VOLUME – 1, ISSUE – 1 (JANUARY - JUNE) 2013

Editorial

I am happy to convey that second issue of third volume of "International Journal of Scientific and

Innovative Research (IJSIR)", a bi-annual journal has been published by Sky Institute, Lucknow in an

effort to promote multidisciplinary scientific and innovative research of societal benefit. This journal

covers all branches of science, technology, engineering, health, agriculture and management.

Research articles in the field of education are also encouraged in order to promote educational

technology aiming at improvement in present educational system. As research and development (R &

D) has been playing a significant role in overall development of society, continuous multidisciplinary

innovative research in science and technology is needed to address the challenges in context to

changing environmental conditions in the present era of gradual increase in industrial and

technological advancement at global level. Efforts should be made to develop eco-friendly

technologies in order to provide solutions for developing socially, economically and culturally

sustainable society.

The present issue of International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research (IJSIR) contains 6

research papers I articles covering different areas of science and technology. All these papers are well

written and informative in content. I express my sincere thanks and gratefulness to Mr.Mohit Bajpai,

Chairman, Sky Institute, Lucknow (U.P.), India for his support in publishing it. I express my thanks to

members of Committee for Editorial Assistance Dr. B.C.Tripathi, Dr. Pankaj Verma, Shri Sanjay

Pandey, Shri Sanjay Dixit and Mr. Shamshul Hasan Khan for their hard work and devotion in giving

the final shape to the journal. I am thankful to all faculty members, scientists and research scholars of

different universities, research organizations and technical institutions for contributing their research

articles for publication in the present issue of the journal. The help provided by faculty members and

supporting staff of Sky Institute in publishing the present volume of the journal is also acknowledged. I

hope scientists, academicians and young researchers will be greatly benefited by this publication for

their research work.

I request humbly to the readers and contributors of our journal to continue encouraging us for regular

publication of the journal. Any suggestion and comment for the improvement in the quality of the

journal are always welcome.

Dr. B. R. Pandey

Editor-in-Chief

International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2013; 1(1) P-ISSN 2347-2189, E- ISSN 2347-4971

www.ijsir.co.in 163

DR. B.R. PANDEY

DIRECTOR (RESEARCH)SKY INSTITUTE, KURSI ROAD, LUCKNOW, U.P, INDIA

FORMER JOINT DIRECTOR, COUNCIL OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, UP, LUCKNOW

(DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, UP GOVERNMENT), INDIA

FORMER PROFESSOR, INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HERBAL MEDICINE (IIHM), LUCKNOW, U.P., INDIA

E-MAIL ID: editorijsir02@gmail.com, MOBILE-: 9794849800

Dr. B.C.TripathiAssistant Prof.

Deptt. of Educa-

tion,

Rama P.G. College,

Chinhat, Lucknow,

Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Pankaj Verma

Senior Research Fellow,

Deptt. of Oral & Maxillofacial

Surgery,

Faculty of Dental Sciences,

K.G. Medical University,

Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Shri Sanjay Pandey Assistant Prof.

National Institute of

Fashion Technology,

Raebareli,

Uttar Pradesh

Shri Ashish TiwariResearch Scholar,

Sai Nath University,

Ranchi,

Jharkhand

ADVISORY BOARD

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

COMMITTEE FOR EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE

Prof.(Dr.)S. P. OjhaFormer Vice Chancellor, CCS Meerut University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh

Prof.(Dr.)V.K. SrivastavaFormer Prof & Head, Deptt. of Community Medicine

King George Medical University, Lucknow.

Former Director, Integral Institute of Medical Sciences & Research,

Integral University, Lucknow

Former Vice -Chancellor,

Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana, South America

Prof.(Dr.) M.I. KhanProf & Head, Deptt. of Mechanical Engg.,

Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Prof. (Dr.) S.K. AvasthiFormer Director, H.B.T.I., Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh

Prof.(Dr.) Amrika SinghProf & Head (Chemistry), Deptt. of Applied Sciences,

Institute of Engg. & Technology, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Prof.(Dr.) U.N. DwivediProf & Ex- Head, Deptt of Biochemistry, Former Pro- Vice Chancellor,

Former Dean, Faculty of Science, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, U.P.

Prof.(Dr.) U.K. MisraHead, Deptt. of Neurology, Ex Dean,

Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, U.P.

Dr. A.K. GuptaFormer Deputy Director General,

Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi

Prof.(Dr.) V.K.TondonFormer Prof & Head, Deptt. of Chemistry, Ex- Dean Faculty of Science,

University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Prof. (Dr.) Amod Kumar Tiwari,Prof.- Director, Bhabha Institute of Engg.& Technology, Kanpur, U.P.

Prof.(Dr.) Chandra Dhar DwivediFormer Prof. & Chairman, Deptt. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of

Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Borokings, South Dakota, USA

Prof.(Dr.) Vimal KishoreProf. & Chairman, Deptt. of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences,

Xevier College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana, 7325,

Palmetto Street New Orlens, Louisiana USA

Prof .(Dr.) M.C. Pant,Former Director,R. M. L. Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow and Prof. & Head,Deptt. of Radiotherapy, K. G. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Prof. (Dr.) S.P. SinghFormer Prof & Head, Deptt. of Pharmacology,

G. S. V. M. Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh

Prof. (Dr.) R. L. SinghProf & Head, Department of Biochemistry & Coordinator Biotechnology

Program , Dr. R. M. L. University Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Sarita VermaHead, Deptt. of Home Sci., Mahila P.G. College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh

Prof. (Dr.) S.K.AgarwalPro. & Ex-Head, Deptt. of Biochemistry, Lucknow University,

Lucknow, U.P.

Dr. Bharat SahDirector,

National Institute of Fashion Technology, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh

Prof.(Dr.)N.S. VermaProf., Deptt. of Physiology,

K. G. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Prof.(Dr.)A.K. TripathiProf. & Head, Deptt. of Clinical Hematology & Medical Oncology,

K. G. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Prof.(Dr.)C.M. PandeyProf. & Head, Deptt. of Biostatistics & Health Informatics,

Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar

Pradesh

Dr. Rupesh ChaturvediAssociate Prof., School of Biotechnology,

Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Former Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of

Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, Vanderbilt University,

Tennessee, USA

Dr. S.SinhaAsstt. Prof. Deptt. of Internal Medicine, CD University,

C. David Giffen School of Medi., University of California, Los Angeles, USA

Dr. K.RamanPrincipal Scientist, Martek Biosciences Corporation,

6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA

Dr. P.K.AgarwalEditor –in – Chief, Natural Product Communication,

Natural Product Inc 7963, Anderson Park Lane West Terville, OH, USA

Dr. R.K.Singh,Chief Scientist, Division of Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research

Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Mohd. TariqueProf., Deptt of Physical Edu., Lucknow University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

1

Shri Sanjay DixitScientist,

Sky Institute

Lucknow

Uttar Pradesh

164 www.ijsir.co.in

International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2013; 1(1) P-ISSN 2347-2189, E- ISSN 2347-4971

EDITORIAL BOARD

Prof.(Dr.) Y.B. TripathiProf. & Head, Deptt. of Medicinal Chemistry,Institute of Medical Sciences,Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

Prof.(Dr.) R.K. SinghProf. & Head , Deptt. of Biochemistry, Shri Guru Ram RaiInstitute of Medical &Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand & Former Prof. & Head, Department ofBiochemistry, K. G. Medical University , Lucknow, U.P.

Prof. (Dr.) R.S.DiwediFormer Director, National Research Centre for Groundnut (NRCG) , ICAR,Junagarh, Gujarat & Former Principal Scientist – Head, Deptt. of PlantPhysiology, Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Prof. (Dr.) Nuzhat HusainProf. & Head , Deptt of Pathology & Acting Director, R. M. L. Institute ofMedical Sciences, Lucknow,Uttar Pradesh

Prof. (Dr.) Amita JainProf. Deptt. of Microbiology, K.G. Medical University, Lucknow, U.P.

Dr. Sudhir MahrotraAssociate Prof., Deptt. of Biochemistry, Lucknow University, Lucknow, U.P.

Prof. (Dr.) Vibha SinghProf., Deptt. of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences,K. G. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Prof. (Dr.) U.S. PalProf. & Head, Deptt. of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences,K. G. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Prof. (Dr. ) K.K. PantProf. & Head , Deptt. of Pharmacology & Therapeutics,K. G. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Dr. C.M.K.TripathiFormer Deputy Director & Head, Division of Fermentation Technology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Dr. R.D. TripathiChief Scientist & ProfessorPlant Ecology & Environmental Science Division,Uttar Pradesh CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P.

Prof.(Dr.) Ashwani K. SrivastavProf. & Head, Deptt. of Biosciences, Integral University,Lucknow,Former Senior Scientist, Birbal Sbahani Institute Paleobotany, Lucknow, U.P.

Prof.(Dr.) L. PandeyProf. & Head , Postgraduate Deptt . of Physics,Former Dean, Faculty of Science,Rani Durgawati University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India

Prof .(Dr.) Bali RamProf., Deptt. of Chemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

Prof.(Dr.) J.P.N.RaiProf.& Head, Deptt. of Environmental Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agr. &Technology, Pant Nagar, Uttarakhand

Prof.(Dr. )R. S. DubeyProf. & Head, Deptt. of Biochemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P.

Prof. (Dr.) OmkarDeptt. of Zoology, Lucknow University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Prof.(Dr.) Sudhir KumarProf., Deptt. of Zoology, Lucknow University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Prof.(Dr.) Naveen KhareProf., Deptt. of Chemistry, Lucknow University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Prof.(Dr.) S. M. NatuProf., Deptt. of Pathalogy,K.G. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Kusum Lata Mishra,In-charge, Coagulation Laboratory, Deptt. of Pathology,

K.G. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Prof.(Dr.)V.K. Sharma,Prof., Deptt. of Chemistry, Lucknow University, Uttar Pradesh

Prof.(Dr.) R.K. ShuklaProf., Deptt. of Physics, Lucknow University, Lucknow Uttar Pradesh

Prof.(Dr.)Anil GaurProf., Deptt. of Biotechnology & Genetic Engg., G.B. Pant University of Agr. &Technology, Pant Nagar, Uttarakhand

Dr. Mahesh PalPrincipal Scientist ,Phytochemistry Division, CSIR- National Botanical ResearchInstitute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Vinod SinghAssoc. Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Microbiology, Baruktulla University, Bhopal,Madhya Pradesh

Dr. K.K.VermaAssoc. Prof., Deptt. of Physics & Electronics.Dr. R. M. L. Awadh University ,Faizabad,Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Atul GuptaSenior Scientist, CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants,Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Saudan Singh,Senior Principal Scientist,CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants ,Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Dr. S.K.TiwariSenior Principal Scientist ,CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow,Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Shivani Pandey,Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Biochemistry,K.G.Medical University, Lucknow, U.P.

Dr. B.C. Yadav,Lucknow Associate Prof. & Coordinator, Deptt. of Applied Physics, School forPhysical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, U.P.

Dr. Anchal Srivastava,Prof., Deptt of Physics, Lucknow University,Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Shalini BariarAsstt. Professor, Durga Devi Saraf Institute of Management, Mumbai, India

Dr.A.K.PandeyPrincipal Scientist, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources,Lucknow, U.P.

Dr.S.K.PandeyG.M. LML Factory, Kanpur Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Suneet Kumar Awasthi,Asst. Prof ,Deptt.of PhysicsJ.P. University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh

Dr.G. N. PandeyAsst. Prof, Deptt. of Physics Amity University, Noida ,Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Mukesh VermaAsst. Prof., Deptt. of Physical Education, Dr. R.M.L. Avadh University, Faizabad,Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Abhay Singh,Head, Physical Education, Delhi Public School, Lucknow Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Santosh GaurAsst. Prof. Deptt. of Physical Education, Jawahar Lal Nehru P.G. College,Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh

Dr.Sanjeev Kumar JhaSenior Scientist, DEOACC Patna

Dr. Shivlok SinghScientist, DEOACC, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Anurag Tripathi,Asstt . Prof. , Deptt. of Electrical Engg., Institute of Engg. & Technology, SitapurRoad, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Prof. V.P.SharmaSenior Principal Scientist, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research,Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Krishna GopalFormer Deputy Director & Head , Aquatic Toxicology Division, CSIR- IndianInstitute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Dr. S.P. ShuklaProf. , Deptt. of Civil Engg., Institute of Engg. & Technology, Sitapur Road ,Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Ajay MishraAssociate Prof. , Deptt. of Geology, Lucknow University, Lucknow , U. P.

Dr. Ashutosh SinghProf., Deptt. of Chemistry,Saket P.G. College, Ayodhya, Faizabad, U. P.

Dr. S.K. SinghPrincipal, Gita College of Education , Nimbari, Panipat, Haryana

Shri Sudesh BhatAdvisor (Education), Sky Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Krishna GopalAsst. Prof., Deptt. of English,Rama University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh

2

International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2013; 1(1) P-ISSN 2347-2189, E- ISSN 2347-4971

www.ijsir.co.in 165

ABOUT EDITOR-IN- CHIEF : DR. B. R. PANDEY

Dr. B. R. Pandey is a well known academician and scientist with brilliant academic career and

research accomplishments . He has done M.Sc. ( organic chemistry) from Banaras Hindu University,

Varanasi, India in the year 1972. He has done PhD in Medicinal Chemistry under the guidance of world

renowned Biochemist & Medicinal Chemist, Professor S.S. Parmar , Professor of Medicinal Chemistry &

Chemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, K. G. Medical College, Lucknow (

Presently K. G. Medical University), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India in the

year 1976. Dr. Pandey has all throughout first class educational qualifications and his research interest

covers medicinal chemistry, biochemical pharmacology, neurochemistry, neuro-toxicology, environmental

chemistry, herbal medicine & natural products. He is having extensive research experience of more than 40

years and published several research papers in peer reviewed journals of international repute. His research

particularly on the studies of central nervous system acting drugs and anti-inflammatory drugs and their

biochemical mode of action using animal models and enzymes such as monoamine oxidase, acetylcholine

esterase, purine catabolizing enzymes , proteolytic enzymes, membrane stabilizing enzymes, respiratory

enzymes, microsomal enzymes etc. has been well recognized as evidenced by his research publications .

Further, his research on developing herbal medicines has been found very useful in prevention and treatment

of chronic diseases and other refractory diseases for which modern system of medicine have no permanent

cure. He has worked on the position of Joint Director, Council of Science & Technology, U.P., Lucknow,

Department of Science & Technology, Uttar Pradesh Government, India from the year 1979 to 2011, where

he successfully executed several R & D projects in various disciplines of Science & Technology including

chemical & pharmaceutical sciences, medical sciences, biological sciences, environmental sciences etc.

During his tenure as Joint Director, he has been instrumental in launching and implementing important

schemes: Young Scientists Scheme, Young Scientist Visiting Fellowship Scheme, Establishment of Centre of

Excellence- Encephalitis Research Centre of Excellence in Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical

Sciences ( SGPGIMS), Lucknow , U. P. India ; Centre of Excellence in Materials Science ( nano materials)

in Z. H. College of Engg. & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P. India, Establishment of

Patent Information Centre in the premises of Council of Science & Technology , U.P. He has also worked

on the post of Secretary ( as additional charge ) , Council of Science & Technology, U.P. several times and

functioned as Administrative Head of the Organization. Prior to taking over the position of Joint Director,

Council of Science & Technology, U.P. in the year 1979, he has worked as Junior Research Fellow/ Senior

Research Fellow ( Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, New Delhi ), Assistant Research Officer (

Jawaharlal Nehru Laboratory of Molecular Biology) at Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, K.

G. Medical College ( presently K. G. Medical University), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lucknow,

Lucknow, India from the year 1972 to 1979 and involved in multidisciplinary biomedical research leading to

drug development . He has worked as Visiting Scientist / Faculty in the Department of Physiology, School

of Medicine, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA and also visited scientific

institutions in Sweden, U.K. and U.S.A. under Training Program on Capacity Building in Environmental

Research Management (World Bank Funding Project). After his superannuation in the year 2011, he has

been associated with International Institute of Herbal Medicine (IIHM), Lucknow, India as Professor and is

presently associated with Sky Institute, Lucknow , India as Director ( Research) and involved in programs

related to higher education and research of scientific & technological fields. He has organized several

3

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International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2013; 1(1) P-ISSN 2347-2189, E- ISSN 2347-4971

national and international conferences. He has actively participated in national and international conferences,

symposia and workshops and presented research papers and chaired scientific / technical sessions. He is

life member and fellow of many scientific societies such as National Academy of Sciences India , Society

of Toxicology of India, Indian Academy of Neurosciences, Bioved Research Society India, International

Society for Herbal Medicine (ISHM), Society of Biological Sciences and Rural Development, India. He has

been member of several scientific expert committees/ advisory committees to evaluate scientific research

proposals. Dr. Pandey has been actively associated with various universities and institutions in India as

examiner for conducting graduate, post graduate and doctoral level examinations in disciplines like chemical

sciences, pharmaceutical sciences, biochemical sciences, biotechnology and allied areas and member of

Board of Studies for the academic development in the department. He has been approved research supervisor

for guiding research in chemistry, biotechnology and related areas from various universities of India leading

to PhD Degree. In view of his vast research and administrative experience and broad R & D vision, Dr.

Pandey has been associated with International Journal of Scientific & Innovative Research (IJSIR) as

Editor-in-Chief.

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International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2013; 1(1) P-ISSN 2347-2189, E- ISSN 2347-4971

www.ijsir.co.in 167

FROM THE DESK OF CHAIRMAN, SKY INSTITUTE

It is my privilege to state that I have great desire to contribute to the

development of our country and to bring about social transformation through

education, higher learning and research. This inner feeling prompted me to establish

Sky Institute in Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh), the city known for its rich cultural heritage

and vibrant academic institutions of higher learning. Sky Institute, since its inception

in the year 2006, has been functioning to impart various educational and training

courses with a vision to improving lives through education, research and innovation. The institute provides

a professional learning environment that acts as a catalyst, for the exponential growth of student as well as

extracurricular abilities. It conducts regular courses at the level of graduate and post graduate followed by

research courses leading to M Phil and PhD in all subjects in association with universities .

I feel great pleasure to highlight that Sky Institute has started to publish a bi-annual journal

“International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research ( IJSIR ) which encourages to publish research

articles in all branches of science, technology ,engineering, health, agriculture and management. Research

articles in the field of education are also considered in order to improve educational standard in educational

institutions with innovative technologies. First volume of the journal has been successfully published. The

present issue of second volume of the journal contains useful and informative research articles which

may be interesting to readers and educational and research organizations. The association of eminent

faculty and scientists of reputed organizations with our journal is highly appreciable.

I call upon all the students who are willing to join various programs/courses being run at Sky

Institute in association with selected universities, to strive hard to gain knowledge, transform it into skills

with right attitude and inculcate the habit of learning, which will drive them to self directed learning.

My best wishes to all the aspiring students.

5

Mohit Bajpai

Chairman

Sky Institute

1

International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2013; 1(1):1-13

THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF PICRORRHIZA KURROA IN

PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF HEPATIC DISORDERS: AN

OVERVIEW

*B.R.PANDEY1,2

, P. VERMA1

1. International Institute of Herbal Medicine (IIHM), Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, U.P., India.

2. Sky Institute for Higher Education &Research, Kursi Road , Lucknow, U.P., India

ABSTRACT

The liver being vulnerable to wide variety of metabolic, toxic, microbial, circulatory and neoplastic insults is

subjected to potential damage resulting in acute or chronic hepatic disorders. Viral hepatitis has always been

a disease of major concern. The existence of atleast five distinct viral hepatitis agents has been documented

namely HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV and HEV. Distinctive differences in symptoms of disease like onset, severity,

prevalence, season, serological markers, clinical course etc lead to distinguish the causative agent. Liver

disorders may be as acute or chronic hepatitis (inflammatory liver disease), hepatosis (non- inflammatory

disorders) and liver cirrhosis (degenerative disorder resulting in fibrosis of the liver). An actual curative

therapeutic agent has not yet been found. In fact most of the available remedies rather support or promote the

process of healing or regeneration of the liver. The drugs available in the modern system of medicine are the

corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents which bring about only symptomatic relief and in most cases

have no influence on the disease process. Their use is also associated with the risk of relapses and danger of

side effects. In addition, two types of hepatitis B vaccines (plasma derived and recombinant) have also been

developed and are available. These vaccines are too expensive and cannot be afforded by common patients.

These vaccines also produce few side effects. Considering the non availability of effective, safe and cheep

drugs for the cure of hepatic disorders, usefulness of alternate herbal therapy is currently being evaluated by

scientists and clinicians. Picrorrhiza kurroa is one of the most important herbs of ayurveda which forms an

ingredient of many Indian herbal preparations used for the treatment of liver disorders. The alcoholic extract

of Picrrorhiza kurroa has been shown to demonstrate significant hepato protective effect which appeared to

be due to a mixture of two iridoid glycosides (picroside 1 and kutkoside) known as picroliv (kutkin). It has

been found more active than a known hepatoprotective drug silymarin. Considering beneficial action of

Picrorrhiza kurroa in protection of hepatic damage, an organic herbal formulation, Liver-Kidney-Care

consisting of three medicinal herbs namely Picrorrhiza kurroa, Boerhavia diffusa and Phylanthus nirruri has

been developed by International Institute of Herbal Medicine (IIHM), Lucknow, India. This formulation is

free of pesticides, insecticides, weedcides, toxins and harmful chemicals. Liver –Kidney - Care has been

found to provide beneficial effect to patients of hepatic disorders attending the clinic of IIHM and several

patients have been cured with the treatment of this herbal drug. Therefore, this herbal formulation alone can

be used as alternative medicine in the treatment of hepatic disorders or it can also be used as adjunct /

complimentary medicine.

Keywords: Picrorrhiza kurroa, Picroliv, iridoid glycosides, viral hepatitis, hepatoprotective activity,

Liver- kidney- Care.

*Corresponding author- Dr. B.R. Pandey, Director (Research), Sky Institute for Higher Education

& Research, Kursi Road, Lucknow, U.P., India, e-mail-drbrpandey@gmail.com

2

INTRODUCTION

The liver being vulnerable to wide variety of

metabolic, toxic, microbial, circulatory and

neoplastic insults is subjected to potential

damage resulting in acute or chronic hepatic

disorders. Viral hepatitis has always been a

disease of major concern. The existence of at

least five distinct viral hepatitis agents has been

documented namely HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV

and HEV. Distinctive differences in symptoms

of disease like onset, severity, prevalence,

season, serological markers, clinical course etc

lead to distinguish the causative agent.

Hepatitis A is most often contracted through the

fecal-oral route and it is self limiting school

children are at particular risk. Hepatitis B is

usually transmitted by parental inoculation of

virus contacting material and so the others too

have serious complications. The hepatitis B

virus (HBV) is transmitted by horizontal and

vertical routes and causes both acute and

chronic liver diseases which are often

associated with chronic sequelae including the

development of hepatocellular carcinoma

(HCC). An actual curative therapeutic agent has

not yet been found. In fact, most of the

available remedies rather support or promote

the process of healing or regeneration of the

liver. The drugs available in the modern system

of medicine are the corticosteroids and immune

suppressive agents which bring about only

symptomatic relief and in most cases have no

influence on the disease process. Further, their

use is associated with the risk relapses and

danger of side effects. Although, efforts are

being made to develop drugs and vaccines for

effective control of hepatitis, there is need to

explore medicinal plants which are abundantly

available in our country in order to develop

safe, cheap and long acting hepatoprotective

drugs. Extensive work has been carried out on

few medicinal plants namely, Acacia catechu,

Andrographis paniculata, Boerhaavia diffusa,

Citrullus colocynthis, Eclipta alba, phylanthus

niruri, Picrorrhiza kurroa, Piper longum,

Solanum nigrum, Terminalia ariuna, Tinospora

cordifolia, Withania somnifera, Withania

coaqulans, Silymarin, Phyllanthus amarus using

experimental animals. These plants exhibited

significant hepatoprotective activity.The plant

extracts showing promising results in animal

model have been subjected for further screening

against HBV infected human sera using

Enzyme linked Immunosorbant Assay

(ELISA). Amongst above plants, Picrorrhiza

kurroa forms an ingredient of many Indian

herbal preparations used for the treatment of

liver ailments [1-3]

. This review highlights the

major findings of previous studies on

Picrorrhiza kurroa.

Active Constituents

The alcoholic extract of Picrorrhiza kurroa

contains two iridoid glycosides. Picroliv

(Kutkin) and its two major irridoid glycosides

viz. picroside I and kutkoside (Figure 2) have

been isolated and described. Both picroside I

and kutkoside were the cinnamoyl and vanilloyl

esters of catalpol. The latter was prepared by

alkaline hydrolysis of the mixture of picroside I

and kutkoside followed by purification of the

resulting product by chromatography. [4]

Picroliv is a standardized iridoid glycoside

fraction obtained from root and rhizome of the

plant picrorrhiza kurroa.

Many other active constituents have been

identified including nine cucurbitacin

glycosides, apocynin and dorsin. [5]

3

Botanical classification of

Picrorrhiza kurroa :-

Kingdom : Plantae

Order : Angiosperm

Family: Scrophulariaceae

Genus: Picorrhiza

Species: kurroa

4

Hepatoprotective activity

Several research studies have shown that

extracts of Picrorrhiza (P. kurroa) popularly

known in India as “Kutkin” possess marked

protective action on liver. Studies were

conducted to evaluate hepatoprotective activity

of alcoholic extract of P. kurroa and kutkin in

some models of hepatic damage in rodents and

the results showed that the alcoholic extract of

the root and rhizome of P. kurroa exhibited

hepatoprotective activity in rat and mastomys.

The active principle was identified as kutkin

and the kutkin free fraction of the extract were

found to be devoid of any activity. Kutkin

showed significant hepato protective activity in

hepatic damage induced by galactosamine (in

rats) and plasmodium berghei (in mastomys) as

assessed by changes in several serum and liver

biochemical parameters [2, 4]

. Further, studies

have been conducted to see the effect of

picroliv on Plasmodium berghei induced

hepatic damage in mastomys natalensis and the

results showed that administration of picroliv, a

standardized fraction of alcoholic extract of

Picrorrhiza kurroa (3-12 mg/kg/day for two

weeks) simultaneously with P. berghei infection

showed significant protection against hepatic

damage in mastomys natalensis. The increased

levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate

transminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate

transminase (GPT), alkaline phospahatase,

lipoprotein X(LP-X) and bilurubin in the

infected animals were markedly reduced by

different doses of picroliv. In the liver, picroliv

decreased the level of lipid peroxides and

hydroperoxides and facilitated the recovery of

superoxide dismutase and glycogen. Picroliv

had no effect on the degree of parasitaemia [6]

.

In another experimental study, the

investigations were carried out on the effect of

oral administration of picroliv, obtained from

total alcohol extractable rhizome of P. kurroa

concurrently with toxication of rats for two

weeks with carbon tetra chloride (CCl4) and the

results showed that administration of carbon

tetra chloride to normal rats increased activities

of hepatic 5’- nucleotidase, acid phospahatase,

acid ribonuclease while the activities of

succinate dehydrogenase, glucose 6-

phosphatse, superoxide dismutase and

cytochrome p450 were decreased. Levels of

lipid peroxides, total lipids and cholesterol of

liver were also increased. The activities of

serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase,

glutamate pyruate transminase and alkaline

phosphatase were increased. Other serum

parameters showing changes after CCL4 were

bilirubin, proteins, cholesterol, triglycerides and

lipoprotein –X. Picroliv in doses of 6 and 12

mg / Kg provided a significant protection

against most of the biochemical alterations

produced by the CCL4. The degree of

protection afforded by picroliv, when

administered simultaneously or as a

pretreatment was almost equal [7].

Studies were

conducted to see the protective action of

picroliv on isolated rat hepatocytes against

thioacetamide induced injury and the results

showed that picroliv showed dose – dependent

protective activity on isolated hepatocytes (ex-

vivo) against thioacetamide - induced hepatic

damage in the rat . It enhances the percentage

of viable hepatic cells. Picroliv also

antagonized the changes in the enzymes GOT,

GPT and alkaline phophatase produced by

thio-acetamide both in isolated hepatocyte

suspension as well as in serum.

5

It was found to be more potent than silymarin ,a

known hepatoprotective agent[8]

. Picroliv, the

active principle of P. kurroa and its main

components which are a mixture of the iridoid

glycocides, picrocide 1 and kutkoside were

studied in vitro as potential scavengers of

oxygen free radicals. The superoxide (O2-)

anions generated in a xanthine-xanthine oxidase

system , as measured in terms of uric acid

formed and the reduction of nitroblue

tetrazolium were shown to be suppressed by

picroliv, picroside 1 and kutkoside. Picroliv as

well as both glycosides inhibited the non-

enzymatic generation of O2- anions in

aphenazine methosulphate NADH system.

Malonaldehyde (MDA) generation in rat liver

microsomes as stimulated by ascorbate Fe2+

and

NADPH-ADP-Fe 2+

systems was shown to be

inhibited by the picroliv glycosides. Known

antioxidants tocopherol (Vitamin E) and

butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) were also

compared with regard to their antioxidant

actions in the above system. It was found that

BHA afforded protection against ascorbate Fe2+

induced MDA formation in microsomes but did

not interfere with enzymatic or non-enzymatic

O2- anion generation and tocoferal inhibited

lipid peroxidation in microsomes by both

peroxidant systems and the generation of O2-

anions in the non enzymatic system but did not

find interfere with xanthine oxidase activity.

This study shows that picroliv, picroside-1 and

kutkoside possess the properties of antioxidants

which appear to be mediated through activity

like that of superoxide dismutase, metal ion-

chelators and xanthine oxidase inhibitors. These

results suggested that the hepatoprotective

action of picroliv glycosides may be due to the

prevention of lipid peroxidation and free radical

generation during liver damage [9]

.

Effect of Picroliv, the active principle from

Picrorrhiza kurroa, on glutathione metabolism

in liver and brain of Mastomys natalensis

infected with plasmodium berghei was studied

and it was found that administration of Picroliv

at a dose of 6mg/kg, po for two weeks showed

significant protection against changes in liver

and brain glutathione metabolism of

plasmodium berghei infected Mastomys

natalensis. The depletion of reduced

glutathione level and inhibition of glutathione-

s-transferase, glutathione reductase and

glutathione peroxidase activities due to P.

berghei infection were markedly reduced by

picroliv. The increased levels of lipid

peroxidation products in damaged tissue were

also reduced along with recovery of

glutathione metabolism [10]

.

Studeis were also conducted to see the effect

of picroliv on γ-glutamyl cycle in liver and

brain of Mastomys natalensis infected with

Plasmodium berghei and it was observed that

the activation of γ -glutamyl transpeptidase

enzyme and decreased levels of cystine,

sulphydryl groups as well as glutathione

synthesis in both tissues due to P. berghei

infection were reversed by picroliv. Enzymatic

and non – enzymatic lipid peroxidation in

microsomes in vitro was significantly reduced

by Picroliv along with recovery of reduced

glutathione [11]

. The effect of Picroliv was

investigated on oxidative modifications of

serum lipoproteins in Plasmodium berghei

infected Mastomys coucha and the results of

the study showed that picroliv at the dose of

6mg/kg po for two weeks provided significant

protection against the generation of lipid

peroxidation products in serum ᵦ- lipoproteins

of Plasmodium berghei infected M. coucha.

Incubation of normal rat hepatocytes with very

low density lipoproteins

6

or low density lipoprotein isolated from

infected animals caused significant

generation of lipid peroxides followed by a

decrease in the viability of these cells,

however, these effects were partially reversed

with lipoproteins from infected and picroliv

treated groups. High density lipoprotein from

infected animals was not toxic to hepatocytes

in vitro [12]

. Picroliv (active principle from P.

kurroa), its major components picroside 1,

catapol, kutkoside 1, kutkoside were tested for

the presence of anti hepatitis B virus surface

antigen (anti HBs) like activity, HBs Ag.

Positive serum samples obtained from

hepatitis B virus (HBV) associated acute and

chronic liver diseases and healthy HBs ag

carriers were used to evaluate the anti HBs

like activity of compounds / extract. The latter

were mixed with serum sample and incubated

at 37oC

overnight followed by HBs Ag

screening in the ELISA system. A promising

anti- HBs Ag like activity was noted in

Picroliv (and its major components) catalpol

which differed from the classical

neutralization. Picroliv also inhibited purified

HBV antigens prepared from healthy HBsAg

carriers [2,13]

. Picroliv has been shown to

possess dose dependent (0.75-12 mg/kg x 7

days) protective activity on isolated

hepatocytes (ex-vivo) against paracetamol-

induced hepatic damage in rats. It increased

the percentage viability of the hepatocytes.

Picroliv also restored the normal values of

enzyme (glutamic oxaloacetic transminase

[GOT], glutamic pyruvic transminase [GPT]

and alkaline phophatase) both in isolated

hepatocyte suspension as well as in the serum.

Picroliv was found to be more potent than

silymarin , a known hepatoprotective agent [14,

15].

In another study, picroliv has been shown to

exhibit a significant dose dependent (3-

12mg/kg po x 7 days ) protective activity

against galactosamine induced hepatic

damage in rats as evaluated on the isolated

hepatocytes (ex. vivo) prepration. It markedly

increased the percentage of viability of

hepatocytes. It was also found to restore the

galactosamine- induced changes in the levels

of enzymes (GOT; GPT and alkaline

phosphatase) both in isolated hepatic cells as

well as in serum. Picroliv was also found to

possess a marked anticholestatic effect.

Picroliv was found to be more potent than

silymarin, a standard hepatoprotective agent [16]

.

Picroliv has also been found to possess a

dose (3-12 mg/kg, po for 7 days) dependent

choleretic activity as evidenced by increase in

bile flow and its contents (bile salts and bile

acids). Significant anticholestatic activity was

also observed against carbon tetrachloride

induced cholestasis in conscious rat,

anaesthetized guinea pig and cat. Picroliv

was found to be more active than the known

hepatoprotective drug silymarin [17]

. An

experimental study was conducted to

evaluate hepatoprotective effect of Picroliv

against Rifamicine-induced toxicity in

animals. The results of the study showed that

Picroliv exhibited significant

hepatoprotective as well as an anticholestatic

activity against rifamicine-induced hepatic

damage. Rifamicine (50 mg/kg ipx6 days)

resulted in the reduction of bile flow as well

as its contents (bile salt and bile acids) in the

conscious rat and anesthelized gunea pig.

Further, it also caused a decrease in the

viability and rate of oxygen consumption in

7

isolated rat hepatocytes. Picroliv treatment

significantly reversed the altered parameter of

bile and hepatocytes. Picroliv was found to be

more active than known hepatoprotective drug

silymarin. The modulation of rifamicin toxicity

by picroliv indicated that this agent could be

given simultaneously to tuberculosis patients

to protect the liver from rifamicine induced

toxicity[18-19]

. Considering the beneficial action

of Picrorrhiza kurroa in protection of hepatic

damage, International Institute of Herbal

Medicine (IIHM), Lucknow, India, has

developed an organic herbal formulation,

“Liver – Kidney - Care” consisting of

Bhumiamalaki- Phyllanthus niruri, 125 mg,

Punarnava- Boerhavia diffusa, 100 mg and

Katuki- Picrorrhiza kurroa, 100 mg. The above

herbal combination at dose of one capsule

twice daily within meals given to patients of

hepatic disease attending the clinic of IIHM

produced beneficial effect to patients. This

above herbal combination are well known for

its hepato-protective effects singly or in

combination with the best ever known hepato-

protective effects proved scientifically[20-21]

.

Liver-Kidney-Care herbal formulation is free

from pesticides, insecticides, weedicide and

herbicides. This herbal formulation alone can

be used as alternative medicine in the treatment

of hepatic disorders or it can also be used as

adjunct/complimentary medicine.

DISCUSSION

In the present days of environmental

degradation, uncontrolled environmental stress,

changing life style and expanding therapy with

the potent drugs, the liver main organ of the

human is continuously exposed to varieties of

xenobiotics and therapeutic agents which

interfere with the various functions of liver

such as metabolic function, detoxicating

function, secretory function and excretory

function leading to liver disorders of varied

nature including acute or chronic hepatitis

(inflammatory liver disease), hepatosis (non-

inflammatory disorders) and liver cirrhosis

(degenerative disorder resulting in fibrosis of

liver). The types of hepatitis may be virus

induced hepatitis, drug/toxin induced

hepatitis, and alcohol induced hepatitis and

autoimmune hepatitis. Viral hepatitis, which

is caused by at least five different and

completely unrelated human pathogens

known as hepatitis A,B, C, D, and E viruses (

HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV and HEV), is of

major concern since the essential lesion is an

acute inflammation of entire liver and hepatic

cell necrosis is associated with leucocytic

reaction and infiltration. Thus, Hepatitis B

virus infection can lead to cirrhosis, acute

liver failure and liver cancer. There are about

45 million people in India carrying the

Hepatitis B virus.

In spite of extensive studies carried out to

develop therapeutic agents using diagnostic

tests / enzyme assays and biomarkers, an

actual curative therapeutic agent for hepatic

disorders has not been found.

In fact, most of the available remedies rather

support or promote the process of healing or

regeneration of liver. The drugs available in

8

modern system of medicine such as

immunoglobulin, ribavirin, lamivudine,

famciclovir, fialuridine, vidarabine,

interferon-alpha.are the corticosteroid and

immunosuppressive agents which may bring

only symptomatic relief and in most cases

have no influence on the disease process.

Further, the use of above drugs is associated

with the risk by relapses and danger of

unwanted side effects/ adverse drug reactions.

In addition, two types of hepatitis B vaccines

(plasma derived and recombinant) have also

been developed and are available. These

vaccines are very expensive and have few side

effects too.

Considering the non availability of effective,

safe and cheep drugs for the cure of hepatic

disorders, usefulness of alternate herbal

therapy is currently being evaluated by

scientists and clinicians throughout the world.

Extensive work has been carried out on few

medicinal plants namely, Acacia catechu,

Andrographis paniculata, Boerhaavia diffusa,

Citrullus colocynthis, Eclipta alba, phylenthus

nirruri, Picrorrhiza kurrooa, Piper longum,

Solanum nigrum, Terminalia ariuna,

Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera,

Withania coaqulans, Silymarin, Phyllanthus

amarus using experimental animals. These

plants have exhibited significant

hepatoprotective activity. The plant extracts

showing promising results in animal model

have been subjected for further screening

against HBV infected human sera using

Enzyme linked Immunosorbant Assay (

ELISA). Picrorrhiza kurroa is one of the most

important herbs of Ayurveda (the traditional

system of medicine in India) which forms an

ingredient of many Indian herbal preparations

used for the

treatment of liver ailments [1]

.

The results of the studies described above

demonstrate that Picrorrhiza kurroa is

effective in prevention and treatment of

hepatic disorders. The presence of two major

iridoid glycosides picroside I and Kutkoside

in alcoholic extract of roots named as kutkin

(picroliv), the active constituent of the plant

Picrorrhiza kurroa has been found to be

responsible in exhibiting hepato protective

actively. Picroliv has been found to be more

active than the known hepato-protective drug

silymarin. It has been hypothesized that the

hepato protective activily of this drug may be

based on (1) Kutkins alter the structure of the

outer membrane of the hepatocytes in such a

way as to prevent penetration of the liver

toxin into the interior of the cell, (2) Kutkins

stimulate the action of nucleolar polymerase

A, resulting in ribosomal protein synthesis

and, thus stimulates the regenerative ability

of the liver and formation of new

hepatocytes, (3) Apocynin, is one of its

constituents, has been found to exhibit

powerful anti-inflammatory effects on a

variety of inflammatory models[22]

. Further,

few studies conducted on experimental

models have shown that the therapeutic

actively of the plant towards hepatic

damage/injury might be due to its antioxidant

and cholerectic activity. Like silymarin,

Picrorhiza does possess significant

antioxidant activity in vitro which may

contribute to the hepatoprotective effect by

reducing lipid peroxidation and free radical

damage [9]

.

Chander et al found that Picrorrhiza and

its main constituents, picroside-I and

kutkoside, inhibited the nonenzymatic

generation of

9

O2-anions in a phenazine methosulphate

NADH system, inhibited oxidative

malonaldehyde generation by both the

ascorbate-Fe2+ and NADPH-ADP-Fe2+

systems, and scavenged superoxide (O2-)

anions generated in a xanthine-xanthine

oxidase system. In other words, Picrorrhiza

demonstrated antioxidant activity similar to

that of superoxide dismutase, metal-ion

chelators, and xanthine oxidase inhibitors [9]

.

Glutathione is vital to maintaining a variety of

intracellular functions, including

detoxification, antioxidation, tertiary protein

configuration, and redox balance [23]

.

Picrorrhiza was found to restore depleted

glutathione levels in African desert rats

infected with Plasmodium berghei (malaria).

Several enzymes associated with glutathione

function were also restored, including

glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione

reductase, and glutathione peroxidase [10]

.

Generation of lipid peroxides in African

desert rats infected with Plasmodium berghei

was significantly reduced by Picrorhiza at the

oral dose of 6 mg/kg for two weeks, revealing

Picrorrhiza also possesses anti-lipid

peroxidative effects [11]

. The hepatoprotective

action of Picrorrhiza kurroa may be due to its

ability to stimulate liver regeneration. Like

silymarin, Picrorrhiza may have an effect on

liver regeneration. A 1992 study demonstrated

stimulation of nucleic acid and protein

synthesis in rat liver with oral administration

of Picrorhiza. The authors stated the results

were comparable to silymarin [24]

.

Another factor in the hepatoprotection of

Picrorrhiza may be its anti-inflammatory

effects. Picrorrhiza extracts were found to

have an inhibitory effect on such pro-

inflammatory cells as neutrophils,

macrophages, and mast cells. [25]

The authors

suggested Picrorrhiza extract inhibited

membrane mediated activation of these cells

(inhibited 8-adrenergic receptors).[26-27]

The

researchers found no effect of the Picrorrhiza

extract on prostaglandin production. [25]

Picrorrhiza contains apocynin, a catechol, as

one of its minor constituents. Apocynin has

been found to exhibit powerful anti-

inflammatory effects on a variety of

inflammatory models. Apocynin was found

to inhibit neutrophil oxidative burst in vitro

without affecting beneficial activities such as

chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and intracellular

killing of bacteria [28-29]

. In vivo animal

models, apocynin inhibited

lipopolysaccharide-induced emphysema in

hamsters. [30]

Apocynin prevented the formation of

ulcerative lesions in rats injected

intracutaneously with Freund’s complete

adjuvant. [31]

10

and reduced swelling in collagen-immunized

rats. No effects on humoral and cellular

immunity were observed after treatment with

apocynin. [32-33]

Interestingly, the effective

daily dose of apocynin was only 0.024 mg/

kg. Such a dose is readily achieved from

normal use of Picrorrhiza root instead of the

concentrated apocynin extract [32-33]

. Several

hepatotoxins, including paracetamol and

ethynylestradiol, have a cholestatic effect on

the production of bile. Picrorrhiza has been

shown to reverse acetaminophen and

ethynylestradiol-induced cholestasis,

maintaining both bile volume and flow.

Silymarin was tested simultaneously for

comparison. Picrorrhiza was found to be a

more potent choleretic and anticholestatic

agent than silymarin.[34]

As for as

dosage/toxicity is concerned, picrorrhiza is

poorly soluble in water and so is usually not

taken as a tea. It is soluble in ethanol and so

can be taken in tincture form (very bitter), but

is usually administered as an encapsulated

standardized extract (4% kutkin) [35]

. The

usual adult dosage is 400 to 1500 mg/day,

although daily doses as high as 3.5 g/ day

have been recommended for fevers [36]

.

Picrorrhiza use is widespread in India and no

major adverse reactions have been reported.

The oral LD50 of kutkin is greater than 2600

mg/kg in rats [37]

.

The LD50 of picrocide and kutkoside is

greater than 1000 mg/kg in rats [37]

. By

comparison, the maximum dose achievable

with oral ingestion of picrorrhiza root is

about 3-6 mg/kg. Considering beneficial

action of Picrorrhiza kurroa in protection of

hepatic damage/injury, an organic herbal

formulation, Liver-Kidney-Care consisting of

three medicinal herbs namely Picrorrhiza

kurroa, Boerhavia diffusa and Phylanthus

nirruri has been developed by International

Institute of Herbal Medicine (IIHM),

Lucknow, U.P., India. This formulation is

free from pesticides, insecticides, weedcides

toxins and harmful chemicals. Liver –Kidney

-Care has been found to provide beneficial

effect to patients of hepatic disorders

attending the clinic IIHM and several patients

have been cured with the treatment of this

herbal formulation. As evidenced from

encouraging results of this herbal formulation

in treatment of patients with hepatic

disorders, it can be recommended for the

cases of fatty or sluggish liver, viral hepatitis,

cirrohosis, hepatic enlargement, kidney

stones, pyelonephritis, renal failure and

urinary tract infection. It has capability to

regulate fat metabolism in obesity and to

improve appetite during convalescences. This

herbal formulation has potential to eliminate

hepato toxic agents such as alcohol, chemical

pollutant and drugs from the complex human

system. Therefore, this herbal formulation

alone can be used as alternative medicine in

the treatment of hepatic disorders or it can

also be used as adjunct / complimentary

medicine. As a preventive treatment 1-2

capsules of Liver-Kidney-Care daily can be

taken for any length of time without side

effects.

11

Although beneficial results have been

obtained with the treatment of Liver-Kidney-

Care at dosage of 1-2 capsule twice a day

within meal for at least one month to the

patients, multidisciplinary clinical studies in

human subjects using modern

biotechnological tools and biomarkers may

prove to be useful in understanding the

biochemical mechanism of action of organic

herbal formulation “Liver-Kidney-Care”

containing hepatoprotective herb Picrorrhiza

kurroa in prevention and treatment of hepatic

disorders.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are thankful to Dr. Narendra

Singh, Director, International Institute of

Herbal Medicine (IIHM), Lucknow, UP,

India, who expired on July 31st 2012 due to

his serious illness and detoriating health

condition, for providing clinical detail and

study protocols in treatment of patients of

hepatic disorders attending the clinic of

IIHM, Lucknow.

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31. ‘t Hart BA, Elferink IG, Nibbering PH. Effect of

apocynin on the induction of ulcerative lesions in rat

skin injected with tubercle bacteria. Int J

Immunopharmacol 1992;14:953-961.

13

32. ‘t Hart BA, Bakker NP, Labadie RP, et al. The

newly developed neutrophil oxidative burst

antagonist apocynin inhibits joint-swelling in

rat collagen arthritis. Agents Actions Suppl

1991; 32:179-184.

33.‘t Hart BA, Simons IM, Knaan-Shanzer S, et al.

Antiarthritic activity of the newly developed

neutrophil oxidative burst antagonist apocynin.

Free Radic Biol Med. 1990 ; 9:127- 131.

34.Shukla B, Visen PK, Patnaik GK, et al.

Choleretic effect of picroliv, the

hepatoprotective principle of Picrorhiza

kurroa. Planta Med 1991;57:29-33.

35.Chopra RN. Indiginous Drugs of India. 2nd

ed.

Reprint. Calcutta, New Delhi: Academic

Publishers; 1982.

36. Kapoor LD. CRC Handbook on Ayurvedic

Medicinal Plants. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC

Press;1990).

37.Annual Report, Regional Research Laboratory,

Council for Scientific and Industrial Research,

India. 1989-1990.

14

International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2013; 1(1):14-17

MEDICAL TOURISM DRIVING THE GROWTH OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM

*Bharat Shah Sanjay Gandhi Post Gratuate Institute of Medical Sciences U.P ,Lucknow, India

*Research Scholor, Sai Nath University, Ranchi, India

ABSTRACT

India has an additional requirement of 0.8 million doctors and 1.7 million nurses, apart from facing a significant shortage of paramedics. 45% of the population travels more than 100 Kms to access tertiary level of medical care. Poor accessibility, accountability, affordability, and availability of healthcare services are key constraints that make the idea of ‘Health for all’ a seemingly impossible accomplishment. Besides, the sector is largely dominated by unorganized private players, mostly comprising of clinics and nursing homes. These facilities offer limited range of services and operate with minimal standards of quality. Moreover, the public sector focus is mainly on primary care with a program based approach. Other issues restricting growth of the sector are of high capital expenditure, high dependence on imported medical equipments, long gestation period for the business to turn profitable, archaic norms for medical education, and absence of any central governing authority for paramedical education.

INTRODUCTION

The proper growth of Indian Medical Health Care System and related issues call for an integrated effort and investment across the entire value-chain of healthcare spectrum. Three broad components of this spectrum are healthcare delivery, pharmaceuticals, and medical equipments. Healthcare delivery comprising of primary, secondary and tertiary care facilities, constitutes a major chunk i.e. 77% of the total market. Pharma and medical equipment segments constitute 14% and 5% of the total market, respectively. While sustained expansion of healthcare delivery facilities like neighborhood clinics, day-care surgery

centers, single and multi-specialty hospitals etc. is expected, it is also vital that support sectors and sub-sectors like pharma retail, wellness, medical technology, medical tourism, medical education and health insurance grow alongside and with equal vigor. Though, the role of private sector is going to get extremely crucial, government’s contribution towards achievement of above mentioned expected growth in the healthcare sector cannot be undermined. The government’s focus on healthcare has seen a positive upswing in the last few years and this momentum is likely to sustain in the coming decade with the implementation of a slew of measures proposed by the government.

15

Work is already underway in the setting-up of six world-class institutes of medical education, training and healthcare delivery along the lines of All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Delhi. Also, a total of nine under-graduate and post-graduate medical colleges and hospitals are being established by the Employee State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) not only in metros, but many tier-2 and 3 towns of the country. These two measures will greatly improve accessibility and affordability of healthcare services in non-metro cities, apart from providing quality medical education to many doctors and paramedical professionals.

The Research Methodology includes following steps: DATA COLLECTION

Primary data give original information for specific purposes. It may be collected through survey.

Secondary data consist of information that already exists. The sources of secondary information are news papers, journals, books, magazines and medical Journals. These will be used to get a basic understanding of medical tourism in order to frame relevant questions. The data will be analyzed using correlation analysis. Step 2: Sampling Techniques and Instruments For sampling, the deliberate and stratified techniques shall be used. Questionnaire, Personal Structured Interview, Telephonic Interviews, Internet Feedback will be used as instruments to collects information. ORIGIN OF MTI The revolution in the Indian tertiary (specialized) health care sector took place about 10-15 years ago. Medical tourism originated in India mostly for local expatriates and referred patients. 80% of the interviewees reported that the majority of the medical tourists belong

to the catchment areas of India, namely Middle Eastern countries, SAARC nations (Afghanistan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka), CIS countries and Africa (Nigeria, Congo, Uganda, Tanzania and Namibia). The medical tourists vary from neonates‘to 14 years in the paediatric age group to 90 years for adults. They seek treatment for procedures such as joint replacement (knee), cosmetic reconstructions, dental procedures, cardiology, oncology, gender reassignment, neurology, minimal access bariatric surgery and alternative therapies such as yoga and Ayurveda. India is a preferred medical tourism destination amongst the patients due to the comparatively low cost of treatment; highly skilled medical and paramedical staff trained in the UK and the USA; and superior medical technology. The host hospitals with national and international accreditation promote medical tourism by means of country-specific marketing strategies, seminars, websites, educating the patients about their positive clinical outcomes, medical tourism facilitators and word of mouth recommendation.

The availability of economic and efficient human resources in India, political stability and accreditation of the multi-specialty hospitals (JCI and NABH) are some of the other growth drivers. India, at present, has 200 hospitals offering specialized tertiary care as against 15-20 in Singapore. Fortis Hospital (500 beds) and the recent Medanta Medicity (2000 beds) near the Delhi airport belt offers huge source of foreign exchange earnings from medical tourists.

Effect of globalization on healthcare policies and revenue with regard to Medical Tourism Industry in India

The globalization of healthcare services after signing of the GATS agreement (Mode 2 with cross-border flow of patients) led to the opening up of the Indian economy to the inflow of superior medical equipment, implants, and pharmaceuticals from overseas and improvement in quality standards with the establishment of the competitive benchmarking system and clinical governance.

16

It has led to a transformation of medicine from a country-specific domain to a multinational delivery of healthcare with multiple private hospitals emerging on the global stage such as Medanta Medicity, Fortis, Apollo and Max Healthcare. Globalization has also enabled the expansion of hospital networks overseas, such as Apollo Hospitals in Yemen, Fiji, Mauritius and

Middle Eastern countries. It has also led to the sharing of best clinical practices.

The MDA policy bolsters the wellness sector and incentivizes the hospitals participating in medical tourism as reported by 40% of the interviewees. The Indian National Health Policy of 2002 for promoting medical tourism is better suited for primary and secondary healthcare than tertiary. The foreign exchange earned is invested in medical research and in offering subsidized treatment to the underprivileged.

OPPORTUNITIES OF MTI

With increasing patient awareness and marketing strategies, the trend has reversed from a patient accustomed to being treated by an Indian doctor in his own country to the consumer (medical tourist) following the provider to India. MTI has established niche markets‘ with different countries specializing in certain procedures such as orthopedic and cardiology procedures in India (Macready 2007).

In succinct, as reported by 100% of the interviewees, MTI offers affordable, qualitative, diverse medical care by skilled personnel; an increase in foreign exchange and revenue for host country; mushrooming job opportunities for hospitals, tourism industry and insurance companies; augments the global standing of the developing country; encourages greater investment in the health care infrastructure of the host country and simultaneously promotes a reverse ‗brain drain‘ (migration from developed to developing countries) of medical staff. (Appadurai, 1990; Weisbrot et al., 2000; Cornia, 2001; Dollar et al., 2002; Sharpley, 2003; Fried and Harris, 2007; Horowitz, 2007; Turner, 2007).

It ameliorates the state of overburdened health systems of industrialized nations like USA with 46.6 million people uninsured and helps to combat the long waiting lists for surgeries for UK patients (Starr Sered and Fernandopulle, 2005; Aston, 2006; Milstein and Smith, 2006a; Horowitz, 2007). Simultaneously, it provides opportunities for: cosmetic surgeries; procurement of rare drugs and procedures restricted in developed nations; privacy for patients undergoing fertility treatment; and drug rehabilitation along with an added excursion to the host destination (Batson and Oster, 2007; Breen 2007).

The medical tourism sector has been comparatively recession-free in India (60% of respondents). Additionally, with President Obama‘s healthcare reform in USA, India offers ample opportunities in the medical tourism sector as it offers cheaper treatment. The corporate offices (such as Blue Ridge Paper Products Inc, USA) are also offering packages with India as a medical tourism destination to its employees to cut costs. Additionally, with the increasing geriatric (elderly) in USA and UK there is a greater demand for health care services than can be delivered.

The Indian hospitals such as Apollo, Max, Fortis and Medanta have made agreements with insurance sector (TPAs) to cover post-operative complications for medical tourists such as BUPA, Aetna, Kaiser, Blue Cross and Blue Shield. There is an observed shift in economics from a zone of un-affordability to a zone of affordability of healthcare services such as medical tourists from Nigeria. Another factor is the indirect effect of hosting the Commonwealth Games in Delhi, 2010 where there has been an improvement in the infrastructure of the multi-specialty hospitals with an increase in bed numbers to accommodate the potential rise in foreign patients (medical tourists). McKinsey, US management consultancy, forecasts that Indian MTI will grow to $2 billion per annum by 2012.

CHALLENGES OF MTI

The major challenges of globalization of healthcare services with regard to MTI have been in the

17

area of public sector health inequity due to the private hospitals catering to medical tourists causing a “brain drain” from public to private hospitals. On one hand, some authors such as Bookman (2007) believe that it leads to greater access and quality of healthcare services. On the other hand, 40% of the interviewees and few researchers argue that it leads to unequal work-force distribution (Lipson, 2001; Gawanade, 2003; Sengupta and Nundy, 2005; Wibulpolprasert et al. 2004; Herrick, 2007; Kapur, 2007).

Secondly, there is concern over ethical issues associated with procedures like organ transplantation and reproductive tourism for medical tourists. 60% of the interview respondents either refuse to comment on these parameters, deny any such claim or give inconclusive answers. In addition, due to multiple hospitals offering facilities for medical tourists, there is greater competition amongst them both within them both within India and with countries such as Singapore and Thailand. The quality of care offered under such circumstances is questionable (40% of the interviewees).

Next, the medical tourists are also wary of fraudulent medical tourism facilitators and the occurrence of post-operative complications after departure from India. Hospitals reported difficulty in attracting medical tourists from publicly run healthcare systems such as in USA, UK and Canada due to: the logistics of long distance travel; negative image of India with regard to hygiene and security; four hour travel limit imposed by the UK government for its citizens; opening up of the European Union for UK patients and high customer service expectation as reported by Mudur (2004b), Macready (2007) and 60% of the interviewees. Besides, there are security implications for the treatment of patients from Pakistan. Though the cost of treatment offered for medical tourists in India is reasonable, the hospitals contend that there is a gradual surge in the cost of treatment due to rising import costs of medical equipments and implants being imported. But, the payment potential of the medical tourists (Nigeria) is not increasing at the same rate.

REFERENCE

1. Badara S, Evans T, Dybul M, Atun R, Moatti JP, Nishtar S, Wright A, Celletti F, Hsu J, Kim JY, Brugha R, Russell S. Etienne C: An assessment of interactions between global health initiatives and country health systems. Lancet. 2009; 373:2137-2169.

2. Batson A, Oster S. Change of Heart: China Reconsiders Fairness of 'Transplant Tourism'. Foreigners Pay More for Scarce Organs- Israelis Debate Reform. Wall Street Journal, April 6, Ai. (2007).

3. Blyth E, Farrand A. Reproductive Tourism: A Price worth Paying for Reproductive Autonomy? Critical Soc. Pol‘Y, 25, 91-96. (2005).

4. Kidder L, Judd CM. Research Methods in Social Relations. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. (1986)

5. Koncept Analytics. Medical Tourism Market in Asia: Focus on Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and India. Availablefrom: <http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reportinfo.asp?report_id=60241> (2008).

6. Kuan Yew, L. (2006). Excerpts from speech by Minister Mentor Mr. Lee Kuan Yew at the SGH 185th anniversary dinner on 16 April 2006 at Ritz-Carlton Millennia. Singapore Medical Association News, 38, 12–15.

7. Sengupta, A., & Nundy, S. (2005). The private health sector in India. British Medical Journal, 331, 1157–1158.

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International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2013; 1(1):18-22

FACE RECOGNITION USING NEURAL NETWORK

*SUMAN SHARMA Department of Computer Science, GNIT Institute Greater Noida, U.P., India

Research Scholar, Sai Nath University, Ranchi, India

ABSTRACT Although the distinction between optimum decision and pre-processing or feature extraction is not

essential, the concept of functional breakdown provides a clear picture for the understanding of the

pattern recognition problem. Correct recognition will depend on the amount of discriminating

information contained in the measurements and the effective utilization of this information. In some

applications, contextual information is indispensable in achieving accurate recognition. For instance,

in the recognition of cursive handwritten characters and the classification of fingerprints, contextual

information is extremely desirable. When we wish to design a pattern recognition system which is

resistant to distortions, flexible under large pattern deviations, and capable of self-adjustment, we are

confronted with the adaptation problem. There are many interesting problems that remain in the area

of face recognition.

The information age is quickly revolutionizing the way transactions are completed. Everyday actions are increasingly being handled electronically, instead of with pencil and paper or face to face. This growth in electronic transactions has resulted in a greater demand for fast and accurate user identification and authentication. Access codes for buildings, banks accounts and computer systems often use PIN's for identification and security clearances. Using the proper PIN gains access, but the user of the PIN is not verified. When credit and ATM cards are lost or stolen, an unauthorized user can often come up with the correct personal codes. Despite warning, many people continue to choose easily guessed PIN's. Using the proper PIN gains access, but the user of the PIN is not verified.

When credit and ATM cards are lost or stolen, an

unauthorized user can often come up with the

correct personal codes. Despite warning, many

people continue to choose easily guessed PIN's

and passwords: birthdays, phone numbers and

social security numbers. Recent cases of identity

theft have heightened the need for methods to

prove that someone is truly who he/she claims to

be. Face recognition technology may solve this

problem since a face is undeniably connected to

its owner expect in the case of identical twins. It

is non transferable. The system can then compare

scans to records stored in a central or local

database or even on a smart card. The face is our

19

playing a major role in conveying identity and

emotion. Although, the ability to infer

intelligence or character from facial appearance

is suspect, the human ability to recognize faces

is remarkable. We can recognize thousands of

faces learned throughout our lifetime and

identify familiar faces at a glance even after

years of separation. This skill is quite robust,

despite large changes in the visual stimulus due

to viewing conditions, expression, aging, and

distractions such as glasses, beards or changes in

hair style. Face recognition has become an

important issue in many applications such as

security systems, credit card verification and

criminal identification.

For example, the ability to model a particular

face and distinguish it from a large number of

stored face models would make it possible to

vastly improve criminal identification. Even the

ability to merely detect faces, as opposed to

recognizing them, can be important. Detecting

faces in photographs for automating colour film

development can be very useful, since the effect

of many enhancement and noise reduction

techniques depends on the image content.

Although, it is clear that people are good at face

recognition, it is not at all obvious how faces are

encoded or decoded by the human brain. Human

face recognition has been studied for more than

twenty years.

Unfortunately, developing a computational model of face recognition is quite difficult, because faces are complex, multi-dimensional visual stimuli.

Human face identification is to extract the relevant

features from facial images. Research in the field

primarily intends to generate sufficiently reasonable

familiarities of human faces so that another human can

correctly identify the face. The question naturally

arises as to how well facial features can be quantized.

If such a quantization is possible then a computer

should be capable of recognizing a face given a set of

features. Investigations by numerous researchers over

the past several years have indicated that certain facial

characteristics are used by human beings to identify

faces.

METHODOLOGY OF FACE

RECOGNITION The first method is based on the information theory

concepts, in other words, on the principal component

analysis methods. In this approach, the most relevant

information that best describes a face is derived from

the entire face image. Based on the Karhunen-Loeve

expansion in pattern recognition, M. Kirby and L.

Sirovich have shown that any particular face could be

economically represented in terms of a best coordinate

system that they termed "eigenfaces" These are the

eigenfunctions of the averaged covariance of the

ensemble of faces. Later, M. Turk and A. Pentland

have proposed a face recognition method based on the

eigenfaces approach.

The second method is based on extracting feature

vectors from the basic parts of a face such as eyes,

nose, mouth, and chin. In this method, with the help of

deformable templates and extensive mathematics, key

information from the basic parts of a face is gathered

and then converted into a feature vector L. Yullie and

S.Cohen played a great role in adapting deformable

20

of the thesis we will gather the detailed

information about Face Detection & Recognition

System, how it works, and is it compatible with

our thesis and operating system we are using.

Complete analysis phase can take 2 months. As

our work is completely depended on research

Papers and it is not easy to read and understand

them.

TESTING:

Testing will be done by the developer side &

client side at the end of the final year thesis, as

in our case we are our own clients so we will do

it at our own.

Look at the thesis from a micro level

Include experiments

Look at system results

Test each part of the system

Make sure that design and implementation

works

Identify errors in codes

DEPLOYMENT:

After Completion of coding and testing of the

product, we will deploy the system on our

client’s Place. There are many tools and

techniques that can help in our effort to build

useful, economical, and maintainable systems.

To complete ambitious and complex thesis, we

rely on a wide variety of techniques and Tools

that must work together. C# directly supports a

variety of programming styles. In this, C#

deliberately differs from languages designed to

support a single way of writing programs.

C# language is intended to be a simple, modern,

general-purpose, object-oriented programming

language.

The language, and implementations thereof,

should provide support for software engineering

principles such as strong type checking, array

bounds checking, detection of attempts to use

uninitialized variables, and automatic garbage

collection. Software robustness, durability, and

programmer productivity are important.

The language is intended for use in developing

software components suitable for deployment in

distributed environments.

Source code portability is very important, as is

programmer portability, especially for those

programmers already familiar with C and C++.

Support for internationalization is very

important.

C# is intended to be suitable for writing

applications for both hosted and embedded

systems, ranging from the very large that use

sophisticated operating systems, down to the

very small having dedicated functions.

FEATURES: Object-oriented programming:

The possibility to orientate programming to

objects allows the programmer to design

applications from a point of view more like a

communication between objects rather than on a

structured sequence of code. In addition it allows

a greater reusability of code in a more logical

and productive way.

21

TRAINING AND LEARNING

The decision functions can be generated in a

variety of ways. When complete a priori

knowledge about the patterns to be recognized is

available, the decision function may be

determined with precision on the basis of this

information. When only qualitative knowledge

about the patterns is available, reasonable guesses

of the forms of the decision functions can be

made. In this case the decision boundaries may be

far from correct, and it is necessary to design the

machine to achieve satisfactory performance

through a sequence of Adjustments.

The more general situation is that there exists

little, if any, a priori knowledge about the

patterns to be recognized. Under these

circumstances pattern recognizing machines are

best designed using a training or learning

procedure. Arbitrary decision functions are

initially assumed, and through a sequence of

iterative training steps these decision functions

are made to approach optimum or satisfactory

forms.

It is important to keep in mind that learning or

training takes place only during the design (or

updating) phase of a pattern recognition system.

Once acceptable results have been obtained with

the training set of patterns, the system is applied

to the task of actually performing recognition on

samples drawn from the environment in which it

is expected to operate. The quality of the

recognition performance will be largely

determined by how closely the training patterns

resemble the actual data with which the system will

be confronted during normal operation.

OUTLINE OF A PATTERN RECOGNITION

SYSTEM

In the Figure, functional block diagram of an

adaptive pattern recognition system is shown. One

problem is image pre-processing prior to the

application of the Eigen face method. It may be

possible to gain better accuracy in classification if

one segments the spectrum of people into different

spaces. For example, if one was able to determine

if an image was of a man or a woman, one could

use this categorization to send an image to one of

two classifiers, each specifically trained with that

type of individual in mind. This would mean that

there would be a set of Eigen faces specifically for

males and one specifically for females (face spaces

with gender, so to speak). Work in this area has

been done by Lizama, Waldoestl and Nickolay [4],

however it would be interesting to extend it to use

Eigen faces to act as the gender classifier as well.

A general face-space would be created in addition

to the male and female face-spaces, with the sole

purpose of being used to classify an image as male

or female. Another area of future work is

improving our neural network classifier. As

mentioned previously, it is possible to construct the

network to take its input directly from the image

data rather from the vector that results from an

image projection into face-space. Perhaps learning

the face projection function could increase the

accuracy of the neural network classifier.

Additionally, more experiments are needed to see

if there are other ways to tweak the network

configuration to produce better results.

22

REFERENCE

[1] I. Craw, D. Tock, and A. Bennett, “Finding

face features,” Proc.of 2 nd European Conf.

Computer Vision. pp. 92-96, 1992.

[2] A. Lanitis, C. J. Taylor, and T. F. Cootes, “An

automatic face identification system using flexible

appearance models,” Image and Vision

Computing, vol.13, no.5, pp.393-401, 1995.

[3] T. K. Leung, M. C. Burl, and P. Perona,

“Finding faces in cluttered scenes using random

labeled graph matching,” Proc. 5 th IEEE int’l

Conf. Computer Vision, pp. 637-644, 1995.

[4] B. Moghaddam and A. Pentland,

“Probabilistic visual learning for object

recognition,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and

Machine Intelligence, vol. 19, no.7. pp. 696-710,

July, 1997.

[5] M. Turk and A. Pentland, “Eigenfaces for

recognition,” J. of Cognitive Neuroscience, vol.3,

no. 1, pp. 71-86, 1991.

[6] M. Kirby and L. Sirovich, “Application of the

Karhunen-Loeve procedure for the

characterization of human faces,” IEEE Trans.

Pattern Analysis and Machine Int

[7] I. T. Jolliffe, Principal component analysis,

New York: Springer-Verlag, 1986.

[8] T, Agui, Y. Kokubo, H. Nagashi, and T.

Nagao, “Extraction of face recognition from

monochromatic photographs using neural

networks,” Proc. 2 nd Int’l Conf. Automation,

Robotics, and Computer Vision, vol.1, pp. 18.81-

18.8.5, 1992.

23

International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2013; 1(1):23-28

A STUDY ON YAMUNA RIVER POLLUTION AGRA TO ETAWAH

*PANKAJ SINDHWAL *Research Scholor, Sai Nath University, Ranchi, India

ABSTRACT

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans,

aquifers and groundwater). Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged

directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful

compounds.

Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water. In almost

all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations, but also

to the natural biological communities.Millions depend on the polluted Yamuna river.

Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired by anthropogenic contaminants and either does not support a human use, such as drinking water, and/or undergoes a marked shift in its ability to support its constituent biotic communities, such as fish. Natural phenomena such as volcanoes, algae blooms, storms, and earthquakes also cause major changes in water quality and the ecological status of water.

Categories

Surface water and groundwater have often been studied and managed as separate

resources, although they are interrelated. Surface water seeps through the soil and becomes groundwater. Conversely, groundwater can also feed surface water sources. Sources of surface water pollution are generally grouped into two categories based on their origin.

Point source water pollution refers to contaminants that enter a waterway from a single, identifiable source, such as a pipe or ditch. Examples of sources in this category include discharges from a sewage treatment plant, a factory, or a city storm drain.

24

Non–point sources

Non–point source pollution refers to diffuse contamination that does not originate from a single discrete source. NPS pollution is often the cumulative effect of small amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area. A common example is the leaching out of nitrogen compounds from fertilized agricultural lands. Nutrient runoff in storm water from "sheet flow" over an agricultural field or a forest are also cited as examples of NPS pollution.

Contaminated storm water washed off of parking lots, roads and highways, called urban runoff, is sometimes included under the category of NPS pollution. However, this runoff is typically channeled into storm drain systems and discharged through pipes to local surface waters, and is a point source.

Groundwater pollution

Interactions between groundwater and surface water are complex. Consequently, groundwater pollution, sometimes referred to as groundwater contamination, is not as easily classified as surface water pollution. By its very nature, groundwater aquifers are susceptible to contamination from sources that may not directly affect surface water bodies, and the distinction of point vs. non-point source may be irrelevant. A spill or ongoing releases of chemical or radionuclide contaminants into soil (located away from a surface water body) may not create point source or non-point source pollution, but can contaminate the aquifer below, defined as a toxin plume. The movement of the plume, called a plume front, may be analyzed through a hydrological transport model or groundwater model. Analysis of groundwater contamination may focus on the soil characteristics and site geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, and the nature of the contaminants.

Causes

The specific contaminants leading to pollution in water include a wide spectrum of chemicals, pathogens, and physical or sensory changes such as elevated temperature and discoloration. While many of the chemicals and substances that are regulated may be naturally occurring (calcium, sodium, iron, manganese, etc.) the concentration is often the key in determining what is a natural component of water, and what is a contaminant. High concentrations of naturally occurring substances can have negative impacts on aquatic flora and fauna.

Oxygen-depleting substances may be natural materials, such as plant matter (e.g. leaves and grass) as well as man-made chemicals. Other natural and anthropogenic substances may cause turbidity (cloudiness) which blocks light and disrupts plant growth, and clogs the gills of some fish species.

Many of the chemical substances are toxic. Pathogens can produce waterborne diseases in either human or animal hosts. Alteration of water's physical chemistry includes acidity (change in pH), electrical conductivity, temperature, and eutrophication. Eutrophication is an increase in the concentration of chemical nutrients in an ecosystem to an extent that increases in the primary productivity of the ecosystem. Depending on the degree of eutrophication, subsequent negative environmental effects such as anoxia (oxygen depletion) and severe reductions in water quality may occur, affecting fish and other animal populations.

Pathogens

A manhole cover unable to contain a sanitary

sewer overflow.

25

Coliform bacteria are a commonly

used bacterial indicator of water pollution,

although not an actual cause of disease.

Other microorganisms sometimes found in

surface waters which have caused human

health problems include:

Burkholderia pseudomallei

Cryptosporidium parvum

Giardia lamblia

Salmonella

Novovirus and other viruses

Parasitic worms (helminths).

High levels of pathogens may result from

inadequately

treated sewage discharges.[14] This can be

caused by a sewage plant designed with less

than secondary treatment (more typical in less-

developed countries). In developed countries,

older cities with aging infrastructure may have

leaky sewage collection systems (pipes, pumps,

valves), which can cause sanitary sewer

overflows. Some cities also have combined

sewers, which may discharge untreated sewage

during rain storms.

Pathogen discharges may also be caused by

poorly managed livestock operations.

Muddy river polluted by sediment.

Contaminants may

include organic and inorganic substances.

Organic water pollutants include:

Detergents Disinfection by-products found in

chemically disinfected drinking water, such as chloroform

Food processing waste, which can include oxygen-demanding substances, fats and grease

Insecticides and herbicides, a huge range of organ halides and other chemical compounds

Petroleum hydrocarbons, including fuels (gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuels, and fuel oil) and lubricants (motor oil), and fuel combustion byproducts, from storm water runoff

Tree and bush debris from logging operations

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as industrial solvents, from improper storage.

Chlorinated solvents, which are dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs), may fall to the bottom of reservoirs, since they don't mix well with water and are denser.

Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) Trichloroethylene Perchlorate

Many chemicals undergo reactive decay or chemically change especially over long periods of time in groundwater reservoirs. A noteworthy class of such chemicals is the chlorinated hydrocarbons such as trichloroethylene (used in industrial metal degreasing and electronics manufacturing) and tetra choloro ethylene used in the dry cleaning industry (note latest advances in liquid carbon dioxide in dry cleaning that avoids all use of chemicals).

26

Both of these chemicals, which are carcinogens themselves, undergo partial decomposition reactions, leading to new hazardous chemicals (including dichloro ethylene and vinyl chloride).

Groundwater pollution is much more difficult to abate than surface pollution because groundwater can move great distances through unseen aquifers. Non-porous aquifers such as clays partially purify water of bacteria by simple filtration (adsorption and absorption), dilution, and, in some cases, chemical reactions and biological activity: however, in some cases, the pollutants merely transform to soil contaminants. Groundwater that moves through cracks and caverns is not filtered and can be transported as easily as surface water. In fact, this can be aggravated by the human tendency to use natural sinkholes as dumps in areas of Karst topography.

There are a variety of secondary effects stemming not from the original pollutant, but a derivative condition. An example is silt-bearing surface runoff, which can inhibit the penetration of sunlight through the water column, hampering photosynthesis in aquatic plants.

Measurement

Environmental Scientists preparing water auto samplers.

Water pollution may be analyzed through several broad categories of methods: physical, chemical and biological. Most involve collection of samples, followed by specialized analytical tests. Some methods may be conducted in situ, without sampling, such as temperature. Government agencies and research organizations have published standardized, validated analytical test methods to facilitate the comparability of results from disparate testing events.

Sampling

Sampling of water for physical or chemical testing can be done by several methods, depending on the accuracy needed and the characteristics of the contaminant. Many contamination events are sharply restricted in time, most commonly in association with rain events. For this reason "grab" samples are often inadequate for fully quantifying contaminant levels. Scientists gathering this type of data often employ auto-sampler devices that pump increments of water at either time or discharge intervals.

Sampling for biological testing involves collection of plants and/or animals from the surface water body. Depending on the type of assessment, the organisms may be identified for bio surveys (population counts) and returned to the water body, or they may be dissected for bioassays to determine toxicity.

Physical testing

Common physical tests of water include

temperature, solids concentrations (e.g., total

suspended solids (TSS)) and turbidity.

Chemical testing

Water samples may be examined using the

principles of analytical chemistry. Many

published test methods are available for both

organic and inorganic compounds. Frequently

used methods include pH, biochemical oxygen

demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD),

nutrients nitrate and phosphorus compounds),

metals (including copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and

mercury), oil and grease, total petroleum

hydrocarbons (TPH), and pesticides.

27

Biological testing

Biological testing involves the use of plant, animal, and/or microbial indicators to monitor the health of an aquatic ecosystem.

Control of pollution

Domestic sewage

Domestic sewage is 99.9 percent pure water, while the other 0.1 percent are pollutants. Although found in low concentrations, these pollutants pose risk on a large scale. In urban areas, domestic sewage is typically treated by centralized sewage treatment plants. In the U.S., most of these plants are operated by local government agencies, frequently referred to as publicly owned treatment works (POTW). Municipal treatment plants are designed to control conventional pollutants: BOD and suspended solids. Well-designed and operated systems (i.e., secondary treatment or better) can remove 90 percent or more of these pollutants. Some plants have additional sub-systems to treat nutrients and pathogens. Most municipal plants are not designed to treat toxic pollutants found in industrial wastewater.

Cities with sanitary sewer overflows or combined sewer overflows employ one or more engineering approaches to reduce discharges of untreated sewage, including:

utilizing a green infrastructure approach to improve storm water management capacity throughout the system, and reduce the hydraulic overloading of the treatment plant

repair and replacement of leaking and malfunctioning equipment

increasing overall hydraulic capacity of the sewage collection system (often a very expensive option).

A household or business not served by a municipal treatment plant may have an individual septic tank, which treats the wastewater on site and discharges into the soil. Alternatively, domestic wastewater may be sent to a nearby privately owned treatment system (e.g. in a rural community).

Industrial waste water Dissolved air flotation system for treating industrial wastewater.

Some industrial facilities generate ordinary domestic sewage that can be treated by municipal facilities. Industries that generate wastewater with high concentrations of conventional pollutants (e.g. oil and grease), toxic pollutants (e.g. heavy metals, volatile organic compounds) or other nonconventional pollutants such as ammonia, need specialized treatment systems. Some of these facilities can install a pre-treatment system to remove the toxic components, and then send the partially treated wastewater to the municipal system. Industries generating large volumes of wastewater typically operate their own complete on-site treatment systems.

Water Environment

The existing scenario of water environment essentially deals with the availability of water resources of acceptable quality and the prevailing quality of utilization pattern. The water resources of the region depend on the participation and the water available from the adjoining region by way of surface water flows through canals. The recharge potentials of groundwater reserves also influence the availability of annual utilizable groundwater resources. The water resources are thus influenced by climate, physiography and hydrogeology of the region.

28

Assimilative capacity of water bodies is defined as maximum amount of pollutant load that can be discharged without impairing water quality for their designated best usage. The basic phenomenon governing the assimilative capacity of water sources is the self- purification capacity.

Sources of Water Pollution

(a)Point sources

The two major point sources of pollution in water bodies in study area are municipal and industrial wastes.

(b)Non-point Sources

Run off from rural settlement and agricultural fields is a major nonpoint sources of water pollution due to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides for agriculture, the prevailing practices of open defecation and cattle swimming or wallowing. Inadequate solid waste handling and disposal systems in most of the towns further add to the problems.

Status and Assessment of Water Quality

Water quality and the aquatic environment are

closely related. Both are strongly influenced by

water quantity and all three are interrelated with

land use. Urban development altered vegetarian

cover and other human activities create point

and diffuse sources of pollution and change the

run off regime, adversely affecting the quality,

quantity and seasonal availability of water.

Water resource developments also have adverse

impacts, to varying degrees depending on the

nature.

Water Quality Parameter

Water the most vital resource for all kinds of life on this planet is also the resources, adversely affected both qualitatively and quantitatively by all kinds of human activities or land, in air or in water.

Temperature :-

The parameter of temperature is basically important for its effects on the chemistry, and biological reactions in the organisims in water. A rise in temperature of the water leads to the seeding up of the chemical reactions in water reduce s the solubility of gases and amplifies the tastes and ordours. Water in the temperature range of 70C to 110C has a pleasant taste and is refreshing. At higher temperature with less dissolved gases, the water becomes tasteless and even does not quench the thirst. At elevated temperatures, metabolic activity of the organisms increases, requiring more oxygen but at the same time the solubility of oxygen decreases, thus accentuating the stress Organisms in water have varying sensitivities to temperature. The organisms with a high resistance to temperature fluctuations are called ‘eurythermic’ while the organisms with low tolerance are referred as ‘stenothermic’ .The disease resistance in the fishes also decreases with the rise in temperature.

Temperature is also very important in the determination of various other parameters such as pH, conductivity, saturation level of gases and various forms of alkalinity, etc. Data on temperature is also required by the industries in heat transmission calculations, cooling tower and process use.

29

International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2013; 1(1):29-32 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FDIs AND FIIs IN THE INDIAN CONTEXT”

*YOGENDRA SAMEER YADAV

*Research scholor, Sai Nath University, Ranchi, India

ABSTRACT

The Indian stock exchanges hold a place of prominence not only in Asia but also at the global

stage. The foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign institutional investment (FII)) have played

an important role in the process of development of many economies. Further, many developing

countries consider foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign institutional investment (FII) as

an important element in their development strategy among the various forms of foreign

assistance.

The Foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign institutional investment (FII) flows are usually

preferred over the other form of external finance, because they are not debt creating, nonvolatile

in nature and their returns depend upon the projects financed by the investor. The Foreign direct

investment (FDI) and foreign institutional investment (FII) would also facilitate international

trade and transfer of knowledge, skills and technology.

The Foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign institutional investment (FII) are the process

by which the resident of one country (the source country) acquires the ownership of assets for

the purpose of controlling the production, distribution and other productive activities of a firm

in another country.

30

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The lifeblood of business and commerce in the modern world is information. The ability to gather, analyze, evaluate, present and utilize information is therefore is a vital skill for the manager of today. In order to accomplish this project successfully I will take following steps. HYPOTHESIS: The researcher assumes if the hypothesis holds good then we can infer that FIIs have significant impact on the Indian capital market. This will help the investors to decide on their investments in stocks and shares. NULL HYPOTHESIS (Ho): There is no influence of FIIs on the Stock indexes. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS (Ho): There is an influence of FIIs on Stock indexes. If we reject the Ho, then we accept the Ho, setting the significance level to 5% and 1% 1) SAMPLING- The study is limited to a sample of top 10 investing countries e.g. Mauritius, USA etc. and top 10 sectors e.g. electrical instruments, telecommunications etc. which had attracted larger inflow of FDI and data of NSE stock exchange will be taken to know the impact of FII. 2) DATA COLLECTION ➢ The research will be done with the help Secondary data (from internet site and journals). ➢The data is collected mainly from websites, annual reports, World Bank reports, research reports, already conducted survey analysis, database available etc.

3) ANALYSIS: Appropriate Statistical tools like correlation and regression will be used to analyze the data like to analyze the growth and patterns of the FDI and FII flows in India during the post liberalization period, the liner trend model will be used. Further the percentage analysis will be used to measure the share of each investing countries and the share of each sectors in the overall flow of FDI and FII into India. 1) Impact of FIIs on Sensex: In 2007, the correlation coefficient is more than in 2008 which interprets that the relationship between these two variables is more in the period when there is bearish trend. But in both the years FIIs were not much positively correlated, so a less significant impact of FIIs is seen. The error is very high in both the years which doesn’t mean that relation is false but we can say that the error in linear relation is high. 2) Impact of FIIs on Nifty: The correlation coefficient of FIIs and Nifty is unrelated in 2007 and 2008. The regression coefficient predicts the value from an independent variable i.e. FII for the dependent variable Nifty. Regression coefficient is 0.26 in 2008 and 0.91 in 2007 which replicates that how Nifty index has gone down by withdrawal of FIIs.

31

3) Impact of FIIs on Industrial Sectoral Indices: In different Industrial sectoral indices of BSE ( BSE Auto, BSE Banking, BSE CD, BSE FMCG, BSE Realty) the correlation is always less. And also the coefficient of determination reveals that the explained variance ( FII ) doesn’t has much impact on the sectoral indices. And in 2008 the regression coefficient is giving a clear picture that the withdrawal by FIIs is resulting a fall in indices and so FIIs are playing good role during this time. 4) FIIs have less impact on Indian stock indices and other unexplained variables are also influencing the Indices. 5) In bearish trend of 2008 the volatility in Indian Stock indices due to FIIs is more than in bullish trend of 2007. No doubt FII inflow is more in 2007. The domestic investors were also playing an important role in 2007 but in 2008 FIIs is influencing market more as domestic investors are not in the market. CONCLUSION In developing countries like India foreign capital helps in increasing the productivity of labour and to build up foreign exchange reserves to meet the current account deficit. Foreign Investment provides a channel through which country can have access to foreign capital.

According to data analysis and findings, it can be concluded that FII do have any significant impact on the Indian Stock Market but there are other factors like government policies, budgets, bullion market, inflation, economical and political condition, etc. do also have an impact on the Indian stock market. There is a positive correlation between stock indices and FIIs but FIIs didn’t have any significant impact on Indian Stock Market. The null hypothesis is rejected. BSE CD and Nifty showed some positive correlation with FII in 2007 and 2008 but rest of the indices showed very less positive correlation with FII. Also the coefficient of determination is less in all the case. It shows the absence of linear relation between FII and stock index. This does not mean that there is no relation between them. One of the reasons for absence of any linear relation can also be due to the sample data. The data was taken on monthly basis. The data on daily basis can give more positive results (may be). Also FII is not the only factor affecting the stock indices. There are other major factors that influence the bourses in the stock market.

32

REFERENCE

1. Andy Lin Chih-Yuan Chen (2006): “The Impact of Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors on Taiwan’s Stock Market”, Journal : Journal of FII , their flow to India and Government policies Vol 23. Publisher: SSRN Group Publishing Limited.

2. Arshanapalli Bala and Kulkarni Mukund S. (1997) : “Impact of U.S. stock market on Indian stock markets”, Journal: International Journal of market fluctuations in stock market, Vol: 11. Publisher: MCB UP Ltd.

3. Bose Suchismita and Coondoo Dipaankar (2005): “The Impact of FII Regulations in India”, Journal: International Journal of financial market trends. Vol 30. Publisher: MCB UP Ltd Chakrabarti (2001), Journal: Journal of foreign institution investments Vol 27. Publisher: SSRN Group Publishing Limited.

4. David carpenter Partner Mayer, Brown, Rowe & Maw LLP (2005): “Foreign Investment in India” Journal: Journal of financial research. Vol 19.Publisher: MCB UP Ltd

5. Ilangovan Prof. D. & Mr. Tamilselvan M. (1997) : “Extra Mileage In Foreign Investment in Resurging India”, Journal: International Journal of foreign money supply Management, Vol: 28. Publisher: MCB UP Ltd.

6. www.bseindia.com 7. www.nseindia.com 8. www.sebi.org. 9. www.rbi.org

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International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2013; 1(1):33-35

ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS ON VALUE BASED

EDUCATION IN SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES AS

PART OF TEACHER’S TRAINING PROGRAMME

1. BRIJESH CHANDRA TRIPATHI

*,

2. MANJUSHA AWASTHI

1. Deptt. of Education, Rama Mahavidyalaya Chinhat, Lucknow.U.P., India

2. Research Scholar, Sai Nath University, Ranchi, India

*Corresponding Author

Our present generation is confused about their

values because of double standard of practices by

people in position of power and break down of

traditional values without proper replacement.

This confusion may be removed by education

because it is through education that society seeks

to promote and preserve its cherished values.

Education is man making and character building

programme as well as the training of body, mind,

soul. Education is an instrument of social change

and national development and perfection and

excellence.

A new dimension has been begin to appear in the

last few years as the impact of man and his

activities of nature come to be noted. The impact

of human activity on our physical and biological

environment has a consequential effect on man.

Advancement of Science and Technology has

added to the man comforts by giving is

automobiles, electric appliances, supersonic jets,

space crafts, better medicine, better chemicals to

control harmful insects and better fertilizers etc,

but in the other hand people have given us a very

serious problem to face pollution. When highest

animals and man began their life on this earth,

there was perfect balance in various natural

process and with this also increased the various

pollution areas as water, soil noise and food

pollution.

The air and water were pure and soil was fertile.

The problem of pollution arouse with the very

civilization the air pollution began. The pollution

was increased in our working sphere.

The pollution of various resources has gone to

such an extent that we are unable to breath fresh

air, to drink fresh water and take pure food. It is

accepted, the alternate good of education is to

living better life. If aim of education is to living

better life including such values in person so that

environmental awareness may be developed.

The schools, colleges and universities will have

to bear the responsibilities in developing the

environmental awareness among students

through environmental education.

Environmental education covers the study of all

systems of air, land, water energy and busy life

that surrounded by man.

Regarding this, in 1995 UGC constituted three

groups to develop textual material core general

environmental education and environment of

public awareness programme for universities

and training

34 | P a g e

colleges. One specially requested to make

environmental education on a compulsory

course as a part of the foundation course at

school and college level.

The objectives of Environmental

Education are fallowing:-

1. The public teacher will be able to

acquire basic knowledge about various

aspects of environment and

environmental education.

2. Become aware and sensitive towards

environment and its allied problems.

3. Become concerned about urgent action

for environmental protection and

conservation.

4. Get oriented with the concept, methods

and activities regarding environmental

education.

(i) Awareness

(ii) Knowledge

(iii) Participation

The specific aims:-

1. Cognitive Aims:-These include about

environment an imparting knowledge

and an ability to think which will able

the individual and social group to work.

2. Normative Aims:- To inculcate the

ecological awareness which will be

conducting to the creation the

modification on model enabling the

individual and group of identity of

factors that upset the environmental

equilibrium protest against them.

3. Technical Aims to restore:-The

quality of life as understood by the

community light of formal and informal

education in such a way that depends on

ecosystem.

There are three main aims of

environmental education:-

The specific aims:-

1. Cognitive Aims:-These include about

environment an imparting knowledge and

an ability to think which will able the

individual and social group to work.

2. Normative Aims:- To inculcate the

ecological awareness which will be

conducting to the creation the

modification on model enabling the

individual and group of identity of

factors that upset the environmental

equilibrium protest against them.

3. Technical Aims to restore:-The quality

of life as understood by the community

light of formal and informal education in

such away that depends on ecosystem.

Teaching of environmental education

course contents and help in the deter

monition of the guiding principles of this

course is relevant to keep the salient

features of this new academic discipline

in the mind some guidelines and norms

which stimulate education and attract

their interests are:-

1. The environmental education should

be a continuous life long process

beginning at preschool level and

continuing through all formal and non

formal stages of education.

2. Environmental education should

examine major environmental

necessity, local, national, regional and

international point of view.

35 | P a g e

3. Environmental education should

explicitly consider environmental

aspects in planning for development

and growth.

4. Environmental education should relate

environmental sensitive knowledge and

problem solving skill to every stage

about environmental issues.

5. Environmental Education should

emphasize the complexity and

interrelated environmental problems.

The schools, college and universities

have real stake in this awareness

generation programme. This

programme cannot continue without

the active and alert support of all

educational practices, administrators

and educationists.

REFERENCE

1.Gruenewald, D.A. 2004, A foundation of

environmental education towards the

socio logical challenge of the earth

charter, Curriculum inquiry 34 (i) PP. 71-

72

2.Malone K. 1999. Environmental

education Researchers as environmental

activists, environmental education

Research 5(2) pp. 163-177.

Mongu G.S., 2001 Environment and

Development Deep and Deep publication

Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

3.Rajput Arla, 2001 Environmental

education Encyclopedia of Indian

education Volume NCERT New Delhi

pp. 659-663.

4.Sharm R.A. Environmental

education Surya PublicationMeerut. PP.

444.

5.Neetam, 2008, ShikshalShodhPalrika Val

(2)-(1) pp. 84-88.

6.Srivastava V.P. Chandra M. (2003)

Environmental education :- Issues and

concern NCERT New Delhi.

7.UGC 2001 :Model curriculum of

Secondary Teacher education programme

UGC New Delhi.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC &

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Journal Articles

Singh N., Verma P., Pandey B.R., Gilca M. Role of Withania somnifera in Prevention and Treatmentof Cancer: An Overview. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research. 2011;3(4): 274-279.

A Book

Singh N, Gilca M. Herbal Medicine – Science embraces tradition – a new insight into the ancientAyurveda. Edn 1, Lambert Academic Publishing (Germany), 2010, pp. 115-116.

A chapter in a Book

Nadkarni KM, Indian Materia Medica. Edn 3, Vol. I, Popular Prakashan, Mumbai, 2000, pp. 242-246.

A Report

World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2004: changing history.Geneva: WHO; 2004.

Conference Proceedings

Stock A, Signal Trasduction in Bacheria. In the Proceedings of the 2004 Markey ScholarsConference. 2004, pp. 80-89.

A Thesis

Strunk, JL. The extraction of mercury from sediment and the geochemical partitioning of mercuryin sediments from Lake Superior, M.S. thesis, Michigan State Univ. East Lansing, Ml, 1991

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Place

From

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To,

Editor-in-Chief

International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research (IJSIR)

Sir,

Ref: Title

Type

Subject

Branch

In reference to the above title, I as a corresponding author submit the manuscript for

publication in International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research. I undertake that

animal study (if any) was taken after the prior approval of country/institutional ethical committee.

This manuscript has not been published or considered for publication by any other journal or

elsewhere. Kindly consider the manuscript for publication in your journal.

Thank you

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International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2013;1(1) P-ISSN 2347-2189, E- ISSN 2347-4971

UNDERTAKING*

I _____________________________________________________________ (corresponding

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