INDOOR AIR QUALITY INDOOR AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT ON TUBE PLATFORM ON TUBE PLATFORM

INDOOR AIR QUALITY INDOOR AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT ON TUBE PLATFORM ON TUBE PLATFORM

National Institute of Environmental Health National Institute of Environmental Health

Gyáli u. 2-6. Budapest, HungaryGyáli u. 2-6. Budapest, Hungary

ÉÉ.. VASKÖVI, T VASKÖVI, T.. BEREGSZÁSZI, BEREGSZÁSZI, MM.. ENDRŐDY, M ENDRŐDY, M.. CSÍK, G CSÍK, G.. KOVÁCS, G KOVÁCS, G.. TÖRÖK TÖRÖK

June 9-11 2005 Budapest, Hungary

CHOICE of TOPICCHOICE of TOPICCHOICE of TOPICCHOICE of TOPIC

Ratio of commutersMass transportation in Budapest, 2003.

bus40%

tram26%

suburban railway5%

underground railway

23%

trolley-bus6%

Source:Budapest Transport Company

OBJECTIVEOBJECTIVEOBJECTIVEOBJECTIVE

To quantify the levels To quantify the levels

of commuter’s exposure of commuter’s exposure

in metro stationin metro station

TOOLSTOOLSTOOLSTOOLS

Making measurements

to characterise the

indoor air pollution in

metro station

SS

DS

Pollutants: TSP, PM10, PM2,5 NO2, benzene

Period: 21Nov - 05 Dec 2003

Sites: 2 Budapest metro station platforms

Control site: ground above(NO2, benzene)

close to the same road (PM fractioned)

Time/frequency:

TSPTSP: 3*1 hr/ 5days (8.30-11:30) PMPM1010, PM, PM2,52,5: 24 hrs/ 5days

NONO22, benzene, benzene: 1 week

SAMPLING DESIGNSAMPLING DESIGNSAMPLING DESIGNSAMPLING DESIGN

SAMPLERSSAMPLERSSAMPLERSSAMPLERS

TSPTSP Hi-Vol, v= 80 m3/hr

PMPM1010, PM, PM2,52,5 Low-Vol, v=0,6m3/hr

NONO22 diffusive, Palmes

CC66HH66 diffusive, Radiello

ANALYSISANALYSISANALYSISANALYSIS

TSPTSP gravimetry

PMPM1010, PM, PM2,52,5 gravimetry

NONO22

spectrophotometry

CC66HH66 GC/FID

FURTHER ANALYSISFURTHER ANALYSISFURTHER ANALYSISFURTHER ANALYSIS

PMPM1010, PM, PM2,52,5

Absorption coefficient (Reflectometry)

Elemental composition (SEM)

Morphology (SEM)

Radioactivity (γ-spektrometry)

Mutagenity (Ames test) (TSP)(TSP)

(PM(PM1010))

0

100

200

300

400

500

1 2 3 4 5Nr of sampling days

µg/m3

0

100

200

300

400

500

1 2 3 4 5Nr of sampling days

µg/m3Nagyvárad sqrNagyvárad sqr KlinikákKlinikák

TSPTSP Ind >out LVTSPTSP Ind >out LV

LV outdoorLV outdoor

RESULTSRESULTSRESULTSRESULTS

TSP

1-hour levels

RESULTSRESULTSRESULTSRESULTS

0

100

200

300

400

500

1 2 3 4 5Nr of sampling days

µg/m

3

subsurface station deep station

3-hour means

TSP

TSPTSP

No significant differences

TSPTSP

No significant differences

RESULTSRESULTSRESULTSRESULTS

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1 2 3 4 5Nr of sampling days

µg

/m3

PM10 deepstation

PM10 subsurfacestation

PM2,5 deepstation

PM2,5subsurfacestation

PM10 PM2,5

Variation in time and space

•PMPM1010 > PMPM2,52,5

•Differencies in Differencies in space onspace on

PMPM1010 , PMPM2,52,5

No tendencyNo tendency

•PMPM1010 > PMPM2,52,5

•Differencies in Differencies in space onspace on

PMPM1010 , PMPM2,52,5

No tendencyNo tendency

RESULTSRESULTSRESULTSRESULTS 5-day means

0

50

100

150

200

250

de

ep

sta

tio

n

su

bsu

rfa

ce

sta

tio

n

am

bie

nt

air

-1

am

bie

nt

air

-2

de

ep

sta

tio

n

su

bsu

rfa

ce

sta

tio

n

am

bie

nt

air

-1

am

bie

nt

air

-2

PM10 PM2,5

µg

/m3

PM10 PM2,5

•PM10PM10

Ind >>outd

•PM2,5 PM2,5

Ind > outd

•PM10PM10

Ind >>outd

•PM2,5 PM2,5

Ind > outd

RESULTSRESULTSRESULTSRESULTS

PMPM1010

%%

Element Deep station

Subsurface station

Control site

C 29 29 21

O 24 21 2

Fe 30 29 1

Elemental composition

DominantDominant

FeFe (30%)

DominantDominant

FeFe (30%)

RESULTSRESULTSRESULTSRESULTS

PMPM2,52,5

%

Element Deep station

Subsurface station

Control site

C 47 54 25

O 22 28 1

Fe 8 10 <1

Elemental composition

Dominant Dominant

CC (50%)

Dominant Dominant

CC (50%)

RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS

-

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

7,0

8,0

Subsurface station Deep station Control site

m-1

*10-

5

APM2,5

APM10

Absorption coefficient

Ind >outd Ind >outd

RESULTSRESULTS Shape and composition

Fe: 33%O : 25%C: 27%

Fe: 30%O : 24%C: 28%Particles Particles

comprised comprised FeFe

amorphousamorphous and and

needleneedle forms forms

as wellas well

Particles Particles

comprised comprised FeFe

amorphousamorphous and and

needleneedle forms forms

as wellas well

PM10

PMPM1010

Bq/4 samples

Natural 232 Th series

208Tl 212Bi 212Pb 228Ac

<0,3 <1,1 <0,2 <0,4

RESULTSRESULTS Radioactivity

< < DL DL < < DL DL

RESULTSRESULTSRESULTSRESULTS Radioactivity

PMPM1010

Bq/4 samples

Natural 232 U series

210Pb 214Bi 214Pb 226Ra 235U

<1,5 <0,2 <0,2 <1,1 <0,1

< < DL DL < < DL DL

RESULTSRESULTS

0

100

200

300

0 0,65 1,95 5,86 17,58

dose, m3/plate

reve

rtan

ts/p

late

subsurfacestation

deep station

Mutagenity

Dose-response relationship

assessed by Tokiwa

TSPTSP•moderate moderate

mutagenic mutagenic

activity activity

•responsesresponses

1,47(1,19) to 1,47(1,19) to

4,42(3,31) 4,42(3,31)

revertants/ mrevertants/ m33

•moderate moderate

mutagenic mutagenic

activity activity

•responsesresponses

1,47(1,19) to 1,47(1,19) to

4,42(3,31) 4,42(3,31)

revertants/ mrevertants/ m33

RESULTSRESULTSRESULTSRESULTS

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Subsurfacestation

Aboveground

Control site Subsurfacestation

Aboveground

Control site

µg/

m3

NO2

Benzol

Nagyvárad sqrNagyvárad sqr KlinikákKlinikák

NO2 and C6H6 pollution

MM MM

•NO2 NO2

Ind < outdoutd

•C6H6 C6H6

Ind < < outdoutd

•NO2 NO2

Ind < outdoutd

•C6H6 C6H6

Ind < < outdoutd

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

Low level indoor exposureLow level indoor exposureIndoor pollution is affected by outdoor Indoor pollution is affected by outdoor pollutionpollution

Indoor pollution is independent fromIndoor pollution is independent from

the depht of stationthe depht of station

Underground microenvironment Underground microenvironment considered as a source of dust considered as a source of dust comprised Fe exposurecomprised Fe exposure

Low level indoor exposureLow level indoor exposureIndoor pollution is affected by outdoor Indoor pollution is affected by outdoor pollutionpollution

Indoor pollution is independent fromIndoor pollution is independent from

the depht of stationthe depht of station

Underground microenvironment Underground microenvironment considered as a source of dust considered as a source of dust comprised Fe exposurecomprised Fe exposure

2003

1896

FINALFINAL CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONFINALFINAL CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

We suppose that theWe suppose that the exposure associated exposure associated

with commuting with commuting underground is not a underground is not a

risk for publicrisk for public

SUGGESTIONSUGGESTIONSUGGESTIONSUGGESTION

Regural cleaning Regural cleaning

Air cleanig Air cleanig

Further measurementsFurther measurements

Thank you for your attention

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION ExposureExposureCONCLUSIONCONCLUSION ExposureExposure POLLUTION

Indoor > outdoor (PM)

Indoor > outdoor (Fe)

Indoor < outdoor (NO2, C6H6)

TIME Indoor (ave. 15 min) <<< outdoor (more hrs)

IndoorIndoor exp exp < ambient < ambient expexp IndoorIndoor exp exp < ambient < ambient expexp