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UNIVERSIDAD ALAS PERUANAS – FILIAL ICA
VERB TO BE: PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE
The verb to be means SER and ESTAR in Spanish, its conjugation is:
AffirmativePersonal Pronoun Full Form Short FormI Am ‘mHE/SHE/IT Is ‘sYOU/WE/THEY Are ‘re
NegativePersonal Pronoun Full Form Short FormI Am not ‘m notHE/SHE/IT Is not Isn’tYOU/WE/THEY Are not Aren’t
InterrogativePersonal Pronoun
Am I ?Is HE/SHE/IT ?Are YOU/WE/THEY ?
Short AnswersAffirmative NegativeYes, I Am No, I Am not ‘m not
HE/SHE/IT Is HE/SHE/IT Is not Isn’tYOU/WE/THEY Are YOU/WE/THEY Are not Aren’t
We use short forms when we speak and when we write letters to friends. Full forms are formal.
1.1. To be –adjective is constructed as in Spanish and corresponds sometimes to “ser” and others to “estar”:
Example:
- I am happy- She es ready
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- Are you glad? The negative form is constructed by adding not between the verb and the adjective.
Example:
- I’m not happy- He isn’t thirsty
Attention:
In English used to be + adjective in some expressions in Spanish is built to “tener” + noun
- I’m hungry- I’m afraid- You’re lucky
Attention:
In English to be used with neutral expressions as subject:
- It is dark- It is cold- It is hot
1.2. To be – adverb or place complement.- She is in the kitchen- Is Mr. Smith at home?
1.3. To be – noun - Pussy is a cat- He is a lawyer - They are teachers- She is nurse
EXERCISES
Complete with the correct form of the verb to be
My name is Silvia. I am 10 years old. Peter is my father and Susan is my mother. Kevin is my brother, and Kelly and Rose are my sisters. My grandparents are Robert and Helen. Oliver is my dog, Wendy is my cat and Mitch is my parrot. We are a family.
WH-QUESTIONS2
UNIVERSIDAD ALAS PERUANAS – FILIAL ICA
e use question words to ask certain types of questions. We often refer
to them as WH words because they include the letters WH (for example WHy, HoW).
WWe use wh-questions when need some kind of information.
What
Asking for information about something.
Question word Verb/Auxiliary/modal Subject verb rest
What Do/Does I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
Play On your computer ?
What Am/Is/Are
What Will
What Was/Were
what Did
When
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we use WHEN in questions about time
Question word Verb/Auxiliary/modal
subject verb rest
When Do/Does I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
go To work?
When Am/Is/Are
When Will
When Was/Were
When Did
Where
We use WERE in questions about places.
Question word Verb/Auxiliary/modal Subject verb rest
Where Do/Does I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
buy The book?
Where Am/Is/Are
Where Will
Where Was/Were
where Did
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Which
We use WHICH when we ask about things and there is a limited choice.
Question word Verb/Auxiliary/modal Subject verb rest
Which Do/Does I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
buy first ?
Which Am/Is/Are
Which Will
Which Was/Were
which Did
Who
asking what or which person or people (subject).
Question word Verb/Auxiliary/modal Subject verb rest
Who Do/Does I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
meet In the park?
Who Am/Is/Are
Who Will
Who Was/Were
who Did
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Whose
We use WHOSE for possession.
Question word Verb/Auxiliary/modal Subject verb rest
Whose Do/Does I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
do The homework?
Whose Am/Is/Are
Whose Will
Whose Was/Were
whose Did
Why
We use WHY in questions about reasons, and we use BECAUSE to answer them.
Question word Verb/Auxiliary/modal Subject verb rest
Why Do/Does I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
read The newspaper?
Why Am/Is/Are
Why Will
Why Was/Were
why Did
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UNIVERSIDAD ALAS PERUANAS – FILIAL ICA
PRESENT SIMPLE
We use the present simple tense to talk about:
- Permanent states
They live in Arabia.- Repeated actions
She plays tennis on Tuesday.
We work in a factory every day.- Likes
He likes rock music.- Dislikes
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I don’t like horror films.- Daily routines
Our break is at 12 o’clock.
AFFIRMATIVE
We form the third person singular in the affirmative by adding «S» to the main verb.
suject Verb Complement
I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
PLAYS THE GUITAR
GOES SURFING EVERY DAY
READ IN THE EVENING
Example:
Steve plays the guitar.
Sofia goes surfing every day.
They read in the evening.
NEGATIVE
We form the third person singular in the negative with: doesn’t + main verb.
We form all the order persons in the negative with: don’t + main verb.
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suject Auxiliary verb Complement
I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
DON’T/DOESN’Y Get up Early at weekend
like Computer games.
know The answer
Example:
I don’t get up early at weekends.
Sandra doesn’t like computer games, but she likes pop music.
You don’t know the answer
INTERROGATIVE
We form the third person singular in the interrogative with: does + personal pronoun + complement.
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Auxiliary Suject verb Complement
DO/DOES I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
read The paper on Sandays?
dance In the evening ?
go To the gym on Friday ?
Example:
Does he read the paper on Sundays?
Do they dance in the evening?
Do you go to the gym on Fridays?
In the third person singular(he, she, it) we use the rules:
Most verb take «s» in the third person singular
I like He likes
I hate She hates
Verbs ending in a consonant+y , drop they and take «ies».
I fly He ciles
Verbs ending in ss,sh,ch,x and o take «es».
I kiss He kisses I finish She finishes
I catch He catches I mix She mixes
I go He goes
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Verbs ending in a vowel+y , take «s».
I play He plays
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
□ We use the present continupus for: Actions happening now, at the time of speaking
Tony is doing his homework now. Actions happening not necessarily now but around the time of speaking.
The students are working hard these days.The following verbs do not usually have a present continuous have(=possess), like, love, want, know, live, remember, understand.I ‘m heaving lunch now (=I’m eating)
o Affirmative
Suject To be Verb + ing complement
IYOUHESHEITWEYOUTHEY
Am/is/are playing In the park
Watching Tv at the moment
Grammar:
Subject – to be – verb+ing – complement
We are watching TV at the moment
Negative
Suject To be+NOT Verb + ing complement
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I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
Am/is/are
NOT
playing In the park
Watching Tv at the moment
Grammar:
Subject – to be+not – verb+ing – complement
I’m not studying at university
Interrogative
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TO BE Suject Verb + ing complement
AM/IS/ARE I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
Driving A red car now ?
GRAMMAR:
To be – subject – verb+ing – complement?
Are you driving a red car now?
RULES:
Spelling
Most verb and-ing after the base form of the main verb:
Go – going Play – playing Watch – watching
Verb ending in e drop the – e and add –ing
Make – making Take – taking
Verbs ending in a vowel + a consonant double the consonant and add ing. Remember the verb should have one syllable (C + V + C)
Get – getting Run – running Sit – sitting
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UNIVERSIDAD ALAS PERUANAS – FILIAL ICA
Verb ending in ie drop the and add y and ing
Die – dying Lie – lying Tie – tying
WOULD LIKE
Use would like + nouns or infinitive (to have, to go, ….) to talk about things people want.
Example:
Would you like coffee?
No, thanks. We’d like to have the check, please.
Use the contraction ‘d like in conversation, notes, and e-mail.
Example:
I’d like some chocolate cake.
They’d like to take a vacation.
Would like is more polite than want. Use would like for offers and invitations.
Example:
Would you like a glass of water?
Would you like to have lunch?
Use would like to ask for something.
Example:
I’d like more coffee, please.
I’d like to have more coffe.
Be careful
Would like and like have different meanings.
Example:
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UNIVERSIDAD ALAS PERUANAS – FILIAL ICA
Would you like coffee?
Do you like coffee?
STATEMENTS WITH WOULD LIKE
SUBJECT WOULD LIKE NOUN OR INFINITIVE
I/YOU/HE/SHE/IT/WE/YOU/THEY WOULD LIKE CAKE
TO HAVE A CAKE
Regular verb
The regular verb by adding «ed» to the main ver.
I play = I played
I work = I worked
We add «d» to verbs ending in «e»
I like = I liked
I love = I loved
For verbs ending in a consonant + y, we drop the y and add ied
I tidy = I tidied
I carry = I carried
For verbs ending in a vowel between two consonants, we double the last consonant and add «ed»
Stop = stopped
A regular verb is any verb whose conugation follows the typical pattern, or one of the typical patterns, of the language to which it belongs. A verb whose conjugation follows a different pattern is called an irregular verb
Verb past
Bet Bet
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Burst Burst
Cost Cost
Cut Cut
Hit Hit
Hurt Hurt
Let Let
Put Put
Set Set
Shut Shut
spread spread
A list of 211 common English irregular verbs, including their base form, past simple, past participle, 3rd person singular, and the present participle / gerund
Verb Past irregular verbs
bend Bent
Bind Bound
Bleed Bled
Bring Brought
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Build Built
Burn Brunt
buy Bought
catch Caught
creep Crept
Deal Dealt
dig Dug
feel Felt
fight Fought
find found
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
We use the past simple
For actions which happened or finished in the past. The time is either stated or implied :
He made a cake last night. (when? Last night, the time is stated)
They went to Lisbon on Saturday. (When? On Saturday)
They traveled by plane. (When? The time is implied. They traveled on Saturday)
We use the past simple with these time expressions:
Yesterday, last week, last month, last year, two days/week/months/years ago, in 1957, etc.
Suject Verb past complement
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I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
played Guitar last night
bought The book
We from affirmative its grammar:
Subject – verb past – complement
I played guitar last night
suject Auxiliary verb Complement
I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
DIDN’T GOT UP Early at last weekend
Liked Computer games last year.
knew The answer last Saturday
We form negative use:
Subject – did not - verb – complement
She didn’t write yesterday18
UNIVERSIDAD ALAS PERUANAS – FILIAL ICA
suject Auxiliary verb Complement
DID I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
Get up Early at weekend
like Computer games.
know The answer
We form interrogative use:
Did – subject – verb – complement?
Did he cook the dinner last night?
PAST SIMPLE “TO BE”
The past simple of the verb “TO BE” is was/were
We use was with => I , she , he, it
We use were with =>we, you ,they
Suject TO BE
I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
WAS/ WERE
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UNIVERSIDAD ALAS PERUANAS – FILIAL ICA
YOU
THEY
We form the interrogative with was/were + subject pronoun
Where was the last night?
suject TO BE + NOT
I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
WASN’T/WEREN’T
We form the negative with was/were + not20
UNIVERSIDAD ALAS PERUANAS – FILIAL ICA
He wasn’t at school yesterday
TO BE SUJECT
WAS/WERE I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
PAST CONTINUOUS
We form the affirmative of the past continuous with was/were (past simple of the verb to be) and add-ing to the base of the main verb.
We form questions by putting was/were before the subject.
We form the negative by putting the word not after was/were.
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We use the past continuous :
For an action which in progress at a started time in the past. We do not know when the action started or finished
Example:
At seven o’clock yesterday evening Sally and Jenny were watching TV.
For a past action which was in progress when another action interrupted it. We use the past continuous for the action in progress (longer action) and the past simple for the action which interrupted it (shorter action).
Example:
She was walking down the street when she ran into and ran into an old friend from school.
For two or more actions which were happening at the same time in the past (simultaneous actions).
Example:
My sister was doing her homework while I was playing football.
To give background information in a story
Example:
It was raining hard and the wind was blowing when Jare left the office yesterday afternoon.
Time expressions used with the past continuous: while, when, as, all day/night/morning, all day, yesterday,etc.
Example:
Were you having dinner at nine o’clock yesterday evening?
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UNIVERSIDAD ALAS PERUANAS – FILIAL ICA
CONJUNCTIONS
The conjunctions are used to connect several sentences, indicating the relationship they have with each other.
For example:
I'm not going to the movies because I have no money.
AND: is the conjunctive “Y" in Spanish. The ideas usually come together with 'and' . If two sentences have the same subject we can ignore.
. He played the guitar and sang wonderful songs
. It is hard for a student to work and study at the same time
. She comes here every day and we´re friends
. Ellie and Marcos went shopping.
. I hate (cigars) and (alcohol).
OR:is the disjunctive “o" that may join words or phrases
You can have three different meanings:
a.) Equivalent to 'or' Spanish
There are 35 or 40 people there
b.) or, if notHands up or I'll shoot
c.) or(ni)He can not read or write
PREPOSITIONS
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
• AT:
We use at with:
The Time:23
UNIVERSIDAD ALAS PERUANAS – FILIAL ICA
At six o’clock
At 7:30
Holidays:
At christmas
At the weekend
The Expressions:
At night
At moon
At midday
• ON:
We use on with:
Days:
On Monday
On Tuesdays
Holidays:
On Christmas
On the weekend
Dates:
On july 18
On september 10
• IN:
We use in with:
Months:
In february
In november
Seasons:24
UNIVERSIDAD ALAS PERUANAS – FILIAL ICA
In the winter
In the spring
Years:
In 1976
In 2002
Expressions:
In the morning
In the afternoon
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
We use prepositions of place to say where somebody or something is.
We use IN with names of cities and countries. Example:
In Lima, in Peru.
ADVERBS
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UNIVERSIDAD ALAS PERUANAS – FILIAL ICA
We use an adverb od manner to describe how someone does something. The adverb modifies the verb. It tells us more about the verb. It answers the question How?
She answered politely (How did she answer? Politely)
She listened patiently (How did she listen? Patiently)
Remember, an adjective describes someone or something. It tells us more about a noun (a person, place or thing)
Laura was polite (Polite tells us more about Laura)
Adverbs of degree (extremely, very, etc) can modify an adjective
Verb Adverbs Adjective
He was Extremely Interested
it was an Absolutely Stupid game
They can also modify another adverb. Sentences adverbs like unfortunately, actually, clearly, perhaps modify a whole
clause. Unfortunately she couldn’t think of another excuse.
WILL
We use will for predictions about the future, usually with the verbs HOPE,THINK, BELIEVE, EXPECT, IMAGINE,etc; the expressions. I’M SURE, I’M AFRAID, etc and the adverbs PROBABLY, PERHAPS, etc.
For promise. For example: I won’t tell anybody. I promise. For on - the spot decisions. Example: I’m bored here. I’ll go to the cinema. For threats. Stop talking or I’ll punish you.
Suject AUXILIARY VERB complement
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UNIVERSIDAD ALAS PERUANAS – FILIAL ICA
I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
WILL PLAY Guitar .
SOCCER.
We form the future simple with WILL and the base form of the main verb. We us WILL for all persons. “Helen will go to a party this Saturday”.
We form questions by putting WILL before the subject. “Will he come to the meeting?”
We form negations by putting Not after WILL. The short from of Will Not is WON’T “He won’t come to the meeting”.
GOING TO
We use be going to : to talk our future plans and intentions.He’s going to play tennis tomorrow morning (=he’s planning to …)
to make predictions based on what we see or know.It’s going to rain. There are dark clouds in the sky (I can see the clouds)
But we use WILL to make predictions based on what we think or imagine.
I think he’ll pass his exams.
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