDGE,CDMA2000-1X
CDMA2000 1x-EV/DO
HSDPAW-CDMA
Paging
PHS
WiBro
802.16eWAN
802.16 – Rev 2000WiMax
802.20
MAN
802.11b 802.11g
ZigBee 802.11a 802.11n LAN
Bluetooth UWB
RFIDPAN
Source – iSuppli Corporation
Ubiquitous Wireless – 9 Copyright © 2000-2007 | iSuppli Corporation | All Worldwide Rights Reserved | Confidential – Patents Pending
Design Implications - The Digital Divide
Digital Baseband with Power Management
Applications Processors
Shared Memory Controller/DMA
Non Volatile Memory Volatile Memory
Touch Screen Display ControllerHD Video External Memory
WPAN
GPS
WLAN
WWAN
Mobile TV Receiver RF Transceiver
Digital
Switch/Duplexer
Tx Module
Rx Filters
Analog
Process mismatches
Geometry mismatches
Architecture challenges
Ubiquitous Wireless – 10 Copyright © 2000-2007 | iSuppli Corporation | All Worldwide Rights Reserved | Confidential – Patents Pending
Design Implications – RF Transceiver Architecture
Companies 2G 3G
Analog Devices CLP LINEAR
Ericsson Mobile Platforms CLP CLP
Freescale SSP SSP
Infineon SSP LINEAR
NXP CLP LINEAR
Qualcomm OLP LINEAR
Quorum Systems LINEAR LINEAR
Renesas CLP LINEAR
RF Micro Devices CLP LINEAR
Sequoia Communications SSP SSP
Skyworks CLP LINEAR
STMicroelectronics LINEAR N/A
Texas Instruments DRP DRP
TriQuint Semi LINEAR N/A
Tropian OLP OLP
Increasing number of suppliers offering 3G Polar
Allows for harmonized 2G and 3G architecture in multimode
Cost and talk time benefits
Along with multimode enhancements…
Potential reductions in per band cost adders
Source – iSuppli Corporation Wireless Systems RF Components Topical Report
Ubiquitous Wireless – 11 Copyright © 2000-2007 | iSuppli Corporation | All Worldwide Rights Reserved | Confidential – Patents Pending
Presentation Agenda
Wireless Technology Overview
Multiple Generations
Multiple Modes
Design Implications
Isn’t Wireless All the Same?
What’s Driving All of These Technologies?
Got Wireless?
Not Just for Handsets Anymore
Dealing with the Alphabet Soup
Current Industry Solutions to the Multi-mode Problem
Summary
Ubiquitous Wireless – 12 Copyright © 2000-2007 | iSuppli Corporation | All Worldwide Rights Reserved | Confidential – Patents Pending
Not All Wireless Is Created Equal
GSMcdmaONE GPRS, EDGE,
CDMA2000-1XCDMA2000 1x-EV/DO
HSDPA
802.11b
802.11a 802.11n
802.16 – Rev 2000WiMax
802.20
802.11g
W-CDMA
Bluetooth UWB
ZigBee
Paging
PHS
WiBro
802.16e
RFID
HSxPA LTE
WAN
Oper
atin
g R
ange
(Met
ers)
1000MAN
100
LAN
10
PAN
1
0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0Peak Data Transmission Rates (Mbps)
Source – iSuppli Corporation
Ubiquitous Wireless – 13 Copyright © 2000-2007 | iSuppli Corporation | All Worldwide Rights Reserved | Confidential – Patents Pending
Mobile technologies – The Need For Speed?
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
Dat
a Tra
nsm
issi
on M
bps
GSM
GPRS, cdma2000
EDGE, CDMA2000-1x
CDMA2000 1x-EV-DO
CDMA2000 1x –EV DO Rev A
W-CDMA
HSDPA, HSUPACDMA2000 1x –EV DO Rev B
4G
SMS,IMS
Text E-mailingRing Tones
Simple games
Multimedia messagingVideo clips, Web browsing
Games
Streaming audioStreaming video clips
Enterprise Apps (Word,Excel, Outlook)Complex games
Robust Web Browsing
Video conferencing, VoDInteractive gaming
Wireless VPNs,Streaming video
Source – iSuppli Corporation Wireless Systems Service
Ubiquitous Wireless – 14 Copyright © 2000-2007 | iSuppli Corporation | All Worldwide Rights Reserved | Confidential – Patents Pending
The Wireless Market: On The Brink Of A Transition?
Apple iPhone has changed OEM – carrier relationship dynamicsLess than 1% market share;
Revenue sharing model introduced for the first time.
Handset vendors are now seeking to push contentNokia introduced its Ovi service: Music, Navigation, file sharingSony Ericsson deploying PlayNow™: over-the-air download service Samsung launched FunClub
New OEMs introducing handsets; seeking to launch Mobile InternetDevices (MIDs)
Garmin introduced Nuvi handset at Mobile World CongressNew opportunities for semi suppliers
US Government completed licensing 700 MHz spectrum early 2008
Open access: a new wireless model?Google, others pushing “Open Access” model
Will carriers fully support this?
Ubiquitous Wireless – 15 Copyright © 2000-2007 | iSuppli Corporation | All Worldwide Rights Reserved | Confidential – Patents Pending
The Handset Is Becoming The All-In One Device
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Penetr
ation into
Handse
ts
Primary CameraFlash BulbAuto FocusZoomWiFiBluetoothUSBMusic PlaybackFM RadioGPSVideo CallingTV ReceptionNFCHigh Level OSFlash Card SlotHard Disk Drive
Sources – iSuppli Corporation Design Forecast Tool (DFT)™ - Mobile Handsets, Wireless Systems Service
Ubiquitous Wireless – 16 Copyright © 2000-2007 | iSuppli Corporation | All Worldwide Rights Reserved | Confidential – Patents Pending
High End Device
Multi Core Processor
Graphics Accelerators
Multimedia Processors
DBB w/ PM
Shared Memory Controller/DMA
Non Volatile Memory Volatile Memory
Projection Display and Keyboard ControllerHD Video External
Memory
WPAN
GPS
WLAN
Broadcast TV Receiver
WPAN
WPAN
WPAN
WPAN
Wireless Connectivity
Module
SDR RF+PA Multi-Mode WWAN
Gaming Module
Camera Module
E-Book
Module
HUD Module
Mobile Office Module
Apps Processors
Security Cores
Mesh Controller
Cores
GUI CoreImage Cores
Physics Cores
Emotion Cores
General Purpose
Cores
Ubiquitous Wireless – 17 Copyright © 2000-2007 | iSuppli Corporation | All Worldwide Rights Reserved | Confidential – Patents Pending
Presentation Agenda
Wireless Technology Overview
Multiple Generations
Multiple Modes
Design Implications
Isn’t Wireless All the Same?
What’s Driving All of These Technologies?
Got Wireless?
Not Just for Handsets Anymore
Dealing with the Alphabet Soup
Current Industry Solutions to the Multi-mode Problem
Summary
Ubiquitous Wireless – 18 Copyright © 2000-2007 | iSuppli Corporation | All Worldwide Rights Reserved | Confidential – Patents Pending
WLAN: Increasingly being embedded in CE devices
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Units
(K)
Mobile PCs HPC sSerial/Page/Multi-Func. Printers Desktop PC sMobile Handsets Cable ModemsxDSL & VDSL Modems PMP/MP3 PlayersDigital Cameras & Camcorders VG Consoles & Handheld VG Players
Source – iSuppli Corporation Wireless Systems WLAN Topical Report
Ubiquitous Wireless – 19 Copyright © 2000-2007 | iSuppli Corporation | All Worldwide Rights Reserved | Confidential – Patents Pending
Wireless connectivity in PANs
Bluetooth dominates audio applications in mobile handsets and head sets
Stereo BT headsets now available
Will increasingly penetrate consumer applications such as video game consoles
W-USB will find its niche market in applications requiring high speed data transfer of large files example: Video file sharing in consumer electronics
Source – iSuppli Corporation Wireless Communications Service
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Th
ou
san
ds o
f U
nit
s
Wireless/Mobile Notebook/Desktop/Peripheral Consumer Gaming/AudioAutomotive Infotainment Other Market
Ubiquitous Wireless – 20 Copyright © 2000-2007 | iSuppli Corporation | All Worldwide Rights Reserved | Confidential – Patents Pending
Mill
ions
of D
olla
rs
WWAN Modems
Source – iSuppli Corporation Wireless Systems WWAN Topical Report
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Embedded ModulesExternal Modems
Ubiquitous Wireless – 21 Copyright © 2000-2007 | iSuppli Corporation | All Worldwide Rights Reserved | Confidential – Patents Pending
Presentation Agenda
Wireless Technology Overview
Multiple Generations
Multiple Modes
Design Implications
Isn’t Wireless All the Same?
What’s Driving All of These Technologies?
Got Wireless?
Not Just for Handsets Anymore
Dealing with the Alphabet Soup
Current Industry Solutions to the Multi-mode Problem
Summary
Ubiquitous Wireless – 22 Copyright © 2000-2007 | iSuppli Corporation | All Worldwide Rights Reserved | Confidential – Patents Pending
Software Defined Radios
Dynamically programmable
QoS and capacity throttling capabilities for the network operators
Lower cost due to functionality leveraging and using only one radio for WWAN/MAN, WLAN, WPAN
Ideal for cost control in femtocells
Future Characteristics
Nano-second switching times
Multiple simultaneous wireless technologies (WWAN/MAN, WLAN, WPAN)
Integration of PA
Integration into Baseband
Ubiquitous Wireless – 23 Copyright © 2000-2007 | iSuppli Corporation | All Worldwide Rights Reserved | Confidential – Patents Pending
Front End Designs
RF MEMS
Tunable Switches
PAs in CMOS
Approaching compound semi performance and cost
Still unproven however
Could lead the way to higher levels of integration
Ubiquitous Wireless – 24 Copyright © 2000-2007 | iSuppli Corporation | All Worldwide Rights Reserved | Confidential – Patents Pending
Presentation Agenda
Wireless Technology Overview
Multiple Generations
Multiple Modes
Design Implications
Isn’t Wireless All the Same?
What’s Driving All of These Technologies?
Got Wireless?
Not Just for Handsets Anymore
Dealing with the Alphabet Soup
Current Industry Solutions to the Multi-mode Problem
Summary
Ubiquitous Wireless – 25 Copyright © 2000-2007 | iSuppli Corporation | All Worldwide Rights Reserved | Confidential – Patents Pending
Vision of the Future: Ubiquitous Coverage
No single technology will deliver a comprehensive solution
Need seamless transition form one technology to another
Cellular technologies dominate WWAN
Must work seamlessly with technologies in WPAN & WLAN
Challenge for OEMs and Silicon suppliers
Integrate multiple, disparate technologies into single device
How will these new features affect the cost? RF performance?
Moving To A Wirelessly Connected World: Trends In WANs, MANs, LANs and PANs
Francis SidecoSr. Analyst, Wireless Communications
Emerging Cognitive Radio TechnologiesMay 28, 2008
Zoran MiljanicWINLAB
Rutgers University
www.winlab.rutgers.edu
27
Outline
Cognitive radio applicationsCognitive radio standards Cognitive radio programmable processing considerationsNetwork centric platform orientationNetwork centric vs. compute centric platformsReconfigurable hardware approach – perspectives and challenges The need for CR Programming mechanisms
28
Cognitive radio definition
A cognitive radio is a radio a device capable of gathering situational knowledge about its environment and leverage it with intelligent processing to adapt towards some goal Key notions:
Situational knowledge – we need to go beyond spectrum sensingProcessing: autonomous or collaborativeAdaptability:
• how flexible• speed of a adaptation• speed of processing – should not sacrifice performance
programmability and cross layer design environment for intelligence and adaptability
does not have to be SDR
29
Cognitive radio applications
Improving spectrum utilizationImproving link reliabilityEnabling communication between heterogeneous devicesDistributed antenna networksCollaborative sensingAutomated radio resource management
30
Emerging CR standards
IEEE 802.22Cognitive Wireless RAN Medium Access Control and Physical Layer Specifications: Policies and procedures for operation in the TV Bands
802.11hSpectrum and Transmit Power Management
IEEE 1900 group:1900.1 – Standardize definitions and terminology related to cognitive radio1900.2 – Standardizing testing and verification of the cognitive radio operation.1900.3 – Standardizing approaches for qualifying software modules.1900.a – Regulatory certification of cognitive radios.
31
CR programmable processing considerations
In its simplest form CR can be a multimodal hardware with CR layer activating one mode or another
But, to realize the full benefits of CR we need environment monitoring and per-packet reconfigurability:
On-the-fly change in the set of phy protocol functions and and their parameters; adapting the modulation scheme, turning on/off the encoder and corresponding decoder, adapting the MACDefining new functions and incorporate them in the processing flowL2, L3 and higher layer protocol selection, programming and hooks to the phy layerPerformance guaranties
Software implementation too complex: GSM – 10 MIPS, GPRS – 100 MIPS, EDGE – 1K MIPS; WCDMA/UMTS – 10K MIPS, WLAN OFDM – 5K MIPS
The processing requirements are increasing faster than Moor’s low: CAGR 104% vs. 58%
SDR based solutions for emerging RAN protocols result in massive design complexity
32
Network Centric Platform Orientation
Communication protocols have very different behavior and processing requirements relative to traditional (including embedded) computer applications
Network processors (NPs) focus on communication protocol processingNPs still employ a traditional compute-centric approach, with performance improvement techniques (multiprocessors, hardware accelerators, …). Resulting in complex, hard to program devices, unpredictable performance.
Insufficiency of the CPU (compute centric) approach is even more evident when the programmability requirement is extended to the PHY layer
Network centric platform approach uses processing and programming mechanisms to address unique characteristics of network protocol workload:
short processing time, intensive I/O, event processing driven, low spatial and temporal locality
33
Network vs. compute centric workload
Network Centric Compute Centric
Processing time:
short: microseconds-> need to min overhead
long: seconds to hours
Program control
Driven by events-> diff control structure
Driven by program
Input-output throughput
high: 10s Mbps to Gbps-> need to optimize for I/O
low: kbps
Temporal & spatial locality
low-> new memory management
high
Timing constraints
stringent-> enforce and control latency
relaxed
Computational complexity
varies between layers-> cross layer optimization
uniform per application
34
Requirements for the next generation CR devices
Programmable processing of phy and higher layer at-speed: target rate 500 Mbps
Deterministic and best effort performance guaranties
New programming mechanisms needed for shorter design time and predictable performance:
Toolkit for building phy + higher layer protocol processing applicationsCombine software and hardware supported functions in a uniform wayAPI to express timing and performance requirements and underlying architectures to take it into account
Control mechanisms for application design and system integration:controlled sharing of resources among applicationspreserving performance guaranties for individual applications
35
“New” run time model for NC workloadWe need programmability to support environment sensing (beyond spectrum sensing !) and adaptation
Need collaborative phy-MAC processing to detect the RAN protocols used by the surrounding devices
The application (protocol processing) is executed as a set of event driven communicating processes
Events are external I/O internally generated as the result of process execution
The set of communicating processes is a protocol processing flowFor cross layer processing it is important to support coexistence of processes with deterministic processing time, and the ones with soft QoS guaranties The hardware implementations follow the same execution model without programmability to generalize and adapt the model
36
Deterministic time and best-effort processing
Deterministic application processing requirements:Tasks have bounded processing time Processing time slots are reserved – not competed forThe time slot use still need to be conditioned by the runt time events – completion of the previous tasks, arrival of the data …Suitable for MAC and higher layer processing
Best effort application processing is scheduled for execution only if time constraints of the synchronous tasks are respected.
Suitable for MAC and higher layer processing
Need mechanisms for combining the two types or processes: some part of the flow processing needs to be deterministic while other is best effortNeed the mechanisms to control the sharing of processing resources between the two types of processes
37
SDR vs. reconfigurable hardware
SDR – Software Defined Radio:Run time control in software – CPU based executionMost functions defined in software, accelerated by hardwareThe performance is increased by adding MIPS power (clock rate, instruction level parallelism, multiprocessing, end combining these techniques) Performance guaranties by software design not by run control mechanisms
Reconfigurable hardwareRun time control in hardwareComplete processing can be in hardware, flexibility added by softwareThe performance is increased by design of hardware processing modules for the target throughput, an their replication if necessary Performance guaranties ensured by run control mechanisms
Reconfigurable hardware promises lower complexity and simpler programming
38
Reconfigurable hardware concept
39
Programming mechanisms for NC programmable radio processingThe application is designed by combining the processes into processing flow
Predefined processes Ability to define new processesIdeally the API-s for the HW & SW processes should be the same towards a unified top level framework for application design
Program design and run time control mechanisms are needed:Task sequencing: orders tasks into the application. Sequencing patterns supported: one-to-one; one-to-many, many-to-one, many-to-manyTask synchronization: resolved producer-consumer relationships for all sequencing patternsTask repetitionScheduling: deterministic, soft QoS, and best effort processesCommunication between the tasks
New functions can be defined in softwareHow to maintain performance guaranties
40
Conclusion
Cognitive radio has excellent potentials but number of enabling technologies need to be developed firstProcessing at speed is a must for both complex monitoring and performance at par with non adaptable devices. How to resolve conflicting requirements for speed and flexibility:
Understand the workload characteristics Constrain the application domain
There are two approaches to achieve cross layer programmability:SDR or reconfigurable hardware. SDR has been in works for a long time, but has complexity, performance and difficult programming problemsReconfigurable hardware at the very early stages of development
41
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