INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL TIMBER ORGANIZATION

ITTO

PROJECT DOCUMENT

TITLE

TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE TIMBER PRODUCTION IN GHANA: STAGE I. IMPROVING SHOOT BORER RESISTANCE AND DEVELOPING SILVICULTURAL SYSTEMS TO MAXIMIZE MAHOGANY PLANTATION SUCCESS

SERIAL NUMBER

PD 105/01 Rev.3 (F)

COMMITTEE

REFORESTATION AND FOREST MANAGEMENT

SUBMITTED BY

GOVERNMENT OF GHANA

ORIGINAL LANGUAGE

ENGLISH

SUMMARY Mahogany (Meliaceae: Swietenidae) is a valuable tropical timber, but continued supply is threatened by overexploitation of natural forest reserves and the prevention of successful plantation culture by a single pest species, the shoot boring moth Hypsipyla robusta, that devastates young stands by killing main stems, causing excessive forking and branching, and, in worst cases, contributing to mortality. This project will demonstrate an integrated management strategy for plantation establishment incorporating a number of control measures based on sound experimental evaluation. The project will develop, demonstrate and disseminate an integrated plantation establishment strategy for the reduction of the impact of shoot borer in African Mahogany species. It will also address the urgent need for genetic screening and conserving mahogany germplasm, which is being eroded by continuing overexploitation. This project will investigate silvicultural techniques to reduce the impact of shoot borer, restore mahogany forests, and preserve mahogany germplasm. Finally, the project will generate recommendations for an integrated management of mahogany plantations. The project will be executed by the Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG) in collaboration with the Michigan Technological University. EXECUTING AGENCY

FORESTRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF GHANA (FORIG)

COOPERATING GOVERNMENTS

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DURATION

48 MONTHS

APPROXIMATE STARTING DATE

TO BE DETERMINED

BUDGET AND PROPOSED SOURCES OF FINANCE

Contribution Local Currency Source in US$ Equivalent

ITTO Gov't of Ghana Michigan Tech. University TOTAL

337,027 160,282

93,272

590,581

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Table of Contents PART I: CONTEXT Page 1. Origin 3 2. Ghana’s Sectorial Policies 5 3. Ghana’s Forestry Sector Program and Operational Activities 5 4. ITTO-supported Projects in Ghana 5 PART II: THE PROJECT 1. Project Objectives 6

1.1 Development objective 6 1.2 Specific objective 6

2. Justification 7 2.1 Problem to be addressed 7 2.2 Intended situation after project completion 9 2.3 Project strategy 9 2.4 Target beneficiaries 10 2.5 Technical and scientific aspects of Mahogany plantation establishment 12 2.6 Economic aspects 16 2.7 Environmental aspects 17 2.8 Social aspects 17 2.9 Risks 17 2.10 Links between Sustainable Forest Plantation Management 18 and ITTO Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable

Forest Management 3. Outputs 18

3.1 Specific Objective 18 4. Activities 19 5. Logical Framework Matrix 23 6. Work Plan 24 7. Budget 27

7.1 Overall Project Budget by Activity 27 7.3 Yearly Project Budgets by Source 30

PART III: OPERATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 33 1. Management Structure 33 2. Monitoring, Reports and Evaluation 33 3. Future Operations and Maintenance 34 PART IV: TROPICAL TIMBER FRAMEWORK 34 1. Compliance with ITTA 1994 Objectives 34 2. Compliance with ITTO Action Plan 34 ANNEX(ES) 40 A. Profile of the Executing Agency 40 B. Curricula Vitae of the Key Staff 43 C. Expert Panel Recommendations and Actions Taken 49 D. Expert 26th Panel Recommendations and Actions Taken 50 E. Appendices 51

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PART I: CONTEXT 1. Origin The forestry sector in Ghana contributes about 6% to gross domestic product, and about 2.5 million people directly or indirectly employed by the forest industry whose exports earned about $175.24 million in the year 1998 (ISSER, 1998). Unfortunately, actual logging (3l7 million m3) in 1999 was about four times the sustainable annual allowable cut and there has yet to be developed an effective, sustainable reforestation program for the country’s most valuable timber, its native mahoganies. Native mahoganies made up some $27 million or 12% of the total timber export in 1995 (FPIB, 1995). The resource life of most native mahoganies in natural forests in Ghana is expected to expire by the end of this decade (Adler, 1989, 1990). Thus, it is critically urgent for the sustainability of native mahoganies in Ghana that a program be established to reforest mahoganies via plantation culture. Previous research in Ghana and other West African counties has identified the shoot borer (Hypsipyla robusta) as the key element restricting culture of African mahogany plantations (Atuahene, 2001, Bunck and Mallet, 1993, Wagner et al 1991). This project is a response the 1991 report to ITTO, which revealed a poor success of native mahogany (Meliaceae) in plantations, as evidenced by excessive branching, main-stem forking, and stunted growth attributed to the shoot borer (Ofosu-Asiedu et al. 1991). The need for an integrated approach to manage Hypsipyla has been repeatedly identified as the most promising solution to the problem (e.g. Griffiths et al. 2001, Newton et al. 1994, Patino, 1997). Recent ITTO initiatives are directly related to this proposal, particularly the recently completed project ‘Development Work to Phase out Trade in Unsustainable Produced Timber: 1: Assessment of Future Mahogany Supply and Alternative Industrial Operations for Sustainable Production’. One of the suggestions produced by the report was that a study should be carried out to solve the problem of the mahogany shoot borer, caused by Hypsipyla. The report noted that although progress has been made “in several areas of biotechnology, applied biology and pest control, such advances have not been adequately applied so as to explain and, particularly, implement effective, low-cost and environmentally acceptable control systems for Hypsipyla.” Most companies that invest in reforestation or planting of mahogany urgently stress a solution to the shoot borer problem. However, no major coordinated effort is aimed at solving this vital issue for mahogany and other Meliaceae. 2. Ghana Sectorial Policies The objectives of this project are in conformity with the overall goal of Ghana’s New Forest and Wildlife Policy and the Forestry Department master programme (1996). This is to conserve and sustainably develop the nation’s forest and wildlife resources while maintaining environmental quality and perpetual flow of benefits to all segments of society. Specifically, the priority objectives of the Forest and Wildlife Policy include:

Manage and enhance Ghana’s permanent forest estate for conservation of biological diversity and sustainable production of domestic and commercial produce; and

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Promote research-based and technology-led forestry and wildlife management, utilisation and development to ensure resource availability, socio-economic growth and environmental stability.

Strategies outlined in the Forestry and Wildlife Policy and supported by the proposed project are:

Emphasis will be placed on reforestation initiatives towards restoring a significant proportion of the country’s original forest cover;

The dedication of various land categories with potential for nature protection and production of timber and other products;

Revision of resource management standard and techniques for preparation, detailed prescriptions and plans to guide the sustainable management of forest reserves;

Promotion of resource development programmes aimed at reforesting suitable harvested sites;

Regulation of utilization and trade in highly valued and endangered species in order to eliminate the threat of extinction, encourage regeneration and ensure future supplies.

2.1 Ghana’s Sectorial Policies on Plantation Establishment

The goal of Ghana’s plantation establishment initiative is to develop 200,000 ha of plantations that are financially, environmentally and socially sustainable by creating an enabling environment primarily for the private sector to engage and operate effectively in Best Practice plantation forestry, both industrial and non industrial. The policy recognized a distinction between industrial and nonindustrial plantations as they have different expectations, inputs, and requirements.

2.2 Ghana’s Key Policy Principles for Plantations 200,000 ha is a realizable target of forest plantations on suitable lands which are required for the economic development of Ghana because it will; Satisfy the projected future demand for timber; Rehabilitate unproductive land; Provide additional livelihood options for rural people and private sector; Reduce pressure on natural forest; Plantation are one suitable land use for degraded forest reserves; Private sector is the principal sources of investment and engine of growth for

plantation development; Government should act principally as a facilitator to the process by providing

an enabling environment and appropriate support mechanisms and incentives; Forest plantations development must be environmentally and socially

acceptable; Government forestry institutions should be reformed to make them

accountable and cost effective; Existing industrial beneficiaries of natural forest should be obliged to reinvest

in plantations to restore degraded forest reserves.

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2.3 Ghana’s Land and Tree Tenure (i) Forest Reserves – The law will provide for the grant of lease to

communities and commercial investors to encourage them to establish plantations in degraded forest reserves

(ii) Outside forest reserves (private land) – Tree planting and forest resource development will be protected by legislation that allows planted trees to be owned by those who plant them.

Off-reserve land (private/outside reserve land) available for plantations should be subjected to market forces of supply and demand, based on the relative profitability of alternative land uses and land owners’ preferences. The policy recognizes that grants, subsidies and incentives may encourage land owners to start plantations thereby reducing access to land for tenant farmers. In the short term this is unlikely to be an issue. Investors who want to acquire private land for forestry plantations should establish a legal tenure with the landowners. The investor will then own the trees planted on the land. The investor can sell or use its produce for profit making as any other cash crop grown in Ghana e.g., cocoa, oil palm, etc.

3. Ghana’s Forestry Sector Program and Operational Activities The Forestry sector of Ghana has as its objectives to:

generate information for sustainable forest management; maximize utilization of the forest products while avoiding waste provide economic benefit to all Ghanaians.

In this regard, there have been many programs to achieve this broad aim. Some of the programs include Forest Resources Management Program (FRMP) which was supported by The World Bank, the British Department for International Development (DFID), and Denmark’s DANIDA. Currently, the above Institutions and the African Development Bank are supporting the Natural Resources Management Program (NRMP) and the National Plantation Development Project, respectively.

4. ITTO-Supported Projects in Ghana Previous ITTO assisted projects in Ghana include:

1. Man-made forest of indigenous species - A systematic preparation of industrial tree plantations;

2. Better utilization of tropical timber resources in order to improve sustainability and reduce ecological impacts;

3. Industrial utilization and improved marketing of some lesser used species from a sustainable managed forest;

4. Development of genetic resistance in the tropical hardwood Iroko to the damaging insect pest, Phytolyma lata;

5. Conservation and provenance planting and integrated pest management to sustain Iroko production in West Africa;

6. Forest fire management in Ghana; 7. Handbook on tree and wood identification of 100 lesser used and lesser

known species from tropical Africa with notes on ethnography, silviculture and uses;

8. Silviculture and economics of improved and natural forest management in Ghana; and

9. Rehabilitation of degraded forests through collaboration with local communities.

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PART II: THE PROJECT

1. Project Objectives

1.1 Developmental Objectives Improve the sustainability of mahogany timber supply in Ghana by developing an integrated pest management system to minimize the adverse effects of mahogany shoot borer on young mahogany plantations. 1.2 Specific Objective Develop an integrated plantation management system that incorporates multiple components to reduce shoot borer attack to subeconomic levels through:

Identifying, propagating and utilizing shoot borer resistant trees; Identifying, propagating and utilizing of shoot borer tolerant trees; Developing and utilizing silvicultural strategies to reduce shoot borer attack; Developing and utilizing semiochemical technologies to reduce shoot borer

attack. This management system will ensure that plantations maintain genetic diversity by not relying on single mahogany genotypes, support small populations of shoot borers which in turn support a resident population of biological control agents, reduce pressure on the remaining native mahogany forests, and provide an environment for increased trade in this valuable hardwood. Figure 1. Forest vegetation zones and relative abundance of mahogany (Khaya and Entandophragma spp.) in Ghana. The more common the boxes, the more abundant the trees.

Ghana Forest Regions DS = Dry semideciduous MSNW = Moist semideciduous Northwest MSSE = Moist semideciduous Southeast UE = Upland evergreen ME = Moist evergreen WE – Wet evergreen

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2. Justification 2.1 Problem to be Addressed Species of mahoganies (Meliaceae: Swieteniodeae) are found naturally throughout the wet, semi-deciduous and dry forest zones of Ghana (Figure 1). These are mostly Khaya and Entandrophragma spp., although Guarea spp. and Lovoa trichiliodes are also found. Cedrela odorata L., C. toona, Swietenia macrophyla and S. humilis were introduced from Central America and the Caribbean to West and Central Africa. Timber from native Meliaceae is extracted from natural forests and is an important contribution to Ghana export earnings (US $27,466,525 or 12% of timber exports). The most economically important of the native Meliaceae are the mahoganies, Khaya spp., and Entandrophragma spp. which alone generated $11,625,750 in 1994, exported mainly as sawn lumber or sliced veneer, but also as furniture parts, plywood and veneer. Demand for African mahogany is likely to increase as supplies from SE Asia and Brazil decline (Elliot and Pleydell 1992). In addition, domestic demand for timber in Ghana is considerable and expected to outstrip supply by 2010. Elsewhere in West Africa, Nigeria and Côte d’lvoire have become net timber importers as stocks have been depleted. In West Africa, most native Meliaceae and introduced Swietenia are susceptible to the shoot borer Hypsipyla robusta Moore. Attack has been reported in Carapa grandiflora, C. procera, Entandrophragma angolense, E. candollei, E. cylindricum Khaya anthotheca, K. grandifoliola, K. ivorensis, K. nyassica, K. senegalensis, Lovoa trichiliodes, Pseudocedrela kotschi and Swietenia macrophyla (Roberts 1966). Hypsipyla larvae feed on and kill the leading shoots. Growth is stunted and the excessive branching caused by death of the terminal shoot reduces the quantity of timber which can be recovered (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Severely attacked, plantation-grown mahogany (Khaya anthotheca) trees showing damage from Hypsipyla including resin loss (A), forking (B), and stem mortality (C).

The damage caused by this pest is frequently cited as the cause of failure of plantations of native Meliaceae in Ghana (Atuahene 2001, Ofosu-Asiedu et al. 1991, Brunck and Mallet 1993, Wagner and Atuahene 1991). In 1960, for

A

B

C

A

A A

B

B

B

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example, severe damage by shoot borer was recorded at a plantation of Khaya in the dry zone of Ghana and it was concluded that it was impossible to grow African mahogany until a solution was found. In 1995, 99% of 3 year old K. ivorensis were found to be attacked in a survey of commercial plantations in the wet, South West zone (Hauxwell, unpublished). At present, therefore, the production of African mahogany in West Africa is practically impossible due to damage by shoot borer. The project addresses this problem by developing an integrated strategy for reducing the impact of shoot borers on the establishment of Khaya and Entandrophragma spp.

PROBLEM TREE

There is a depletion of the Ghana mahogany resource due to over exploitation of the natural stands and lack of success in plantation culture due to the mahogany shoot borer.

Genotypes of Khaya and Entandrophragma spp. and provenances resistant/tolerant to Hypsipyla have not been identified.

Control of the mahogany shoot borer (Hypsipyla robusta ) is currently the most important limiting factor for mahogany plantation culture success in Ghana.

The impacts of silvicultural practices on shoot borer control in mahogany plantation have not been explored.

Behavioural chemicals have not been studied to trap shoot borer adults, and also to repel them from trees at the times when they are most vulnerable to attack.

Genetic diversity in Mahogany species has not been evaluated

Information on silvicultural practices such as shading, and mix or companion plantings and their impact on tolerance to Hypsipyla attack are not available.

Genetic diversity in Mahogany species has not been evaluated.

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2.2 Intended Situation After Project Completion This project will develop and demonstrate an integrated strategy for reducing the impact of Hypsipyla on mahogany species. It will provide the technical basis for plantation establishment and will, therefore, improve the feasibility of plantation establishment for private and public sector investors, including community groups. In addition, sufficient information will be produced to restore the mahogany component in degraded forests, under the National Plantation Development Programme in Ghana.

2.3 Project Strategy The mahogany shoot borer is perhaps the most economically important insect pest in tropical forestry. The problem has attracted a great deal of attention from foresters, ecologists, entomologists and plant breeders, but previous attempts at managing Hypsipyla have largely been unsuccessful (Newton et al. 1993). Recently, however, the prospects for controlling the mahogany shoot borer in West Africa and elsewhere have increased markedly with the identification of partial resistance and tolerance Swietenia macrophylla and Cedrela odorata to Hypsipyla grandella and African mahoganies to Hypsipyla robusta (Newton et al. 1994, 1995, 1996, Opuni-Frimpong 2000). In the context of shoot borers on mahogany, resistance is defined as the ability of a plant to avoid, suppress, prevent, overcome or tolerate insect attack. Currently FORIG is collaborating with SODEFOR of Cote d`Ivoire and FRIN of Nigeria on a pre-project “Development of an integrated strategy for reduction of shoot borer impact on African mahogany in the tropical humid forest of Africa” (Cobbinah et al 2000). It is timely that the experience gained in Latin America and elsewhere is applied and further developed in West Africa, to select resistant or tolerant mahogany genotypes. Because resistance, or any other method, alone, will not reduce the impact of Hypsipyla to uneconomic levels, Newton et al. (1993) recommended an integrated pest management strategy based on incorporating pest resistant planting stock into silvicultural systems encouraging natural biological control.

Thus, the concept underlying this project is to develop an integrated pest management strategy for Hypsipyla in plantations of mahogany in West Africa.

It has been suggested that systemic insecticides may prove economical and ecologically advantageous when compared with conventional spraying because of the lower volume of insecticide required and their greater degree of specificity (Allan et al. 1976, Wilkins et al. 1976). However, subsequent field trials have found them to be completely ineffective (Ramnarine 1992). The main use of systemic insecticides may be for protecting plants in the nursery (Wilkins et al. 1976).

Although there are several alternatives to the use of insecticides to control shoot borers, the best strategy is undoubtedly to reduce damage to a tolerable level by using a number of different methods in an integrated way (Grijpma 1974, Morgan and Suratmo, 1976, Newton et al. 1993). This approach, however, requires at least one method which will have a significant effect alone and which will form the basis to build an integrated pest management strategy. Thus, in reviewing past research aimed at controlling mahogany shoot borers (Newton et al. 1993), recommended an integrated pest management strategy based on the incorporation of “pest resistant planting stock in silvicultural systems which encourage natural biological control”. This project directly addresses this need by identifying resistance and tolerance in Khaya and Entandrophragma spp, evaluating silvicultural options of Hypsipyla control, evaluating behavioural chemicals, and combining these in an integrated pest management strategy.

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The selection of resistance within a tree species has a number of advantages. First, it avoids the problem of insects developing resistance to artificial chemical control methods. Second, as the main problem of shoot borer damage is the effect on tree form, any selections based on superior apical growth or recuperative ability should also lead to improvements in tree form as well as tolerance to attack. Furthermore, genetic screening and conservation of many Meliaceae species is now a matter of urgency, as a result of the continuing high rate of depletion of natural stands, especially because pest-resistant genotypes may exist (Newton et al., 1992). The project will therefore seek to select provenances of Khaya and Entandrophragma spp. with reduced susceptibility to shoot borer. Individual trees showing pest resistance will be further mass-produced vegetatively (by cuttings and in-vitro tissue culture) for plantations. Gains from the use of genetically improved trees can only be fully realised if appropriate silvicultural management systems are employed. This might involve the use of mixed species plantations. Species mixtures may alter plant suitability for growth of the insect, may screen host plants from adult insects, or may increase levels of natural enemies (Gibson and Jones 1977). Mixed native species plantations serve as the foundation to tropical forest restoration activities. A canopy of native species along with a seed bank or seed rain is usually sufficient to restore deforested land to natural forests. This project will employ replicated trials to evaluate different silviculture options for managing shoot borers. The value of different silvicultural methods will be measured both in terms of differences in shoot borer damage and the underlying mechanism(s) or any reduction in shoot borer damage observed e.g. the degree to which plant mixtures reduce shoot borer attack, decrease the biochemical suitability of mahogany for shoot borers, or increase the effectiveness of predators and parasites of the shoot borer. Project activities will therefore focus on identifying and selecting of less susceptible mahogany, the evaluating of the most promising silvicultural techniques (such as mix and companion plantings) and their incorporation in an integrated management system to reduce shoot borer impact. This project will demonstrate operational-scale restoration plantings incorporating successful principles of restoration ecology and integrated pest management. Finally, this project will examine state-of-the-art forest biotechnology applications for conserving and manipulating African mahoganies. First, we will examine the use of cryopreservation for long-term storage of elite Khaya and Entandrophragma spp. genotypes that are endangered or threatened by logging. Second, we will examine Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer as a means of incorporating insect-resistance genes into Khaya and Entandrophragma spp. We will test gene insertion techniques using gene cassettes already prepared that combine a Bt gene and a proteinase inhibitor gene (Kim, 2000). 2.4 Target Beneficiaries The main target beneficiaries of the outputs of the project in Ghana will be public- and private-sector forestry industries investing in plantation establishment, farmers and community associations. The Ghana Forest Service has collaborated directly in project design and will assist with project implementation. Private companies, particularly Swiss Lumber Co., Subri Industrial Plantations Ltd., Dupaul Wood Treatment etc. are currently investing in plantation establishment and have expressed interest or have already invested in indigenous Meliaceae as an alternative to exotic species. The Forest Service and FORIG have recognised the increasing interest of individual farmers and community associations in

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plantation establishment and are promoting woodlot establishment on private land and farms through the Collaborative Forest Management Unit. Over the past two years FORIG has released over 500,000 seedlings of various species to tree growers as the institute’s contribution to the national plantation development programme.

2.4.1 Plantations of Mahogany Species

Few mahogany plantations have been successful worldwide (Mayhew and Newton, 1998), and this is attributed to the negative effects of the shoot borer (Ofosu-Asiedu et al. 1991; Wagner et al. 1991). In Ghana, for example, it has been reported that the survival rate of native Meliaceae trees in plantations is only 9% (Atuahene, 2001). Worldwide records indicate that Indonesia has the largest mahogany plantations, covering a total area of 116,282 ha (Mayhew and Newton, 1998). Many of the plantations were planted on sites not sufficiently fertile for teak and in gullies to reduce soil erosion. Since 1987 mahogany has been widely planted in Java by the Forestry Board and so the majority of existing plantations are immature. Plantations are also found in Sumatra (2,500 ha), West Timor and Sulawesi. Plantations of mahogany in Malaysia has met with very little success due to Hypsipyla shoot borers (Ghee, 1996). A 200 ha plantation established in Sabah was not successful. Mayhew and Newton (1998) have listed over 50 countries in the world where mahogany have been planted or attempted (Table 1). Plantings in many of the countries not listed in the Table were either unsuccessful, on trial bases or of insignificant sizes. Two-thirds of all documented plantations are found in Asia and the remaining third in the Americas and South Pacific. Although African countries are among the major exporters of mahogany species, plantations have been woefully unsuccessful and there is a critical need to develop suitable mahogany plantation culture methods. Table 1. Countries with documented mahogany plantations greater than 100 ha (From: Mayhew and Newton, 1998)

Area (ha) Area (ha) Asia: Indonesia 116,282 Americas: Belize 100 Philippines 25,000 Honduras 150 Thailand 623 Puerto Rico 650 Total (ha.) 141,905 Fiji 42,000 South Pacific: Solomon

3,065 Guadeloupe 4,200

Samoa 2,295 Martinique 1,479 Total (ha.) 5,360 St. Lucia 101 Total (ha.) 48,680

Grand total 198,345

2.4.2 Hypsipyla Research

Varying degrees of research on Hypsipyla have been carried out in all regions of the world where mahogany and shoot borers co-occur. A description of worldwide Hypsipyla research can found in the proceedings of a international workshop organized in Kandy, Sri Lanka in 1996 by the Australian Center for International Agricultural Research (Floyd and Hawxwell, 2001). Participants reported on a wide range of research interests on the mahogany shoot borer including, taxonomy, ecology, host plant resistance, biological control, silvicultural control, and integrated pest management. At the end of the workshop participants listed 10 priority areas for Hypsipyla research. Areas rated as needing urgent attention were resistance

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trials, mixed-species plantations/agroforestry, use of biologically active compounds (kairomones and novel insecticides), development of other silvicultural methods, genetic conservation strategies and biological control with natural enemies. Under a recent DFID initiative on Hypsipyla in Ghana, available information on shoot borer and data from mahogany plantation was compiled in a bibliography and review (Hauxwell and Opuni, unpublished) and techniques for mass rearing of Hypsipyla and identification of natural enemies were developed which will be utilised in this proposal (Hauxwell and Speight, unpublished). Mahogany regeneration and the interaction of African mahoganies and shoot borers has been an ongoing research program at the Forest Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG) for the past decade. We have examined natural regeneration in mixed Khaya ivorensis stands in moist, semi-deciduous forests of Ghana (Luomo-aho and Opuni-Frimpong, 2001). In addition, we have examined the response of two Khaya species and two Entandrophragma species to Hypsipyla in various feeding trials and in field tests. We have identified species differences in Hypsipyla tolerance, we have established long-term plots of various silvicultural treatments, including spacing studies, understory planting, and mixed species plantings, and we have successfully reared Hypsipyla shoot borers through several generations (Opuni-Frimpong, 2000). Thus, our team is thoroughly prepared to conduct this study as we are experienced in all aspects that we propose to study. 2.5 Technical and Scientific Aspects of Mahogany Plantation Establishment Damage by shoot borers is the overriding factor restricting the establishment of plantations of Khaya spp, Swietenia spp and other valued tropical timber Meliaceae mahogany species worldwide (Cobbinah et al. 2000, Newton et al. 1993, Mo et al. 2001; Watt et al. 2001). Although several different options for the management of shoot borer species have been explored, these have failed to reduce damage to acceptable levels. Different approaches to the management of shoot borers are outlined below. 2.5.1. Identifying and Developing Less Susceptible Genotypes

Resistance has been identified against a range of tree pests (Mattson et al. 1988). It has been more widely developed against pests of temperate forest trees than against tropical forest pests but this is undoubtedly largely due to the greater investment in temperate forestry research.

Following observations suggesting that resistant individuals or races exist within wild populations of Meliaceae species (Roberts 1966, Grijpma 1976, Watt, et al. 2001), the Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenanza (CATIE, Costa Rica) and the International Institute of Biological Control (IIBC, Trinidad), in collaboration with the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology (ITE, UK), identified S. macrophyla and C. odorata germplasm which is relatively resistant to Hypsipyla grandella (Newton et al, 1995, 1996, Watt et al. 2001). Promising resistance-selection results have also been obtained in provenance trials on Cedrela species (Sanchez et al. 1976, Vega 1976, Chaplin 1980, McCarter 1988, Ramnarine 1992).

Further encouragement for this approach against tropical forest pests comes from current ITTO-supported work on resistance in Milicia spp to Phytolyma lata by FORIG in Ghana.

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Recent studies on damage of Hypsipyla to native mahoganies in Ghana supported by the African Academy of Sciences, identified different levels of tolerance in native mahoganies (Opuni-Frimpong, 2000). Selection of resistant Khaya genotypes has therefore been identified as an important area requiring further investigation.

In addition, it must be emphasised that the testing of West African mahogany germplasm is urgently required before the loss of natural forests further depletes the country’s genetic diversity.

Because of the need for a solution to the problem of shoot borers attacking Khaya and Entandrophragma species, which are among the most valuable native mahoganies in Ghana and the promising results from work on related tree species, this project will examine the resistance of Khaya and Entandrophragma provenances following the methods described by Newton et al. (1992).

Seed collections will be carried out on forest reserves throughout the range of K. ivorensis and Entandrophragma cylindricum in Ghana. Collections will be carried out at population and individual tree levels. Provenance collections will make use of the information on mahogany distribution from Forestry Department inventory data, in particular the use of FROGGIE (Forest Reserves of Ghana Graphical Image Exhibitor) (Hawthorne and Abu Juam 1995).

A range-wide provenance test will be established at least three sites representing the range of main forest regions in Ghana (Kumasi, Afram Headwaters Forest Reserve and Manso Amenfi). Semi-annual evaluations will be made of phenological state, Hypsipyla attack, growth and form traits. Selected resistant seedlings will be cloned and resistance verified in clonal trials. Clonal testing will require developing propagation techniques (rooted cuttings and/or in vitro micropropagation).

2.5.2 Silvicultural Options

The use of tree species mixtures, either by the planting of species mixtures in plantations or as enrichment plantings, is likely to be an effective strategy in managing insect pests for several reasons: a) host trees are likely to be more difficult for adult pests to locate in species mixtures than in monocultures, b) plant suitability for larvae may be less (mainly as a result of shading, see below in species mixtures, and c) natural enemies may be more abundant or effective in species mixtures (Watt 1992, Mayhew and Newton 1998, Hauxwell et al. 2001a).

Species mixtures, including enrichment plantings, have been repeatedly recommended as strategies to reduce shoot borer attack (McLeod 1915, Entwistle 1967, Cobbinah et al, 2000). Promising results have been obtained for Cedrela spp. (Vega 1976) and S. macrophylla (Yared and Carpenezzi 1981).

Enrichment plantings in natural forests have proven prohibitively expensive in West Africa. The earliest reforestation programmes with African mahoganies used the tropical shelterwood system (TSS) to enrich the logged forest. Although shoot borer damage was eliminated, the system was abandoned due to the prohibitive costs of repeated canopy opening and weeding (Osafo 1970).

The use of mixed plantings of Meliaceae with other timber species or agricultural crops has also been recommended in West Africa and elsewhere (Beeson 1919, Entwistle 1967,

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Chaplin 1980, Brunck and Mallett 1993, Hauxwell et al. 2001a). As early as 1910, successful reduction in shoot borer damage in Entandrophragma plantations in Togo was obtained using teak as a nurse crop (McLeod 1915). The Forestry Department of Nigeria has employed tree species mixtures as an attempt to control shoot borers. When the nurse crop (usually Nauclea diderichii or Gmelina arborea) and the mahogany were planted in separate lines, there was little evidence of control, but when the nurse and mahogany trees were planted in the same line some degree of control was obtained (Roberts 1966). Similar results have been shown for mixed line planting in Côte d’lvoire (Brunck and Mallet 1993). In addition, mixed-age species mixtures and mixtures with Leucena have shown to give some degree of control (Brunck and Mallet 1993, Dupuy 1995).

Most of the benefit of planting mahogany in species mixtures is thought to accrue from shade (Campbell 1966, Lamb 1966, Entwistle 1967). The mechanisms by which shade per se may influence shoot borer attack are:

(i) Reducting tree growth rate and alterating of shoot morphology. For example, Grijpma (1976) noted that stems grown under shade tend to be thinner and woodier, possibly reducing susceptibility to attack, as adults may prefer to oviposit on thick succulent shoots.

(ii) Decreasing in the nutritional value of the shoot (nitrogen, sugar and water content) (Ramos and Grace 1990) so as to be rejected by ovipositing adults or to be unsuitable for larval growth, development and survival.

(iii) Increasing in physical and chemical plant defences (Westrup 1993), leading, as above, to rejection by ovipositing adults or to a decrease in suitability for shoot borer larvae.

(iv) Better form recovery after attack, specifically by encouraging more vertical growth rather than branching (Yared and Carpenezzi 1981), thereby also reducing the number of sites available for attack (Entwistle 1967, Grijpma 1976).

Although shade may reduce damage by shoot borers, it can also have detrimental effects on mahogany growth. Khaya species are ‘non-pioneer, light-demanding’ species and shade reduces the growth of Khaya (Hawthorne 1995). Thus, the use of shade in tree species mixtures must be optimised to reduce shoot borer damage without suppressing tree growth.

Therefore, despite the contradictory evidence on the benefits of shade, there are several reasons why the careful use of shade could reduce the impact of shoot borer damage to mahogany. The same applies to the other benefits of planting mahogany in tree species mixtures, particularly the possibility of natural control by predators and parasites. These benefits will not be realized until the factors leading to reduced shoot borer damage are clearly understood. Therefore, experiments and carefully designed field trials are needed to assess the value of different methods of controlling shoot borers. Only then can effective pest management programs be constructed (Whitmore 1976).

Therefore, the focus in this proposal is to establish experiments that will, first, evaluate the potential of shade in reducing the impact of shoot borers. Even if shade is shown to have no effect, its elimination will allow research and management to focus on other impacts of species mixtures on shoot borer, for example, the screening of mahogany from egg-laying adult moths and the promotion of control by natural enemies (Hauxwell et al. 2001b). These

15

aspects, in particular the impact of natural enemies, will also be studied in the field experiments and trials described below.

The degree to which plant species mixtures may reduce shoot borer incidence by screening susceptible plants from adult Hypsipyla may be enhanced by interplanting with insect repellent tree or shrub species. Over 70 native Ghanaian plant species with insecticidal properties have already been identified, of which the 10 most promising are to be the subject of a future study (Cobbinah personal communication, Tuani et al. 1994). Therefore, this project will include experiments on insect repellent tree species.

Reducing the incidence or severity of pest attack may be achieved through manipulating crop nutritional status (Waring and Cobb 1992, Kytö et al. 1996). Recent research has shown that there is an inverse relationship between attack by Hypsipyla grandella on Cedrela odorata and soil calcium content (i.e., less calcium, more attacks) (Newton et al. 1995). The relevance of these finding for Hypsipyla robusta on Khaya and Entandrophragma species will be investigated in field trials.

In addition to field trials to test and demonstrate silvicultural techniques, analysis will be done of techniques affecting susceptibility to shoot borer. Impacts on yield, shoot borer damage and plant growth will be quantified in mixed plantings with both timber species, in particular the impact of shade, and with insect repellent plants.

2.5.2.1 Planting in Associations with Other Timber Species

The value of planting mahogany with other timber species will be assessed through laboratory and field experiments. Opuni-Frimpong (2000) observed different levels of susceptibility of four different species of African mahogany planted together in the moist semi-deciduous forest type in Ghana.

Experiments will be conducted in screen houses infested with shoot borers from laboratory colonies. Under different degrees of shade, the following will be measured: oviposition by adult moths, incidence and severity of attack, larval growth and survival and plant growth and form.

In the field experiments, seedlings of Khaya and Entandrophragma species will be placed beneath existing trials of other timber species at the FORIG experimental station at Kumasi. Light will be quantified beneath each species using fisheye-lens photography and “Winscanopy” software. Incidence and severity of shoot borer attack, larval mortality due to predators, parasites and other factors, and plant growth and form will be quantified.

Field trials will be established by planting Khaya and Entandrophragma species together with a selection of timber species with different degrees of shade.

2.5.2.2 Planting in Associations with Insect Repellent Trees

The impact of potentially repellent tree species will be studied in laboratory experiments. Adult setting and oviposition behaviour rates will be examined using laboratory-reared insects. The results of these experiments will be used to select tree species for field trials.

16

2.5.2.3 Fertilizer Application

Field experiments on the impact of calcium fertilisers on shoot borer damage will be carried out. The following will be measured: incidence and severity of attack, larval growth and survival, and plant growth, form and chemistry.

2.5.2.4 Pruning as a Silvicultural Treatment

Pruning has been advocated as one means of controlling and/or mitigating shoot-borer attack. Recent studies by Cornelius (2001) reported pruned trees had significantly better values for form traits with no apparent difference in growth traits. Opuni-Frimpong (2000) identified some provenances of Khaya anthotheca that are able to tolerate Hypsipyla attack to some level by natural pruning when planted with other species in close spacing. The impact of pruning on tree form, and borer occurrence shall be studied further in the project in both pure and mixed mahogany plots.

2.5.2.5 Developing an Integrated Plantation-Establishment Strategy It is unlikely that one approach to controlling shoot borers will be effective alone. Rather, the solution to the shoot borer problem is likely to lie in combining different control methods in an integrated approach. As noted by Pimentel (1991), Speight and Cory (2001), Speight and Wylie (2001) and many others, the combined use of increased pest resistance of the host plants, with other factors reducing borer attack, increases the overall effectiveness of biological control. Thus the strategy being adopted in this project is to identify resistant mahogany and develop a silvicultural system or systems that will enhance the genetic elements of pest management. It is also important that the recommended pest management strategy is economically viable. Thus, cost/benefit analyses will be an integral part of the project. The design of the trials will be such as to allow the value of the silvicultural treatments to be calculated and either recommended or eliminated as uneconomic. Costs of production of improved stock will also be calculated and the overall benefits of different genetic/silvicultural strategies evaluated. 2.6 Economic Aspects

Mahogany is an important contributor to the economy of Ghana and to the international timber and lumber industries. Mahogany was the first timber to be exported from Ghana in the last quarter of the 19th century and has been contributing 15-30% of total timber exports up to the 1970s (Cobbinah et al. 2000). Many of the timber-exporting ITTO member countries export species of mahogany as an important component of their overall timber exports. In 1998, for example, the total export of mahogany species by member countries was approximately US $100 million (Table 2). This figure is conservative because not all mahogany exporting member countries reported separate their exports on a species-by-species basis. In 1999, exports of mahogany were in excess of US $118 million. Ghana’s contribution to mahogany exports in those years were 12 and 10%, respectively (Table 3). The supply of mahogany is limited by extraction rates from natural forests which are expected to have a limited lifetime at current rates of extraction (current estimates are for natural mahoganies in Ghana to be exhausted by the end of this decade). There is an increasing demand for plantation-grown tropical timber, in particularly mahoganies. The benefits from an increased mahogany plantation program are expected to be considerable,

17

including a more consistent timber size and certification that native, natural stands are not being harvested for this product. Table 2. Exports of mahogany species by ITTO member countries in 1998 and 1999.

Total Export (US$) 1998 1999 Logs 37,366,000 36,536,000 Sawnwood 50,964,000 50,856,000 Veneer 11,562,000 30,958,000 TOTAL 99,892,000 118,350,000

Table 3. Exports of mahogany (Khaya ivorensis) by Ghana in 1998-2000.

Total Export (US$) 1998 1999 2000 Sawnwood 12,109,000 7,918,000 6,192,000 Veneer - 3,886,000 5,000,000 TOTAL 12,108,000 11,804,000 11,192,000

2.7 Environmental Aspects Since experiments and trials will be conducted on existing sites, negative local environmental impacts are not expected. Any large-scale plantation programs initiated as a result of the project outputs will be subject to an environmental impact assessments required by law in Ghana. The evaluation of genetic resources will improve the information available for natural forest management programs by identifying provenance protection areas, with attendant environmental benefits. The demonstration of the use of reserves as a genetic resources with economic benefits will support the maintenance of forest reserves. 2.8 Social Aspects Trials will be conducted on existing lands of the Forest Service, FORIG experimental sites and some target beneficiaries. Local employment will result from this project and immediate benefits to local communities are expected. Results from the project will be made available to rural communities through the Forest Service Community Forestry Program. 2.9 Risks Overall, risks to the project are low. The selection of improved stock is dependent upon the existence of variation in susceptibility within the population sampled. The limited studies to date suggest there is abundant natural genetic variation in the native Ghanan mahoganies. There are perceived risks of studying genetically modified organisms (gmo’s), such as the potential contamination of native species with transgenes and potential for effects on insect evolution (Roush, 1997). However, our genetic engineering studies will be confined to greenhouse or nurseries and all trees will be destroyed before they flower so they provide minimal risk to the environment. Having two genes affecting the insects makes evolution of resistance by target insects less likely (Roush, 1998).

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2.10 Links between Sustainable Forest Plantation Management and ITTO Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management This project, which seeks to enable sustainable mahogany production via plantation culture, is closely linked to ITTO Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management. We will seek holistic planning for multiple land use based on land capability and community needs. To do this, we will work closely with our industrial partners and with village leaders to ensure their commitment to sustainable forest management. We will choose sites carefully to minimize soil disturbance and will monitor soil nutrient levels as well as plantation growth and health. We will seek the following C&I for our mahogany plantations: productivity maintained; no adverse effects on soil or water quality; maintain genetic diversity; maintain appropriate silvicultural management (i.e., use high quality planting stock,

plant with minimal soil disturbance, and weed, thin, and prune to appropriate levels) to ensure plantation success; and integrate our plantations into the communities by employing local people in plantation establishment and maintenance and by basing some of them on community lands.

These ITTO C&I were among those listed in Hopmans et al. (2003) for Sustainable Forest Management of Tropical Plantation Forests. 3. Outputs 3.1 Specific objective: The specific objective is to examine methods of improving Mahogany plantation successes by enhancing shoot borer resistance, developing silvicultural systems that minimize shoot borer attack, and examining sociochemical aspects of shoot borer attack. The specific outputs for our project are listed below: Output 1: Variation in susceptibility to Hypsipyla among mahogany (Khaya

andEntandrophragma species), species and provenances will be examined and resistant or tolerant individuals will be identified (Table 4);

Output 2: Methods for cloning/mass production of resistant genotypes will be developed;

Output 3: Genetic basis for resistance/tolerance and interaction with shoot borer behaviour modifying chemicals will be studied;

Output 4: Impacts of companion plantings and natural enemies on Hypsiplya attack will be determined;

Output 5: Genetic engineering of mahogany species with Lepidopteran Bt and proteinase inhibitor genes will be done;

Output 6: Integrated pest management plantation and forest restoration feasibility demonstrated will be examined;

Output 7: Conservation of native Ghana mahogany genotypes will be done; and Output 8: Training and technology transfer will occur.

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Table 4. Research outputs in this proposal on the mahogany species of Ghana.

Mahogany Species

Economic Value

(Ghana)

Shoot Borer

Susceptibility*

Outputs Entandophragma angolense Minor Sus Species trials Entandophragma canodollei Minor Sus Species trials Entandophragma cylindricum Major Sus Species trials, provenance trials,

insect screening trials, silviculture studies, conservation of plus trees, propagation of superior selections, genetic engineering of insect tolerance

Entandophragma utile Minor Sus Species trials Khaya anthotheca Minor Sus Species trials Khaya grandifoliola Minor Sus Species trials Khaya invorensis Major Sus Species trials, provenance trials,

insect screening trials, silviculture studies, conservation of plus trees, propagation of superior selections, genetic engineering of insect tolerance

*Sus = susceptible to shoot borer

4. Activities

ACTIVITIES INPUTS Output 1: Genotypes of Khaya and Entandro-phragma spp. with tolerance/resistance to shoot borer identified and protected from species and provenance trials Activity 1.1: Seeds will be collected throughout the range of each African mahogany species in Ghana (Table 4) in the country. Seeds collected from each tree will be kept in separate bags and labelled according to location and species. The seeds will be kept under cold conditions. Activity 1.2: Species and provenance trials will be established. A subset of the seeds collected will be bulked together according to provenances and used for long-term provenance trials. The design will be 25 trees per provenance per block with 5 replications. Trees will be planted at 1.5 x 1.5 m spacing. Selection criteria will be good growth and insect resistance. Trials will be established on at least 2 sites (Dry semi-deciduous and moist evergreen forest zones). Subsets of all provenance trials will be screened for Hypsipyla attacks in the nursery. Activity 1.3: Progeny trials will be established. Subsets of seeds for each accession will be used for

Geneticist, Botanist, Seed Technologist, PhD Candidate, Technical Officers, Labourers, Tree climbers, transport, climbing equipment, sacks, storage containers, markers, freezers, daily subsistence allowance Geneticist, Entomologist, PhD Candidate, Research Assistant, Statistician, Technical Officers, laborers, transport, computer, daily subsistence allowance, land, irrigation system, basic nursery and farm tools, 2 screen cages, Hypsipyla colony in the laboratory Geneticist, Entomologist, PhD Candidate, Research Assistant,

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long-term progeny trials. The design will be 25 trees per progeny per block with 5 replications. Trees will be planted at 1.5 x 1.5m spacing. Selection criteria will be good growth and insect resistance. Trials will be established at 2 sites (Dry semi-deciduous and moist evergreen forest zones). Semi-annual evaluation of Hypsipyla attack, growth and form will be carried out. Activity 1.4: Decapitation tests will be used in the nursery to identify sprouting characteristics of different mahogany species, including apical dominance following decapitation.

Statistician, Technical Officers, Labourers, transport, computer, daily subsistence allowance, land, irrigation system, basic nursery and farm tools

Output 2: Methods for cloning/mass production of resistant genotypes developed Activity 2.1: Resistant genotypes selected from outputs 2 and 3 will be mass produced vegetatively (macropropagation and micropropagation). Activity 2.1.1: Macropropagation Resistant genotypes identified from outputs 2 to 5 will be mass produced for clonal trials and the best ones recommended for plantation establishment. Methods that will be used will include; cuttings, layering, grafting and budding. Activity 2.1.2 Micropropagation In vitro tissue culture will be developed to mass produce the really resistant genotypes that are difficult to propagate by macropropagation. In vitro tissue culture will also be used to rejuvenate and/or reinvigorate desirable mature trees that lose their rooting ability. _____________________________________________ Output 3: Genetic basis for resistance/tolerance and interaction with shoot borer behaviour modifying chemicals Activity 3.1: Screening of behavioural compounds for anti-attraction and anti-oviposition properties in laboratory and field assays. Trees in the screening trials will be assessed for the number of shoot borer attacks and randomly assigned to treatments with various anti-attractant compounds, and controls with no compounds released from the trees. Activity 3.2: Field testing of pheromones from other Hypsipyla species identified in other parts of the

Vegetative propagation specialist, Co-Principal Investigator, PhD Candidate, Research Assistant, Technical Officers, Laborers, transport propagation boxes, rooting hormones, grafting tapes and knives, transport. Tissue culture specialist, PhD Candidate, cultural tools, woody plant media, transport, rooting hormones, shoot proliferation hormones, incubator, autoclave, microscope, glass tubes and vases _____________________________

21

world to determine whether these may be utilized to trap shoot borers in Ghana. Activity 3.3: Mahogany species that show clear evidence resistance or susceptibility from the earlier evaluations will be studied for feeding, stimulation, suppression, or toxicity by incorporating the respective tissues (leaves or bark) into artificial diets and fed to Hypsipyla larvae in the lab. _____________________________________________ Output 4: Impact of companion planting on Hypsipyla Activity 4.1: Mahogany density trials Assess the effect of different densities of mahogany on susceptibility to shoot borer. Activity 4.2: Companion species diversity Comprehensive series of small and operational scale companion planting trials of mahogany mixture with other species will be carried out. Adaptive management will allow for modification of trial species as data becomes available. Activity 4.3: Insect repellent species The effect of insect repellent species will be conducted for the 5 most promising and easily accessible cultivated repellent species and Khaya ivorensis and Entandrophragma utile. Activity 4.4: Determine the effect of companion plantings on shoot borer natural enemies, including predators, parasites and entomopathogens through rearing and dissection of infested material. _____________________________________________ Output 5. Genetic engineering of mahogany species with Lepidopteran Bt and proteinase inhibitor (PI) genes Activity 5.1: Testing of Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer in mahogany Mahogany seedlings will be tested for their responses to Agrobacterium-mediated genes transfer as described by Shin et al. (1994). Activity 5.2: Investigation of Bt and PI genes into mahogany and testing of insect responses.

Co-Principal Investigator, PhD Candidate, Silviculturist/ Entomologist, Technical Officers, insect colony, insect rearing equipment and reagents, Consulting Chemist _____________________________ Silviculturist, Entomologists, Co-Principal Investigator, transport, seedlings, tools, laborers Silviculturist, Co-Principal investigator Entomologist, International consultant, Research Assistant, Technical Officers, transport, land, nursery and farm tools, irrigation system, daily subsistence Project Co-ordinator, Principal Investigator, Entomologist, Technical Officers Silviculturist, Entomologist, International consultant, Research Assistant Technical Officers, transport, land, nursery and farm tools, irrigation system, daily subsistence _____________________________ Co-Principal investigator, PhD student, geneticist, entomologist, technicians, liquid nitrogen, deep freezer, incubator, autoclave, microscope, lepidopteran Bt and proteinase inhibitor genes, glass tubes, microcentrifuge

22

Mahogany seedlings will be transformed as above with a gene cassette we have constructed carrying Bt and PI genes (Kim, 1998). Transgenic plants will be screened against mahogany shoot borer larvae as described by Shin et al. (1994). _____________________________________________ Output 6: Developing integrated plantations Demonstration plots incorporating the results of outputs 1 to 5 will be established. Recommendations to the Forest Service and all those who want to plant mahogany will be based on the performance of these plots. A mahogany restoration project will be established to demonstrate methods to restore degraded forests using mixed species technology and appropriate silviculture to replant mahoganies. _____________________________________________ Output 7. Mahogany Conservation Activity 7.1: Establishing biodiversity conservation plots Biodiversity conservation plots of various mahogany sp. will be established. Each genotype will be represented by 5 trees and planted at 3 x 3 m intervals. Activity 7.2: Protecting valuable seed trees Appropriate protocols for classifying and protecting valuable seed trees will be developed. Recommendations for the conserving seed trees will be submitted to the Ghana Forest Service. Activity 7.3: Conservation in vitro Germplasm of resistant trees will also be conserved in vitro using cryopreservation as a safeguard measure against floods, fire, or any catastrophic events for activities 7.1 and 7.2. _____________________________________________ Output 8: Training and technology transfer Activity 8.1: Personnel from the participating institutions and target beneficiaries will be trained in vegetative propagation and clonal trials at Forestry Research Institute of Ghana. Activity 8.2: One FORIG entomologist will receive doctoral training in Forest Entomology and

_____________________________ Geneticist, Entomologist, Ph.D. Candidate, Forester, Research Assistant, Technical Officers, Labourers, land, transport, daily subsistence allowance _____________________________ Geneticist, Forester, International consultant, Research Assistant, Technical Officers, Labourers, land, transport, daily subsistence Director of FORIG, Principal investigator, Co-Principal investigator, Botanist, Planning Officer–Forestry Department, International consultant, Forester Tissue culture specialist, Co-Principal Investigator, Ph.D. Candidate, Lab technicians, consumables, glassware. _____________________________ Project coordinator, Co-Principal Investigator, Socio-Economist Transport, airfares, subsistence Project Coordinator, Co-Principal Investigators, Entomologist

23

Biotechnology at Michigan Technological University. Activity 8.3: Refereed publications and technical manuals on managing mahogany shoot borer and establishing restoration plantations of native forests will be developed.

5. Logical Framework Matrix Important Assumptions Project Elements Objectively Verifiable

indicators Means of verification

Institutional and funding support continue

Development objective 1. Increase production of plantation - grown African Mahogany (Khaya sp.) that are ecologically adopted and insect resistant

Measures of development objective achieved Increase in area planted with Mahogany consisting of Hypsipyla resistant genotypes

Sources of data Established plantations, national reforestation statistics and published materials

Specific Objectives Demonstrations of establishment strategy encourages investment in mahogany plantation ____________________

1. Genetic screening and Hypsipyla resistance tests of mahogany

_____________________ 2. Test various silviculture

options for establishing mahogany plantations

Identification of resistant genotypes of mahogany __________________ Significantly improved plantation success

Plantations with resistant genotypes and published results ____________________ Reports, publications, and successful plantations

Investment climate encourages plantation programme Sufficient improved plantation stock can be provided to growers at economic cost Continued industry and community interest in collaboration

3. Develop an integrated plantation establishment strategy for reducing shoot borer impact on mahogany species 4. Conduct plantation establishment and management in a manner consistent with ITTO’s C&I of Sustainable Forest Management

The identification of at least one integrated plantation establishment strategy by end of project Plantation Productivity Soil Productivity Genetic Diversity Plantation Management Community Integration

Documented results of trials, publications of results Tree height, diameter, and form ratings Soil analysis before and after plantation establishment Species, seed source, and clonal variability Plantation success Village involvement in plantations and employment

Outputs Significant resistance to shoot borer can be found.

1. Genotypes of mahogany species with improved resistance to shoot borer identified and protected

Regional provenance plantations Clones/species resistant to Hypsipyla Results of species and provenance trials

Established plantations and published reports to verify achievement Scientific reports, and demonstration plots Clones and gene banks

Propagation of mature trees is possible

2. Methods for cloning/mass propagation of resistant genotypes developed

Clonal trials Vegetative propagation protocols developed

Demonstration plot and scientific publications

3. Genetic basis for resistance/tolerance and interaction with shoot borer

Scientific publications

24

behaviour modifying chemicals determined

Biocontrol agents reduce shoot borer damage

4. Impacts of companion planting techniques on Hypsipyla attack identified

Trial plots Demonstration plots and scientific publications

Mahogany species will be amenable to Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer

5. Genetically engineered shoot borer resistant mahogany developed

Greenhouse and field trials of insect resistance

Scientific publication and material for mass propagation

Availability of variable germplasm

6. Integrated pest management plantation developed and forest restoration feasibility demonstrated.

Demonstration plot Demonstration plot and scientific publications

7. Conserving Mahogany in situ and in vitro

Field plots, seed trees, crop preservation

Demonstration areas and in vitro lab

8. Training, technology transfer & publications

Trained personnel Trained personnel reports

6. Work Plan

OUTPUTS/ACTIVITIES RESPONSIBLE PARTIES SCHEDULE IN MONTHS Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 S1 S2 S1 S2 S1 S2 S1 S2 OUTPUT 1: Establish provenance/progeny trials and identify improved borer resistance 1.1: Establishment of provenance trials

Project Coordinator, Principal Investigator and team in participating countries

1.2: Susceptibility test in screen house

Project Director, Principal investigator and team in participating countries

1.3: Establish plots and monitor and evaluate

Project Principal Investigator, Co-Principal Investigator, PhD student, Entomologist

OUTPUT 2: Cloning and mass producing resistant genotypes 2.1: Develop macropropagation techniques; cuttings, layering, grafting and budding

Project Director, Co-Principal Investigators, Research Assistant and team in Ghana

2.2: Develop in vitro tissue culture techniques

Co-Principal Investigator, PhD Candidate

2.3: Verify resistance through clonal trials

OUTPUT 3. Genetic basis for resistance/tolerance and interaction with shoot borer behaviour modifying chemicals determined 3.1: Screening behavioural compounds

Co-Principal investigator, PhD Candidate

3.2: Pheromone tests Co-Principal investigator, PhD Candidate

3.3: Feeding trials Co-Principal investigator, PhD Candidate

OUTPUT 4: Impact of companion planting on Hypsipyla 4.1: Companion planting trials Project Coordinator, Co-Principal

investigator, Research Assistant/ Forester, Overseas Consultant

4.2: Mixed planting of Mahogany with indigenous and exotic species

Project Coordinator, Co-Principal investigator, Research Assistant/ Forester, Overseas Consultant

25

4.3: Effect of growth and susceptibility

Project Coordinator, Co-Principal investigator, Research Assistant/ Forester, Overseas Consultant

4.4: Analysis of insect repellent species

Project Coordinator, Co-Principal investigator, Research Assistant/ Forester, Overseas Consultant

4.5: Establishment of mixed plantation with insect repellent plants

Project Coordinator, Co-Principal investigator, Research Assistant/ Forester, Overseas Consultant

4.6: Fertilizer treatment trials OUTPUT 5: Genetic engineering of shoot borer resistant Mahogany genes 5.1: Testing Agrobacterium strains

Co-Principal investigator, PhD Candidate

5.2 Inserting Bt and PI genes Co-Principal investigator, PhD Candidate

6.1: Establishing, monitoring and evaluating plantations

Project Coordinator, Co-Principal Investigator, PhD Candidate, Research Assistant/Entomologist, Forester and all project team in all the 3 participating countries

OUTPUT 7: Mahogany Conservation 7.l: Biodiversity conservation plots established for Mahogany species

Project Coordinator, PhD Candidate, Geneticist

7.2: Protecting Mahogany plus trees selected for seed collection

Project Coordinator, PhD Candidate, Geneticist

7.3: Cryopreserving Mahogany species

Co-Principal Investigator, PhD Candidate

OUTPUT 8: Training, technology transfer, and publications 8.1: Preparing and publishing manuscripts, manuals and reports

Project Coordinator, Co-Principal Investigator, and other resource personnel

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7. 1 OVERALL PROJECT BUDGET BY ACTIVITY BUDGET COMPONENT Outputs/Activities + Non-Activity Based Expenses

10 Personnel

30 Duty travel

40Capital Item

50 Consumables

60 Miscellaneous

Years Project Total

OUTPUT 1.0 Genotypes of mahogany tolerant/resistance to Hypsipyla identified

1.1 Seeds collection, germination & storage 6,370 9,200 25,000 2,000 42,570 1.2 Germination and nursery care 3,300 1,500 1,000 3,720 9,520 1.3 Susceptibility test in screened house 2,523 500 2,360 5,383 1.4 Provenance trials 4,346 12,049 4,250 1,800 22,445 1.5 Progeny trials 2,435 7,500 2,000 2,100 14,035 Subtotal 1 18,974 (G) 23,749 (I) 32,250 (I,G 11,980 Y1,Y2,Y3,Y4 76,953 OUTPUT 2.0 Mass production of resistance Genotypes

2.1 Macropropagation 6,185 4,000 4,511 14,696 2.2 Micropropagation 3,685 1,000 1,000 12,871 18,556 Subtotal 2 9,870 (G) 5,000 1,000 (I) 16,382 Y1,Y2,Y3,Y4 33,252 OUTPUT 3.0 Genetic bases for resistance behaviour modifying Chemical

3.1 Screening for behavioural compounds 4,295 2,800 4,250 4,000 15,345 3.2 Field testing of pheromones 3,522 3,166 5,033 13,872 3.3 Testing resistance genotype tissues on Hypsipyla in artificial diet

3,900

2,200

4,500

10,600

Subtotal 3 10,717 ( G) 8,166 (I) 4,250 (I,G 13,533 Y1,Y2,Y3, Y4 36,673 OUTPUT 4.0 Impact of Companion planting on Hypsipyla

4.1 Density trials 4,970 7,500 3,000 14,000 29,470 4.2 Species diversity trials 4,418 9,166 6,000 2,650 22,234 4.3 Ecosystem level diversity trial 3,452 4,000 2,450 9,902 5.4 Analysis of insect repellent species 2,835 5,000 2,300 10,135 Subtotal 4 15,675 (G) 25,666 (I) 9,000(I&G) 21,400 Y1,Y2, Y3, Y4 71,741 OUTPUT 5.0 Genetic engineering of Shoot borer resistant genes in mahogany

5.1 Testing of Agrobaterium genes 5,000 9,000 14,000 5.2 Inserting Bt and PI genes 7,044 7,044 Subtotal 5 5,000 (I) 16,044 Y1,Y2, Y3, Y4 21,044 OUTPUT 6.0 Development of Integrated Plantation 6.1 Demonstration plot of mahogany 5,870 10,083 4,000 2,450 22,403 Subtotal 6 5,870 (G) 10,083 (I) 4,000 (G) 2,450 Y3,Y4 22,403

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Budget Component

Outputs/Activities + Non-Activity Based Expenses

10 Personnel

30 Duty travel

40Capital Item

50 consumables

60 Miscellaneous

Years Project Total

OUTPUT 7.0 Conservation of Mahogany 7.1Bioderversity Conservation plot established 3,913 10,280 4,500 18,694 7.2 Valuable Trees Protected 3,500 6,586 500 10,586 7.3 Conservation in vitro 4,327 2,000 7,327 Subtotal 7 11,740 (G) 16,866 (I) 7,000 (I,G) Y1,Y2,Y3,Y4 36,607 8.0 Training and Technology Transfer 8.1 Attending Conference & Workshop (FORIG, MTU, Stakeholders)

29,870

3,000

32,870

8.2 PhD training for FORIG Staff 84,071 84,071 Subtotal 8 114,941 (I,M) 3,000 (I,M) Y1,Y2,Y3,Y4 117,941 9.CONSULTANTS 9.1 Geneticist and Biotechnologist (MTU) 12,000 12,000 9.2 Chemical Ecologist &Entomologist (MTU) 12,000 12,000 9.3 Socio Economics (FORIG) 10,200 10,200 Subtotal 9 34,200 (I) Y1,Y2,Y3,Y4 34,200 10. Steering Committee meetings 10.1 Travelling cost and per diem 14,000 16,000 10.2 Operational expenses 2,000 2,000 4,000 Subtotal 10 16,000 (G) 2,000 Y1,Y2,Y3,Y4 20,000 11. Administrative Costs 11.1 Administrative and Secretariat Services 14,400 14,400 11.2 Office supplies and communication 2,200 2,200 11.3 FORIG Administrative cost 16,682 16,682 Subtotal 11 14,400 (G) 2,200 16,682 (G) Y1,Y2,Y3,Y4 33,282 Subtotal (ITTO) 61,870 110,432 34,500 56,738 - 263,540 Subtotal G &M) 193,671 - 16,000 27,200 16,682 253,553 Total

255,341

110,432

50,500

83,348

16,682

516,094

(I) – Contribution of ITTO (G) – Contribution of Government of Ghana

(M) – Contribution of Government of Michigan Tech. University

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7.2 CONSOLIDATED PROJECT BUDGET INDICATING FORIG, MTU & ITTO CONTRIBUTION (SUMMARY TOTAL) Budget Components Ghana Gov’T

Contribution Michigan Tech. Contribution

ITTO contribution

TOTAL

10 Project Personnel 11 National Expert 55,200 - - 55,200 12 International Experts 13 Technicians 21,600 - - 21,600 14 Administrative personnel 14,400 - - 14,400 15 Consultants (External and Local) (a) External Consultant (MTU) 2 24,000 24,000 (b) Local Consultant (Socio Economist) 2,200 8,000 10,200 16 PhD Training 84,071 84,071 17 Steering committee meetings (FORIG,

MTU, Stakeholders) 16,000

-

-

16,000

18 Attending Conference & Workshop (FORIG, MTU, Stakeholders)

29,870

29,870

19 Component Total 109,600 84,071 61,870 255,341 30 Duty Travel 31Daily subsistence allowance 60,000 60,000 32 Transport Cost (a) Vehicle maintenance 5,700 5,700 (b) Fuel and lubricants 14,732 14,732 33 Air faire; Inter Expert, PhD Student 30,000 30,000 39 Component Total 110,432 110,432 40 Capital Items 41 Vehicle 25, 000 25, 000 42 Deep freezer 1,000 1,000 43 Computers and Printer (FORIG, PhD MTU) 4,500 4,500 44 Digital Camera & Leaf area Equipment (PhD

MTU) 3,000 3,000

45 Water Tank 1,000 1,000 46 Land 16,000 16,000 49 Component Total 16,000 34,500 50,500 50 5Consumables Items 51 Office supplies 2,000 1,200 4,000 7,200 52 Laboratory supplies (FORIG, MTU) 5,000 6,000 29,600 40,600 53 Nursery Supplies 1,000 2,000 8,990 11,990 54 Maintenance 10,000 14,148 24,148 59 Component Total 18,000 9,200 56,738 83,938 60 60 Miscellaneous 61 FORIG administrative cost 16,682 - - 16,682 Component Total 16,682 - 16,682 Subtotal 160,282 93,272 262,950 516,094 80 ITTO M & E and Administration 81 Monitoring and Evaluation 40,000 40,000 82 ITTO Ex-Post Evaluation 15,000 15,000 83 Administrative cost (6%) 19,077 19,077 89 Component Total 74,077 74,077

9.9 GRAND TOTAL 160,282

93,272

337,027

590,581

30

7.3 YEARLY PROJECT BUDGETS BY SOURCE ITTO (US $) Budget Components Total Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 10 Project Personnel 61,870 15,467.5 15,467.5 15,467.5 15,467.5 30 Duty travels 110,432 27,608 27,608 27,608 27,608 40 Capital Equipment 34,500 32,000 2,500 - - 50 Consumables Items 56,738 20,000 12,246 12,246 12,246 Subtotal 1 262,950 95,075.5 57,821.5 55,321.5 55,321.5 80 ITTO Monitoring, Evaluation & Administration

74,077

Total

337,027

GHANA GOVERNMENT (IN KIND) Budget Components Total Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 10 Project Personnel 109,600 27,400 27,400 27,400 27,400 30 Duty travels - - - - - 40 Capital Equipment 16,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 50 Consumables Items 18,000 4,500 4,500 4,500 4,500 60 Miscellaneous 16,682 4,170.5 4,170.5 4,170.5 4,170.5 Total

160,282

40,070.5

40,070.5

40,070.5

40,070.5

MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY PHD TRAINING + (IN KIND) Budget Components Total Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 10 Project Personnel 84,072 21,018 21,018 21,018 21,018 30 Duty travels - - - - 40 Capital Equipment - - - - 50 Consumables Items 9,200 2,300 2,300 2,300 2,300 60 Miscellaneous - - - - Total

93,272

23,318

23,318

23,318

23,318

31

7.4 CONSOLIDATED YEARLY PROJECT BUDGET -ITTO CONTRIBUTION Budget Components

TOTAL

Year 1

Year 2

Year 3

Year 4

10 Project Personnel 11 National Experts 11.1 Project Leader - 11.2 Researchers ( 3 ) - 11.3 Technicians (3 ) - 12 International Experts 13 Administrative Personnel 13.1 Accountant - 13.2 Auditor - 14 Consultants 14.1 External Consultant (MTU) 2 24,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 14.2 Local Consultant 8,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 15 Training and workshop 15.1 PhD training of one FORIG Staff - 15.2 Steering committee meetings - 15.3 Attending Conference & Workshop 29,870 7,467.5 7,467.5 7,467.5 7,467.5 19 Component Total 61,870 15,467.5 15,467.5 15,467.5 15,467.5 30 Duty Travel 31 Daily Subsistence Allowance (DSA) 31.12 Project leader 12,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 31.2 Researchers (3) 30,000 7,500 7,500 7,500 7,500 31.3 Technicians 18,000 4,500 4,500 4,500 4,500 32 Transport Cost 32.1 Vehicle maintenance 5,700 1,425 1,425 1,425 1,425 32.2 Fuel 14,732 3,683 3,683 3,683 3,683 33 Air fare &DSA, Inter. Experts, PhD (3) 30,000 7,500 7,500 7,500 7,500 39 Component Total 110,432 27,608 27,608 27,608 27,608 40 Capital Items 41 Vehicle 25,000 25,000 - - - 42 Deep freezer 1,000 1,000 - - - 43 Computer and printer 4,500 2,000 2,500 - - 44 Camera and fisheye lens 3,000 3,000 - - - 45 Water Tank 1,000 1,000 - - - 46 Land - 49 Component Total 34,500 32,000 2,500 50 Consumable Items 51 Office supplies 4,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 52 Laboratory supplies 29,600 10,000 4,900 4,900 4,900 53 Nursery supplies 8,990 4,000 1,247.5 1,247.5 1,247.5 54 Maintenance 14,148 5,000 2,287 2,287 2,287 59 Component Total 56,148 20,000 12,246 12,246 12,246 60 Miscellaneous 61 FORIG administrative cost - - - - - SUBTOTAL 262,950 95,075.5 57,821.5 55,321.5 55,321.5 80 ITTO M & E and Administration 81 Monitoring and Evaluation 40,000 82 ITTO Ex-Post Evaluation 15,000 82 Administrative cost (6%) 19,077 89 Component Total 74,077

GRAND TOTAL

337,027

32

7.5 TABLE OF UNIT COST FOR ENTIRE PROJECT Budget Components

Man months/Qty

Unit Rate

TOTAL

ITTO

Gov’t of Ghana

MTU

10 Project Personnel 11 National Experts 11.1 Project Leader 48 400 19,200 - 19,200 11.2 Researchers ( 3 ) 48 250 36,000 - 36,000 11.3 Technicians (3 ) 48 150 21,600 - 21,600 12 International Experts 13 Administrative Personnel 13.1 Accountant 48 300 7,200 - 7,200 13.2 Auditor 48 300 7,200 - 7,200 14 Consultants 14.1 External Consultant (MTU) 2 8 1,500 24,000 24,000 - 14.2 Local Consultant 8 1,300 10,400 8,000 2,400 15 Training and workshop 15.1 PhD training of one FORIG Staff 36 84,071 - - 84,071 15.2 Steering committee meetings 16,000 - 16,000 15.3 Attending Conference & Workshop 29,870 29,870 19 Component Total 255,341 61,870 109,600 84,071 30 Duty Travel 31 Daily Subsistence Allowance (DSA) 31.12 Project leader 30 400 12,000 12,000 - - 31.2 Researchers (3) 40x3 250 30,000 30,000 - - 31.3 Technicians(3) 40x3 150 18,000 18,000 - - 32 Transport Cost 32.1 Vehicle maintenance 15 380 5,700 5,700 - - 32.2 Fuel 6406 2.3 14,732 14,732 - - 33 Air fare &DSA, Inter. Experts, PhD (3) 12 2,500 30,000 30,000 - - 39 Component Total 110,432 110,432 - - 40 Capital Items 41 Vehicle 1 25000 25,000 25,000 - - 42 Deep freezer 1 1,000 1,000 1,000 - - 43 Computer and printer 2 2,250 4,500 4,500 - - 44 Camera and fisheye lens 1 3,000 3,000 3,000 - - 45 Water Tank 1 1,000 1,000 1,000 - - 46 Land 20h 800 16,000 - 16,000 - 49 Component Total 50,500 34,500 16,000 - 50 Consumable Items 51 Office supplies 4yrs 1,850 7,200 4,000 2,000 1,200 52 Laboratory supplies 4yrs 10,150 40,600 29,600 5,000 6,000 53 Nursery supplies 4yrs 2,997.5 11,990 8,990 1,000 2,000 54 Maintenance 4yrs 6,037 24,148 14,148 10,000 59 Component Total 83,348 56,148 8,000 9,200 60 Miscellaneous 61 FORIG 5% administrative cost 4yrs 4,170.5 16,682 16,682 69 Component Total 16,682 16,682 80 ITTO M & E and Administration 81 Monitoring and Evaluation 40,000 40,000 - -- 82 ITTO Ex-Post Evaluation 15,000 15,000 - - 82 Administrative cost (6%) 19,077 19,077 - - 89 Component Total 74,077 74,077 - -

GRAND TOTAL 590,581 337,027 160,282 93,271

33

PART III: OPERATIONAL ARRANGEMENT

1. Management Structure

1.1 Principal Investigators: Dr. J. R. Cobbinah: Project Coordinator and Principal Investigator, will provide scientific advice on project design, planning and implementation. *Professor David F. Karnosky: Co-Principal Investigator, Geneticist, Michigan Technological University will advise on a project design, genetic, propagation, and genetic engineering and training and will be co-major professor for the Ghana Ph.D. candidate. *Assistant Professor Andrew Storer, Co-Principal Investigator, Entomologist and Chemical Ecologist, Michigan Technological University, will advise on project design, shoot borer responses, and behavioural chemicals, and will be co-major professor of the Ghana Ph.D. candidate. 1.2 Scientists: Mr. Emmanuel Opuni-Frimpong: Silviculturist/Forest Entomology and Ph.D. candidate, Michigan Technological University, will work closely with Principal and Co-Principal Investigators. Mr. Paul P. Bosu: Entomologist, FORIG, will undertake biological control activities Dr. Daniel A. O’fori: Geneticist and plant breeder, FORIG, will organize provenance and progeny trials 1.3 Consultants: Social Economist: Mrs. Beatrice Obiri Darko, FORIG 1.4 Institutions Involved in the Project Country Institution Ghana Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG) USA School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University (MTU)

2. Monitoring, Reports and Evaluation 2.1 Monitoring The project will be subject to periodic technical monitoring in accordance with the policies and procedures laid down by ITTO. 2.2. Reports Progress reports will be prepared according to ITTO guidelines and submitted to ITTO every six months. 2.2 Evaluation The project will be evaluated yearly to assess its overall orientation and organization and determine whether the project is achieving its objectives. The organization, terms of reference and periodic evaluation will be determined by consultation between project scientists, directors of implementing institutions and ITTO. _____________________________ * Note: The co-principal investigators are budgeted in this proposal as external consultants.

34

3. Future Operations and Maintenance In Ghana, the major products of the research will be (i) genecological zonation maps, (ii) borer-resistant mahogany genotypes, (iii) genetic conservation plantations, (iv) mixed plantation and monocultural plantations of Khaya and Entandrophragma spp., and (v) demonstration plots of integrated pest management and restoration forestry. The Forestry Research Institute will be responsible for the maintaining and releasing resistant genotypes. It will also be responsible for the maintaining the gene conservation plantation through the Ghana government annual budgetary allocation for running of the Institute. All the other plantations will be established on lands belonging to the Forest Service of Ghana and Timber Industries. Their maintenance will be the responsibilities of the organizations involved with technical assistance from Forestry Research Institute of Ghana.

PART IV: TROPICAL TIMBER FRAMEWORK

1. Compliance with ITTA 1994 Objectives The project is related to 8 of the 14 ITTO objectives described below: Objectives c, d. This project contributes towards developing plantation management systems which will assist Ghana to have sustainable production of its native mahoganies. Shoot borers now are a major limiting factor to mahogany plantation success in Ghana. Objective f. This project involves forest management research in plantation establishment which, if successful, will relieve pressure on the harvesting of native mahoganies. It also involves conservation of superior mahogany genotypes. Objective i. This proposal seeks to develop methods for sustainable mahogany plantation establishment. Since mahogany timber is used in many ways in Ghana and is also a highly valued export, this research will help provide future long-term jobs in forestry and timber-use industries. Objective j. Developing successful mahogany forest plantation establishment and management systems will allow for producing high value mahogany plantations on previously degraded lands, as mahoganies can grow on these sites but are not because of the likelihood of excessive shoot borer damage. Objective l. This project is aimed at developing sustainable mahogany plantation management systems and it includes provisions for preserving and conserving valuable mahogany genotypes in several ways. Objectives m, n. The lessons learned in the proposed project would likely have use in other areas of the world where shoot borers are problems. Our results will be freely shared in technical publications and scientific journal articles. 2. Compliance with ITTO Action Plan The project addresses each of the four priorities identified by the Permanent Committee on Reforestation and Forest Management under the ITTO Action Plan: Promotion, Diagnosis, Demonstration and Facilitation. The project will contribute to the promotion of reforestation by reducing the impacts of the principal pest preventing mahogany plantation establishment.

35

The project will evaluate possible silvicultural and provenance selection solutions to shoot borer problems during plantation establishment. Field trials will demonstrate these silvicultural techniques and selected provenances. The project will facilitate the transfer of technology and expertise developed in this project in the management of shoot borer to one of the most important mahogany-producing regions of the world. The project supports Ghana’s implementation of the Strategy Towards Sustainable Tropical Forest Management and Trade in Tropical Timber Products. The project will support the development of sustainable forest management practices for plantation establishment. The project will benefit local communities who are showing an interest in the establishment of plantations of indigenous species. Ghana has adopted ITTO Guidelines for Sustainable Management of Natural Tropical Forest. The Project will explore the genetic resources of forest reserves for improved provenances and recommend protection of those areas of particular value. These recommendations are in accordance with provisions of the Forestry Department’s high forest protection strategy. The project has direct relevance to the ITTO Guidelines for Sustainable Management of Planted Tropical Forests. It will formulate technical recommendations for (i) establishment of forest plantations and formulate silvicultural operations and forest protection strategies for (ii) post-establishment management.

Relevant Citations to Mahogany Research Alder, D. 1989. Natural forest growth and yield. Ghana forest inventory project seminar

proceedings. 101 pp. Alder, D. 1990. GHAFOSIM; A projection system for natural forest growth and yield in

Ghana. Consultancy report to the Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources, Ghana 114 pp.

Allan, C. G., Chopra, C. S., Friedhoff, J. F. Gara, R. I. Maggi. M. W., Neogi, A. N., Powell, J. C., Roberts, S. C. and Wilkins, R. M. 1976. The concept of controlled release insecticides and the problem of shoot borers of the Meliaceae. In: J. L. Whitemore (Ed.) Studies on the shoot borer Hypsypila grandella (Zeller) Lep. Pyralidae, vol. II. Pp. 110-115. IICA Miscellaneous ppublications no. 101, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica.

Atuahene, S. K. N. 2001. The forest resources of Ghana and research on Hypsipyla robusta (Moore) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) control in mahogany plantations in Ghana. In: Floyd, F. and Hauxwell, C. (Eds.) Proceedings of an International workshop on Hypsipyla shoot borers of the Meliaceae, Kandy, Srilanka, 1996. ACIAR Proceedings No.97 Canberra, 58-62.

Beeson, C, F. C. 1919. The life history of the toona shoot and fruit borer, Hypsipyla robusta, Moore (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Phycitinae) with suggestions for its control. Indian Forester, 64, 485-491.

Brunck, F. and Mallet, B. 1993. Problems relating to pests attacking mahogany in Cote d`ivoire. Bois at Forests des Tropiques, 237:9-29.

Campbell, K. G. 1966. Aspects of insect-tree relationships in forest of eastern Australia. In: Gerhold, H. D. McDemott, R. E., Schreiner, E. J. and Winieki, J. A. (Eds.) Breeding Pest-Resistance trees. New York, Pergamon Press, pp. 239-250.

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Chaplin, G. E. 1980. Progress with provenance exploration and seed collection of Cedrela spp. Proceedings of the 11th Commonwealth Forestry Conference. Commonwealth Forrestry Institute, Oxford, U. K. pp.1-17.

Cobbinah, J. R., Opuni-Frimpong, E., Adjumane, A. K., Bah-Bile, V., Igboanugo, A. B. I. and Oni, P. I. 2000. Development of an integrated strategy for reduction of shoot borer impact on African mahogany in the tropical humid forest of Africa. Collaborative research between Ghana, Nigerial and Cote d`Ivoire, funded by African Academy of Sciences. 26 pp.

Cornelius, J. P. 2001. The effectiveness of pruning in mitigating Hypsipyla grandella attack on young mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) trees. Forest Ecology and Management 148:287-289.

Cseke, L., B. Sen, D.F. Karnosky, and G.K. Podila. 2002. MADS-box genes from dioecious aspen I: Characterization of PTM1/2 MADS-box genes homologous to AP1/SQUA. Plant Molecular Biology (In Press).

Dupuy, B. 1995. Mixed plantion in rain forest of Ivory Coast. Bois et Foret des Tropiques, 245:33-43.

Elliot, G. and Pleydell, G. 1992. Report on marketing and utilization of plantation species, Ghana. Report for the Government of Ghana under assignment from DFID.

Entwistle, P. F. 1967. The current situation on shoot, fruit and collar borers of the Meliaceae. Paper presented at the ninth British commonwealth Forestry Conference, 15 pp.

Floyd, R. B. 2001. International workshop on Hypsipyla shoot borers in Meliaceae: General conclusions and research priorities. In: Floyd, F. and Hauxwell, C. (Eds.) Proceedings of an International workshop on Hypsipyla shoot borers of the Meliaceae, Kandy, Srilanka, 1996. ACIAR Proceedings No. 97 Canberra, Australia. pp. 183-187.

Floyd, R.B. and Hauxwell, C. 2001. Proceedings of an International Workshop on Hypsipyla, Kandy, Sri Lanka, 1966. ACIAR Proceedings Series No. 97, ACIAR, Canberra, Australia, 189 pp.

FPIB. 1995. Summary of timber exports. 1994. Takoradi, Ghana. 20 pp. Ghee, K.S. 2001. Hypsipyla shoot borers of Meliaceae in Malaysia. In: Floyd, F. and

Hauxwell, C. (Eds.) Proceedings of the International Workshop on Hypsipyla shoot borers of the Meliaceae. S. Filanka, 1996, ACIAK Proceedings No. 97, Canberra. pp. 24-30.

Gibson, I.A.S. and Jones, T. 1977. Monoculture as the origin of major forest pests and diseases, especially in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere. In: J.M. Cherrett and G.R. Sagar (Eds.) Origin of pests, parasite, disease and weed problems. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. pp. 139-161.

Griffiths, M. W., Wylie, F. R. Floyd, R. B. and Sands, D. P. A. 2001. Hypsipyla shoot borers of Meliaceae in Australia. In: Floyd, F. and Hauxwell, C. (Eds.) Proceedings of an International workshop on Hypsipyla shoot borers of the Meliaceae, Kandy, Srilanka, 1996. ACIAR Proceedings No.97 Canberra. pp. 41-57.

Grijpma, P. 1974. Contributions to an integrated control programme of Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller) in Costa Rica. PhD. Thesis, Wagningen, Netherlands.

Grijpma, P. 1976. Resistance of Meliaceae againt the shoot borer Hypsipyla with particular reference to Toona ciliata M.J. Roem. Var australis (F. V. Muell) C.D.C. In: J. Burley and B. T. Styles (Eds.) Tropical trees: variation, breeding and conservation. Academic Press, London. pp. 69-78.

Hauxwell, C., Mayhew, J. and Newton, A. 2001a. Silvicultural Management of Hypsipyla species. In: Floyd, F. and Hauxwell, C. (Eds.) Proceedings of an International workshop on Hypsipyla shoot borers of the Meliaceae, Kandy, Srilanka, 1996. ACIAR Proceedings No.97 Canberra. pp.151-163.

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Hauxwell, C., Vargas, C and Opuni-Frimpong, E. 2001b. Entomopathogens for control of Hypsipyla spp. In: Floyd, F. and Hauxwell, C. (Eds.) Proceedings of an International workshop on Hypsipyla shoot borers of the Meliaceae, Kandy, Srilanka, 1996. ACIAR Proceedings No.97 Canberra. pp. 131-139.

Hawthorne, W. D. 1995. Ecological profile of Ghanaian forest trees. DFID Tropical Forestry Paper No. 29.

Hawthorne, W.D. and Abu-Juam, M. 1995. Forest protection in Ghana. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

Hopmans, P., Prabhu, R., Brand, D., Nambiar, S., and Cossalter, C. 2003. Development of C&I for tropical plantation forests. ITTO Newsletter (http://www.itto.or.jp/newsletter/v8n3/08.html).

ISSER. 1998. The state of the Ghanaian economy in 1998. Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER) Report. Accra, Ghana.

Kim, J.H. 1998. Genetic engineering of Populus species to improve resistance to environmental stresses. Ph.D. Thesis. Michigan Technological University. 11 pp.

Kyto, M., Niemela, P. and Larsson, S. 1996. Insects on trees: population and individual response to fertilisation. Oikos 75:148-159.

Koul, O. and Isman, M. B. 1992. Toxicity of the limonoid allelochemical cedrelone to noctuid larvae. Entomologia Experimetalis et Applicata, 64:281-287.

Kubo, I. and Klocke, J. A. 1986. Insect ecdysis inhibitors. In: Green, M. B. and Hedin, P. A. ed. Natural resistance of plants to pests. American Chemical Society Symposium, 296:206-219.

Lamb, F. B. 1966. Mahogany of tropical America: Its ecology and management. The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. 220 pp.

Lamb, F. B. Fast growing timber trees of the lowland tropics, No. 2 Cedrela odorata L. Commonweath Forestry Institute, Oxford, UK 46 pp.

Luomaha-aho and Opuni-Frimpong, E. 2001. Natural Regenration of African Mahogany (Kaya ivensis in a moist semi-deciduous forest of Ghana.) Research report submitted to Department of Forest Ecology, University of Helsinki, Finland. 24 pp.

Mattson, W.J., Levieux, J., and Bernard-Dagan, C. 1988. Mechanisms of woody plant defenses against insect. Search for pattern. Springer-Verlag, New York. 416 pp.

Mayhew, J.E. and Newton, A.C. 1998. The silviculture of mahogany. CABI Publishing,Wallingford, UK. 226 pp.

McCarter, P. S. 1988. Report on a visit to Colombia and Ecuador. Report to the UK Overseas Development Administration, Oxford Forestry Institute, Oxford, UK.

McLeod, N.C. 1915. Report by the Chief Conservator of Forest Gold Coast, on a visit to the plantations of German Togoland, 1910.

Mo, J., Tanton, M. T. and Bygrave, F. L. 2001. Within-tree distribution of feeding sites of larvae of Hypsipyla robusta (Moore) (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae). In: Floyd, F. and Hauxwell, C. (Eds.) Proceedings of an International workshop on Hypsipyla shoot borers of the Meliaceae, Kandy, Srilanka, 1996. ACIAR Proceedings No.97 Canberra, Australia. pp. 102-105.

Morgan, F. D. and Suratmo, F. G. 1976. Host preferences of Hypsipyla robusta (Moore) Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) in West Jawa. Australian Forestry, 39:103-112.

Newton, A.C., Leakey, R.R.B., and Mesen, F. 1992. Genetic variation in mahogany; its importance, utilization, and conservation. Proceedings of mahogany workshop: Review and implications of CITIES Tropical Forest Foundation, 3-4 February, Washington, D.C. USA. 17 pp.

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Newton, A. C., Baker, P., Ramnarine, S, Mesen, J. F. and Leaky, R. R. B. 1993. The mahogany shoot-borer, prospects for control. Forest Ecology and Management, 57(1-4):301-328.

Newton, A.C., Leakey, R.R.B., Powell, K., Chelmen, K., Waugh, R., Tchoundien, Z., Mathies, P.J., Alderson, P.G., Messen, J.F., Baker, P., and Ramnarine, S. 1994. Domestication of mahoganies. In: R.R.B. Leakey and A.C. Newton (Eds.), Tropical Trees: The potential for domestication and the rebuilding of forest resources. HM 80, London, pp. 256-266.

Newton, A.C. Cornelius, J. P. Mesen, J. F. and Leakey, R. R. B. 1995. Genetic variation in apical dominance of Cedrela odorata seedlings in response to decapition. Silvae Genetica 44:146-150.

Newton, A.C., Cornelius, J. P., Baker, P., Gillies, A. C. M., Hernandez, M., Ramnarine, S., Mesen, J. F. and Watt, A. D. 1996. Mahogany as a genenetic resources. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 122:61-73.

Ofosu-Asiedu, A., Nani-Nutakor, J. M., Foli, E. G., Nkyi, K. A. and Tufour, K. A. 1991. Man made forest of indigenous species in Ghana. A pre-project report sponsored by the ITTO prepared on behalf of the Ministry of lands and Natural Resources, Ghana.

Opuni-Frimpong, E. 2000. Damage to growth and survival of native Meliaceae (African mahogany) by Hypsipyla robusta Moore (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae). M.Phil. thesis submitted to Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. 100 pp.

Opuni-Frimpong, E. and Cobbinah, J.R. 2000. Shoot borer: Hypsipyla robusta Moore (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) damage to growth and survival of native Meliaceae (African mahogany). In XXI IFURO World Congress. Kuala Lumpur. 3:389-390.

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Hypsipyla shoot borers of the Meliaceae, Kandy, Srilanka, 1996. ACIAR Proceedings No.97 Canberra. pp.169-174.

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Vega, L. 1976. Influencia de la silvicultura en el comportamiento de Cedrela en Surinam. In: J. L. Whithmore (Ed.) Studies on the shoot borer Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller) Lep. Pyralidae. Volumme III, IICA Miscellaneous Publications No. 101, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica. pp. 26-49.

Wagner, M. R., Atuahene, S. K. N., 1991. Forest Entomology of West Tropical Africa: Forest Insects of Ghana. Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht, 210 pp.

Waring G.L. and Cobb, N.S. 1992. The impact of plant stress on herbivore population dynamics. In: E.A. Bernays (Ed.) Plant-Insect interactions. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 4:167-226.

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Watt, A. D. Newton, A. C. and Cornelius, J. P. 2001. Resistance in Mahoganies to Hypsipyla Species-Basis for Integrated Pest Management. In: Floyd, F. and Hauxwell, C. (Eds.) Proceedings of an international workshop on Hypsipyla shoot borers of the Meliaceae, Kandy, Srilanka, 1996. ACIAR Proceedings no.97, Canbera 89-95.

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Whitemore, J. L. 1978. Cedrela provenance trial in Puertto Rico and St Croix: establishment phase. USDA Forest Service Research Note, ITF 16.

Wilkins, R. M., 1972. Suppression of the shoot borer Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) with controlled release insecticides. PhD Thesis, University of Washington. 103 pp.

Wilkins, R.M., Allan, G.G., and Gara, R.I. 1976. Protection of Spanish cedar with controlled release insecticides. In: J.L. Whitemore (Ed.), Studies on the shoot borer Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller) Lep Poralidae. Vol. III, IICA Miscellaneous publications No. 101 CATIE Turrialla, Costa Rica. pp. 67-70.

Yared, J. A. G. and Carpanezzi, A. A. 1981 Conversao de capoeira alta da Amazonia em povoamento de producao madeireira: o metoda recu e especies promissoras. Boletim de Pesquisa No. 25, EMBRAPA, CPATU, Brazil.

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ANNEX A: PROFILE OF THE EXECUTING AGENCY

A.1 Expertise of the Executing Agency FORIG

The mission of FORIG, Ghana’s forestry research institute and the executing agency is to conduct use-focused research that generates scientific knowledge and appropriate technologies to enhance sustainable development, conservation, and efficient utilisation of Ghana’s forest resources. FORIG also disseminates forestry information for the improvement of social, economic and environmental well being of the people of Ghana. Completed and ongoing ITTO assisted projects are as found below. A.2 Infrastructure of the Executing Agency FORIG The Institute’s permanent offices and laboratories are located at Fumesua, near Kumasi. It has research centres at Bobiri and Amantia both in the Moist, Semi-Deciduous Forest Zone, Benso in the Wet Evergreen Zone, and Bolgatanga in the Savanna Zone. There are also research stations at Subri, Afram, Pra-Anum Area, Main Northern Grassland and BiaTano and Asenanyo. The laboratories of the Institute have a wide range of equipment for research and development. They include impregnation plants, seasoning kilns, wood testing machines, steam generators, microscopes, growth chamber and UV spectrophotometer. The Institute’s library facilities include a CD-ROM workstation and The CD compiled by CAB International. A.4 FORIG Personnel Quantitative experts with post-graduation degrees - 29 Quantitative experts with graduation degrees - 9 Quantitative of middle level technicians - 33 Quantitative of administrative personnel - 21 Total number of FORIG personnel in forestry-related fields - 71

41

COMPLETED AND ON-GOING ITTO ASSISTED PROJECTS

PROJECT TITLE YEAR STARTED

DATE OF

COMP.

VALUE OF PROJECT

COLLABORATING INSTITUTIONS

PROJECT LEADER

TRAINING COMPONENT

IMPORTANT EQUIP/FACULITY

PROVIDED

ANY OTHER RELEVANT

INFORMATION

1. Conservation and provenance plantings and integrated pest management to sustain Iroko production in West Africa. International Timber Organisation (Phase 2)

1996 2000 $668,000 ONADEF of Cameroon SODEFOR, La Cote D’Ivoire, Northern Arizona University, USA.

Dr. J.R. Cobbinah 1 Ph.D. 1 Musso Bio-tech lab. Facility

Publication of manual on vegetative propagation of Odum

2. Forest fire management in Ghana

1998 2001 $366,513 University of Aberdeen, Scotland, United States Dept. of Agric. (USDA), Forest Service, Forestry Department

Dr. V.K. Agyeman 1 M.Phil 1 Ph.D.

1 computer and accessories Camera 2 Pick-ups

3. Handbook on tree and wood identification of 100 lesser-used and lesser-known timber species from Tropical Africa with notes on Ethnography, silviculture and uses.

1999 2002 $287,000 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich (SFIT).

Dr. A. Oteng-Amoako

1 Pick-up 1 Computer and Accessories 1 Photomicroscope (yet to buy)

4. Silviculture and economics of improved natural forest management in Ghana ITTO PD 41 98 Rev. 1 (F)

1999 2004 $428,006 Forestry Department, Institute of Renewable Natural Resources (IRNR), Ghana Timber Millers Organisation, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, Ghana Fire Service

Dr. V.K. Agyeman 1 Ph.D. 2 Vehicles Computer and accessories 1 Veneer and tray calipers Prismatic, Compasses Septometers, Soil sample Kit and penetro-meter Shade House

5. Rehabilitating degraded forest through local community collaboration

February 2000

January 2005

$272,000 Forestry Department Institute of Renewable & Natural Resources, UST.

Dr. Dominic Blay Jr.

GRAND TOTAL

$3,469,792

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FORIG ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

DIRECTOR

DEPUTY DIRECTOR

Natural Forest Management

Seed Tech. & Tree Improvement

Plantation Production

Biology & Forest Health

Engineering & Mech. Processing

Chemistry & Chem. Techn.

Administration Finance Business Dev’t & Information Division

Moist Semi Deciduous –NE Station (Amantia)

W/M Evergreen Station (Benso)

Moist Semi deciduous – SE Station (Amantia)

Savanna Station (Bolga)

Central Nursery (Mesewam)

Dry Semi Deciduous Station (Abofour)

Policy, Marketing & Socio-Economics Section

Production Unit

MANAGEMENTBOARD

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ANNEX B

Curriculum Vitae 1. Name DR. JOSEPH R. COBBINAH Project Coordinator / Director of FORIG Address Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, UST P. O. Box 63, Kumasi, Ghana. Education Ph.D Entomology University of Adelaid, Australia, 1978 B.Sc. (Hons) Biological Science University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana,

1971 Professional research and teaching experience 1991-1994 Project Co-ordinator, ITTO Project PD75/90 1995-present Project Co-ordinator, ITTO Project PD3/95 Rev. 2(F) 1998-present Chief Research Scientist & Director of FORIG Professional Recognition 1993 Rockefeller Foundation Scholar in Resident Fellowship 1992 Fullbright U.S. Senior Scholar Award 1990 Nominated for IUFRO Scientific Award 1988 International Scientific Award for Research in Snail Farming. Awarded by Italian

Snail Farmers Association Books Wagner, M.R., S.K.N. Atuahene, J. R. Cobbinah (1991). Forest Entomology in West Tropical

Africa: Forest Insects of Ghana. Kluwer Academic Publishing. The Netherlands. 210pp.

Cobbinah, J.R. (1993). Snail Farming in West Africa, A practical Guide, Sayce Publishing, U.K.

Ofori, D.A. and Cobbinah, J.R. (1999). Manual for vegetative propagation of odum (Milicia excelsa). Soronko Printing Press, Kumasi, pp 44.

Selected Refereed Publications: Cobbinah, J.R. (1986). Factors affecting the distribution and abundance of Phytolyma lata

(Homoptera: Psyllidea). Insect Sci. & Appl. 7:111-115. Cobbinah, J.R. (1988). Biology, seasonal activity and control of Phytolyma lata.

IUFRO Workshop on pest and diseases of forest plantations, June 5-10, Bangkok, Thailand.

Cobbinah, J.R. and Wagner, M.R. (1995). Phenotypic variation in Milicia excelsa to attack by Phytolyma lata. Forest Ecology and Management

Nichols, J.D., Aguorgo, F.B., Agyeman, V.K., Wagner, M.R. and Cobbinah, J.R. (1998). Distribution and abundance of Milicia species in Ghana. Ghana Journal of Forestry, 6:1-7.

Nichols, J.D., Ofori, D.A., Wagner, M.R. Bosu, P. and Cobbinah, J.R. (1999). Survival, growth and gall formation by Phytolyma lata on Milicia excelsa established in mixed-species tropical plantations in Ghana. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 1, 137-141.

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2. Name DAVID F. KARNOSKY (Co-Principal Investigator) Address: School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University,

101 U.J. Noblet Forestry Building,1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931-1295 Education

B.S. Forestry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 1971 M.S. Forest Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 1972 Ph.D. Forest Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 1975

Professional Experience

1975-1983 Forest Geneticist Development of air-pollution-tolerant and disease-resistant trees; use of tissue culture in tree improvement and traditional forest tree improvement in ash, sweetgum and elm. Cary Arboretum of the New York Botanical Garden, Millbrook, New York.

1983-Present Professor Combining traditional tree improvement methods such as hybridization and cloning with modern forest biotechnology approaches, including gene isolation and transfer, micropropagation and in vitro disease screening to improve forest trees emphasizing Populus and Larix. Study of the genetic and physiological aspects of air pollution effects on trees. Michigan Technological University, School of Forestry and Wood Products. I also serve as Administrator for the LS-FOREM Research Cooperative, and Director of the FACTS II (Aspen FACE) project.

Relevant Papers (of nearly 200 publications) Ulrich, J.M., R.A. Mickler, B.J. Finkle and D.F. Karnosky. 1984. Survival and regeneration of American elm

callus cultures after being frozen in liquid nitrogen. Canadian Journal Forest Research 14:750-753. Diner, A.M., A. Strickler and D.F. Karnosky. 1986. Initiation, elongation and remultiplication of Larix

decidua micropropagules. New Zealand Journal of Forest Research. 16:306-318. Karnosky, D.F. and R.A. Mickler. 1986. Elms. (Ulmus spp.). In: Y.P.S. Bajaj (Eds.). Biotechnology in

Agriculture and Forestry I. Springer-Verlag. New York. Pp. 326-340. Abdul Rahman, N.N., A.M. Diner, D.D. Skilling, D.F. Skilling and D.F. Karnosky. 1987. In vitro responses

of conifer adventitious shoots and calli inoculated with Gremmeniella abietina. Forest Science 33:1047-1053.

Diner, A.M. and D.F. Karnosky. 1987. Differential response of two conifers to in vitro inoculation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. European Journal of Forest Pathology 17:211-216.

McLaughlin, J. and D.F. Karnosky. 1989. Controlling vitrification in Larix decidua via culture media manipulation. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 19:1334-1337.

Huang, Y., A.M. Diner and D.F. Karnosky. 1991. Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated genetic transformation and regeneration of a conifer: Larix decidua. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 27P:201-207.

Huang, Y., D.F. Karnosky and C.G. Tauer. 1992. Applications of biotechnolgy and molecular genetics to tree improvement. J. Arboric. 19:84-98.

Karnosky, D.F., Y. Huang and D.I. Shin. 1992. Micropropagation of Larix species and hybrids. In: M.R. Ahuja (Ed.) Micropropagation of Woody Plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers. The Netherlands. Pp. 373-382.

Karnosky, D.F. and G.K. Podila. 1993. Elm improvement via biotechnological methods. In: M.B. Sticklen and J.L. Sherald (Eds.) Dutch elm disease research: Cellular and molecular approaches. Springer-Verlag. New York. Pp. 75-80.

Shin, D.I., G.K. Podila, Y. Huang, and D.F. Karnosky. 1994. Transgenic larch expressing genes for herbicide and insect resistance. Can. J. For. Res. 24:2059-2067.

Podila, G.K. and D.F. Karnosky. 1996. Fibre farms of the future: genetically engineered trees. Chemistry and Industry 16:976-981.

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3. Name ANDREW STORER (Co-Principal Investigator) Address: School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan, 49931 EDUCATION: D.Phil. Department of Zoology, University of Oxford. Forest Entomology. M.A. St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. B.A. (Hons) Pure and Applied Biology. St. Anne's College, University of Oxford.

CURRENT POSITION: 2001 – present Assistant Professor, Forest Insect Ecology, School of Forest Resources and

Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University Teaching: Forest Entomology and Pest Management, Insect Ecology Research: Insect/fungus/plant interactions in forest ecosystems Impacts of exotic species on forest ecosystems Interactions among fire, insects and disease in forests Urban forest health. Service: Curriculum Committee, Charter Revision Committee (Chair), Ecosystem

Sciences Search Committee (Chair), School of Forestry and Wood Products

EXPERIENCE: 1998 - 2001 Assistant Research Entomologist, Division of Insect Biology, University of California, Berkeley. 1999 - 2001 Instructor, Department of Landscape Horticulture, Merritt College, Oakland. 1992 - 1997 Postdoctoral Researcher, Division of Insect Biology, University of California, Berkeley. 1990 - 1991 School Teacher, Oundle School. 1986 - 1991 Research Student, University of Oxford. Thesis title: Host exploitation in Scolytidae 1986 - 1990 University Teaching, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford. 1988 - 1989 Wiener-Anspach Research Fellowship, University of Brussels, Belgium. 1984 - 1986 Forestry Consultant, Crichton-Maitland and Co., Hereford, England.

Relevant Papers (of nearly 70) Storer, A.J., D.L. Wood and T.R. Gordon. 2002. Effects of pitch canker pathogen on gallery excavation and

oviposition by Ips paraconfusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). The Canadian Entomologist. 134: 519-528. McNee, W.R., D.L. Wood, A.J. Storer and T.R. Gordon. 2002. Insect and pathogen survival in intact and

chipped Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) branches infected with the pitch canker pathogen, Fusarium circinatum. The Canadian Entomologist 134: 47-58.

Bonello, P., T.R. Gordon and A.J. Storer. 2001. Systemic induced resistance in Monterey pine. Forest Pathology. 31: 99-106.

Storer, A.J., D.L. Wood, T.R. Gordon, and W.J. Libby. 2001. Restoring native Monterey pine forests in the presence of an exotic pathogen. Journal of Forestry 99(5): 14-18.

Bonello, P., W.R. McNee, A.J. Storer, D. L. Wood and T. R. Gordon. 2001. Role of olfactory stimuli in host location by twig beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Ecological Entomology. 26: 8-15.

McNee, W.R., D.L. Wood and A.J. Storer. 2000. Pre-emergence feeding in bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Environmental Entomology 29: 495-501.

Storer, A.J., P. Bonello, T.R. Gordon and D.L. Wood. 1999. Evidence of resistance to the pitch canker pathogen (Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini) in native stands of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata). Forest Science 45: 500-505.

Storer, A.J., D.L. Wood and T.R. Gordon. 1999. Modification of co-evolved insect-plant interactions by an exotic plant pathogen. Ecological Entomology 24: 238-243.

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4. Name Emmanuel OPUNI FRIMPONG (Silviculturist/Entomologist) Address Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, UST, P. O. Box 63, Kumasi,

Ghana Education B.Sc. (Hons) Natural Resources University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

(1994) M.Phil (Entomology) University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

(Awarded 2001) Awarded AAS Research Grant for M.Phil research in

mahogany shoot borer (1997-2000) Ph.D. (Entomology/Forest Michigan Technological University (In Progress) Biotechnology) Research Experience The potential use of insect pathogenic viruses to control mahogany shoot borer in the genus Hypsipyla (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Funded by ODA. 1995-1997. Shoot borer; Hypsipyla robusta (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) damage to growth and survival of native meliaceae (African Mahogany) Funded by the African Academy of Sciences. 1997-1999. Survey of plants with potential insecticidal properties used for traditional preservation of grains and legumes in the Moist-Semideciduous zone of Ghana. Funded by ODA. Selected Publications Opuni-Frimpong, E. 1994. Initial growth performance of Tieghemella heckii in different

potting media. BSc Thesis. IRNR, University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.

Hauxwell, C., Vargas, C., Opuni-Frimpong, E. 1997. Strategies for control of Hypsipyla with entomopathogens. Hypsipyla shoot-borers of the Meliaceae eds R. Floyd and C. Hauxwell) ACIAR, Canberra.

Opuni-Frimpong, E. 2000. Damage to growth and survival of native meliaceae (African mahogany) by shoot borer, Hypsipyla robusta (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). M. Phil Thesis. IRNR University of Science and Technology. 83 pp.

Opuni-Frimpong, E. Cobbinah, J.R. and Wagner, M.R. 2000. Mahogany shoot borer Hypsipyla robusta (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) impact on growth and survival of native Meliaceae. IUFRO World Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 7-12 August, 2000, 3:389-390.

Opuni-Frimpong, E. Cobbinah, J.R. 2000. (Unpublished) Relative susceptibility of four species of African mahogany to shoot borer Hypsipyla robusta Moore (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in the moist semi-deciduous forest of Ghana.

47

5. Name DANIEL A. OFORI Scientist Address Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, UST, P. O. Box 63, Kumasi,

Ghana Education Ph.D Molecular Genetics University of Aberdeen, UK (to be awarded) M.Phil. Tree Improvement University of Edinburgh, UK, 1994 B.Sc. (Hons) Agriculture University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana, 1989 Professional research experience I999 Awarded ITTO Project Ref. 031/99S 1998 –present Senior Research Scientist Books Ofori, D.A. and Cobbinah, J.R. (1999). Manual for vegetative propagation of odum (Milicia excelsa). Soronko Printing Press, Kumasi, pp 44. Selected Publications Nichols, J.D., Ofori, D.A., Wagner, M.R. Bosu, P. and Cobbinah, J.R. (1999). Survival,

growth and gall formation by Phytolyma lata on Milicia excelsa established in mixed-species tropical plantations in Ghana. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 1, 137-141.

Ofori, D.A. (2000). Genetic diversity in Milicia species. Report to ITTO. Project number Ref. 031/99S.

Ofori, D. A. and Foli, E.G. (1998). Grafting methods, seasonal effects of grafting and seed orchard management with special reference to Cedrela odorata. Ghana Journal of Forestry.

Ofori D. A., Newton, A. C., Leakey, R. R. B. and Grace, J. (1996). Vegetative propagation of Milicia excelsa by leafy stem cuttings: effects of auxin concentration, leaf area and rooting medium. Forest Ecology and Management 84: 39-48.

Ofori D. A., Newton, A. C., Leakey, R. R. B. and Grace, J. (1997). Vegetative propagation of Milicia excelsa by leafy stem cuttings: effects of maturation, Coppicing, cutting length and position on rooting ability. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 10 (1):115-129

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6. Name PAUL P. BOSU (Entomologist) Address Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, P.O. Box 63, UST

Kumasi, Ghana. Education PhD Forest Entomology (pending) Doctoral candidate, Northern Arizona University (1999

to present) M.Phil (Biological Sciences) University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

(1999)(Biocontrol of insect pests) BSc (Hons) Biological Sciences University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

(1994) Professional Research Experience 2001 Merrian-Powell Fellowship for Environmental Research (Mechanisms of plant resistance to insect pests) 1999 Graduate Research Assistant, School of Forestry

Northern Arizona University. 1998 Awarded ITTO Fellowship (Ref. 054/97A), Visiting Scholar to NAU (Biocontrol feasibility assessment) 1995 Assistant Research Officer (FORIG) Professional Award 2000 University of Arizona, Tucson, USA: Annual Faculty Research Awards for excellence

in Scientific Research. Best Poster Award.

Selected publications Bosu, P.P., Paul Laura, Wagner, M.R. and Campbell S. 2000. The elm leaf beetle in Northern Arizona (Extension Publication) Bosu, P.P. Cobbinah, J.R and Wagner, M.R 2000. Trophic inter-relationships among, Milicia

excelsa,Phytolyma lata (Homoptera: Psyllidae), and Hymenopteran parasitoids. Presentation at XI IUFRO World Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 7-12 August, 2000.

Bosu, P.P. 1999. Survey and evaluation of natural enemies of the Iroko gall bug Phytolyma lata (Homoptera: Psyllidae) in Ghana. M.Phil Thesis. University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. 89p

Nichols, J.D., Ofori, D.A., Bosu, P.P., Cobbinah, J.R. and Wagner, M.R. 1999. Survival, growth and gall formation by Phytolyma lata on Milicia excelsa planted in mixed species tropical plantations in Ghana. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 1, 137 –141.

Bosu, P.P., Cobbinah, J.R. and Wagner, M.R. 1998. Biocontrol feasibility report on Phytolyma lata (Homoptera: Psyllidae) in Ghana, West Africa. Submitted to the International Tropical Timber Organization, December 1998. ITTO Fellowship Programme (Ref 054/97A). 36p.

Nichols, J.D., Wagner, M.R., Agyeman, V.K., Bosu, P.P. and Cobbinah, J.D. 1998. Influence of artificial gaps on survival, growth, and Phytolyma lata attack on Milicia excelsa. Forest Ecology and Management, 110, 353 – 362.

49

ANNEX C. Expert Panel Recommendations and Actions Taken

Recommendation Action Taken 1-a. Provide an indepth analysis of economic aspects of the project

• We added several economic aspects to the proposal. The opening paragraph of Part I, 1. Origin has figures on the economic value of mahogany in Ghana as does Section 2.6 of Part II. Finally, we added an economics specialist from FORIG to help evaluate the economics of any silviculture treatments that we find promising for mahogany plantation establishment.

1-b. Describe the level of private industry involvement

• Several private companies have expressed interest in our project and have shown a willingness to help us establish and maintain plantations on their lands (see attached letters of support).

2. Justify the project time frame • We have focused our project more narrowly, both from the number of countries involved and from the number of research directions. We also present this project as Phase I of a longer two-part project that will ensure the project’s continuity after plantation establishment. Finally, we have solicited long-term cooperation from FORIG and our industrial partners to assist in plantation maintenance and measurements.

3. Detail the provisions taken to provide continuity of trials

• First, we realize the need for work on this project beyond its original 4-year length. Thus, we are calling this Phase I with a second 4-year proposal to be developed. Second, we have sought long-term commitments from FORIG and our industrial partners to maintain and measure our trials beyond the original 4-year project.

4. Scale down ITTO budget and provide more counterpart contributions

• We have decreased the ITTO requested amount by almost 60%. In addition, we have come up with a nearly 1:1 match of collaborator dollars with ITTO dollars.

5. Provide more detailed budgets • We have provided budgets broken down as required.

6. Recalculate ITTO’s program support costs • ITTO’s program support costs were recalculated and are now at 6% of total program costs

7. Provide letters of intent from partners and stakeholders

• Letters of support from industrial partners and interested stakeholders are shown in Annex D.

8. Detail the provisions in the current forest policy relating to land tenure with regard to private land with forest plantations

• The provisions of Ghana’s forest policy relating to private lands and plantations are described (Part I. 2.1 Sectorial Policies on Plantation Establishment and 2.3 Land and Tree Tenure).

9. Develop relevant activities focusing on cost/benefit analysis for pest control measures

• A forest economist has been added to our FORIG scientific team. This main responsibility will be to evaluate the cost/benefit analysis of the various pest control measures we use to establish mahogany plantations.

10. Project sustainability • We have sought long-term commitments from our industrial partners and FORIG for maintaining plantations and we will seek a Phase II ITTO project to help support this project for the years 5 to 8.

11. Review and restructure the budget • The budget has been reviewed, revised, and restructured to better reflect the needs for this scaled-down and refocused proposal.

12. Link to ITTO’s Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management.

• We have closely aligned our proposal to sustainable forest plantation management of Ghana’s native mahoganies.

13. Provide a panel recommendation response • This ANNEX C represents our response to the ITTO panel recommendations.

50

ANNEX D Expert 26th Panel Recommendations and Actions Taken

Recommendation Action Taken 1. Clarify the link between sustainable mahogany plantation management and ITTO C and I of Sustainable Forest Management

Section 2.10 was added which discusses these links

2. Provide more information indicators, means of verification and assumptions in the logical framework matrix

Specific Objective 4 was added to the Logical Framework Matrix to address the assumptions, project elements, verifiable indicators, and means of verification for ITTO Criteria and Indicators

3. Revise budget tables to be fully consistent with the requirements of the Manual

An attempt was made to have our budget tables meet the guidelines of the Manual

4. Remove the following budget components from ITTO contribution: National experts (11), Steering committee meetings (15.2) and FORIG 5% administrative cost (61).

We removed all items requested and shifted expenses to FORIG

5. Adjust the ITTO budget for Monitoring and Review Costs to US $40,000.00 and include a budget of US $15,000 for ITTO ex-post evaluation

We adjusted the ITTO budgets as requested

6. Include an Annex showing the recommendations of the 26th Panel and the respective modifications

This table addresses this point

51

E. APPENDICES

1. Letter of Support – Ghana Forest Plantation Development Centre 2. Letter of Support – GWZ Swiss Lumber Company Ltd. 3. Letter of Support – ASUO Wam Complex Limited

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53

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