The Incidence of Helminth parasite in slaughtered swine and goat at Mandaue City Abattoir

A Project Presented to the Biology DepartmentUniversity of San CarlosCebu City, Philippines

Padayao, Mary Hannah RoseRaa, Gem StephenSangre, Hezel ClairSilawan, Yerha

October 2013

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to determine the incidence of parasite present in the slaughtered swine and goat at Mandaue City Abattoir. The collection of parasite was carried out from 11pm to 6 am in Aug 26 and Sep 7, 2013 at Mandaue City abattoir which is located in Barangay Labugon, Mandaue City. Post Mortem Examination was conducted from the 283 total number of swine and goat. The collected parasites were identidified. The percent of helminthinicedence showed Cysticercuscellulosae and Taeniasolium has 2.5 percent while Ascarissuum has 4.52 percent. The incidence results of the parasite in the slaughtered animals at Mandaue City abattoir was low although not high it is still needed for prevention and control of the parasites

Keywords: Abattoir, Helminth parasite, Incidence, Post Mortem Examination

iTABLE OF CONTENT

TitlePage

Title Page AbstractiTable of Content iiIntroduction1Review of Related Literatures2Definition of Terms3Materials and Method4Study Area4Post Mortem Inspection6Collection and Preservation of Helminths6Treatment and Analysis of Data 8Results and Discussion9Parasitic Incidence9

Prevention and Control of Helminth Parasite11Recommendation13Cited Reference14Appendix17

iiINTRODUCTION

Diseases of livestock become the most serious impediments to a significant worldwide expansion in production of human food and other useful products of animal origin (Borgart and Taylor, 1988).Livestock are commonly infected with helminth or worm parasites. The warm and moist condition of tropical climate and frequent rainfall in many parts of the country contributes to the success of parasitism. The three groups of parasitic worms that infest and infect animals are the Trematode (fluke), Cestode (tapeworm) and Nematode (roundworm). They are commonly occurring in the small intestine, liver, lungs and muscle of animal host. During infestation, this parasitic worm causes little damage when host is properly and adequately fed (Bebero, 2011). Diseases appear only during heavy infestation. Some of the effect of parasitism includes the hemorrhage, reduced feed intake, alteration in protein metabolism, depressed level of minerals, depressed activity of some intestinal enzyme and diarrhea. All of this contributes to weight loss, wool growth and milk production (Soulsby, 1977).

1Parasite disease in livestock affects the income and livelihood of farmers. Parasites were estimated by the United states Department of Agriculture in 1885 to cause an annual loss of $1,210,050,000 in the United State alone (Levine, 1978 and Strickland, 1999). In the Philippines, actual losses due to parasitic disease amount to billions of pesos a year. Federis and Tongson (1978) cited FAO an estimate of P 75,000,000 yearly loss from the liver fluke diseases, if left uncontrolled.The interest and curiosity on parasitic incidence among livestock triggers the researcher to conduct a study to determine the incidence of helminthes parasite among goat and swine slaughtered at Mandaue City Abbatoir.

Review of Related Literatures

Several research studies had been made on helminth parasites that infest livestock in the Philippines. Majority of these studies concentrated on the liver fluke infection or fascioliasis which according to Tongson (1973) continues to be the number one problem among ruminants in the country. The disease is caused by the trematodes, Fasciola hepatica and Fasciolagigantica. The snail Lymnaearubiginosa serves as the intermediate host of these parasites.In Luzon, limited surveys on liver fluke showed an incidence of 5.09 to 13.10 percent in cattle and carabaos respectively (Federis and Tongston, 1978). In Nueva Ecija the prevalence of fascioliasis was found to be 86 percent in carabaos and 78 percent in cattle (Tongston and Catbagan, 1977).In the Visayas, from the 1963 to 1972 year records of the Cebu City Abattoir, Fortunato (1973) reported that 547.68 entire livers and 1,184 partially infested with livers due to cattle fascioliasis were condemned out of the average total of 24,613.22 cattle slaughtered per year.

2The nematode Ascarissuumis a common intestinal parasite in pigs. Although their presence in the small intestine is not cause for condemnation of the organ, a large infestation may cause obstruction and the migrating larvae may injure the other organs like the liver and lungs. Tubangui (1925) reported an incidence of 27.26 percent of Ascarisinfestation among locally raised swine and Intal (1997) found 35.39 percent infested pigs coming from various parts of the country (Manuel, 1980). In Cebu City, Fortunato (1973) revealed the monthly percentage of incidence of swine ascariasis as 47.66 percent of the total slaughtered. Refuerzo and Gonzales (1951) considered the human parasite, Ascarislumbricoides as a synonym of the swine parasite, Ascarissuum and Trichiuristrichura as a synonym of Trichiurissuis.Among the cestodes, the larva, Cysticercus cellulose of the tapeworm, Taeniasolium in pigs, is one of the important parasites that are given prime attention during meat inspection. This is because man is the definitive host of this parasite. Manuel (1980) reported an incidence of 2.37 percent Cysticercus infection out of 2,366 pig carcasses examined. In Mandaue City, out of 12,471 pigs slaughtered, 0.06414 percent was found to have localized infection and 0.040000 percentwas foundto have generalized infection (De Castro, 1985).

Definition of Terms

Abattoir- a slaughterhouse where animals are killed, it is where meat productionsare inspected before they are passes for public consumption.Helminth parasite-a worms that infest and infect animals.Incidence- is a measure of the risk of developing some new condition with a specified period of time.

3MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

Study Area

Two research areas were used in this study. They were the Mandaue City Abattoir where the post mortemexaminations of goat and swine were conducted and the Biology laboratory of the University of San Carlos where laboratory examinations was made.

4The investigation was carried out on pig and goats at Mandaue City Abattoir which is situated at Barangay Labugon, Mandaue City, it is consists of two main halls. The first hall is for goats and cattle it has the capacity to slaughter either 10 goats a day or one cow a day. The second hall is for slaughtering pigs which has a specialized machine that has an average capacity of about 5 pigs. It is equipped with captive bolt stunner which is applied to the livestock to produce quick unconsciousness in the animal before they bled, steam cabinet wherein the animals are immersed in the boiling water ready for dehairing machine which is used for removal of hairs and bristles of the swine. Most of the hair are not completely removed theres a need to do the manual scraping of the skin. Some of the workers were wearing gloves and boots to protect themselves and they use knife to slice open the internal organs. In addition there are also rooms that are used for cleaning the internal organs of the slaughtered animals, in which each worker has their own station. There is a room for veterinary authorities so were they can inspect the animal; and other rooms for changing clothes and a comfort room. A veterinarian and a meat inspector are doing their job in providing inspection services.The veterinary authorities also noted the numbers and weight of the animals that were slaughtered.The Biology laboratory is located at the Nasipit, Talamban , Cebu . It is equipped with necessary materials and equipment needed for this study.

Figure 1. Captive bolt stunner

Figure 2. Steam cabinet

5Figure 3.Dehairing machinePost Mortem Inspection

The Post mortem inspection was conducted together with meat inspector on 243 swine and 40 goats. Inspection was done every day to ensure that condemned carcasses and parts are disposed safely.The organs or parts that were examined in swines and goats were the muscle, heart, liver, lungs and small intestine.

Post Mortem ExaminationPercentage of Incidence of Helminth parasitePrevention and ControlIdentification and Measurement of HelminthsCollection and Preservation of helminth parasiteGoatSwine

Figure 4. Schematic diagram of the study

Collection and Preservation of Helminths

6Parasitic worms were collected either from the organs of the slaughtered animals examined at the abattoir or from collected organs and tissues and from the intestinal content which were brought to the laboratory.The parasitic samples were collected from rectum of the slaughtered pigs and goats using sterile gloves. Parasitic samples were sorted according to the animals it came from. The collected samples were placed in a plastic container with 10% formalin for preservation.In this study the larval stage known as the bladder worm or Cysticercusscellulosae and Taeniasolium is classified under Phylum Platyhelminthes, Class Cestoides and Family Taeniidae (Levine, 1976 and Noble, 1982). Cysticercuscellulosae is a larval parasite. Its description is based on the characteristics seen in the fresh state.

Figure 5.Cysticercuscellulosaefound in goat liverNematodes or roundworms are classified according to Levine (1976) and Noble (1982). The key characteristics of an Ascarisis they contain three cell layers, bilateral symmetry, pseudocoelomates, body cavity is partially lined with mesoderm so they call it a false body cavity. They possess a one way digestive system the mouth, intestine and anus.

7Figure 6.Ascarissuum found in the small intestine of swineTreatment and Analysis of Data

To determine the parasitic incidence, the total number of organs or parts examined and the total number of organs or parts infected by a certain parasite was considered. The percentage of Incidence was computed by using the formula patterned after the method used by Refuerzo and Gonzales (1851).

Percentage ofIncidence = Total number of organs or parts infected 100Total numbers of organs or parts examineAll data were tabulated and discussed. The parasitic incidence obtained in this study was compared with the incidence obtained in other data.

8

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Parasitic Incidence

Table .1 shows the incidence of helminth parasites and the organ or parts they infest in swines and goats slaughtered at Mandaue City Abbatoir.In swine, a total of 243 small intestines were examined, 11 or 4.52 percent were infected with Ascarissuum. Out of 20 small intestines of goat examined, 1 or 2.5 percent were infected with Taeniasolium. The incidence of Cysticeruscellulosaeis 1 or 2.5 percent. The parasite was found in the liver of the slaughtered goat.The highest incidence for Ascarissuum was obtained during the 1stcollection dated August 26 followed by Taeniasoliumand Cysticercuscellulosae which were obtained during the 2nd collection dated September 7.

Table 1. Incidence of helminthes parasite in swine and goatParasiteOrgan or Part InfestedDay 1 (Aug.26)Day 2 (Sept.7)Total InfectionTotal Incidence

No.%No.%

AscarissuumSmall Intestine96%21.11%114.52%

TaeniasoliumSmall Intestine0015%12.5%

CysticercuscellulosaeLiver0015%12.5%

9The percent incidence obtained in the study for Ascarissuum is 4.52% lower than the average total incidence of 36.37 percent as reported by the following: Tubangui (1825) among locally raised swine, 27.26 percent; Refuerzo and Gonzales (1951) among pigs slaughtered in Cebu, 47.66 percent; Manuel (1980) in pigs coming from various parts of the country, 35.38 percent; Laureo (2005) among pigs slaughtered in Tagbilaran City, 11.77 percent and Gonzales (1985) in Bukidnon, 23.78 percent. From this study, the incidence of Ascarissuumimplies that the people are more aware of livestock management particularly in the control and prevention against diseases and parasites. According toLaureo (2005) it was also due to the commercial feds and vitamins given to swines unlike before that swines are only fed with waste and expired food. The incidence obtained for Cysticerouscellulosae is considered low in fact negligible as compared with the incidence obtained for Ascaris and Taenia. However since man can be a definitive host, the occurrence of these parasite is considered important. Only 1 goat out of 40 was found infected with Cysticercus. It is important to note that those infected animals came from rural areas in Mandaue City which is located kilometers away from the city.The 2.25 percent of Cysticercus infection in goat in this study is far from the 0.564 percent incidence reported by Fortunato (1973) in Cebu. No flukes or any adult worms were infected in the liver of swine and goat. Infected livers were cirrhotic, swollen and hardened because of abnormal formation of connective tissue. They were grayish white in color. Some cirrhotic livers were found to have whitish or milky spots. This was indication of Ascaris infection. Abubakar, U. (2012) and Abubakar, H. (2006) reported that fascioliasis is a disease that affects cattle, sheep and goats. Omale (1991) revealed also similar findings that all sorts of grazing animals are affected with fascioliasis. However, during the course of the present investigation there was no single case of fascioliasis recorded instead the findings resulted to Cestode infection. The Cestode infection appeared to have the lowest incidence among the parasites.

10And lastly, the low incidence of Ascaris parasites in the surveyed swine could be due to the fact that most people from the rural and urban areas practices deworming of their animals. The low incidence of the goat is due to the fact that most of the goats that were brought for slaughter were healthy.

Prevention and Control of Helminth Parasite

To prevent the helminth parasite in livestock, the knowledge of the parasite life and the mode of transmission are necessary. The control and prevention involves the proper and regular use of anthelminthic, elimination of the intermediate host, animals with suitable housing, maintenance and cleanliness in the environment Animals become infested with Cysticercuscellulosaeby ingesting the eggs found in human feces which are excreted in the soil. Infected meat is eaten by man who is a definitive host, harboring the adult parasite, Taeniasolium. Auto infection can occur by putting contaminated fingers into the mouth (Noble, 1982). There are no drugs which are effective against Cysticercus. Excision is indicated in case of human infection. Pork must be thoroughly cooked or frozen at 14 to 18 F for at least four days (Levine, 1978). Sanitary disposal of human waste and keeping the pigs in an enclosed pen will prevent them from ingesting tapeworm eggs.

11The life cycle of Ascarissuum is direct. Pigs become infected by ingesting the eggs that pass out in the feces of the host. The infective eggs hatch out in the small intestine and larvae pass through the intestinal wall and migrate to the liver then the lungs. The larvae are coughed up and swallowed by the swine and grow to maturity in the small intestine. Young pigs are more susceptible to ascarisinfection, so care must be done to avoid exposing them to infected adults and contaminated soil. The pigs must be undergone deworming process such that they must take in Dichlorvus sold as Atgard V, Hygromycin, piperazine compounds and Thiabendazole (Bundy, et. al. 1975). Pigs confined in concrete fences and maintaining cleanliness will greatly reduce ascaris infection (Bebero, 2011)

12

RECOMMENDATION

Base on the results and findings in this study, it is further recommended that:

1. A follow up study on the incidence of helminth parasite among livestock slaughtered in Mandaue City abattoir should be conducted every year.2. Other animals like cow and chicken must be included.3. Livestock farmers should take precaution measures in all aspects that include deworming, good housing, and good nutrition and must observe proper cleanliness in preventing their animals against parasite. 4. The Bureau of Agriculture should increase their efforts to assist livestock farmers in improving their stock by providing information in good management, treatment and control.

13

CITED REFERENCES

Abubakar, H. (2006); A survey of fascioliasis in cattle slaughtered at Zango abattoir, Zaria. B.Sc.

thesis, submitted to the department of Biological Sciences, faculty of sciences, A.B.U. Zaria.

Abubakar, U. (2012); The incidence of liver condemnation due to fascioliasis and its economic

implications in Zaria abattoir. DVM thesis, submitted to the department of veterinary

parasitology and entomology, faculty of veterinary medicine, A.B.U. Zaria.

Aliu, S. K., Joseph, D. H. and Abbagana, S. (2001); Epidemiological studies of gastrointestinal

parasitic infection in north eastern zone of Nigeria. Veterinary record, 187: 268 -279.

Bebero, L. K. 2011. The Incidence of Helminth Parasite from the Animal Slaughtered In ZamboangaAbatoir. University of San CarlosBorgart and Taylor, 198.Hepatic fascioliasis in the abattoirs of Basrah.Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1987; 81: 377-379.Bundy, C. et. al. 1975.Livestock and Poultry Production.Prentice hall. Inc., New Jersey. 380 p.De Castro, J. 1985. A Study on the Incidence of Cysticerosis in Slaughtered Pigs at the Mandaue City Abbatoir. Cebu City: Southwestern University.

14Federis, M.T. and M.S. Tongson. 1978. Anthelminthic efficacy of niclosulide in natural Fasciolagigantica infection of cattle and carabaos. Animal Husbandry and Agricultural Journal. 13(7): 13-21.Fortunato, C. 1973. The Incidence of Four Endoparasitic Worms among Livestock Slaughtered at the Cebu City Abbatoir. The Phil. Scientist 10: 113-117.Gonzales, A.G. Oct. Dec. 1985, A study on the relative prevalence of common intestinal helminthes in hogs in Musuan, Bukdinon (synopsis of thesis and case report). C.M.U. Journal of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition. 7(4): 271.Intal, I. 1997. A slaughterhouse study on prevalence of some helminth of Cattle and Sheep in Malatya Province, Turkey, Asian J. animal and veternary advances 8: 2200-2205.Laureo, S.R. 2005.The Incidence of Helminth Parasites from the Animal Slaughtered in Tagbilarann Abattoir.Univeristy of San CarlosLevine, N.D. 1978. Veterinary Parasitology. Burgess Publishing Company. 403 pp.Manuel, M.F. 1980. Incidence of endoparasites of livestock and poultry in the Philippines.Animal Husbandry and Agricultural Journal. 15(8): 11Noble, E.R. and G.A. Noble. 1982. Parasitology. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.522 pp.Omale J, Omajali JB (2010). Studies on some nutritional characteristics of the fruit and leaf of Saba florida (Benth) from Ibaji forest. Int. J. Nutr. Metab. 2 (1):011-026. Refuerzo, P.G. and F.Z. Gonzales. 1951. Parasites of Philippin livestock, I: helminthes of the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. The Philippine Journal of Animal Husbandry. 12(1-4):31-47.Soulsby E. 1997. Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals 7th ed. USA: Lea and Febiger JMC Press Inc. 891. Strickland, J. 1999. Fight those Parasites. Marid Agribusiness Digest 9 (13): 25-27

15Tongson, M.S. 1973. Prevention and Control of ssjor cattle and carabao parasites. Better Poultry and Livestock. 15(1)30-34. Tongson, M.S. and D. P. Catbagan.July-Dec/ 1977.Field study on the anthelemintic efficacy of Bromophenophos (Acedist) in ruminant fascioliasis.Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. 3(3-4):76-84Tubangui, M.A. Sept. Dec. 1925. Metazoan parasites of Philippines Domesticated Animals.The Philippine Journal of Science. 28(1)11-34.

Internet Sourceshttp://www.philippinecompanies.com/companyprofile/46456/cebu-poultry-livestock-associationhttp://panpages.ph/listings/ph655020-slaughter-house-officehttp://wikimapia.org/18689082/Slaughterhousehttp://www.thecattlesite.com/news/40637/upgraded-abattoir-to-help-boost-meat-industryhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11726161http://www.medwelljournals.com/fulltext/?doi=javaa.2011.1592.1597http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8790876

16APPENDIX

Researchers (left and right) together with the City Veterinarian, Dr.Nestor Taasan (middle)

The

17

18