Industrialization, Nationalism, and Imperialism

The Events that will shape the first half of the 20th Century will happen in the 19th Century.

Industrial Revolution

This refers to the greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England.

The Agricultural Revolution paved the way for the Industrial Revolution.

Advances In Agriculture: Scientific Farming and Rotating Crops lead to larger populations. This first happened in England.

England Industrializes First

Natural Resources that lead to Industrializations England:

1. water power and coal to fuel the new machines

2. Iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings

3. Rivers for inland transportation

4. Harbors from which merchant ships set sail

England and Industrialization

Textile Industry Industrializes First: This was largely due to the flying shuttle.

Transportation: Watts Steam Engine; Robert Fulton’s steamboat; Richard Trevithick steam locomotive

Urbanization

This was a large movement of people to the city. Caused by the Industrial Revolution.

Living conditions in the city and working conditions were bad.

Because of this the tension between the middle and upper class arises.

Germany Industrializes

The Ruhr Valley industrialized first. They followed England’s example. The most important thing they did was

connect their manufacturing cities by railroad.

By the late 1800’s Germany was a industrial and military giant.

Japan Industrializes

Japan followed the European model of industrialization.

Soon they would follow the European powers by seizing colonies.

Adam Smith

Laissez-faire: idea of allowing owners of industry to set working conditions without interference.

Smith disagreed with this idea. The following was his ideas. He was for free trade.

1. Law of interest– People work for their own good

2. Law of competition– Competition forces people to make a better product

3. The law of supply and demand

Karl Marx

Socialism: an economic system in which factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all.

Marx: he introduced the radical type of socialism called Communism. The Communist Manifesto.

Marx’s communism said all means of production are owned by the people.

A Sense of Pride

Nationalism is the belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be with its king or an empire but to a nation of people who share common culture and history.

When a nation has its own independent government it becomes a nation-state.

Examples of the Nationalist Movement Greece and the Balkans: 1830-1915 France: 1848 Belgium: 1830 Russia: 1853-1881

Italy becomes united.

Camillo di Cavour is the man most responsible for uniting Italy.

Between 1852 and 1866 Cavour with the help of Giuseppe Garibaldi succeeded in uniting the entire Italian peninsula.

Germany Unites

In 1815, 39 German states formed a loose grouping called the German Confederation.

One of these German states was Prussia. It would lead Germany towards unification.

In 1848 rioters in Berlin forced a constitutional convention to write a liberal constitution, this would pave the way for unification.

Otto von Bismarck leads Unification

In 1862 Bismarck, a Junker, was named prime minister of Prussia by Wilhelm I. His job was to deal with the liberal parliament.

He used what is known as realpolitik. This means “the politics of reality.”

Bismarck would rule without the consent of parliament and without a legal budget.

Bismarck Lays Down the Law(Do not write, Listen) “It is not by means of speeches and

majority resolutions that the great issues of the day will be decided—that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849—but by blood and iron.”

Steps to Unification: All of this was designed by Bismarck. Alliance between Prussia and Austria. This was

used to win a war against Denmark and gain the territory Schleswig and Holstein.

Seven Weeks War: Prussia defeats Austria. The Franco-Prussian War: Prussia defeats

France. King Wilhelm I is named Kaiser of the new Germany. The Second Reich.

Japan Nationalizes

The Emperor Meiji was the man behind the modernization of Japan.

He followed the Western path to modernization. He installed public education, he had railroads

built, coal production increased, and the tea and silk industry were expanded. By the early 20th century Japan was as advanced as any in the world.

Japan as a Military Power

By 1890 Japan was the military leader in Asia.

They had dozens of warships and an army of 500,000.

In 1903 they got to prove their military might.

Russo-Japanese War

The war was fought over who would control Manchuria, China and Korea.

Japan said it would recognize Russia’s control in Manchuria if the Russians stayed out of Korea. Russia refused.

In 1904 Japan attacks the Russian fleet. From 1904-1905 Japan drives Russia out of Korea and destroyed or captured most of the Russian fleet.

Imperialism in Africa and Asia

Imperialism: the seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country.

Three examples of Imperialism:

1. Britain: South Africa

2. France: Indochina

3. Japan: Asia

Britain and South Africa

From 1816-1887 South Africa was ruled by the tribe known as the Zulus.

However, by 1879 the British had arrived. The Zulu’s fought bravely, but were

eventually defeated in1887.

South Africa under British Rule

To gain complete rule the British still had to deal with the Boers, Dutch born South Africans. This lead to the Boer War, the first “total war.” The British won.

From 1910 on South Africa would suffer under British rule. Britain would use the four forms of colonial control. These are colony, protectorate, sphere of influence, and economic imperialism.

France in Indochina

The French had been involved in Southeast Asia since the 17th Century. They even helped the Nguyen Dynasty come to power.

Eventually, the French gained almost complete control in the 1840’s.

The colonial impact was that France and Europe made money off the crops and goods made there, while the people suffered.

Japan in Asia

After Japan defeated Russia in 1905 they took control of Korea.

They were harsh rulers. They shut down Korean newspapers and schools, they took land from Korean farmers, and forbade Koreans from starting businesses.

First Half of the Review

What was the Industrial Revolution? What country was the first to industrialize? What led the way to the Industrial Revolution? What two advancements in agriculture helped

lead to the Industrial Revolution? What four natural resources were vital to

England industrializing?

Review

What industry industrialized first? What invention caused this industry to

industrialize faster? What three inventions lead to faster

transportation? Why was this important? Define Urbanization.

Review

What were living and working conditions like in the cities during the Industrial Revolution?

Describe the Industrialization of Germany. Describe the Industrialization of Japan. Define laissez-faire. Did Adam Smith agree with these ideas? What were Adam Smith’s ideas? What was Karl Marx’s ideas?