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IJBAF, January, 2015, 3(1): 01-16 ISSN: 2320 – 0774

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IJBAF, January, 2015, 3(1)

SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF THREE POPULATION OF ARTEMIA UNDER

LABORATORY CONDITIONS: EFFECTS OF ASCENDING SALINITY REGIME

ADOBAHAR RITLAI

Collage of Science, University of Mehran, Mehran, Iraq

ABSTRACT:

In the present study, effects of acending salinity especially hypersaline treatments on survival

and growth in three Artemia species namely: (Artemia urmiana, Artemia franciscana and

parthenogenetic Artemia) were considered. Six salinity concentrations (50, 80, 150, 200, 250

and 300 gL-1) were applied in this experiment. Survival rate showed that in culture period,

survivals were decreased gradually, but in hypersaline treatments (200, 250, 300 gL-1), we were

observed dramatic decline in survival parameter. In addition, the mortality rate was calculated

for three populations. We were observed high mortality between all salinity treatments in day

eight perhaps as a result of larvae phase, but the mortality rate became low until senescent

phase, in senescent phase as a final phase.

Keywords: Artemia spp., Ascending Salinity, Survival, Mortality, Growth, Urmia Lake,

Iran

INTRODUCTION

Although salinity was considered as the

ecological niche of Artemia spp. but

hypersaline conditions can have major

effects on these animals. The genus Artemia

(Crustacea: Anostraca) inhabit saline and

hypersaline lakes and ponds, which differ

from in-water chemistry, seasonality, species

composition, and productivity (Lenz and

Browne, 1991). A study conducted by Broch

(1969) showed that in Artemia, an

osmoregulatory mechanism has evolved that

involves a change in hemolymph

concentration that coincides with changes in

water salinity. In addition, Broch, (1969)

reported that there is an increase in blood

hemoglobin in A.salina, the change in

hemoglobin was in direct response to a

decrease in oxygen content caused by an

increase in salinity. Thus, these

physiological adaptations to salinity allow

the survival of brine shrimp in their

ecological niche. This genus Artemia

comprises a complex of sibling species and

superspecies defined by a criterion of

Adobahar Ritlai Research Article

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reproductive isolation (Browne & Bowen

1991). Currently, there are seven species

namely: A.salina (A.tunisisana) (In Europe

and North Africa); A.franciscana (In New

World and Oceania); A.monica (In Mono

Lake, USA); A.persimilis (In Argentina);

A.urmiana (In Urmia Lake, Iran); A.sinica

(In China Asia); and parthenogenetic

Artemia (widely distributed throughout the

Old World). Additional information on

population locations and biogeography is

available in Triantaphyllidis et al. (1998).

One of the largest permanent water

catchments in the West Asia is Urmia

Lake. Urmia Lake is a thalassohaline,

sodium chloride lake (Leffler, 1961) with

oligotrophic characteristics, located at an

altitude of 1250 m (Cole and Brown,

1967; Azari-Takami, 1993). Its surface

area was reported to range from 4750 to

6100 km2 and the average and greatest

depths were 6 and 16 m, respectively

(Azari-Takami, 1993; Van Stappen et al.,

2001). However, according to recent

studies by Agh (2006) the surface area of

the lake has reduced to less than 4000 km2

and the average and greatest depths are 3

and 6 m, respectively. Due to drought and

increasing demand for agricultural water in

the lake’s basin, the salinity of the lake has

risen to more than 300 g L-1 during recent

years. Urmia Lake has been facing a grave

crisis over the past 10 years. Prolonged

drought is threatening the lake’s biodiversity

and ecology. Reduction of water depth by 6

m, increasing water salinity to saturation

level (much higher than tolerance range of

Artemia and migrating birds), appearance of

huge salt fields around the lake, and huge

reduction in Artemia population, is alarming

indications of gradual total desiccation of the

beautiful and unique ecosystem, the Urmia

Lake. It is interesting to know that Artemia is

still struggling and fighting against this

extreme salinity and one can observe them

alive swimming in the lake but information

about survival and growth rate in this

stressful condition already was unknown.

Urmia Lake and neighbouring lagoons are

settlements of A.urmiana and

parthenogenetic Artemia. A. urmiana was

first reported in Urmia Lake by Gunther in

1899. Many other researchers confirmed

presence of this bisexual species of Artemia

in Urmia Lake (Clark and Bowen, 1976;

Barigozzi, 1989; Pador, 1995; Sorgeloos,

1997; Van Stappen et al., 2001; Agh, 2002;

Noori and Agh, 2002). Recently Agh et al.

(2007) confirmed that a parthenogenetic

population of Artemia coexists with the

bisexual A. urmiana in Urmia Lake.

Parthenogenetic population of Artemia

was reported from small lagoons at the

vicinity of the Urmia Lake by Agh and

Noori (1997). These lagoons are scattered

at the periphery of the lake in both West


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and East Azerbaijan. The size of the

lagoons varies from a few square meters

to maximum 10000 m surface area and

their depth is always less than 0.7 m.

Therefore, these lagoons are considered as

temporary small water catchments that are

dried during early summer and filled up

again during winter rains. Water salinity

in the lagoon's ranges from 10-20 g L-1 in

early spring and gradually rises to

saturation level within about 10 weeks.

Parthenogenetic females were observed at

high densities with rare males seen only at

the ratio of one male to 100 females in

these lagoons (Agh and Noori, 1997;

Abatzopoulos et al., 2006). There is

considerable literature information on

survival, growth, morphometry,

reproductive and life span characteristics

of many bisexual and parthenogenetic

Artemia populations (Vanhaecke et al.,

1984; Wear and Haslett, 1986; Browne et

al., 1984, 1991; Browne and

Wanigasekera, 2000; Triantaphyllidis et

al., 1995, 1997a, b; Baxevanis et al.,

2004; El-Bermawi et al., 2004;

Abatzopoulos et al., 2003, 2006b). Most

of these studies have contributed to the

evaluation of genetic and environmental

components of variance in sexual and or

clonal Artemia. They have also enabled

the comparison of life history

characteristics and strategies between

different populations (Browne et al.,

2002; Abatzopoulos et al., 2003;

Baxevanis and Abatzopoulos, 2004;

Kappas et al., 2004). However, the effects

of salinity on survival and growth of

A.urmiana and parthenogenetic

populations in these extreme conditions

(high salinity) poorly examined.

Therefore, salinity may have a significant

impact on Artemia characters, especially on

survival and growth of Artemia.

For this study, A. urmiana and

parthenogenetic Artemia Cysts from Urmia

Lake and vicinity lagoons, as well as, for

comparison survival and growth of two

Artemia population of Urmia Lake, cyst of

A.franciscana also hatched in laboratory

conditions, and put in different

concentrations of salinity (50, 80, 150, 200,

250 and 300 gL-1). Cultured with microalgae

as (Dunaliella salina) feeding dietary, and

matured in defined period of culturing. The

main aim of this study is to present data

about role of salinity in adaptations of Urmia

Lake Artemia populations with regard as

survival and growth factors by statistical

analysis.

Materials and methods:

Culture procedure: Cysts of each population

of Artemia hatched in 35 gL-1 medium under

optimal conditions (Sorgeloos et al., 1986).

After 16 to 24 hours, depending on species,

500 instars-I nauplii per replicate were


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directly transferred to cylindroconical flasks

and the initial density was 2 nauplii/ml of a

culture mediums. In this experiment, six

salinity treatments (50, 80, 150, 200, 250,

300 g L-1) were applied. In order to avoid

stress, by replacing part of the culture water

with medium of higher salinity, the salinity

of each flask reached to the desired level,

and it was kept constant for the rest of the

experiment (Triantaphyllidis et al., 1995).

Three replicate at each salinity were used.

The animals fed on Dunaliella salina during

the period of culture. It can dominate in

extreme saline environments with little

chance of contamination from other species

(Ami Ben-Amotz 2009). The animal density

was reduced after day 8 to one individual per

3ml, and after day 14 to one individual per

4ml. The temperature was 28 ± 1 °C and

mild aeration were applied from the bottom

of the flasks. The photoperiod was 24 h light

and fluorescent light tubes were used. In

addition, to avoid fluctuations in salinity,

salinity of media was continuously

monitored. The rate of Artemia survival from

each population recorded, in six counting

period (8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23 Days). The first

counting period and replacing water was day

eight, Artemia in early larval stage are

sensitive to water exchange and counting

them in early days may cause stress. In

addition, for higher salinity treatments,

almost at day eight the desired salinity was

reached. Total number of surviving Artemia

in each population at given salinities, from

day 8 to 23 once every three day was

recorded (Table, 1). The survival results

(expressed as percentages) versus time

(expressed as days). Regression analysis

(Sokal & Rohlf, 1981) separately performed

for each population and salinity. Survival

equation according to linear curve estimation

calculated. The rate of Artemia mortality

from each population recorded, in six

counting period (8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23 Days).

Total number of mortality number of

Artemia in each population at given

salinities, from day 8 to 23 once every three

day was recorded (Table, 2). In addition, the

mortality percentages (mean value) were

plotted against observation times (figure, 4).

The total length in each of ten randomly

sampled individuals for each population at a

given salinity recorded from day 8 to 23

once every three days, according to

Triantaphyllidis et al. (1995). The animals

immobilized with a logol solution. Total

length measured under a dissection

microscope fitted with a digitizer. The

mean(±SD) of growth rate in six times was

recorded (Table, 3). Cluster graph drawn for

comparison three populations growth(Figure,

1). The data at a specific time for each

population and salinity allowed the

calculation of growth rate (K) and Loo using

with FISAT-II software with Munro (1982)


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equation for growth increments. Regression

analysis (Sokal & Rohlf, 1981) performed

and growth curves according to logarithmic

curve estimation were drawn (Figure, 3).

Statistical analysis performed within SPSS

16 and FISAT-II.

Results:

Survival:

Results from survival rate showed

that(Table1): The highest survival rate in

parthenogenetic Artemia was observed in 50,

150 gL-1 and A.urmiana in 80, 200 and 250

gL-1. At 300 g L-1 (end of counting) survival

rate in parthenogenetic Artemia and Artemia

urmiana was equal. Almost half of A.

franciscana population at 150, 200, 250, 300

gL-1 in the first counting reduced and this

population had lower survival compared

with others but the maturation rate of the A.

franciscana was earlier than others. Table1: Mean values ±SD of survival percentage of three Artemia populations. (PA: parthenogenetic Artemia, A.u: Artemia

urmiana, A.f: Artemia franciscana)

populations Salinities(gL-1) Day1 Day8 Day11 Day14 Day17 Day20 Day23 P.A 50 500 86.66±5.5 82.86±7.06 79.4±5.04 72.8±7.46 67.8±6 64.7±7.8 P.A 80 500 73.26±1.6 64.8±1.31 59.46±2.40 52.13±2.9 45.8±3.6 43.3±3.6 P.A 150 500 80.00±2.5 73.53±1.81 65.26±1.61 62.0±1.70 57.4±1.0 52.4±2.1 P.A 200 500 61.20±1.4 44.93±1.62 39.73±1.51 34.53±4.0 30.9±4.6 25.4±4.8 P.A 250 500 71.4±4.71 58.93±5.70 49.73±3.94 39.80±8.9 35.4±10 31.6±9.2 P.A 300 500 59.00±3.1 54.66±2.40 50.06±1.85 44.40±1.8 40.2±1.3 28.0±4.9 A.u 50 500 76.8±2.0 71.6±2.8 68.8±2.15 64.0±1.0 60.7±1.4 55.3±2.4 A.u 80 500 86.1±3.8 75.6±3.6 70.7±4.9 63.8±4.3 61.0±4.5 52.9±4.2 A.u 150 500 67.8±6.4 61.1±4.6 56.9±7.1 50.8±7.5 46.4±7.6 40.6±3.7 A.u 200 500 58.4±5.7 51.0±3.7 46.8±4.41 41.6±2.8 37.2±4.9 32.9±6.4 A.u 250 500 74.8±6.9 68.0±10.2 62.0±9.15 52.7±5.9 44.3±6.4 37.4±3.9 A.u 300 500 50.4±5.1 46.6±5.0 41.6±4.14 37.2±5.8 33.9±5.7 29.8±6.08 A.f 50 500 71.4±0.9 62.8±2.00 60.6±2.01 58.4±1.9 54.4±2.3 50.9±2.05 A.f 80 500 69.7±5.5 65.6±3.03 61.2±2.9 57.7±2.8 53.8±2.9 48.7±1.1 A.f 150 500 57.4±3.2 51.8±4.13 45.4±3.4 41.8±1.9 37.4±1.1 32.8±2.2 A.f 200 500 49.0±1.63 45.4±1.24 43.1±1.8 39.6±2.4 35.0±4.7 32.2±4.4 A.f 250 500 46.4±2.01 43.2±1.13 39.8±1.11 36.6±1.4 27.5±3.2 21.9±1.8 A.f 300 500 46.1±3.71 41.2±3.10 35.2±3.4 26.5±1.6 18.0±2.0 14.4±1.7

first signs of puberty in parthenogenetic

Artemia were at salinity and culture days as

following: at 50 gL-1 30th day, 80 gL-1 25th

day, 150 gL-1 19th day, 200 gL-1 15th day,

250 gL-1 14th day and 300 gL-1 12th culture

day. In A.urmiana these were 50 gL-1 28th

day, 80 gL-1 23th day, 150 gL-1 21th day, 200

gL-1 18th day, 250 gL-1 18th and 300 gL-1

15th of culture day. In A.franciscana these

values were 50 gL-1 18th day, 80 gL-1 15th

day, 150 gL-1 10th day, 200 gL-1 9th day, 250

gL-1 9th and 300 gL-1 9th day. The survival

cluster graph (Figure, 1) shows that

parthenogenetic Artemia at 50, 150 and 300

gL-1 had higher survival, while A.urmiana at

80, 200, 250 gL-1 had higher survival than

other two species. Overall, survival rate

decreased gradually with increasing salinity.

While, we were obsearved high Mortality

between all salinity treatments in day 8

perhaps as a result of larvae phase, but

mortality rate became low untile senescent

phase, in senescent phase as a final phase,

we could see in some treatments again, high

mortality in the last counting period.


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Figure1. Survival of the three different Artemia populations reared at six salinities (50, 80, 150, 200, 250 and 300 gL-1). For each population and salinity. A: A.urmiana, B: A.franciscana, C: parthenogenetic Artemia. In graphs: A.urmiana (ـــــــ,

Quadrate), A.franciscana (ـــــ ــــ , Triangle) and parthenogenetic Artemia (ـ ـ ـ ـ, Circle).


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Growth:

Growth curves in different salinity treatments were in accordance with the logarithmic model

(Fig 2). Growth in all salinity increases gradually during the measurement period increased to a

constant level, but for each salinity and each population, time to reach a constant level were

different. The growth rates in A. urmiana at all salinity treatments are higher than the other two

populations (Table, 2).

Table2: Mean values ±SD of Growth of three Artemia populations. (PA: parthenogenetic Artemia, A.u: Artemia urmiana, A.f: Artemia franciscana)

populations Salinities(gL-1) Day8 Day11 Day14 Day17 Day20 Day23 P.A 50 3.0±0.16 3.5±0.45 5.4±0.05 6.2±0.51 6.4±0.62 7.0±0.49 P.A 80 3.7±0.26 4.5±0.38 6.2±0.12 6.6±0.42 7.5±0.58 8.2±0.64 P.A 150 4.2±0.48 4.5±0.42 6.1±0.80 6.8±0.67 7.3±0.71 7.6±1.11 P.A 200 3.9±0.26 4.7±0.41 6.7±0.22 7.4±0.81 7.8±0.75 8.1±1.2 P.A 250 3.7±0.24 5.8±0.45 7.0±0.36 7.4±0.35 7.8±0.37 8.1±0.18 P.A 300 3.6±0.18 5.4±0.77 6.5±0.38 6.5±0.38 6.6±0.47 6.7±0.46 A.u 50 5.0±0.72 7.1±0.65 8.2±0.35 9.1±0.5 10.6±0.9 11.6±1.15 A.u 80 5.6±0.94 7.9±0.3 8.7±0.51 9.7±0.53 10.8±0.8 11.9±0.45 A.u 150 4.4±0.45 7.2±0.38 9.7±0.5 10.2±0.19 10.4±1.0 11.2±1.70 A.u 200 4.4±0.6 6.5±0.24 9.0±2.04 10.7±1.16 11.1±1.8 11.5±0.42 A.u 250 4.4±0.49 6.9±0.25 7.7±0.51 9.0±0.81 9.5±1.33 9.8±0.62 A.u 300 3.5±0.25 6.3±0.63 6.9±0.16 8.4±0.55 9.2±0.51 9.4±0.08 A.f 50 4.5±0.45 5.6±0.18 6.5±0.25 7.0±0.06 8.0±0.11 8.3±0.13 A.f 80 4.7±0.67 5.6±0.41 6.1±0.28 6.3±0.39 6.8±0.47 6.9±0.49 A.f 150 5.2±0.22 6.3±0.74 6.5±0.61 7.5±0.31 7.5±0.3 7.8±0.33 A.f 200 5.3±0.05 6.4±0.2 6.6±0.17 6.8±0.30 7.3±0.16 8.4±0.62 A.f 250 5.0±0.36 6.5±0.22 6.7±0.21 6.9±0.19 7.2±0.41 7.9±0.59 A.f 300 5.2±0.28 5.8±0.39 6.6±0.31 6.7±0.36 7.2±0.32 7.8±0.50 However, in all salinity measurements at

day eight the A.franciscana growth rate was

higher than the other two populations due to

maturation rate of the A.franciscana, which

was earlier than other two populations. In

addition, comparison of growth rates of

three populations, showed that difference

between populations. The total length of

parthenogenetic Artemia and A. franciscana

approximately was equal.


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In addition, at hypersaline treatments like

150, 200, 250 and 300 gL-1 growth stopped

earlier. According to K and Loo values A.

Figure2. Growth of the three different Artemia populations reared at six salinities (50, 80, 150,

200, 250 and 300 gL-1). For each population and salinity. A: A.urmiana, B: A.franciscana, C:

parthenogenetic Artemia. In graphs: A.urmiana (ـــــــ, Quadrate), A.franciscana (ـــــ ــــ , Triangle)

and parthenogenetic Artemia (ـ ـ ـ ـ, Circle).


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urmiana at 80 and 150 gL-1 had maximum

growth rate and at 300 gL-1 had minimum

one, while parthenogenetic Artemia and A.

franciscana at 200 and 250 gL1 had

maximum growth rates (Fig2). Adaptation to

stress condition was observed in A.

franciscana because of this population in

250, and 300 gL-1 showed that gradually

increasing growth rate than other

populations.Also, Cluster graph (Figure, 3)

shows growth, survival and mortality between

populations and according to data, A.

franciscana at 50, 150, 250 and 300 gL-1 had

higher mortality.

DISCUSSION:

Optimum salinity for Artemia is favorable

condition for living. But according to Post

and Youssef (1977) Artemia can survive in

A

C

Figure3: cluster bars of frequency for Survival,

Mortality and Growth of three populations of

Artemia. A: mean survival rate, B: mean

mortality rate, C: mean growth (mm).

A.franciscana , A.urmiana and the

parthenogenetic Artemia .


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nature even at 340 gL-1. Except Salinity as

the main factor, temperature and feeding in

natural environment are important factors

influencing Artemia populations (Wear and

Haslett, 1987). The survival at high

salinities, according to Triantaphyllidis et al.

(1995) might be related to the Artemia

osmoregulatory system function. Artemia

culture and maintenance in laboratory at

salinities higher than 200 gL-1 has always

been difficult (Wear and Haslett, 1986;

Wear et al., 1986). Browne and Hoopes

(1990) reported only 9% survival at 190

gL-1 and no survival at all at 230 gL-1 in a

parthenogenetic Artemia from Salin de

Giraud (France). Dana and Lenz (1986)

studying the bisexual Artemia from Mono

Lake, California, USA, found low survival

in 159 and 179 gL-1 under laboratory

conditions. Triantaphyllidis et al. (1995)

reported over 80% mortality of both

parthenogenetic Artemia from Tanggu area

(China) and A. franciscana at 180 gL-1 at

25°C in 23 days culture period. On the

contrary, they reported above 75%

survival for A. franciscana and higher than

50% survival for parthenogenetic Artemia

at salinities lower than 100 gL-1. In the

experiments performed by El-Bermawi et

al. (2004) on Artemia populations from

Egypt, 100% mortality was observed in

bisexual A. salina from Wadi El-Natrun in

150 and 200 gL-1 within 17 days, but the

high salinity had little effect on the ability

of

parthenogenetic populations to survive. In

this experiment six salinity treatments (50,

80, 150, 200, 250, 300 gL-1) were used.

Total mortality did not occur in our

experiments for either A.franciscana and

A.urmiana or parthenogenetic Artemia

within the range of 50-250 gL-1 salinities.

However, under treatment 300 gL-1, in all

of the populations, no survival until day

37 to 40 was recorded. Browne and

Wanigasekera (2000) observed an

increase in survival of parthenogenetic

Artemia from Margherita di Savoia (Italy)

and A. salina when salinity of the culture

medium was increased from 60 to 120 gL-

1 at 15°C, but this percentage sharply

decreased in three other bisexual species

including A. sinica, A. franciscana and A.

persimilisi. Inversely, at 24°C they got

completely different results, obtaining

significantly higher survival at higher

salinity. El-Berrnawi et al. (2004)

observed similar results with

parthenogenetic Artemia populations from

Egypt. Contrary to these two findings,

Triantaphyllidis et al. (1995) find a steady

decrease in survival in both

parthenogenetic from Tanggu (China) and

bisexual A. franciscana cultured in the

range of 60 to 180 g L -1. Triantaphyllidis

C


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et al. (1995) reported 70-80% survival for

A.franciscana at 60 g L -1, but Browne

and Wanigasekera (2000) observed only

16% survival for this species at the same

salinity. Vanhaecke et al. (1984) reported

high survival for A. sinica and A. salina at

60 g L -1, whereas survival was zero for

these two species at the same salinity in

the experiments performed by Browne and

Wanigasekera (2000). Browne and

Wanigasekera (2000) claimed that

differences in the culture conditions and

intra-species and population-dependent

characteristics could be among the reasons

for the different results obtained by

different researchers. Agh et al. (2008)

mentioned that mortality of 100% was

observed in bisexual populations reared at

salinities from 150 to 200 g L-1. The results

of present agree with the findings of

Triantaphyllidis et al. (1995), showing a

constant decline in survival when salinity

increases from 50 to 300 gL-1. Our

experiments showed that A.franciscana

was well adapted to given salinities, as

this species produce more nauplii at

salinity 250 gL-1 than other two

populations. Presented data showed that

parthenogenetic Artemia had higher

survival at 50, 150 gL-1 while A.urmiana

at 80, 250 gL-1 and A.franciscana (in the

end of counting period) at salinity 250 gL-

1 had higher survival rate. Abatzopoulos

et al. (2006b) reported very low survival

for A. urmiana at salinities of 35 and 50 g

L -1. However, they found high survival

at 100, 140 and 180 g L-1.

Present results are opposite to findings of

Abatzopoulos et al. (2006b). In the

present study, survival percentages of both

sexual and asexual populations were

found to decrease with increasing salinity.

According to the results obtained in

present study, tolerance of A.urmiana and

A.franciscana at salinity 200 gL-1 resulted

in higher survival rate than

parthenogenetic Artemia but inversely

parthenogenetic Artemia in the end of

counting period at salinity 300 gL-1 had

survival rate equal to A.urmiana and at

salinity 250 gL-1 this population showed

higher survival rate than A.franciscana.

However, high mortality was observed in

A.franciscana at salinity 50, 150, 250 and

300 gL-1, whereas parthenogenetic

populations showed sharp mortality at 80

and 200 gL-1. Stress had significant effect

on growth rate at different salinities (see K

values, fig4) in all three populations, and

current experiment became in agreement

with results of Gilchrist (1960),

Triantaphyllidis et al. (1995) and El-

Bermawi et al. (2004). They showed

growth is inversely related to salinity.

Triantaphyllidis et al. (1995) reported

significant differences in the growth of


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Artemia especially in the parthenogenetic

population from Tanggu (China) cultured

at different salinities. According to their

experiments maximum growth in A.

franciscana was observed at 35 gL-1,

whereas growth in parthenogenetic Artemia

showed no differences in 35, 60 and 100 gL-

1. However, parthenogenetic Artemia at 180

gL-1 attained only 50% of the length of those

at 35, 60 and 100 gL-1. A.franciscana at 180

gL-1 achieved 60% of the length in

comparison to animals grown at 35 gL-1. El-

Bermawi et al. (2004) observe no significant

differences in growth of parthenogenetic and

bisexual populations of Artemia from Egypt

reared in the laboratory at salinities ranging

from 35 to 200 gL-1. Abatzopoulos et al.

(2006a) find that growth rate of A. urmiana

was not affected by the increase of salinity.

In the present experiment, A.urmiana had

higher growth rate than two other

populations. In A.urmiana at salinity 80 gL-1,

maximal growth rate was achieved. In

A.urmiana salinity 50 and 80 gL-1, salinity

150 and 200 gL-1 , salinity 250 and 300 gL-1

showed relatively equal growth rate. A.

franciscana and parthenogenetic Artemia

had relatively equal length in all salinity

treatments. In hypersaline treatments

increasing phase of growth, reached to a

constant level faster than low salinities. In

present study, we used Urmia Lake water

adjusted to 50, 80, 150, 200, 250 and 300 gL-

1throughout the experiment, whereas

Abatzopoulos et al. (2006b) used artificially

prepared D and K medium of 35, 50, 100,

140 and 180 g L -1 salinity in their

experiments. Triantaphyllidis et al. (1995)

reported significant differences in

parthenogenetic Artemia growth in Tanggu

(China) populations cultured at different

salinities. These authors reported that a

maximum growth of A. franciscana was

observed at 35g/l (10.16±0.85mm) and they

observed, these species experienced 100%

mortality at 40g/l salinity, and showed better

growth at 120g/l (9.269±0.263mm). In the

present experiment for A.urmiana population

at salinity 80 gL-1 (11.9±0.45), for

A.franciscana at salinity 200 gL-1 (8.4±0.62)

and for parthenogenetic Artemia at salinity

80 gL-1 maximum growth rate achieved

(8.2±0.64) until day 23. Present results

suggest that adaptation to different salinities

are species-specific, and different salinities

dependent on the culture conditions and

feeding regime, can have different effects on

survival, mortality and growth rates.

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