international year of sanitation 2008. indonesia water and sanitation magazine. december 2007

From Editor 1Your Voice 2Main Report

National Sanitation Conference 2007 3Welcoming International Year of Sanitation 2008 7International Year Sanitation 2008 Momentum for SanitationDevelopment in Indonesia 10

Insight:Solid Waste and Flood: Correlation of Environmentally SupportedUrban Management Development 12Sanitation, Health and Handling 15“Plan When Young, Harvest When Mature” 17WSES From Islamic Perspective 20

RegulationsMinisterial Decree of Public Works no. 18/PRT/M2007 onThe Implementation of Water Supply System Development 24

InterviewNugie: Speaking about Sanitation 26

Our GuestCreating Clean and Green Surabaya 28

ReportageBlitar City Zero Waste Management 30

InspirationCreating a Comfortable Public Toilets 32

ReflectionNursalam's Recycle Workshop: Keep on Going in the Middle of Jakarta 33

Around PLAN 34Around ISSDP 36Around WASPOLA 39Around WSES 42

ProgramsMetropolitan Sanitation Management and Health Project (MSMHP) 46

AbstractSolid waste Process in Piyungan Final Disposal Site (FDS) ThroughRecycling and Composting 47

IATPI Clinic 48CD Info 49Book Info 50Website Info 51WSES Library 52

Information Media for Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation

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1PercikDecember 2007

In this December edition, Percik

brings to you a number of topics

centred around sanitation issues

due to the International Year of

Sanitation 2008, which is aiming at accel-

erating sanitation development by giving

it high priority. Sanitation is an unpopu-

lar topic to be discussed since it is related

to faeces and waste water, which, general-

ly in Indonesia, continuously makes sani-

tation an important issue as human basic

needs.

As mentioned before by state minister

of PPN/Head of Bappenas, Paskah

Suzetta, on the opening of National

Sanitation Conference 2007 in Jakarta,

last November 19-21 November 2007, a

large number of families do not have

access to sanitation facilities due to inter-

nal constraints such as knowledge,

behaviour, and economy, and external

constraints, such as policy framework,

perceptions, gender, and technology.

All these constraints need to be given

high priority and follow-up actions not

only by the community, but also from the

policy makers both from the central and

regional level. This is also to mention the

need of private sector, Non-governmental

organizations, state institutions and

donors.

According to Paskah Suzetta, National

Sanitation Conference 2007 was not

merely held to welcome the international

year of sanitation, which had been decid-

ed by the general assembly of United

Nations Organization on the 4th of

December 2006. Rather, it was because

sanitation has become mutual need of all

stakeholders in improving the quantity

and quality of sanitations services for the

community. Nonetheless, National

Sanitation Conference 2007 can be the

initial momentum for the implementa-

tion of International Year of Sanitation

(IYS) action plan.

This action plan is aimed to initiate

dialogue at all levels in order to obtain

bigger resources allocation commitment

from the government and political lead-

ers regarding sanitation for the poor.

This edition also discusses the role of

the government in sanitation develop-

ment in Indonesia, particularly sanitation

in the big cities. In turn, the successes in

these cities will act as pilot project, which

will be replicated in other regions.

The discussion on sanitation develop-

ment can be read in the Program column

in project investment in environmental

sanitation sector article (Metropolitan

Sanitation Management and Health

Project - MSMHP) funded by ADB and

other resources.

The Interview column presents envi-

ronment ambassador of the Indonesian

state ministry of environment, Nugie,

who is also known as a consistent singer

with environmental themes. However, in

this interview, Nugie, whose full name is

Agustinus Gusti Nugroho, will not speak

about environment in the broader sense.

Rather, he will speak about sanitation.

This younger brother of Katon Bagaskara,

also a singer, will speak about sanitation

condition in Indonesia and his experi-

ences so far, being a singer, in perceiving

sanitation among the community.

As always, for Our Guest column, we

introduce the readers to our profile, the

head of DKP of Surabaya, Ms. Tri

Rismaharini, who succeed in making the

capital of East Java not only clean but

also greener. The leadership and strategy

of Ms. Risma has set an example for many

regional leaders in Indonesia.

Issues around sanitation, whether

nationally and internationally, have

become important for Percik to put as its

main feature in this edition. It is impor-

tant because many stakeholders consider

sanitation development is not strategic,

nor popular, that more strategic plans

needed in order to have concrete follow-

up actions in the future.

On this occasion, all Percik's editorial

staff would like to wish the readers

"Happy New Year 2008". May this year

becomes the year of awareness, and of

healthier and better living. Let us to-

gether develop sanitation with full con-

sciousness and improved behaviour start-

ing with ourselves.

FROM THE EDITOR

Minister of National Development Planning/ Head of National Development Planning Agency, PaskahSuzetta, Minister of Public Works, Djoko Kirmanto, Minister of Trade Fahmi Idris, Director General for

Human Settlement Agus Widjanarko and Deputy for Infrastructure National Development PlanningAgency Dedy Supriadi Priatna observing the 2007 National Sanitation Expo. Source: Bowo Leksono

How to subscribe

Greetings,

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gazine which I found at the FKM's read-

ing room. I want to know further how to

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Greetings from Percik. It is possible

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How to obtain booksreviewed in

Book Info Column

Thank you for sending Percik maga-

zine to Environmental Study Centre of

Surabaya University. I am interested with

the books reviewed in the Book Info col-

umn in Percik August 2007 (Go Green

School and Green's Journey). Where can

I get them? Thank you.

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You are welcome Ms. Tuani.

Unfortunately, not all books informed

through Book Info in the Percik maga-

zine are available at our library.

However, we can help you to copy the if

you are willing.

Request for booksand magazines

Dear Pokja AMPL & Percik magazine

editor,

Regarding the letter from Bappenas

ref. no. 6855/Dt. 6. 3/11/2007 and

5770/Dt. 6. 3/10/2007 with subject on

WSES related books and information

media for water supply and environmen-

tal sanitation (Percik magazine), here-

with, we would like to thank you for the

books and magazines.

However, since these books are seen

important, which then made us distribute

them to ESP's branches in other regions,

as well as the related ESP's divisions

(such as communication division), we

would like to request five copies of the fol-

lowing books:

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handle

2. Compilation of WSES related regu-

lations

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As for the Percik's editor, doesn't

Percik publish the English version dan

Percik Junior? It was unfortunate that we

did not receive those two editions. If there

are still some left, is it possible for us to

have them?

Please kindly consider our request

and we thank you for your kind attention.

Sincerely,

Siti Wahyuni

Administratif Associate - Service

Delivery Team

USAID-ESP, Jakarta Indonesia

62 21 7209594 ext 706

Ms. Siti Wahyuni,

We will try our best to meet all of

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YOUR VOICE

Created by RudiKosasih

2 PercikDecember 2007

The bell of new round in developing better sanitation

condition has just been rung. It marked the official

opening of National Sanitation Conference (NSC) 2007

by state minister of National Development Planning/Head of

National Development Planning Agency, H. Paskah Suzetta, at

Balai Kartini Jakarta, Monday, 19th of November 2007.

NSC was held for three days with "Resources Mobilization to

Accelerate the Sanitation Development" as the theme. The con-

ference involved ministerial level officers, policy makers, donors

and universities.

Other than the head of Bappenas, the opening was attended

by Minister of Public Works, Djoko Kirmanto, Minister of

Industry, Fahmi Idris, Director General of infrastructure,

Bappenas, Dedy Supriadi Priatna.

In his opening remarks, Paskah Suzetta explained that NSC

2007 was not held merely to welcome year 2008 which had been

decided as International Year of Sanitation by the general

assembly of United Nations Organization (UNO), on the 4th of

December 2006. Rather, as the mutual need to improve the

quality and quantity of safe access to sanitation for all level of

community.

According to Paskah, on one hand, internal constraint, such

as knowledge, behaviour, and economic have become the reason

of large number of households who do not have safe access to

sanitation facilities. "Meanwhile, external constraints consist of

policy framework, perceptions, gender and technology" said he.

Paskah emphasized that we have to be able to overcome the

issue of inappropriate sanitation. "Reviews need to be conduct-

ed against the sanitation policy and strategy, which has been

implemented so far, and action plan and improvement efforts of

sanitation services for the community need to be formulated"

said he.

Meanwhile, minister of public works, Djoko Kirmanto, in his

keynote speech, explained that the implementation of sanitation

infrastructure in Indonesia is closely related to the concern, re-

gulation, institution, budgeting priority and community aware-

ness.

"Government institutions at district level who are responsi-

ble for sanitation are still overlapping with each other. Even

worse, sometimes there is no institution responsible for sanita-

tion sector" said he.

Budget limitation, add Djoko Kirmanto, whether it comes

from APBN or APBD will result in limited budget allocation for

the development of sanitation infrastructure at almost every dis-

trict/city since sanitation has a very low priority.

Djoko continues, the existing regulations and laws in sanita-

tion sector are very often not properly explained or manifested

into Perda and not publicly socialized to all community. "On the

other hand, regulations and laws still need to be developed in

order to catch up with other sectors, such as water supply, trans-

portation and others" said he.

The NSC 2007 acted as a forum to develop commitment

among stakeholders in order to jointly agree on an integrated

policy, strategy and efforts in sanitation development program.

On the occasion, a sanitation decree was signed by the mi-

nisters, governors, bupati and mayors. The opening of NSC was

then followed by visit a to the sanitation exhibition which was

held at Balai Kartini's lobby. Bowo Leksono

MAIN FEATURE

National Sanitation Conference 2007

Brings Forth National Policyand Strategy


Minister of National Development Planning/ Head of National DevelopmentPlanning Agency, Paskah Suzetta, Minister of Public Works, Djoko Kirmanto,Minister of Trade Fahmi Idris, Director General for Human Settlement AgusWidjanarko and Deputy for Infrastructure National Development Planning

Agency Dedy Supriadi Priatna during the opening of the 2007 NationalSanitation Conference. ource: Bowo Leksono

We acknowledge sanitation as human basic need,

which has important value for dignity and quality

of life. Failure to fulfil it, will results in the increas-

ing of child mortality rate, decreasing welfare, particularly for

women and children, additional financial burden for medical

services, decreasing productivity and increasing poverty, which

ultimately will lead to national economic loss, and last but not

least, degrading the quality of environment as well as polluting

intake resources. Nevertheless, the rate of basic sanitation ser-

vices for more than ten years, 1990-2004, has not been increas-

ing significantly, 45% in 1990 to 67,1% in 2004.

Various efforts have been conducted to fulfil the need of sa-

nitation services according to these principals:

1. Comprehensive and inclusive approach, which consider the

community's practical needs through the formulation of

Mid term investment plan and program sanitation facilities

with proportional joint funding, and to involve the role of

community and private sector effectively.

2. Step-by-step development approach with initial priority on

the intervention of regions with high risk on community's

health.

3. Optimalization of resources allocation, which is sufficient

in supporting healthy and hygienic behaviour at all level of

society.

4. Increase the provision of integrated sanitation facilities for

the city and environmental scale community-based cen-

tralized services (communal and individual).

5. Sustainable financial and institutional arrangement for the

operational and maintenance of sanitation facilities accor-

ding to cost recovery principles.

By using these principles, many programs have been imple-

mented to increase the basic sanitation services to 69,34% in

2006. However, the challenges to achieve MDGs are still enor-

mous and in needs of support and cooperation, and lastly, com-

mintment from all stakeholders.

Herewith, we who signed jointly agree to:

1. Effectively improve the sustainability of sanitation services

and facilities such as domestic waste management, solid

waste and drainage and to develop clean and healthy

behaviour, particularly hygienic behaviour.

2. Together with all stakeholders through partnership, which

involve central and district level institutions, community,

private sector, NGOs, media, universities, financial institu-

tions, and donors, implement the following actions:

a. Determine sanitation as priority sector within the

national and regional development;

b. Develop and support clean and healty behaviour, par-

ticularly hygienic behaviour;

c. Develop sanitation service provision by private sector

and NGOs;

d. Increase regional government capacity in imple-

menting minimum service standard;

e. Support and strengthen existing partnership network

to improve coordination and synergy among stake-

holders.

We encourage governmental institutions at all levels, com-

munity, private sector, NGOs, media, universities, and donors to

work together in increasing the performance of sanitation sec-

tor development for the sake of Indonesian society.

Those who signed were:

State Minister of National Development Planning/ Head of

National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas), Minister of

Internal Affair, Minister of Public Works, Minister of Health, Minister

of Industry, State Minister of Environment.

MAIN FEATURE

NATIONAL SANITATIONCONFERENCE JOINT AGREEMENT

Jakarta, November, 19th, 2008


Since launched in 2006, the government has been inten-sively and continuously campaigning on the nationalmovement of hand washing with soap (HWS). The cam-

paign is aimed to have more effective implementation withbroader coverage by obtaining support from all stakeholdersincluding the private sector.

The campaign is conducted in improving societal health de-gree through clean and he-althy living behaviour to-wards Healthy Indonesia2010, as one of the Indonesi-an Human Developmentprogram.

The World Health Orga-nization (WHO) notes thatdiarrhoea and upper respi-ratory infection are the cau-ses of most infant and un-der-five mortality in theworld. Meanwhile, handwashing with soap is impor-tant to prevent the spread-ing of epidemic, such as di-arrhoea, avian flu, andtyphus.

Furthermore, hand wa-shing with soap can also help to wash off bacteria, which causeinfection, cheaply and easily, that makes it considered to be themost effective way to prevent different kind of diseases. InIndonesia, hand washing with soap helps to reduce infant andunder-five mortality rate, which is currently registered at35/1000 successful birth of 0-12 months and 46/1000 success-ful birth of under-fives.

On the occasion of National Sanitation Conference 2007, thegovernment, via Health Department, once again appealed andencouraged the campaigning on national movement of handwashing with soap. The encouragement was brought forth in theform of the improvement of societal healthy behaviour throughpublic-private partnership for hand washing with soap.

The chief spokesman of KPS-CTPS who is also the directorgeneral of PP & PL, Health Department, dr. I Nyoman Kandun,

MPH described that the improvement societal healthy beha-viour such as hand washing with soap needs continuous assis-tance particularly on the community empowerment strategytowards healthy living. "National movement of hand washingwith soap is the responsibility of all stakeholders particularlyamong the component of community" said he.

Health department considers the need to initiate KPS-CTPSas an effective model of inte-grated efforts in encouragingand widen the capability ofthe program. Moreover, thisinitiative also helps to main-tain sustainable concernstowards health issue at thecommunity and nationallevel, and to activate privatesector participation, as well asto combine expertise andresources from differentstakeholders.

Based on Curtis andCairneross's findings in 2003,hand washing with soapbehaviour may prevent dia-rrhoea up to 42-47%. Theresearch concludes that hand

washing with soap is more effective in preventing diarrhoeacompared to only providing infrastructure, such as toilet.

I Nyoman Kandun further explained, in order to improvehand washing with soap behaviour as an effective way todecrease the diarrhoea occurrence among children under-fiveyear in Indonesia, a well coordinated communication within thepublic-private partnership needs to be done. "It is one thing thatwe want to achieve" he confirmed.

Kandun also explained on the ongoing gap and weaknesseswithin the implementation, such as the adoption of projectapproach instead of sustainable program, the focus of infra-structure investment over changing behaviour, and insufficiencyof resources allocation of the program. "In addition, the partici-pation of private sector has not meet both sides expectation"said he. BW

MAIN FEATURE


HAND WASHING WITHSOAP

HAND WASHING BEHAVIOUR IN INDONESIA 2006

Afterdefecation

After helpinga child todefecate

Beforemeal

Beforefeedinga child

Beforepreparing

a meal


On the second and third day, National Sanitation

Conference (NSC) 2007 held various discussion.

Three themes were brought forth simultaneously in

celebrating the first sanitation feast in Indonesia. The audiences

were free to participate in one of those discussions.

The audiences were expected to have the opportunity to dis-cuss openly, so that the conference will not stop only at the dis-cussion of issues but to be interpreted into regional strategicplans in order to have concrete actions.

One of the themes was "Social Campaign for SanitationDevelopment", which presented four key persons whom one ofthem was Mayor of Blitar city, Djarot Syaiful Hidayat.

According to Djarot, the development of sanitation inIndonesia is only perceived as the “backyard” of our nationaldevelopment policy. “Sanitation is considered to be less impor-tant because it has no value-added for the local government” hesaid.

Djarot continues that many stakeholders consider sanitationdevelopment is not strategic and popular. “It is different com-pare to establishing soccer clubs and building skyscrapers andsmooth roads” he said.

The event, then, continued with visit to two locations. Firstly,a visit to Kelurahan Petojo, Central Jakarta, for the community’ssuccess efforts in building MCK ++, managing solid waste, andhand washing with soap. Secondly, visit to Lippo Karawaci realestate for wastewater and drainage system management.

The discussion on “Financing Strategy in SanitationDevelopment” brought vice major of Banjarmasin city, AlwiSahlan, as the speaker. According to him, the strategy to achievepolitical commitment on sanitation development is by increas-ing the political lobbies towards the legislative and encouragingpublic campaign on clean and healthy living behaviour, as wellas community participation in sanitation development.

The political commitment of Banjarmasin city in sanitationdevelopment is shown through the local regulation on solidwaste, rivers and disturbance. “In 2007, our city has allocatedRp. 52 billion for sanitation sector, while in 2008 up to Rp. 60billion” Alwi said.

Meanwhile, other speaker from faculty of economic,Indonesia University, Bambang S. Brodjonegoro, explained the

importance of sanitation. According to him, sanitation in devel-oped countries have become public service standard.”Local go-vernment is responsible to provide sanitation services to its po-pulation by allocating significant sanitation budget” said he.

NSC 2007 Excpetations After a serial of activities for three days, NSC 2007 had come

to an end. Various possibilities regarding sanitation develop-ment could be done by the participants in their own place.

“We Hope that after the NSC 2007, mobilization of resourcestowards sanitation development can really take place” saidDeputy of Infrastructure, Bappenas, Dedi Supriadi Priatna, dur-ing the official closing of NSC 2007 in Mawar Ballroom, BalaiKartini, Jakarta.

Actually, in the end of the event, a panel discussion withProf. Emil Salim and Erna Witoelar as the speakers was meantto be held. However, both speakers were not available due totheir tight schedule. Seemingly, the success of sanitation deve-lopment is not only the hope of society, but also the decisionmakers. May all these become a realization that the developmenttarget, in general, can be achieved. Bowo Leksono

MAIN FEATURE


SANITATION DEVELOPMENTIS YET TO BE POPULAR

Minister of national Development Planning/Head of Development PlanningAgency, Paskah Suzetta hit the gong as a sign of the opening of 2007

National Sanitation Conference. Source: Bowo Leksono


Global condition of sanitation More than 1.2 billion people in the world have enjoyed safe

access to sanitation in the last 14 years,which means that theglobal sanitation service coverage had increased from 49% to59% during 1990-2004. However, the world is still far fromMDGs sanitation target, to reduce by halve the population with-out safe access to basic sanitation by 2015. If the trend is notchanging, by 2015 the population without access to basic sanita-tion will reach 2.6 billion peo-ple, or equals to 10 times ofcurrent Indonesian populati-on, where 980 of them areunder-five.

According to World HealthOrganization (WHO), around1,8 million people die eachyear, or around 42.000 peopledie of diarrhoea, which causedmainly by poor sanitation andlow quality of health. Fromthat numbers, the majority ofmortality occurs in Asia, and90% of the victim are childrenunder-five, or around 1.5 mil-lion of under-five. In average,an under-five dies every 20 seconds.

Meanwhile, the number of school absent also rises. It is esti-mated that proper sanitation facilities will reduce the mortalityrate of under-five more than one-third. If hygiene promotion isconducted, such as hand washing with soap, the mortality ratecould be reduced further up to two-third. Proper sanitation alsocan accelerate the economic growth and the social developmentof the country with high rate of absent working days and schooldays caused by diarrhoea. Many schoolgirls prefer to stay homewhen having their periods because of the unavailability of cleanand comfortable toilets.

Motivated by this poor sanitation condition, all stakeholdersfelt the need to put together efforts to address the problems.

More commitments are needed from all stakeholders, namelythe donors, governments, and NGOs. The United NationsOrganization (UNO) then took the initiative to facilitate thecommitment and to increase large scale awareness.

The History of International Year of Sanitation The General Assembly of UNO launched the International

Year of Sanitation (IYS) on the 20th of December 2006 based onthe recommendation of UNSecretary General AdvisoryBoard of Water and Sa-nitation (UNSGAB) toaccelerate the improve-ment of sanitation by gi-ving special attention.Sanitation has become aless interesting subject tobe discussed because itrelates to faeces and wastewater. UNSGAB recom-mendation was based onthe Hashimoto Action Plan(HAP), which launched byUNSGAB in the WorldWater Forum IV in March

2006. UNSGAB it self is an independent body, which provideadvices to the Secretary General of UNO on policy, program andglobal management action related to water and sanitation. Theaction plan was meant to motivate dialogues at all levels, so thatit could produce commitment towards more resources allocationfor sanitation for the poor from the government and politicalleaders.

As the follow up of the recommendation of HAP, IYS plan-ning meeting was held for the first time on the 7th of May 2007at the UNICEF office, New York. NGOs, donors & academicians,development banks & 29 government representatives attendedthe meeting to discuss the agenda. One of the output of themeeting was the targets of IYS.

MAIN FEATURE

WELCOMING INTERNATIONALYEAR OF SANITATION 2008

T he first time hearing about international year of sanitation 2008,

many of the reaction is “what about sanitation?” Is it that important that 2008 need

to be labelled as international year of sanitation? The story behind it will be

explained in this article.


IYS Targets The central objective of the Inter-

national Year of Sanitation is to put theglobal community on track to achieve thesanitation MDG. Sanitation is the foun-dation of health, dignity, and develop-ment. Increased sanitation access espe-cially for poor people, is fundamental forreaching all the Millennium DevelopmentGoals. The International Year of Sanitati-on aims to:

1. Increase awareness and com-mitment from actors at all levels,both inside and outside the sector,on the importance of reaching thesanitation MDG, including health,gender equity, education, sustain-able development, economic andenvironmental issues, via compel-ling and frank communication, ro-bust monitoring data, and soundevidence.

2. Mobilize Governments (from na-tional to local) existing alliances, fi-nancial institutions, sanitation andservice providers, major groups, theprivate sector and UN Agencies viarapid collaborative agreements onhow and who will undertake neededsteps now.

3. Secure real commitments toreview, develop and implementeffective action to scale up sanitationprogrammes and strengthen sanita-tion policies via the assignment ofclear responsibilities for getting thisdone at the national and internatio-nal levels.

4. Encourage demand driven,sustainable & traditional solu-tions, and informed choices byrecognizing the importance of work-ing from the bottom up with practi-tioners and communities.

5. Secure increased financing tojump start and sustain progress viacommitments from national budgetsand development partner alloca-tions.

6. Develop and strengthen insti-tutional and human capacity viarecognition at all levels that progressin sanitation toward the MDGs

MAIN FEATURE

HAP, which launched by UNSGAB, originally named Compendium ofActions, but then replaced after the UNSGAB chairman Hashimoto passedaway in 2006. His name is used instead for a tribute to his commitment.HAP becomes an important result World Water Forum IV and mentioned inMinistry Decree and Reports.

HAP mentions "your action, your plan" to quickens water and sanitationmeans. "Your action" is done by the main actors, while "our action" showsUNSGAB's commitment to help main actors to overcome challenges andobstacles in achieving agreed results. UNSGAB has chosen six main themeswhich is funding, water operator partnership, sanitation, monitoring, har-monized water source management, and water and disaster

SanitationIn HAP, as a part of the six main themes, sanitation is given special

explanation. Without radical changes, we will not achieve MDG target insanitation. Bigger attention and political will is needed. In global level,the key is advocacy. Regional and sub regional level organizations musthandle fund raising support campaign, marketing, and technology. Waterfor Life Decade (2005-2015) is better used to build political commitmentin achieving sanitation targets. To achieve these targets, the following actsneeded to be done:

a. Determining 2008 as the International Year of Sanitationb. The UN should give yearly sanitations rewards for they who are

involved and significantly contributes in local sanitation services.c. UN Global Sanitation Conference should be held in the end of Water

for Life Decade to know global achievements.UNSGAB will encourage donors, related institutions, and governments

to make sanitation a main priority.

HASHIMOTO ACTION PLAN (HAP)


involves interlinked programs in hygiene, household andschool facilities (such as toilets and washing facilities), andthe collection, treatment and safe reuse or disposal ofwastewater and human excreta. Community mobilization,the recognition of women's key role and stake, along withan appropriate mix of "software" and "hardware" interven-tions are essential.

7. Enhance the sustainability and therefore the effective-ness of available sanitation solutions, to enhance healthimpacts, social and cultural acceptance, technological andinstitutional appropriateness, and the protection of theenvironment and natural resources.

8. Promote and capture learning to enhance the evidencebase and knowledge on sanitation which will greatly con-tribute to the advocacy and increase investments in the sec-tor.

Focal Point of IYS Implementation UNO declaration on IYS clearly states that the focal point of

IYS implementation is the Department of Economic and SocialAffairs of UNO secretariat General office (UNDESA). Its task,beside acting as focal point, also covers proposal development atall levels, including possible financial resources. In delivering itstasks, UNDESA works closely with other stakeholders includingUNICEF, WHO, UN-Habitat, The Water Supply & SanitationCollaborative Council (WSSCC), the UN Development Program,UNSGAB, NGOs, private sector, and universities.

IYS launching was held by UNDESA in collaboration withUN Water Task Force on Sanitation. Complete information re-garding IYS can be obtained from www.sanitationyear2008.orgor http: //esa.un.org/iys.

The Need of Sanitation Investment Globally, around 10 billion USD or around 9.5 trillion

Rupiah per year is needed to achieve MDGs sanitation target by2015. The same amount of investment is needed to provide sa-nitation for all of the world population in 1 or 2 decades after2105.

The need of sanitation investment is equal to only 1% of glo-bal military expenses in 2005, or equal to one-third of the totalexpenses for bottled water of the world population, or equal tothe total expense of European population for ice cream eachyear. Actually, the amount of investment needed for sanitation isnot a big number, but it has big impact for the welfare of theworld population. OM

MAIN FEATURE

Source: Bowo Leksono

1. Increase awareness and commitment

2. Mobilization of local government

3. Ensure Commitment

4. Encourage demand driven, sustainability,

and traditional solutions

5. Ensure increased budget allocation

6. Develop and strengthen the institution and

human capacity

7. Strengthen sustainability

8. Promote and document lesson learned

INTERNATIONAL YEAR OFSANITATIONS 2008 TARGETS:


Challenges for Sanitation Develop-ment

In Indonesia, as well as other coun-tries, sanitation is included withinthe infrastructure domain. Unfortu-

nately, it makes sanitation the “step son”.As the step son, sanitation suffers frominsufficient attention. Meanwhile, poorsanitation management could cause eco-nomic loss up to 40% and financial lossup to 2% from the Gross Domestic Pro-duct (Head of Bappenas, National Sanita-tion Conference speech), where the totalamount could reach 45 trillion per year.Ironically, the pendulum of of develop-ment has not shifted to sanitation.Looking at the last 30 years, govern-ment’s investment for sanitation per yearonly reaches up to Rp. 200,- per personper year. It’s just not working. Meanwhilearound 30% of Indonesian populationstill do not have access to basic sanitati-on, which means worse condition com-pare to other neighbouring countries.

Sanitation Development Impact As has been noted by WHO, 1 dollar

investment for the improvement of sani-tation will create economic profit up to 7dollar (Guy Hutton, WSP-EAP 2007).Other WSP study noted that investmentas musch as Rp. 47.000,- per person peryear could increase productivity up to79% and saving on sanitation cost up to19% (Statictic of Sanitation in Indonesia,WSP 2006).

So, if the awareness of sanitation isbuild up, it is possible to have the Indone-sia Human Development Index (HDI)improved. No longer in the 41st of 102 de-veloping countries in 2004, or the 110thof 117 developing countries (2005), or108th (2006 & 2007).

IYS Momentum for Indonesia As the most important initial step in

welcoming United Nations Organizati-

on’s (UNO) program, on 19-21 November2007, a National Sanitation Conferencewas held by Bappenas in collaborationwith other stakeholders (government,NGOs, universities, donors, and pro-jects). On the occasion, a joint agreementregarding commintment to cooperate toimprove the quality of sanitation wassigned by Head of Bappenas, Minister ofPublic Works, Minister of Health, Minis-ter of Industry, State Minister of Popula-tion and Environment, and Minister ofHome Affairs.

The main focus of the joint agreementis to manage waste water, water supplyand to encourage hygiene & health beha-

MAIN FEATURE


INTERNATIONAL YEAR SANITATION2008 MOMENTUM FOR SANITATION

DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA


As has been noted byWHO, 1 dollar investmentfor the improvement ofsanitation will createeconomic profit up

to 7 dollar(Guy Hutton,

WSP-EAP 2007).

viour to all the society. Furthermore, asi-de from the 6 ministers, 9 governors, 11mayors, and 5 bupati also signed the jointagreement. The next step is how to imple-ment the joint agreement in a clear meas-ured action plan.

The IYS momentum needs to be opti-mized. Water supply and EnvironmentalSanitation (WSES) stakeholders have totake roles to influence as well as incre-asing the support for the decision makersat all levels for sanitation development.The role of private sector also needs to be

considered. Through Corporate SocialResponsibility (CSR), private sector hasbecome one of the key players.

Equally important is the budget opti-mization. The increase of grants to sup-port the sanitation development shouldbe utilized towards the improvement ofcommunity-based services, particularlyfor the poor, not the other way around, toseek profit.

The sound of global partnership mustbe heard until the sub district, where thesanitation services improvement of

MDGs target could be achieved. Now it alldepends on how all stakeholders jointhands to make it happen, so that maxi-mum benefit from the sanitationimprovement can be obtained and theloss caused by poor sanitation can bereduced. If needed, the celebration ofWorld Water Day (WWD) in this comingMarch 2008 could be enriched with sani-tation themes and even to be the launch-ing momentum of sanitation day by thePresident of Republic Indonesia.Hopefully.

MAIN FEATURE


World MDG 2006 reports show thatsanitation building is making a

progress (on track), especially in devel-oping countries. But with the currentcondition, that still half of developingcountries citizens still haven't haveaccess to proper sanitation, it is fearedthat the target will not be achieved intime. (The MDGs Report 2006. Page 18-19, www.un.org/milleniumgoals).

Fortunately the MDGs Report 2007recorded more promising facts, thatthe global results are very positive. Inhis speech, Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon stated that "MDGs target are stillachievable as long as we can still coop-erates, through good governance,increase in public investment,strengthened production capacity, andjob demand creation." Slightly auto-cratic Ki-Moon, which originally fromSouth Korea, sees the important corre-lation between achieving MDGs and jobdemand creation, an aspect that untilnow lays on rhetorical lines. "Theworld wants no new promises" says Ki-Moon. A report released by UN(www.un.org/milleniumgoals) statedthat 7th goal achievement will needextraordinary efforts.

MDGs Asia Pacific 2006 report,released by ADB, UNDP, and UNESCAP(www.mdgasiapacific.org) placesIndonesia in the red position (meansfalling behind, see page 7), as well asBangladesh, Laos, Mongolia, PNG,Myanmar, and Pakistan. Especially for7th goal, Indonesia is marked with yel-low boxes for sanitation (urban and vil-lage) and village water supply, whileurban water supply is marked with anupside down red triangle which meanoff track slow. We were estimated toachieve our target in 2015, while anormal triangle means off track-regressing. In 2007, Indonesia has

improved its position above theachievement rate for Asia Pacific. Butwe are still in the same condition forthe 7th goal.

Slightly different, the MDGs 2007reports, published in November 2007by UNDP and Bappenass, sees theIndonesian MDG achievement positive-ly (MDGs Indonesia 2007 Report, page89-93). Shown there that sanitation forhousehold in urban and villages arealready achieved, but with improperquality. The target is 65%, with thebase data 1990, but now, we areexceeding the target with 68% achieve-ment. (see graphic).

SANITATION AND MDGS

Graphic Legends:------- Proportions of household to proper sanitation facility access (village and urban) (%)------- Proportions of household to proper sanitation facility access (village) (%)------- Proportions of household to proper sanitation facility access (urban) (%)

The recent flood in Jakarta has

given the picture of the environ-

mental quality change. The

sharp increase rate of rain fall (up to 215-

340 mm), accompanied with unpre-

paredness of proper infrastructure and

decreasing environmental support capa-

city have made the nature phenomenon

seem to be uncontrollable. Even on that

time, 75% of the capital of Indonesia,

Jakarta, was flooded, in several locations

even flooded by 30 cm to 300 cm height.

One of the consistent topic in Jakarta

flood issue is the mounting of solid waste,

which clogs the rivers in Jakarta. As if the

rivers are meant to be the "long garbage".

Accordingly, the planning of solid waste

management system, which is supposedly

a part of city planning, needs to be re-

vised.

The fact that the volume of solid waste

can be controlled, and it is not an abso-

lute value that Jakarta population pro-

duce 2-3 litre of solid waste per person

per day has become an interesting lesson

for urban planner, that the aspect of en-

vironmental support capacity is being

used as the foundation in preparing the

urban infrastructure.

Improving Environmental Support

Capacity

Environmental support capacity is the

capacity of nature or environment to han-

dle and to normalize the impact of given

environmental burden, whether because

of nature activities or human activities.

The environmental support capacity sho-

uld be the benchmark of the city capacity

in absorbing the positive and negative im-

pacts due to ongoing activities.

When the environmental support ca-

pacity can no longer withhold the burden,

the potential damage caused by natural

disaster will increase. This must be over-

come by improving the environmental

support capacity itself, producing fewer

burdens for the environment, or doing

both at the same time. This concept has to

be the foundation of urban development,

which can minimize the loss caused by

nature activities or human. By using this

approach, it is expected that the urban

development can be more structured, dy-

namic, and even controllable when certa-

in changes, both positive and negative,

regarding environmental support capaci-

ty occurs.

Environmental support capacity with-

in the urban development must be trans-

lated to how far the city should be deve-

loped based on the environmental sup-

port capacity it owns. If it is limited, no

INSIGHT


SOLID WASTE & FLOOD:Correlation of Environmentally Supported Urban

Management Development

Northern Jakarta (from above view) is potentially deluged. Source: Bowo leksono.

By: Sandhi Eko Bramono, S.T., MEnvEngSc

more burdens allowed to be added to the environment. Regar-

ding solid waste management, the maximum limit of solid was-

te to be handled in each city based on the current condition

(technology, human resources, and existing organization) is A

m3 per day.

If the volume of solid waste exceeds the maximum limit, it

would be difficult to handle it properly. All of this is because the

environmental support capacity and the current condition can

no longer withhold the burden of solid waste. This, in turn, has

resulted in the form of the piling up of solid waste at the settle-

ment, purposively left-over garbage, and the environmental po-

llution caused by overload capacity of solid waste processing

installation. The piling up of solid waste in river is also caused by

exceeded capacity of environmental support and unavailability

of supportive condition, which can solve the problem. This is the

real picture, the main casue of flood in Jakarta is the bulk of

solid waste that clogs the river flow.

This problem can be overcome by improving the environ-

mental support capacity. In addition, supportive conditions,

such as technology, human resources, management and organi-

zations are needed. Those combinations can be improved to sus-

tain the environmental burden produced by the society.

To achieve it, enormous hard work is needed, where not only

technology could improve environmental support capacity, such

as the utilization of safe and environmentally friendly techno-

logy of solid waste processing. Rather, financial resources, ma-

nagement and organization also need to be adjusted to the

recent development. By applying all these efforts, the city's envi-

ronmental support capacity can be improved, which will have

impact on the improvement of city's tolerance rate against the

population growth. The impact, then, is that the local govern-

ment can tolerate the population growth mainly caused by

urbanization.

Environmental Burden Reduction

Beside, improving the environmental support capacity, other

means can be done by decreasing the environmental burden. It

can be decreased by slowing down the population of the city

(which makes the producer of environmental burden become

less) or by decreasing environmental burden of each person

(which makes the rate of environmental degradation slowing

down as the population activities is decreasing). Based on the

approach, the government can determine the volume of solid

waste produce by the population.

The society has to be governed properly to be able to mini-

mize the volume of produced solid waste, or the government has

to support with all infrastructure needed to prevent the over

produced solid waste (such as the recycle program policy). Even

with this approach, it is possible for the government to compare

the rate of produced solid waste. Regarding this issue, the term

"pull and generate", which describe one activity caused by other

activity is the best example to describe the above statement.

Even though the number of population has been increasing,

the volume of produced solid waste can be decreased. This ap-

proach can cause new formulation towards the limitation of po-

tential solid waste generation infrastructure development. For

example, formulation to generate solid waste generation per m3

in commercial area. By having this number, the government can

limit the allowed mall within the city because it can generate so-

lid waste up to B litre/person/day.

Another example is the limitation of industrial area development

based on the coefficient that shows that each m2 of industrial area

can generate solid waste up to C litre/person/day. These numbers

will confirm the decision of the local government, for example, in

determining the amount of green space to be developed within the

city, the number of parking infrastructure to be provided, the maxi-

mum number of gas station to be built within the city, etc.

The approach will help the local government to identify how

far the city still can be developed and when it has to be slowed

INSIGHT


Source: Bowo Leksono.

down or even stopped temporarily. All of

these will help to maintain the generation

of waste on the street & rivers, which are

the main cause of flood up to the rejection

of local community on the existence of

solid waste processing installation.

Furthermore, the local government

can also identify the need of investment.

How many investment has to be delivered

each year for the infrastructure of water

supply, waste water, solid waste, road,

commercial, industrial, and etc. The

investment of local government will be

more focus, efficient and the city manage-

ment can be directed and controlled as

expected by the local government.

The Combination of Environmental

Support Capacity & Environmental

Burden

The increase of environmental sup-

port capacity and the decrease of environ-

mental burden are likely to generate a

controlled and sustained urban manage-

ment. The implementation of this will

also increase the comfortability and secu-

rity of the society living within the city.

Furthermore, the city can provide more

space for more population.

Of course this is too idealistic to be

happened. City can be more tolerant in

receiving new urbanization without fear

of problems with feasible water supply,

unprocessed wastewater or pollution,

which affect the health of respiratory sys-

tem. City can be grown to become a

decent city.

When this limit is exceeded, the gov-

ernment has to slow down the ongoing

development to decrease the environ-

mental burden or to provide new techno-

logical input, which support the city’s

environmental support or to do both.

After the city reaches a new equilibrium,

the activity can continue to carry on. One

of many efforts to slow down the rate of

urbanization is by encouraging the role of

central government to provide “economic

pull factor” in other cities that they can

generate urbanization to other cities,

which, in turn, provide distribution of

population in other cities.

Within this approach, it can be seen

that the growth of city can be controlled

better. The local government will know

for sure when the development has to be

implemented with high acceleration,

slowed down or stopped temporarily. The

general picture of investment cost, which

needed by the government, can be pre-

dicted accurately with the efficiency and

efficacy of budget allocation as the conse-

quence. The issue of flood, limited access

of water supply, community’s rejection on

final waste disposal facility. Will no

longer happen, because all infrastructure

have been planned according to the

capacity & operated according to its

capacity.

The flood that threatens Jakarta is

expected to be handled properly in years

to come. Many times the nature factor is

difficult to be handled, such as rain inten-

sity. However, supportive infrastructure

factors, such as feasible drainage system,

proper solid waste facility, that makes

Jakarta’s rivers free from the solid waste

are important to minimize the potential

flood in the coming years.

Beside that, the aspect of social, econ-

omy, security, politic, and cultural of the

city can be designed accurately, so that

the government can control their own

city. Probably Jakarta will be the first city

in the world to implement this approach.

God Speed!

The writer is staff of sub directorate ofpolicy & strategy, directorate of program,

Department of Public Works. Currently regis-tered as doctorate candidate in the

Environmental Science & Engineering,National University of Singapore (NUS),

Singapore. [email protected]

INSIGHT



The emergence of various diseases such as muntaber,diarrhoea, malaria, TBC and even lepra cannot be sepa-rated from the condition of environment it self. Espe-

cially in Indonesia that has two seasons, dry and wet season, therisk is getting higher unless sanitation issue are handled serious-ly. In wet season, the unavailability of proper drainage has cau-sed many small ponds where mosquitoes breed. Mosquitoesexistence have made malaria disease to emerge resulting indeaths. More over, the problem of water supply which neverends. The flood, which has haunted Jakarta every year has deepimpact to the city's population. The flood has not only broughtmosquitoes embryos which are ready to hatch, but also createworse problem, starting from refuge and facility which do notensure the health.

The same happens in rainy season. For a city as big as Jakar-ta, without preparation it will suffer from difficulty of water, andthe increase of solid waste clogging the river.

Small ponds in the river and drainage are potential place forthe mosquitoes to breed. Sometimes in a very large number. Theproblem is mosquito will live anywhere and its brings bacteriaand virus, which cause contamination.

The environmental degradation caused by poor sanitation isworsened by the shortage of healthy septic tank.

Based on data of year 2000, there were 31% household with-out septic tank facility, 26% without access to sanitation facility,19% using public facility. Meanwhile only 23% own private sep-tic tank, and 1% with qualify average system. This is not to mentionthe shortage of basic sanitation needs in from water supply, wastewater handling drainage and solid waste processing in Indonesia, asstated by Director of settlement and housing, Basah Hernowo, (Kom-pas, Aug, 2007 ), there is no waste water facility, septic tank are beingpumped out to be dumped else where. In addition, most of the septictank are not qualified. The environmental condition of Jakarta as wellas other cities in Indonesia faces similar problem. Poor urban mana-gement, particularly sanitation, is influenced by the unavailability ofclear and sustainable concept from the government and the low awa-reness of clean and healthy living behaviour among the community.

Real Impact In Indonesia, environmental basis diseases are still the main

cause of deaths. This is reflected through a research in 1995 asdone by Slamet Riyadi M.S. who revealed the rank and contribu-tion of the diseases on the cause of deaths. Acute respiratoryinfection disease is on the second place and contribute 15,7% oftotal deaths. Diarrhoea, on the 3rd place, contribute 9,6% oftotal deaths. TBC, on 4th places, contribute 7,4% of total deaths.In total, environmental basis disease contribute 33% or onethird of total deaths of all ages category.

In under-five category, the cause of deaths pattern is evenhigher. The first rank is occupied by ISPA, which contribute to33% of deaths. The second rank occupied by diarrhoea, whichcontribute to 15,3% of deaths. Meanwhile, parasite infectionoccupies the third rank, by contribute 6,3% death. In total, envi-ronmental based diseases contribute up to 52,4% or more thanhalf of under five mortality.

The environmental based diseases still become the main pa-ttern of illness of Indonesia population. The result of research in1995 shows that the ISPA, skin, diarrhoea and TBC contributecumulatively up to 44% on the infant and under five category,environmental based diseases contribute to more than 80%

INSIGHT


Sanitation, Health andHandling

By Imam Muhtarom

Dirty rivers are often found in big cities.Source: Bowo Leksono.

from diseases suffer by infant and underfive in Indonesia.

PreventionHealthy environmental maintenance

can be initiated with conventional con-cept, starting from prevention, includingprimary preventative efforts, whichemphasizes on early prevention of dis-ease, aimed mainly to delay the multiply-ing and contamination and human con-tact with agent vector or risk factoriesrelated to disease (such as pathogens bac-teria, vector and pollutant). For example,the provision of sanitary toilets is veryeffective to break the contamination cycleand the multiplicity of diarrhoea bacteriaagainst the water or food source. Handwashing using clean water and soap alsoquite effective to break the bacterialinfection cycle. The same thing appliesfor the water chlorination; it reduces theregeneration of pathogen bacteria. Thesethree efforts can be the simple method toreduce the risk of the emergence of "peo-ple" disease.

Several studies by Esrey and friends(1985-1991), reports that water supplyintervention can reduce the incident ofdiarrhoea disease around 17-27%.Meanwhile, several studies by Esrey andDaniel (1990) on the impact of toilet pro-vision towards the reduction of diarrhoeaprevalence produces consistent result 22-24%. The same result is also shown fromthe study by Esrey and friends (1985-1991) on the intervention of hand wash-ing habit. It can reduce the the diarrhoeaprevalence up to 33%. If these threeefforts are being implemented simultane-ously, it is possible to prevent the diar-rhoea disease cause by microbe.

The government as the policy makershould take basic, responsive, progressiveand comprehensive intervention steps,which consist of promotive, preventive,curative, and rehabilitative effortsregarding the environmental health.However, the concept should not excludecommunity as its basis. For that, commu-nity participation needs to be encouragedbased on these principles:

1. Develop sense of belonging as thefoundation of community participa-tion;

2. Delegation of management andresponsibility of program to thecommunity

3. Based on community needs Environmental health, which is one of

the primary prevention efforts should beprioritized on cheap environmentalhealth activities, which give large scaleimpact; and become the internationalcommitment for the achievement of uni-versal access. Based on the above studiesand discussions, several environmentalhealth activities can be incorporatedwithin the environmental health programactivities, such as:

1. Breaking the contamination cycle ofenvironmental-based diseases:

a. The availability of cheap and easy to

understand information on environ-mental health for households/fa-mily/patient in every sanitation clin-ic/Puskesmas;

b. Outreach proactive activities House visits in term of sanitationinspection to the victim family.Sample obtainment of pollutedwater for laboratorial test. Provisionof chorine for the polluted water.

2. Community empowerment, so thatthey can be involved in the environ-mental health activities

a. Mini workshop at puskesmas or subdistrict office on environmentalhealth/sanitation weekend;

b. Workshop at the village level on theformulation of the communityaction plan.

*Geology expert, lives in Jakarta

INSIGHT


Diarrheal victim which mastly are children under five during diarrheal epidemicin Tangerang district. Source: Bowo Leksono.

In facing the challenges of the 21st

century, education must be able to

change its paradigm from the frag-

mented approach to ecological approach,

which puts education within an interre-

lated ecological context. The occurrence

of recent natural disasters, which caused

by irresponsible hands, thoughts and

minds, have made us realize that educa-

tion should be able to facilitate the bal-

ance between human lives in the world.

It is an obligation to motivate aware-

ness of students on the 21st century's way

of life, which consist of heterogenic com-

munity lifestyles and enormous problems

related to polluted environmental, con-

flict, wars and poverty. In approaching

holistically the various aspect of social,

environmental and economy the concept,

of education for sustainable development

is introduced. This concept transforms

the potential of students to be able to solve

the problems of life related to environmen-

tal, partnership, respect and global un-

derstanding issues, which rests on three pil-

lars, society, environment, and economy.

In line with it, the issue of millennium

development goals emerges. It aims to

tackle the problems faced by the develop-

ing countries, which are related to inade-

quate education, and poverty, illiteracy,

and environmental degradation. Edu-

cation turns out to be the "hope", which

gives a major contribution towards the

ecological awareness, as the solution of

the current humanity problems.

Kecil Menanam Dewasa memanen

(KMDM) and the Role Education

According to hyland (1994), the cur-

riculum needed for the 21st century is the

curriculum, which incorporates existing

value and adopted by its society, such as

transparency, futurist, democratic, and

provides life opportunity in every aspects.

Of course these conditions are already

incorporated into the official document of

curriculum, which was socialized in

2006. Education unit level curriculum, as

it called, have given the authority to the

school head master to manage the pro-

cess of learning according to their local

context, which aims at educating the stu-

dent to become a complete human.

The national education goals is to cre-

ate spiritually, academically, physically,

emotionally, socially and creative stu-

dents. "National education aims to devel-

op and shape the character and dignified

civilization towards intelligence nation;

responsible of the development of the

student's potential towards a faithfull,

kind, healthy, knowledgeable, smart, cre-

ative, independent person and becoming

responsible and democratic citizen" (Bill

of Education System No. 20/2003, chap-

ter II article 3).

PYHM is an education program

regarding virtues, which must be applied

through our education system. The role of

education, ideally, should be able to

address the various problems, which

INSIGHT


"PLAN WHEN YOUNG, HARVEST WHEN MATURE"AND THE ROLE OF TEACHER IN MOTIVATING

STUDENTS SINCE EARLY STAGE By Dewi Utama Faizah* *

Raberas National Elementary School, Sumbawa Besar located in a coarse area. Through the school‘citizens’ green fingers, this school has turned intogreen school. Source: Bowo Leksono.

exists among the society. Environmental

& conservation problems have become an

extraordinary problem in relation to the

need to apply the educational virtues.

We must seek solution from the com-

bination between system approach and

individual approach, which focuses on

how KMDM as a system focusing on envi-

ronmental and conservation education

can be integrated into all learning aspects

in school. Let's not treat KMDM as an

attachment program, which is often dis-

appear along the social phenomenon

rush.

Role of Teachers

Learning from Japan, where its edu-

cation system succeeds in motivating all

students from kindergarten and elemen-

tary level to behave friendly to the envi-

ronment; its success is closely related to

the local genius (wisdom), which they

adopt in their everyday life tradition since

the kindergarten level. Students have sunk

their feet into the paddy field near their

school. Their hands race to plant seeds

from their mother's kitchen. There are pad-

dy, various peanuts seeds, cassava, which

of they plant since early age. Their small

feets also run on the riverside to sow fishes.

"Mori wa umi no koibito" (the forest

is the sea's lover). That is the title of a

non-fiction novel, which is compulsory

for the elementary student. They are

being encouraged to think "meta cogni-

tively" to be able to capture the essence of

their own efforts they have done since

they were in kindergarten.

It means that how far a curriculum

able to contribute positive impact within

each student and beyond curriculum is

the goal of the education itself.

Bronfenbrenner says that the growth

of children is influenced by micro system

context (family, school, & friends),

mesosystem context (the relation of

school and family, school and friends,

friends and individual), ecosystem con-

text (parents' social background and gov-

ernment policy), and macro system

(influence of cultural, norm, religion and

social environment, where the child is

grown). It means that the KMDM activi-

ties should be done holistically.

KMDM Must be integrated into the

Learning Process

The integration term is used to

emphasize three important aspects in

learning process, which are to think, to

feel and to act; these is known as the three

pillars pf taxonomy bloom (cognitive,

affective, and psychomotor). To think

means what we are learning; to feel

means what we learn; and to act means

experience of acting and not only through

discussion about what has been learned.

To integrate the values of PYHM with-

in learning activity is a process where the

students with the nature, where the stu-

dents are forced to do real practices with

their environment. The concept of envi-

ronmentally based education had been

applied long before the independency of

Indonesia. The local context, which was

adopted by multi ethnic in Indonesia, had

given significant contribution in the edu-

cation development in the past.

The philosophy of "nature are meant

to be the teacher", which was adopted by

the community of Minangkabau, or the

irrigation system, Subak, in bali, or Bduy

tribe, who have survived their unique tra-

dition in conserving the nature, have

made us realize, that the local genius is

something worthy to be our lessons

learned.

KMDM is not a subject, rather, it is a

part of every subject. KMDM is a part that

fill the academic life and social life of

every student/child. KMDM can be

brought forward in concrete action, such

INSIGHT


Sumbawa Garden a la Raberas National Elementary School. Evergrew bt trees, dills and fish pond.Source: Dewi Utama Faizah.

as green school, which involves responsibil-

ity, respect, and cooperation. (iii) KMDM is

an education to act. KMDM can take place

in discussion forums and simulations.

However, we must remember our nation-

al education objective: "…to develop the

potential of our students in becoming

faithful, thoughtful, healthy, knowledge-

able, creative, independent being and to

be democratic & responsible citizen".

Positive school environment will

develop KMDM program. Again, the

needed teachers are teachers who are

aware of their roles as the good example

and leader to their students. It means that

the needed teachers are teachers who

concern about the environment; Willing

to encourage their students to do garden-

ing while studying math, language and

science; Ask their students to go to the

school garden to maintain and observe it

as a part of source of learning inspiration.

This is the model of teacher who can cre-

ate positive atmosphere and condition in

teaching.

KMDM must be supported by school

policies and concrete practices. School

administration posses significant influ-

ence in determining the school environ-

ment. If teachers as expected model can

encourage and create character of their

students, then the school policies will

strengthen the school community as

social miniature of socializing, if the

school succeed in developing school com-

munity with strong character, then it

would be the benchmarks, which can be

the indicator to evaluate the regional

progress.

Empowering teachers to Promote

KMDM

Teachers as the decision maker can

establish partnership with parents and

community in the neighbourhood. This is

a part of the autonomous and wise

teacher's function. Therefore, knowledge

and understanding of KMDM program

will be developed within the student

internally since early stage.

Meanwhile, the role of community is

an important partner in developing

KMDM in the future. Indonesia as a multi

ethnic nation needs a comprehensive

approach to be able to contribute to the

success of the KMDM program. To plant

the environmental values as the norm of

Indonesian culture is the basis of our

efforts.

Developing collective moral in educa-

tion world so that the children care about

the world they are living in is a struggle to

maintain the existence of nation civiliza-

tion. The success of school in creating

students is the social capital of nation in

developing its civilization.

The integrated KMDM is not a tricky

education, which can be tested on a piece

of paper. It needs a continuous process. It

needs a space to be implemented, a socie-

ty. For that, the role of community must

be involved in assisting the school to

develop its students' character. This is

what will develop the human resources

quality as the product of school and soci-

ety.

"Hi wa manako, koku wa kokero,

kaze wa iki, umi yama kakete, wajani

narikeri". The sun is our vision, the blue

sky is our heart, the wind is our breath of

life, the sea and the mountain are our

body. It is a magnificent inspiration about

the universe with highly spiritually values

in the essence of their education as

Japanese.

* staff of directirate of kindergarten and ele-

mentary school, department of national education,

Member of Pokja AMPL

INSIGHT


Green school inspires all the school citizens. Source: Dewi Utama Faizah.

One of the comprehensive book toexplain the Islamic perspectiveon the management of water

supply and environmental sanitation isWater Management is Islam, edited byNaser Faruqui, Asit Diswas and MuradBino published by the InternationalDevelopment Research (IDRC) and theUnited Nations University Press.

The book explains the Islamic per-spective towards several water manage-ment policies, such as tariff, water con-servation, wastewater utilization, com-munity-based water management and soforth. Even though later on it was realizedthat one of the weakness is the fact thatthe workshop only attended by intellec-

tual and stakeholders without involvingthe Ulama- based on the discussion'sresults and interpretation of participantsof water supply management in Islamiccountries, which held in Amman, Yor-dania, in December 1998.

This article tries to summarize impor-tant conclusion from the book with sever-al additional information from othersources. There are still controversies onseveral issue within the book; However,based on the spirit of "diversity is a bless-ing", we presents this article. May themoment of Islamic new years 1429Hijriah and the International Year ofSanitation make this article becomemeaningful.

Water as a Basic NeedIt is realized that in Islam, the relation

of human and water is very close. Humanresponsible of the welfare of other crea-tures and it is believed that water is themost precious resource that is needed byall living creatures. This is clearly statesin Al-Qur'an and Hadits.

Ma' as the translation of water inArabic language is mentioned for 63times and revealed for hundreds of timein the Hadits (a document that summa-rizes the spoken word and behaviour ofprophet Muhammad SAW). The relationbetween life and water is clearlyexplained in several verses, such as "Wemade from water every living thing"(Qur'an 21:30), and "And Allah has sentdown the water from the sky and there-with gave life to the earth after its death"(Qur'an 16:65).

Water is the main public good and thebasic right according to Islam, andprophet Muhammad SAW also en-courages conservation of water. Islam hasdetermined the priority of water alloca-tion for (i) the basic need of human; (ii)the "ternak"; and (iii) irrigation. Islamemphasizes the importance of full fillingthe human basic need of water. Islamiclaw clearly applies the consequences ofthose who destroy the water condition.

Social JusticeEvery Muslim believes that to guaran-

tee social justice or equality within thesociety is the main pillar in Islam. One ofthe famous Hadits is "None of you willhave faith till he wishes for his (Muslim)brother what he likes for himself" (Al-Bukhari). Trully, this is related to, among

INSIGHT


WATER SUPPLY ANDENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION

FROM ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE


other, the availability of water as a basicneed. A Muslim should not save up theexcess of water; rather, a Muslim shouldlet the community to use it as the fulfil-ment of basic need. Muhammad SAWemphasizes, that there are the kind ofpeople who will be avoided by Allah onthe resurrection day, that is "a man [who]possessed superfluous water on a wayand he withheld it from the travellers"(Al-Bukhari).

Water as a basic need has made everyperson has the right to obtain it accordingto each portion is emphasized in theHadits, which makes the water as theresources that belongs to everyone,whether rich or poor, "Muslims havecommon share in three things: grass(pasture), water and fire (fuel)" (AbuDawood). One of the example commonlydiscussed is when prophet MuhammadSAW advices to Usman (later on knownas the third Khafilah) to buy a well andpermits everyone to freely take the waterfrom it.

The Principle of Clean and HealthyLiving

The principle of clean and healthy li-ving behaviour also receives attentionfrom prophet Muhammad SAW. Hereminds us not to let food and waterserved without cover. Aisha, prophet'swife, said "I always prepare for theprophet at night three covered containerfilled with water. One for Wudhu, one forbrushing teeth, and one for drinking".Further, hand washing before and after ameal is always done by the prophet.

Management of Water NeedsThe management of water needs is

discussed in two approaches, non-eco-nomic aand economic approach. Non-economic approach covers issues of waterconservation and reuse of wastewater. Asfor the economic approach, it covers theissues of rights and water ownership, andalso cost recovery.

Water and Environmental Conser-vation

In daily life, I is compulsory for theMuslims to be in clean state, spirituallyand physically. Body cleansing is donethrough bathing and wudhu using water.This makes the purity and cleanliness ofwater as the main concern in Islam.Muslims are advised to not pollute thewater. Prophet Muhammad SAW statesthat "Let no one of you urinate in stag-nant water" (Ibn Majah).

The responsibility to safeguarding thepurity and the availability of water makesconservation a clear and determined con-cept in Islamic education. Not being overreacting is a concrete wisdom. This mustbe applied towards all aspects of life. Thebalance between the individual's needsand the community's should become col-lective concerns. It is clearly stated in Al-Qur'an that (i) the availability of water isnot changing, thus, it should be managedwell, "And we send down water from thesky in fixed measure" (Qur'an 23:18); and(ii) not to be wasted, "O Children of

Adam! . . . Eat and drink: But waste notby excess, for God loveth not the wasters"(Qur'an 7:31), "the squanders were evenbrothers of the devils, and the devil waseven ungrateful to his God" (Qur'an17:27).

Prhophet Muhammad SAW himselfalways emphasized not to waste water fornothing. Muslims are warned to usewater respectively, even when it is avail-able in large quantity. This already set asan example by prophet Muhammad byusing only 2/3 litre of water for wudhu,and 2 to 3.5 litre of water for bathing.

In general, it can be concluded that itis forbidden to urinate or defect straightinto the waters sources, pond/lake, orwater used for bathing. This restriction,beside considering the purity of water, isalso aimed to the prevention of diseases.The concept of restriction to urinate,defect into water sources, pond/lake andwater for bathing purposes can beextended into to all dirty water that pol-lute the environment and provide nega-

INSIGHT



tive impact on human health, includinganimal and plants. God has spoken in theQur'an "Do not corrupt the earth after ithas been set in order" (Qur'an 7:56).

Regarding the environmental conser-vation, there are several famous Hadits,"When the judgement day has come, andyou hand is still holding Korma seed, planit" (HR Ahmad). It shows that the aware-ness of environment is still going to beour concern, even though the end of theworld is near.

Reutilization of WastewaterIslam does not prohibit the use of

wastewater, as long as it has beenprocessed, so that it is safe to be used. Theimplication is the management of waterneeds, which indicate that, the govern-ment should focus on the management ofwater needs, rather than increasing sup-ply that is already difficult and expensive.Islam support this , as prophetMuhammad SAW had stated the impor-tance of using water wisely.

Rights and Ownership of WaterIn Islam, water is considered as a gift

from God. Consequently, no individualliterary owns water. Human is theguardian of water and other resources,which in overall owned by the communi-ty. However, almost all Muslims intellec-tuals argue that individual or groupreserve the rights to sell and to take backthe cost of management. This argument isbased on two Hadits. Firstly, "It is better .. . to go to the woods, [and] cut and selllumber to feed himself . . . than to begpeople for help" (Muslim), which meansthat public resources such as wood andwater can be sold and traded (Zouhali,1992). Secondly, other Hadits, whichexplains about Usman buying a well,shows that a well can be owned and trad-ed. Based on this souces, water is catego-rized, in Islam, as (Sabeg 1981, Zouhali,1992):

a. Private property (water in the pri-vate reservoir, processing facility,distribution system and reservoir).This type of water is obtained

through the development andinvested knowledge. The ownerreserves the rights to use and to sellit;

b. Limited private property (lake,spring water within the private landproperty). The owner reserves therights of this type of water, but alsohas responsibility. For example,when a man is in need of water,which risk his life, it is the responsi-bility of the owner of water to pro-vide water free of charge! (AlBukhari). Beside the responsibility,the owner can sell it.

c. Public property (water in rivers,lake, aquifer, sea, snow and rain). Inthis condition, water cannot be sold.

Cost RecoveryIslam permits the concept of cost

recovery. Water is not for sale, becausewater is a social good, which belongs tocommunity. However, the governmentand water supplier can have income tocover the management cost, distributionand wastewater processing.

Community-based Water Manage-ment

The concept of community participa-tion and building consensus of watermanagement have been known for solong within the concept of Islamic watermanagement. Al-Qur'an emphasizes thatany decision has to be based on the groupconsultation and consensus. Al Qur'andescribes a faithful person as "Here is aplain statement to men, a guidance andinstruction to those who fear Allah"(Qur'an 42:38). Water management is themain needs of society, that communityparticipation is a must.

Gender EqualityIt is widely acknowledge that women

have been identified as the primary userof water and the guardian of the environ-ment. Bringing water from the spring andwell have been done by women.

INSIGHT


Source: Exclusive.

Historically, the history of "naik Haji" isformulated in following the story ofHajat, wife of prophet Ibrahim. Thesearch of water between Safa and Marwahas made both places possess importantmeanings to Muslim people. Further,Zubaidah, wife of Al-Rashid, held animportant role in building the canal inMekkah in Abbasid period. The canalthen named as Ein Zubaidah.

In Muslim's family, the division oflabour has been practised. Men areresponsible for family's living, whilewomen are responsible to manage house-hold, to teach and taking care of it. As aresult, Muslim women play an importantrole in water conservation. They cantransfer knowledge, attitude and practicepf water coservation to the children.

Water Supply and EnvironmentalSanitation Development in IslamicCountries

Even though it is realized that waterand environmental sanitation manage-ment is related to religion, but so far, reli-

gion's influence has not been consideredin the implementation of water supplyand environmental sanitation develop-ment or even in communities daily life.

In Indonesia, there are many exam-ples of Islamic principles, which have notbeen implemented. As an illustration, ifwe remember, the jargon that frequentlyrelated to cleanliness is "Annazhoufatuminal'iman'" (cleanliness is a part offaith); however, in our daily life, we cansee that the fact is contradictory. It is dif-ficult for us to see the implementation ofthose words. The conditions of toilets arefar from what it should be; even the toi-lets in the Sukarno-Hattta internationalairport. Beside that, it has been consid-ered a general sight when waste is beingthrown from inside the car to the streetregardless the type of the car, from publictransport to luxurious car.

Nevertheless, still we can show goodexamples. Emil Salim in the foreword ofbook "Plant Before The Apocalypse:Islam, Ecology and EnvironmentalMovement" (2007), states that Kyai

Basid, the leader of pesantren of AnNoqayah in Guluk-Guluk, Sumenep,Madura, motivates his pupils to planttrees, so that the forest becomes green,which produce spring water that flow tothe pesantren as the water source forwudhu.

What about in other place? TheIslamic principle in water management isstarting to be integrated into the strategyof water needs in Islamic countries. InAfghanistan, for example, the WHOlaunched health education programthrough mosques. Imam of the mosquewas trained on the environmental healthpractices, water conservation, good orproper sanitation, and hygiene. In everyFriday prayer, the Imam of the Mosquewould introduce the water supply andenvironmental sanitation through jointprogram between ministry of waterresources and ministry of Islamic Affairs.

In Middle East, and North Africa,water manager receives back the cost thathas been spent to manage and distributethe water, including wastewater.Meanwhile, in Iran, private companiesare permitted to apply cost equals to totalaverage cost of water supply. However,the have to provide 25 litre of free waterper capita per day as the compensation ofbasic need fulfilment.

Issues Related to International Yearof Sanitation (IYS) Agenda

The IYS has been launched and one oftits target is to increase the awarenessand commitment of all stakeholdersthrough, among others, advocacy. It isrealized that religion material and cultureare one of the important material of advo-cacy. For that, it is necessary to initiate areview of the relation of religion andwater supply and environmental sanita-tion (WSES) by involving not only stake-holders but also theocrats. The result ofthe review can be the material for advoca-cy on the increase of the awarenesstowards the development of WSES in thefuture. OM

INSIGHT



The Ministerial Decree was passed as the implementation

of several articles requirement inherent in the

Government Decree No. 16/2005 on the development of

Water Supply System (WSS). Among those, are articles number

13, 30, 31, 34, 35, and 36.

In aiming to manage the technical requirement on fresh

water, production unit, distribution unit, management and ser-

vice unit, the Ministerial Decree was then passed.

The decree is meant for the central and local government,

implementers, and experts in planning, implementation and

management of water supply system to (i) provide a high quali-

ty of management and services of water supply with reasonable

price; (ii) to achieve equal purpose between consumer and sup-

plier of services; (iii) to achieve efficiency and improvement of

water supply coverage; and (iv) to encourage water saving move-

ment.

The scope of the implementation of WSS development co-

vers the WSS with piping system, which consist of WSS develop-

ment planning, construction, management, maintenance and

rehabilitation and monitoring and evaluation.

WSS development planning is formulated based on the WSS

policy and development strategy. The regulation also mentions

the WSS development planning, which consist of WSS develop-

ment master plan, feasibility study, technical planning and the

integration with sanitation infrastructure.

The WSS development master plan is a long term plan (15-

20 years), which is a part of initial stage of water supply piping

network planning, and not piping network based on the water

supply needs estimation in one period, which divided into sever-

al stages and accommodates the main component of the system,

including its dimensions. It is compulsory for the local govern-

ment to formulate WSS development policy and strategy, which

refers to national WSS development policy and strategy, and

other valid government regulations. The regional WSS develop-

ment policy and strategy consist of, among others, WSS develop-

ment strategic plans and program.

The management of WSS is implemented if the WSS infra-

structure is already built and ready to operate by establishing

WSS management body or committee. The committee can

involve community's role in managing WSS, usually in main-

taining, water source protection, monitoring of illegal connec-

tion, and socialization in the implementation of WSS.

Further, the implementation of WSS through pipeline network

aims to conduct, observe, and stop the units in order to operate

sustainably. In term of water source protection, it is meant to

guarantee the availability of water, and the fulfilment of house-

hold needs. To implement its responsibility, the government

needs to manage and control the WSS implementation.

The controlling of WSS, which is done by the government,

aims to establish a management and high quality of services to

achieve the equilibrium between consumers, producers of ser-

vices, and to achieve the target, whether it is efficiency and/or

water coverage services.

REGULATIONS


MINISTERIAL DECREE OF PUBLIC WORKSNO. 18/PRT/M2007 ON THE

IMPLEMENTATION OF WATER SUPPLYSYSTEM DEVELOPMENT


Institutional

The management of WSS is conduct-

ed by BUMN (National Enterprise),

BUMD (Regional Enterprise), Koperasi,

private sector and community, who are

specialized in water supply sector. Beside,

the government and/or the local govern-

ment can establish general service com-

mittee, and the regional technical imple-

mentation unit, based on the valid regula-

tion. Koperasi, private sector, and/or the

community can implement WSS for ful-

filling their own need if the region is not

covered by the service of BUMD/BUMN,

base on the permission from the central

government or the local government,

where the Koperasi/private sector is

established specially for the WSS provi-

sion.

However, in reminding that the

responsibility of the government in the

implementation of WSS, the government

must conduct technical assistant on

Koperasi, and private sector, and com-

munity, whether in term of benchmark-

ing, guideline, and modules to supervi-

sion and consultation and education and

training, which accompanied by monitor-

ing in the implementation of WSS. This

can be applied to BUMN, BUMD, and the

local government.

Regarding the monitoring of imple-

mentation of WSS development perform-

ance, it is conducted directly and indi-

rectly in order to obtain data and infor-

mation, condition and performance,

whether through physical system and

non-physical system within certain peri-

od.

The government (in this case is

Directorate General of Public Works)

conducts monitoring of the implementa-

tion of WSS, which is implemented by

BUMN and othe national executing agen-

cies, and cross provincial WSS. The same

applies for the provincial and district

level. For the management purpose in the

regional level, local regulation needs to be

formulated based on the principles as

stated in the ministerial decree.

As for the evaluation, Directorate

General of Public Works have implement-

ed evaluation on the performance of

national and provincial WSS develop-

ment implementation. The evaluation

system applies for the mechanism in

provincial level towards the districts/re-

gional government.

Regional Management

As the guideline of the regional infra-

structure provision implementation,

regional regulation needs to be formula-

ted based on the principles of ministerial

decree. However, if the regional is yet to

have a regional regulation, momentarily,

the implementation of water supply infra-

structure provision in the region is based

on the principles of the ministerial

decree.

On the subscription of the ministerial

decree, all implementation regulations

related to the WSS development imple-

mentation will be considered as valid, as

long as it does not against the ministerial

Decree. KR Dewi

REGULATIONS


The government(in this case is DirectorateGeneral of Public Works)

conducts monitoring of theimplementation of WSS, whichis implemented by BUMN and

other nationalexecuting agencies, and cross

provincial WSS. The sameapplies for the provincial and

district level.

Source: Exclusive.

A ccording to you as the pub-lic figure who concerns

about the environment, how isthe condition of sanitation, ingeneral, in Indonesia?

In Jakarta, as the capital ofIndonesia, Sanitation, which shouldnot have become a problem, stillturned out to be a problem, becauseof many stakeholders underestimatethis community's basic needs. Theyare only concerns about other needs,which they consider more important.They think that it is better to fulfilthe food needs compare to dealingwith sanitation; while they cannotbreakaway from this basic needs,which is really important.

Unfortunately, many real estatesdo not prioritize sanitation issuesduring the initial development.Ideally, when the developer starts tobuild the houses, it has to includeproper sanitation system. In myopinion, this issue is still sporadic.

Unfortunately, Jakarta has signifi-cant sanitation problems due tourbanization.

Actually, what factors causethe poor condition of sanitationin Indonesia?

The first thing is the M (money-red) factor. According to the commu-nity, there are still many necessities,which are easier to be handled com-pare to sanitation. Second, theawareness of sanitation as basicneeds is still not understood by ever-tone; many people still use the dirtyriver for their daily activity purposesand feel everything is just fine. Third,the access to sanitation provided bythe government is not sufficient. Onthe contrary, access to sanitation isthe rights of every citizen.

Who should be held responsi-ble?

I do not want to pin point on who

INTERVIEW

Nugie:

SPEAKINGABOUT SANITATION


The existence of Nugie as a singer with environmental themes is wellacknowledged. The younger brother of Katon Bagaskara does his profession,

while campaigning, as his commitment on the environmental condition.Recently, the husband of Shinta Dewi, has launched his single titled "Dunia

Berbagilah", which sung jointly with several Indonesian top singers andnominated as the theme song of the Climate Change Conference UNFCC,

in December 2007, Bali. It is not surprising if this singer, also well known withhis unique glasses as a trademark, is chosen to be the Ambassador of

Environment. At his place, in Bintaro sector 4, South Jakarta, the singer, whosereal name is Agustinus Gusti Nugroho, talked about sanitation with Percik's

reporter. Here is the interview.


is responsible for sanitation issues;whether it is the government nor thecommunity. However, all stakeholdersshould be synergized, where the commu-nity also put some actions and try to gettheir rights, and the government is alsodoing its duties and responsibilities for itscitizen. Both have to fulfil each other astheir responsibility.

Who suffer the most in thiscase?

All of us, the people. Because we livein this country. We should enjoy basicfacilities as our rights, as we have paidour tax. What I fear the most is that itmight turn into the "usual" problem.

According to you, is the govern-ment aware with these sanitationproblems?

Actually, the construction of sanita-tion facilities and program implementa-tion related to sanitation show that thereis awareness from the government side.However, I do not know where to begin toaddress this problem. Public service,however, must be prioritized.

What are you going to do withthis condition?

I will be happy to look for the coreproblem from the grass root level, fromthe community, especially ourselves, bytreating the environment wiser. So, Ithink I will start from myself, for thenshare it with other people. Several com-panies through their environmental pro-grams, which I appreciate, have donemany efforts. Aside from whether it is apart of their business strategy. For mewhy not? If it is possible to be done. Thepoint is action is better than doing noth-ing, as long as it is suites our capability.

Within your family level, fromwhere it should start?

Well, I will start by starting to makebiopori holes, especially in parts of waterpipe and I have done this since 2005.Beside, it is meant to address the overavailability as well as scarcity of watersupply, also as the handling efforts inhousehold level, especially in the big

cities, such as Jakarta. I also try to social-ize this biopori system in every change Iget.

Does it matter what you aredoing?

I believe it will matter. May be notnow, but in several years, not to mentionthe fact that we are facing global climatechange right now.

The fulfilment of access to basic sani-tation is inclusive in MDGs. According toyou, can this target be achieved by 2015?

I am optimistic. Along the time, peo-ple will be aware of their basic needs.Many stakeholders, including communityin remote places, are starting to voicetheir concern on how to conserve theenvironment. Here, a movement isemerging, and I see it as a positive effortscaused by necessity.

Is your campaign through musicconsidered to be effective?

Since I launched my first album in1994 with environmental theme, the con-dition now is far more conducive to dis-cuss about environment compare to 10years ago. So there is a chance in the soci-ety, and this is an indicator for the socie-ty to save its environment.

What is your interesting experi-ence related to sanitation issues inIndonesia?

Our community in remote areas relytheir lives to the river, and the river is uti-lized for bathing, washing and defecatingpurposes. This is clearly influences thequality of the river itself. From what Ihave seen and visited or just passed by,the community rely their lives heavily onthe river existence. It seems they are relaxand never think that the river needs to bemaintained as clean as possible. Eventhough many socializations and warningshave been delivered to the community,the rivers are still threatened by lowawareness of the community on sanita-tion.

Is there any of your song discussabout the river?

Yes, there is. The title is "Father'sStory". I have heard many stories aboutthe river in Indonesia from my father whowas an army. He used to go on duty tovarious places in Indonesia. To my sur-prise, I cannot find those beautiful naturelike my father used to tell me. That'swhere the inspiration came from. BowoLeksono

INTERVIEW


Source: Exclusive

This time, even though it is yet to be

perfect, not only Surabaya's citizen can

enjoy the comfortability and beautiful-

ness of Surabaya city, but also those from

outside Surabaya. Almost in every road in

the central and in the side part is turned

into city's park, which is nice to look at

and the small numb of solid waste to be

founds in the street. The rivers, which go

through the city is being cleaned and well

managed

The success of Surabaya City in man-

aging its environment could not happen

within the hard work of Tri Risma, who is

the chief of Dinas Kebersihan dan

Pertamanan. Of course the staff's support

and awareness of community also plays

an important role. Nowadays, no more

complaint from the city's officer, who are

not always agree with Rismaharini lead-

ership.

The key is to treat the citizen humane-

ly. "It's the approach we use towards the

citizens with various characteristics" Said

Risma, her nickname, in her Surabaya

accent.

To Risma, creating clean and green

city is a matter of culture. "Indeed, it's not

easy, not to mention that Surabaya is

inhabited by multi culture citizen. Most

Importantly, is not to push too hard" said

the mother of two children, who has been

the chief of Dinas Kebersihan since 25th

November 2005.

Turning Down The Offer

Previously, the agency of Kebersihan

dan Pertamanan are two separated agen-

cies. The first person that was offered by

the mayor to lead the combined agency.

However, she did not accepted the offer

instantly.

"I turned down the offer. For four

months I was being after to accept the

position, which was very difficult for me"

said the chief whom previously was the

chief of research and development.

As the offer kept on being pushed,

Risma finally took it with 3 conditions.

Firstly, as long as she's in charge, no

political agenda will interfere. Secondly,

she is allowed to bring one competent

staff from the previous position. Thirdly,

all her policies shall be granted.

The first time, she act as the chief,

Risma worked based on the existing local

regulation. "Any position in this country

already has a foundation, which, unfortu-

nately, often being forgotten or even

ignored by the policy implementer" said

the women who was born in Kediri, on

the 20th of November 1961.

Moral Movement and Partnership

with Private Sector

The implementation of Risma's work-

ing pattern by doing concrete action as

the role model has been adopted by all

the staff of the agency she leads. This

mother of two, does not hesitate to clean

the solid waste on the street.

"As predicted, in the beginning period

of being the chief of the agency, tremen-

dous sacrifice and dedication was needed.

Everyday I would travel as far as 80-90

km to control the city's cleanliness. If

OUR GUEST


CREATING CLEAN ANDGREEN SURABAYA


needed, I myself, would push the cart"

said Risma. In short period of time, the

community empowerment to understand

the importance of healthy and clean envi-

ronment has become a moral movement.

Many villages compete to support the

city's cleanliness. Thousand of cleaning

cadres and health were born.

Risma does not only work with the

community. She establishes partnership

with the private sector to manage the

city's cleanliness and garden. Around

30% of the agency's tasks were out-

sourced to the private sector through

legal bidding. "I think that it is impossible

to keep on using & relying on the APBD

budget" said Risma. This is one of the

policies that should not be contradicted

by her boss.

The result? It started to show after

Risma took the office. Until now,

Surabaya's solid waste, which was around

50.000 m3, now down to 15.000m3

because the community through com-

posting has handled most of the solid

waste. In many corner of the city, parks

are being established, public lights being

placed, and public spaces are being revi-

talized.

Risma consistently applies the rules

by reporting any citizen found littering.

Everyday cleanliness operation is being

held, and those who do not abide are

fined. They have to do social/public serv-

ices by cleaning the street for seven days.

"I, once, reported an entrepreneur who

cut down a tree in front oh his house

without permission to the local police"

she remembered.

Computerized System

Risma is considered as a controversial

civil servant. When she was the chief of

building control, she applied electronic

procurement service (e-proc). The inter-

net-based system is meant to simplify as

well as to ensure a transparent bidding

process of procurement and government

services.

For the other civil servant who felt

that their "corruption fields" were being

closed down, Rismas's efforts were per-

ceived as threats. It kept on happening

until Risma was mutated to other posi-

tion as the chief of Research and

Development. Just in time when the vice

president Jusuf Kalla was visiting to see

her innovative efforts.

A technological transparent system is

now also being applied within her work-

ing jurisdiction. Everyday she controls

the agency's activities, particularly in

Final waste Disposal in Benowo, through

television monitors in her office.

By using computerized system, she

said, the lazy staffs will be identified right

away and sanctioned or even fired from

their current job. "Many people are afraid

of applying technology because they think

it is expensive, where it is actually not.

They can not see the efficacy value" she

said while explaining that the cost of the

technology she uses is only cost her

agency Rp. 50 millions.

Risma dare to guarantee that

Surabaya is the cleanest compare to other

cities. "We are sure because it is evident

that the volume of solid waste in

Surabaya is already decreasing because of

the citizen's awareness and the applied

OUR GUEST


In short period of time,the community

empowerment to under-stand the importance of

healthy and cleanenvironment hasbecome a moral

movement.


Socialization of MDGs achievement

in 2015 in the local government

level in Indonesia is, unfortunate-

ly, still poor. Many of the local govern-

ments still do not understand it and far

from the targets.

However, Municipal government of

Blitar has worked its way forward by

passing Biltar Declaration. This declara-

tion is a commitment of local government

and the community, which is targeted to

eradicate poverty. One of the declaration

missions is the fulfilment of access to

basic sanitation.

"Blitar's policy on basic sanitation is a

commitment based on MDGs" Said Vice

mayor, Ir. Endro Hermono, MBS, when

met by Percik in his office, several dates

back.

This declaration, said Endro, also acts

as a warning for the central and local gov-

ernment. "Before we formulated the poli-

cy, we already applied community based

development" said he.

Blitar's development program, which

involves community participation in

basic sanitation needs, covers solid waste

management and community based sani-

tation.

IPESATU (Instalasi Pengolahan

Sampah Terpadu/Integrated Solid

Waste Management Installation)

The limitation of solid waste final dis-

posal (TPA/Tempat Pembuangan Akhir)

to accommodate Biltar city's solid waste

had motivated the municipal to take an

important decision. In 2004, the Blitar

government tried to change its paradigm

on solid waste management from collect-

transport-dispose to collect-transport-

manage.

Further, the meaning of solid waste

final disposal has changed to solid waste

final processing through IPESATU

(Integrated Solid Waste Management

Installation). One problem of land limita-

tion is overcome. The concept used in the

solid waste final processing is now trying

to reduce the volume of solid waste pro-

duced. IPESATU tries to apply the 3R

principles (reduce, reuse, recycle) in its

system. This is why IPESATU applies

composting and pembakaran in process-

ing its solid waste.

Sapto triyono from environmental

agency of Blitar City explained that the

average of solid waste volume processed

by IPESATU per day reaches 307 m3.

"Transported solid waste now has

reached to 67%", he said.

These solid waste, he continues, have

been processed earlier in the sortie stage.

"Sorting is done manually and mechani-

cally. After unloaded from the truck, solid

waste are sorted based on its level of

flammability" said he.

For flammable solid waste, it will be

supplied to the combustion chamber. The

solid waste is manually placed on the con-

veyor belt which will take them straight to

the combustion chamber.

The rest of the solid waste, which are

REPORTAGE


Blitar CityZERO WASTE

MANAGEMENT

Solid Waste Final Disposal Site’s gate of Blitar. Source: Bowo Leksono

not flammable, is then manually inserted

into the rotary screener (a rotary tank

with walls of steel web). Solid waste in

form of leaves and small branches or

other organics will dissolve and came

down because of the rotary screener.

These parts of solid waste then are placed

on the conveyor belt to the composting

bin.

The residues of the solid waste from

the rotary screener are rough solid waste

but still contain organic material aside

from non-organic solid waste such as

plastic. The residue then comes out

through the conveyor belt. Which is

directed to the mesin pencacah.

The machine will cut the rough organ-

ic material into small pieces to speed up

the composting process in the next stage.

The waste from the machine will be

directly brought to the composting bin

through conveyor belt.

On the way to the pencacah machine,

manual sorting is done. In this stage,

plastic waste and other non-organic

waste are being excluded from the con-

veyor belt.

Sapto explained that until now, these

sorted waste (plastic and non-organic

waste) have not been processed.

However, through other complementary

IPESATU facility, Blitar government is

planning to process them.

"With the additional facilities,

IPESATU will process plastic waste into

plastic pellets. "This way, the burden of

non-process able waste can be reduced",

said Sapto.

The burden of the government will be

lighter if the community also help to han-

dle their waste in household scale. In

Blitar city, there are already 60 house-

holds participate in simple composting

activities. Before the composting, the

community sort their waste between

inorganic and non-organic. Those of

organic waste are the main element of

composting, which further will be made

into pupuk tanaman.

The Blitar government has entrusted

the investment of material and manage-

ment of IPESATU to the private sector

namely, CV. Abadi Jaya with contract

period valid for 20 years. However, Blitar

government will monitors its administra-

tive and operational activities.

"The transportation of solid waste

from the Temporary Waste disposal facil-

ity (TPS) to IPESATU is still managed by

the Blitar's government through the

Blitar's Environmental agency. As for the

source of waste, the government empow-

ers the community to transport the waste

from house-to-house up to the temporary

waste disposal facility.

The RT and RW manage the trans-

portation means, such as waste cart and

the human resources. The community

determine the retribution, which then

used for paying the fee of the trans-

porters. The Environmental agency oper-

ates two trucks and two uprolls unit

everyday. Everyday, the trucks will oper-

ate twice, and the uproll cars will operate

up to 7 or 8 rotations.

The processing at IPESATU is still in

the initial stage; therefore, there are

many weaknesses at the final waste dis-

posal facility. IPESATU seems to be min-

imalist, where the processing relies heav-

ily on the operation of IPESATU. The pro-

cessing itself is still not in order and

clean.

Beside that, the sorting process of

solid waste still does not meet the

requirements. Plastic waste are still seen

being transported to the combustion

chamber, whereas plastic waste should

not be burnt. It does not burn completely.

Nevertheless, Blitar city is con-

sciously taking one-step forward com-

pare to other region or city to solve the

problems, together with the communi-

ty. Zero waste processing. Bowo

Leksono dan Afif Nu'man

REPORTAGE


Solid Waste Final Disposal Site’s gate of Blitar. Source: Bowo Leksono

One day, Hillary Clinton came to Indonesia. She visitedan elementary school in a glorious welcoming event ofcourse. What was the first place she visited in the

school?After the welcoming ceremony, she did not take a seat. She

walked to the school toilets. It was dirty and poorly maintained,as suffered by other public toilets.

Was the act of the first lady of USA considered as strange,that made many of Indonesian officials embarrassed to haveabandoned public toilets? It concerns comfortability, which is animportant part of human daily lives.

Public Toilets' Fate in Indonesia It has become a culture in Indonesia, that a toilet is posi-

tioned in the rear part of a house and considered as unimpor-tant. Even to discuss it is considered taboo. Does it means thatpeople do not seem to care with one of their basic need?

Beside at school, poor condition of public toilets can befound at the market, terminals, and entertainment centres, orother public places. Even, many of toilets at the religious placesare in poor condition. These conditions are not just caused bythe manager, but also because of the users who do not aware ofthose toilets are collective assets and it is important to maintainthem.

What are the ideal standard public toilets? IndonesianToilets Association (ITA), one of the institutions who concernsabout the condition of public toilets, provide a definition thatpublic toilet is a space, designed specially with a closet, water binand other clean, hygienic and safe features, where the public canuse to defecate and to fulfil their physical, social and other psy-chological needs.

"The comfortability of toilet depends on the design, opera-tional management and the users", explained the secretaryGeneral of ITA, Ir. Enny Herawati to Percik. In this modern age,she continues, comfortability and hygiene demand are highlyprioritized, that toilet holds an important role in the humanhealth.

Dirty public toilets not only make people reluctant to use it,but also become the breeding ground for various source of dis-eases. "The more comfortable, the more people will use it; thus,the better the health degree of the society", said Enny.

Public Toilet standard As one of basic needs, building toilets needs to pay attention

to the interior and exterior engineering design, so that the users

will experience comfort and nice environment.According to Enny, there are several aspects that need to be

paid attention in building public toilets. "In general, manythings are covered in it, such as, culture, society's behaviour,environmental conditions, health, social and technology" shesaid.

ITA designs standard public toilet with minimum spacerequirements up to 90 cm x 150 cm, so that two people can beinside at the same time. The minimum range for the closet to thedoor is 80 cm. The minimum free space for the wastafel is 80cm. The urinoir should be set at the 43,80 cm height from thefloor for adults.

For children, it is recommended to install floor urinoirdesign. One urinoir needs free space up to 80 cm wide. The wideof the separating wall is 45 cm , with 105 cm height.

It is important to notice the needs of the disabled people. Forchildren, the height of the closet's seat is 25 cm and for adults is45 cm. Also not to forget, the door should be designed to openoutward and the lighting should be optimal, 100-200 lumen.

High quality and hygienic public toilets causes better qualityof life, that it will improve the nation's dignity in the world's per-spective. BW

INSPIRATION


CREATING A COMFORTABLEPUBLIC TOILETS


Do not ever confuse with youroffice's everyday paper waste.Moreover, when you feel it is

such a waste to throw away those kilo-grams of paper. There is a place that willaccept those used papers to be recycledinto valuable things. Recycle workshop ishow it called, where used papers are recy-cled into things that can bereused again. It is located atMampang Prapatan XI No. 3A,RT 007/RW01, Tegal Parang vil-lage, Mampang Prapatan sub dis-trict, South Jakarta.

"I talked about recycling since1983, but most of the people didnot understand nor care" saidNursalam, the owner of the work-shop to Percik. That time, Salam,Nursalam's nickname, was activein the local NGO, WahanaLingkungan Hidup (WALHI).

The Beginning of Recycling Salam got information and

basic knowledge of waste recycling whenhe was a member of International WasteManagement bulletin, which was pub-lished monthly and based in Bangladesh.

For one year, Salam kept on trying torecycle paper. The trials were severaltimes stopped. The motivation to recyclecame back when he saw a paper madefrom recycle paper, which was imported,by a shop.

"Now, the quality of recycled paperthat I make can be compared to thosefrom other countries", said father withtwo children while comparing his productwith imported product.Opening a Recycle Workshop

Starting from 1996, Salam opened a

small workshop next to his house. Thebuilding, where the brick of the wall ispurposively shown, is used as the show-room. Meanwhile, the yard is used as theworkshop.

One year later, in 1997, Salam did notactive again in WALHI, and became moreconcentrated with his workshop. "This

workshop has become our family life"said this 44 years old man. In one month,the omset of Salam's workshop can reach3 to 4 million rupiah only by employing 5workers.

Salam;s workshop does not only usedas profit seeking, but also as a trainingcenter and discussion for anyone whowants to learn about composting andrecycling, especially those from his neigh-bourhood. Two of environmentalactivists, Mrs. Bambang and Mrs. Endingfrom SMAN 34, came to Salam's work-shop to learn about recycling. "In thisworkshop, I try to do business to improvethe community advocacy in reusing

waste", Said Salam who is also the RT'ssecretary.

Various boxes for offices supplies, tis-sue holder, note book, photo frame andseveral other are being produced bySalam's recycle workshop. For marketingmatters, beside book shops in Jakartaand its surrounding, Salam's product has

gone as far as beyond Java island,such as Sumatera, Borneo, andSulawesi.

Keep on Going Not many people or institutions

keep on going in recycling usedpaper. Not to mention to survive. "Ihave a mission to keep the environ-ment clean by processing environ-mental friendly goods" said Salamwho needs around 100 kg of usedpapers in a week.

According to Salam, all kind ofpaper can be used as the materialfor recycle, except chemical warp-ing paper, because of the danger of

contamination. "The process of recyclethat we do here is by bare hands and freeof chemicals, that is why environmentalfriendly goods are needed" said he.

Salam explained that the constraint,which is being faced, is the problem ofdesign. "No one is expert in makingdesign product, and the customers usual-ly bring their own design", said the manswhose origin is Betawi.

For more than 10 years, Salam'sworkshop has never received any fund ordonation, except used papers from officesin Jakarta. Usually the compensation isby receiving the recycle paper. When isyour office going to send its used papersto Salam's workshop? BW

REFLECTION

Nursalam's Recycle Workshop:

Keep on Goingin the Middle of Jakarta



There are several main factors that influence the processof mass community-based sanitation program, such asnTotal Sanitation Campaign (TSC). Production center or

sanitation mart is one of the many factors to support the imple-mentation of community based sanitation program. At produc-tion centre or sanitary mart, we usually produce and sell parts oftoilets, such as closet, low cost toilets floor, or sanitary tools suchas soap, toothbrush and so forth.

In Taekas village, sub district of East Miomaffo, district ofTimor Tengah Utara (TTU), the established sanitation produc-tion centre is planned to support the TSC activities which wasimplemented by the community and PLAN Indonesia, unit pro-gram Kefamenanu, and also to support TSC in several other vil-lages. In this sanitary production centre, two parts are produced,ring pit (function as faeces disposal) and pit cover (function asthe floor as well as the lid of ring pit).

In the Implementation stage, the production process of ringpit and pit cover did not face any meaningful constraint. If therewere, it would be only regarding material mix or raw materialsuch as cement, gravel and sand, but in overall, it did not influ-ence the production process. The problem rose regarding thedistribution of the product from the production site to the userat the household level, whether it is for neither the Taekas villageitself nor the surrounding villages.

The over weight of the product has become the main prob-lem of distribution process where it can no longer can be liftedand transported by one or two men; and transportation by usingcart to deliver various things to the community is also not effec-tive any longer. The contour of the area, which is hilly and notsupported by adequate infrastructure, has made it even moredifficult. Transportation by motorcycle or car can be used; how-ever, it will be a high cost for household level.

These problems, in turn, have caused over supply of ring pitand pit cover in the production centre. In brief, it is aboutsmooth process of production that is not supported by good dis-tribution process. This is shown in the figure below.

In facing this kind of problem, the community started tochange their implementation strategy to reduce the develop-ment of similar problems. The production process of ring pit and

pit cover is moved and conducted in a decentralized way andmobile at the household level.

Actually, this strategy also faces several challenges in the dis-tribution process, especially in the raw material distribution or

AROUND PLAN

SanitationProduction Centerin Taekas Village


Figure 1Problematic Production Centre Process in Taekas Village

ProductionCentre

Internal dis-tributor / user

Distributionwithin the

village

Distributionbetweenvillages

Utilization ofproduct in thehousehold level

Product

Source: Plan team

material such as cement, sand, and grav-el to the toilet construction location.However, the community of Taekas vil-lage can accept the challenges, becausethe materials are easy to get by only oneor two people; even though it should bedone several times. This, in turn, causethe concept production centre can not beachieved, especially as the main factor tosupport TSC.

Lessons Learned Learning from experiences of produc-

tion centre, PLAN tried to identified thelocal resources, human and material,which enable the acceptance of communi-ty to the existence of production centre asthe basis for the future sanitary mart.

This, then, cause strategy adjustmentin the implementation of production cen-tre. Production centre is aimed to pro-duce parts of toilets that are not heavy,which can be carried by one or two peo-ple, so that no more constraints in distri-bution process. Based on this principle,the closet to be produced is then chosen.

There is one person of the villagenamed Michael Koto, who owns ability to

produce cemented closet and owns closetmoulding. In year 2000, he was trainedby the local government to produce thiskind of closet. However, after the trainingprocess, he did not apply it.

Then, he tried to produced once ortwice as a side job and to make use free

time he had whenever there weredemands; that time his main job was asconstruction worker.

During that time, he could only pro-duce his cheap toilets up to 1-20 units permonth.

In the beginning of 2006, PLANhelped Michael to improve the qualityand quantity of his production and at thesame time linked it to the market. Villagecommunities of PLAN's assistance thatwere going to implement the TSC pro-gram was then linked to Michael's pro-duction centre to buy its product. Besidethat, Michael also promotes his produc-tion centre through informal occasion,such as discussion and so on.

The demand of his cheap closet wasgradually increasing up to 50-100 unitsper month. This motivated PLAN to helpMichael to look for another mouldings tohelp him increase the production capaci-ty. Michael was also starting to employpart time youths in his village who werepreviously unemployed.

On the occasion of Boy scout Jambore2007, which was held in Kefamenanu, TTUDistrict, 150 unit of his product wereordered to be used in the location. NowMichael is planning to develop his produc-tion centre to other community's producesanitary needs, such as cheap soap.

AROUND PLAN


Figure 2Improved Production Centre Process in Taekas Village

ProductionCentre

Internal dis-tributor / user

userDistribution of product

to shops/supplier

Distributionwithin the

village

Distributionbetweenvillages

Utilization ofproduct in thehousehold level

Product

Source: Plan team

In reviewing the Sanitation Market, which is the pillar ofrealistic National Strategy of City Sanitation formulation,accurate data has become the key issue. The availability of

sanitation service in six cities is still at low level; meanwhile, theneed of service is high, but the demand is low. The CitySanitation Strategy has to be able to increase the demand as wellas high quality provision of services.

The scope of sanitation development can be analogized as amarket, where interaction happens between buyer and seller.Buyers, in sanitation market are households and institutionsthat need sanitation services, while sellers or suppliers are thefacility providers, households, communities, private sector andfinancial institutions.

Within sanitation market, providers must be able to provide

integrated and high quality services to fulfil the demand.Sanitation market review is needed to produce focuced sanita-tion policy and a realistic city sanitation strategy.

Sanitation market analysis in six cities (Surakarta, Blitar,Banjarmasin, Denpasar, Payakumbuh, Jambi) can provide ini-tial picture of the sanitation demand and supply condition inmany cities in Indonesia. Caroline van der Sluys and ISSDPteam, based on the information from the white book of CitySanitation and EHRA (Environment Health Risk Assessment)survey, has done this analysis. Full report can be accessedthrough ISSDP website (issdp.ampl.or.id).

Low availability of Facility- WastewaterIn general, most of the households in the six cities have

access to toilets; however, only few (average of 37%) of these toi-lets are connected to proper wastewater disposal facility. This isrelated to the availability of public facility of wastewater man-agement.

Of all six cities, waste water installation only available inSurakarta and Banjarmasin. The service coverage is limited to10,6% of the total population of Surakarta and 1% of the totalpopulation of Banjarmasin. Private sector and community's par-ticipation in wastewater management is also very low. SanimasProgram, a community's based wastewater management pro-gram, which are often found among the community in Blitar,

AROUND ISSDP


Sanitation Market Review:

BALANCING SUPPLYAND DEMAND

Source: ISSDP team

covers only very small percentage (1%) ofthe total population of Biltar city. Eventhough most of all households haveaccess to toilets, not all have access toseptic tank (Figure 1). Denpasar has thehighest existing network of septic tank(45.3%), while Banjarmasin has the low-est (15.8%). Most of others only use sim-ple ground hole. Many of the respondentsdo not aware the difference between sep-tic tank and the simple ground hole. Toclean the septic tank, most of the house-holds use the service of private company,and there are several households cleanthe septic tank by themselves of by hiringlocal worker.

- Solid WasteEven though the problem of solid

waste is clearer (physically and virtuallyseen); however, not many householdsreceives solid waste transportation serv-ices, not to mention the poor quality ofthe services which are being poorly man-aged, and the dislocation. Most themmanage their own solid waste with differ-ent level of efficiency. Mostly interestingof solid waste is the involvement of manyprivate companies, starting from thepemulung (garbage picker) to the wasterecycler. There are many individuals andsmall companies that try to reuse thesolid waste and make it as economicresources.

High need, Low Demand- Waste WaterHighest need of sanitation facility can

be seen in the wastewater componentcompare to the solid waste and drainage.Shown in figure 2. Most of the wastewateris channelled to open space (average of61%, the highest is 83%). However, inreality, the demand for this sanitationfacility is very low. This is caused by thelow awareness and perception of thecommunity towards the healthy sanita-tion facility.

They argue that owning flush toilets isenough. They do not care with where itgoes or flows, and they are not interestedto add more investment for sanitation, letalone asked to pay for the connection to

the underground wastewater piping sys-tem. The challenge is to create demandfor high quality access to wastewaterfacility (WSP 2007).

- Solid WasteOn solid waste, the demand for it is

very high, especially in areas that are notproperly taken care of by the governmentand the private sector. However, whetherthe demands for recycle, waste reduce,and reuses are high or not cannot beknown, but mostly controlled by the sup-ply. The demand can be stimulated as faras there is a warranty to increase theincome.

Clean and Healthy Living Beha-

viourEHRA survey results shows that the

community's habit of hand washing withsoap is still at low level, the same as in thehouseholds with children under five. Aswidely known, there are five importantsituations in washing hands, which arebefore meal, before and after feedingbaby, before preparing meal, after defeca-tion and after cleaning baby's faeces.

In fact, many people wash their handsin inappropriate time. In average of 56%of respondents did not wash their handsafter defecation. Only 40% wash handsbefore meal. Only 34% wash their handsafter helping children to defecate.

The results of this research are similarto USAID research; however, USAIDargue that washing hands with water is acommon knowledge. For that, publiccampaign needs to emphasize on (i) theavailability of soap, and (ii) wash handsin proper place.

Water Supply Potential PollutionsPoor practices and/or improper tech-

nical support, especially in sanitationfacility provision, can give negativeimpact on the water supply quality, par-ticularly for those who depend on the wellto fulfil their drinking water needs. Septic

AROUND ISSDP


Only 40%wash hands

before meal.Only 34% wash

their handsafter

helping childrento defecate.

tank location, construction and maintenance, proper depth andsafety equipment are several important aspects to ensure thesafety of water.

Figure 3 shows that 63% of household wells located 10 meterfrom the septic tank (lowest percentage in Surakarta, 33%). InBlitar, where 67% of households depend on well for their drink-ing water needs, 44% of their well located 7 meter from the sep-tic tank. The overall impact of septic tank location that close tothe neighbour, which located less than 10 meter, can alsoincrease health risk substantively.

Seeking Market Equilibrium- Increasing market demandThe above facts explain that sanitation needs are far greater

than the availability of services. Nevertheless, only high qualityof services can fulfil the need. Technical solution alone cannotsolve the problems. This is why, very often, we find public sani-tation facilities, which built by the government, became brokenor could not function properly after the project finished.

On one hand, it indicates that health is still not a priority forthe user of sanitation facility. Based on this, the governmentneeds to understand the economic and social status, the envi-ronmental and social values and the incentives form that canencourage the growth of demand.

On the other hands, the development of sanitation services isnot supposedly focused on the infrastructure development. Theawareness of the community and the change of behaviour mustbe the goal of the development itself. City Sanitation Strategyshould include focused public campaign, and design it well with-in the activities proposal.

- Strengthening supplyAs already known, private sector participation in sanitation

development is quite high, particularly on the solid waste man-agement. City Sanitation Strategy is expected to encourage theinitiatives from the private sector and ensure that the govern-ment's laws do not have negative influence on the initiatives.City Sanitation Strategy also aims beyond action plans and sev-eral project proposals, but also include the program funding.

Corporate Social Responsibility of companies can be the ini-tial alternative capital. However, no matter how great the needof sanitation of the community, subsidized services need to beavoided, because, based on the experiences, subsidized govern-ment services can have negative impact on the development ofprivate sector that has potential to be more efficient.

The central government role is then needed in monitoringthe quality of services through the Minimum Service Standard,and provides information and experiences exchange mecha-nism, as well as developing network in every region. ETA

AROUND ISSDP


Source: ISSDP team

The Watsan Networking, which declared itself on itsestablishment on 11 October 2007 with the support of 40institutions consist of government institution, interna-

tional institution, NGOs, related projects, universities, PDAMs,regulator institutions, associations, and individuals, is nowready to roll and perform in 2008.

It is expected that, through better communication and har-monization process from all stakeholders to be able to coordi-nate and develop greater joint forces, realization can start to takeplace. The Watsan Networking will put all efforts to be the medi-ator in synergizing all potentials from stakeholders, and act asthe information center of technology, methodology, and bestpractices of water and environmental sanitation sector at thecentral and international level.

For this moment, seven institutions, which are mandatedfrom the previous general assembly meeting in August 2007,have done their tasks. Those tasks covers concept note, workplan, ethic code of budgeting, and establishment of Watsan net-working steering committee for two years term.

The steering committee is chaired by the Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation (WSES) Working Group and Air KitaEuropromocap IWAT, which is supported by ten other institu-tions as the daily committee, as well as the task force of the sec-tor.

There are four task forces established within the Watsan net-working, (i) water supply task force; (ii) solid waste task force;(iii) wastewater and drainage task force; and (iv) health andhygiene task force. It is expected; the efficacy of each task force,many issues around water supply and environmental sanitationcan be addressed in a better way. Thus, the awareness and par-ticipation from stakeholders will increase significantly, and mostimportantly, accommodated properly.

In its daily activities, the Watsan Networking will be led bythe General Secretary who coordinates several divisions, whichare information and data, communication and advocacy, capac-ity building and partnership development. The WatsanNetworking secretariat located at the same address as WSESworking group secretariat, Cianjur street. No. 4 Menteng,Jakarta.

The kick of activity of the Watsan Networking in 2008 will bebegun by Solid waste task force which will held a workshop oncommunity based solid waste management on the 16-17 of

January 2008, at Balai Kartini. JBIC, and Mercy Corps will fundthe workshop in collaboration with the Government ofIndonesia (GOI).

The solid waste task force is coordinated by Dana MitraLingkungan (DML), and in the implementation, all related insti-tutions and stakeholders within the sector support DML.

For those institutions and individuals that are interested tojoin the membership, are very much welcomed. Many benefitswill be received, among others are data and information sharingbetween members, support and cooperation from other mem-bers, a chanches to develop capacity in WSES sector, participatein socialization process of activities, program, reviews and bestpractices in the WSES sector. Information about the WatsanNetworking can be obtained from WSES working group web sitewww.ampl.or.id or the Watsan networking web site, www.jejar-ing.ampl.or.id.

In the near future, the Watsan Networking will start mem-bership listing, registration, and meetings wit all the membersfor the realization of this joint program. Developing the trustand participation of all stakeholders is the main capital to startthis joint program. Congratulations on the establishment of theWatsan Networking. Wiwit Heris

AROUND WASPOLA

Water Supply andSanitation (Watsan)Networking Readyto Roll in 2008


Presentation on lessons learned from watsan Networking duringthe National Sanitation Conference Year 2007. Source: Bowo Leksono.

In order to support the district Tanah Datar Water Supplyand Environmental Sanitation (WSES) working group to achievea sustainable community based development of WSES sector, atraining on the management of Community Total Led Sanitation(CLTS) including field trial in nine proposed Nagari forPamsimas project.

The training was held in Tanah Datar, West Sumateraprovince, on the 11-15 December 2007, attended by 50 partici-pants from the WSES working group representatives, 9 repre-sentatives of Wali Nagari Tanah Datar, 9 local clinic representa-tives, and representatives of community WSES asset manage-ment unit.

Becoming CLTS LaboratoryIn this training occasion, all participants had the chance to

learn the knowledge of CLTS management, and to developaction plan as the alternative to to sustainable community-basedWSES development in the district.

To have concrete experience, field trials were conducted innagari Cubadak and Simabur. As the result, in Simabur nagari,two persons in Jorong Simabur and two persons in JorongTanjung Limau change their behaviour of open defecation, andstarted building and using their toilets.

As in Cubadak Nagari, 31 people in Jorong Cubadak, and 3people in Jorong Sepanjang had changed their behaviour ofopen defecation, by starting their toilets construction right afterthe Idul Adha celebration, which would take 2-3 weeks of con-struction. In doing so, it is expected for both of the nagari can bethe joint laboratories of CLTS implementation, which will becontinued to the rest of nine Nagari.

Involving Fishery AgencyIn one hand, In order the implementation to be effective, as

the participants had suggested, based on the success of freeingthe South coast of its title as the "longest toilets in the world"through the enforcement of regulation and local law, Tanah Datadistrict would start by developing Nagari law on sanitation,which is further expected to become local law.

On the other hand, as the result of the triggering in the field,the implementation of CLTS in Tanah Datar district mustinvolved the fishery agency, because there are still ongoinghabits of building permanent toilets above the fish pond, whilefaeces are not the healthy food for the fish. Furthermore, the fishto be consumed will still contain e-coli bacteria. NurApriatman/DHS

AROUND WASPOLA


CLTS Management Training inTanah Datar District

Source: Dormaringan saragih

Source: Dormaringan Saragih

Sustainability has become the main issue of WASPOLA in

these recent three months before the end of 2007, as WASPOLA

is closing in towards the period of exit strategy. Huge opportuni-

ties as well as challenges lies await for the district WSES work-

ing groups in the implementation post-WASPOLA 2.

On the 7-9 November 2007, a workshop on Implementation

Strategy of Community-Based WSES National Policy Post-

WASPOLA was held. The workshop gave an overview of various

opportunities and challenges for the district and provincial

WSES working group after WASPOLA ends its term in 2008. 36

participants consist of WSES working groups from Pekalongan

district, Banten and Central Java provinces, National WSES

working group and WASPOLA team, actively involved in

analysing the various possibilities that might occur, including

alternatives to anticipate them.

Workshop on Community-based WSES NationalPolicy Dissemination for New Districts

On the 11-14 December 2007, in Yogyakarta, 11 new districts

participated in Workshop on Implementation of Community-

based WSES National Policy Dissemination. The provincial

team has shown its capacity to facilitate the workshop for new

districts. Those 11 districts are Padang, Pariaman, Pasaman,

Sawahlunto, Belitung, East Belitung, Rembang, Klaten, Batang,

Bau-Bau, Kolaka, and West Sumbawa.

Through the workshop, the participants are expected to have

better knowledge in understanding the importance of the adop-

tion and implementation of Community-based WSES National

Policy in each district in order to achieve the MDGs targets.

Provincial WSES Working Group's FacilitationCapacity Building

Five provincial WSES working groups participated in the

TOT on Advanced Basic Facilitation, which are West Sumater,

Central Java, Bangka Belitung, South East Sulawesi, and NTB

provinces. The TOT was conducted in Yogyakarta on 10-14

December 2007. The TOT was aimed to build and develop the

WSES working group's personels in facilitating workshops and

action plan of each province. The participants were also invited

to exercise the microteaching.

Serial District Preparation Post-WASPOLAMeanwhile, in the serial district preparation post-WASPO-

LA, several workshops on strategic plan finalization in several

districts were conducted. Several districts, Tangerang, and

Banten province, have finalize their final district report. As for

Wonosobo District, on the 18-20 December 2007, the district

had held policy dissemination to 15 heads of sub-district, 190 vil-

lage heads and relevant agencies.

Other activities that were conducted, among others, was pol-

icy road show for new districts, which was held by Rembang

District to its district head on the 13 December 2007. Further,

CLTS training in Tanah Datar district on the 11-15 December 2-

7 and Strategic Plan consultation of Rote Ndao District to the

WASPOLA secretariat on 26 December 2007 were also conduct-

ed.

WASPOLA Support to Other ProjectsThe technical assistance of policy and strategic planning to

CWSHP consultant team was done on 5 October 2007 at the

Health Department, Jakarta. The objective of the workshop was

to develop the understanding of the CWSHP consultant team on

the Community-based WSES National Policy as the basis in the

implementation of CWSHP project.

The district's WSES strategic plan is the district's framework

in developing the WSES sector, which will be the basis for the

CWSHP project's framework in the district. In addition, a dis-

semination of the policy on UNICEF's projects also conducted in

Aceh, facilitated by WASPOLA. PR&WH

AROUND WASPOLA

Sustainability Post-WASPOLA


"Follow up action plan on Strategic Plan is not just measured fromhow I was able to invite SWASH project, but how WSES Strategic Plancan really became a guideline for planning."

(Andi Suyuthi, Pangkep)

"If we hold on to the target Strategic Plan, Lebak requires 20 bil-lion rupiah every year until 2014, in the reality we can only afford 4billion from various sources."

(Roberto, Lebak)

"If it's just the Bupati's autograph for Strategic Plan, I can get it bytomorrow morning, but the most important thing is commitmentincluding from the parliament to that Strategic Plan. Now, we don'twant to put our WSES Strategic Plan as a decoration and say: wow, wegot a strategic plan!"

(Slamet, Pekalongan)

"I guarantee although Strategic Plan is only signed by Bupati, thatdocument will be used as planning guidelines in Public Affairs starts2008."

(Titik, Head Sector Public Affairs in Pekalongan)

"The most important thing is how Strategic Plan can be inserted toDistrict Mid Term Development so it continuity can be ensured"

(Kebumen Work Group)

"I have asked the entire village in Village Development Meeting(Musbangdes) to put WSES as one of the proposed program, not justbypassed. Therefore, it can be followed up in Development PlanningMeeting (Musrenbang)"

(Muhamading, Head of Bappeda Sumbawa)

STRATEGIC PLAN IS THE BEGINNING POINT OF DISTRICT IMPLEMENTATION.WHAT IS THE DISTRICT WORKING GROUP VISION IN STRATEGIC

PLAN CONTINUITY?

With the end period of Water and Sanitation for LowIncome Communities (WSLIC-2), WSLIC-2 held anannual review of the program on the 17-19 December

2008, in Denpasar, Bali. For the periode of 2002-2007, WSLIC-2 had implemented its program in five of eight provinces, whichare West Sumatera, South Sumatera, Babel, East Java, and NTB.

The workshop aimed at two important issues, the targetachievement of each province, and follow up plan psot-WSLIC-2, where community facilitators are no longer available toensure the sustainability of the program.

The Central Project Management Unit (CPMU) of WSLIC-2,Imam Syahbandi, explained that in the end, the failures and thesuccesses of the implementation during 2002-2007 should besummarized as a lessons learned. "Particularly for the obejectiveto improve the WSLIC-2 program implementation in the future,including the other empowerment projects, such as CWSH andPamsimas" he said.

Further, Imam said that the overall objective of the work-shop was to find out the results of the program in the end of2007, and the preparation of post-WSLIC-2 for the provincesthat were supposed to end its WSLIC-2 program by the end of2007.

As for the specific objective, Imam add, the workshop wasaimed to formulate the evaluation of program results imple-mented in 2007, and the action plan until the end of 2008, shareits lessons learned, improve the understanding and awareness ofthe cross-sectoral participants in the district on the challengesthat would be faced by the post-WSLIC-2 regions, and the antic-ipation of these challeges in maintaining the sustainability of theprogram.

Workshop Resultsa. The agreement of provinces which will end by 2007

Target achievement until the end 0f 2007. All districts havereach ed the construction phase. Only several have not fin-ished their LP3 and SP4. It is agreed that it will be finishedby January 2008.All provinces and districts have to finish their final report atprovincial, district and village level by January 2008.All districts have finished their sustainability-monitoringphase 2, and most of them are finishing phase 3.

The difficulty in finishing phase 4 is caused by the confu-sion of responsilbity. Who is responsible for it, is still notclear.It is proposed, to solve the problem, phase 4 should be doneby the sanitarian and assisted by CFT. Therefore, CFT con-tract extension is being proposed.Almost all districts have written their report of the func-tionality of the facilities built. However, most of them havenot sent it to the CPMU. The report should be sent, at thelatest, by the end of January 2008.Follow up report on the BPKP audit has been finished. Onlyseveral districts have not finished it. The report should befinished by the end of December 2007.

b. The agreement of provinces which will end by 2008Back log follow up target between January-March 2008-06-01 Joint commitment on back log resolution action planJoint commitment to adopt the agreed time scheduleCommunity action plan prior review will be prioritized toobtain approval of No Objection Letter (NOL) by June2008, at the latestIntegrated monitoring in each of activityMonthly review of the planEarly warning system for every delayed achievement

c. The agreement on the post-WSLIC-2 supportWSES working groups in several provinces and districtshave been established to ensure the sustainability ofWSLIC-2The association of WSES Facility Management Unit can bemade as the role model of institutional civil society to sup-port WSLIC-2 in WSLIC-2 villagesWSLIC-2 approach can be adopted and replicated by thelocal government with the support of APBD fundingThe capacity building program to support the sustainabili-ty of WSLIC-2 (exit strategy) is agreed to be conducted in2008. The provincial coordination team and the CPMU willdiscuss and agree on which districts will be involved in thisprogram by the January 2008. BW

AROUND WSES

WSLIC-2 Annual ReviewSummarizing Failures and Successes

as Lessons Learned


A s the follow-up ac-

tion of previous TOT

at the provincial level,

dissemination on national

community-based WSES

policy was held on the

11th December 2007 in

Yogyakarta. Based on the

need of new formed dis-

tricts in several regions in

improving WSES sector, it

was agreed that the WSES

working group needs to

speed up the dissemina-

tion of the national policy

in these new districts.

In line with this, the

provincial WSES working

group has received capacity building

since 2005 in order to facilitate the

implementation of national policy in its

own region. Meanwhile, the success of

facilitation of 47 out of 49 district/munic-

ipal has triggered support from other

stakeholder, such as CARE and UNICEF

in establishment of WSES working group

in their program loca-

tions. Accordingly, 17

districts/municipals in

Papua, West Papua,

Maluku, and Aceh will

participate in the dis-

semination of national

policy.

WSES working group

is considered as an effec-

tive tool to improve the

profile of WSES in

I n d o n e s i a .

Districts/municipals are

expected to formulate a

strategic action plan for

WSES sector after par-

ticipating for four days

of dissemination process. These new dis-

tricts are also expected to become a part

of the Water and Sanitation Networking-

Indonesia. FN

Up to now, 49 districts in 9

provinces have succeeded in

adopting and implementing the

national community-based WSES policy.

However, the enhancement of the imple-

mentation is still the main task in achiev-

ing MDGs target. Meanwhile, the facilita-

tion capacity of each district is still

regarded as not sufficient enough.

Looking at the available opportunities

and the successes in other region, WSES

working group held a TOT for the provin-

cial facilitators to disseminate the policy,

and another workshop on policy dissemi-

nation for 14 new districts/municipalities

on the 10-11 December 2007, in

Yogyakarta.

During the occasion, the representa-

tive of Central Java explained his concern

about the insufficient capacity to become

a facilitator. Also mentioned in his expla-

nation that the governor of Central Java

has given his full support to the improve-

ment efforts of the WSES sector.

Meanwhile, the Bappeda of Central Java

also request to all districts and munici-

palities, which have not been facilitated,

to have a socialization of the national pol-

icy. It was also explained that the support

of funding from the province is available.

With this condition, what is being

faced by Central Java province is no

longer the constraint, but more to a con-

dition that is very much needed and still

new in WSES sector. To address the con-

cern of insufficient capacity of the facili-

tators, the province is not necessary to

become the facilitator itself. The province

can find good "seed" to be trained as the

facilitator; NGOs or the academicians can

propose it. FN

AROUND WSES


TOT of Provincial Facilitators on The Disseminationof The Implementation of

The National Community-based WSES Policy

Dissemination of National WSES Community-BasedPolicy for New Districts

O n Sunday, December 9th,2007, the community and

students of Kalimalang andKali Sunter riverbank cele-brate the peak of World WaterMonitoring Day (WWMD).

The event, which held byForkami, was meant to provideunderstanding on the impor-tance of water quality againstthe increasing water sourcepollution. "After we follow thisadvocacy program, we willshare what we have from herewith others" said Sugiyat, aparticipant of environmentalleadership training.

The event was important in convert-ing Kalimalang and Kali Sunter tobecome the water source for livelihood,not as the source of dangerous diseases.Beside the cleaning activities, presenta-

tion of 40 selected junior high school stu-dents on the result of water test by usingspecial test kit for four basic indicatorswas also presented. These four basic indi-cators are pH/Acidity level, muddiness,bio indicator/ Macroinvertebrata (biota)

and O2 level of water.In addition, the community

also presented their resultsactivity of environmental lead-ership training. The communityalso mobilize support from allstakeholders to implement theiraction plan. Beside that, variousexhibition booths and "BazaarIdeas" with theme centredaround the management andconservation of water sourceswere held too.

The campaign event wasexpected to improve the knowl-edge, awareness, and commit-

ment towards environmental conserva-tion. Anyhow, the daily behaviour of thecommunity towards water and watersources is very much determined by theknowledge and attitude within their envi-ronment, which is mostly polluted. BW

F or three days straight, 19-21November 2007, Balai Kartini,

located in South Jakarta, Seemed to be busier and more

crowded than the usual weekdays. A national event was being

held there, National Sanitation Conference (NSC) 2007.

In order to support the NSC, at the lobby area, a National

Sanitation Exhibition was also being held. It involved many

stakeholders from different elements, such as government insti-

tutions, private sectors, local and international NGOs, and bilat-

eral/multi financial agencies, which have been involved with the

improvement of sanitation services for the community.

National WSES working and WASPOLA also participated in

the exhibition. Both participated in a unique way and supported

by a unique booth design. It is no wonder the WSES working

group and WASPOLA won the best booth award in the exhibi-

tion.

The exhibition was not held merely to celebrate the NSC, but

also meant to provide information to the NSC participants who

came all the way from different regions, institutions and even

from other countries. BW

AROUND WSES


National Sanitation Exhibition 2007

Community and Students EnvironmentalAwareness at Kalimalang and

Kali Sunter Riverbank

T he non vertical special task force hascomplaint about the complexity of

the budgeting system of SANIMAS(Community Based Sanitation). Thiscomplexity has become one of the reasonwhy the SANIMAS implementation indistrict levels become not maximal.

This point of view appears at NationalWorkshop on Technical ManagementConsultation on Community BasedSanitation Development held bySettlement Environmental SanitationDevelopment (PLP) Directorate inJakarta 29th November 2007.

This workshop aims to evaluatesSANIMAS 2007 progress, discussingSANIMAS 2008 Strategic Plan, innova-tion and technology development, andfinalization of community empowerment

concept design. But in the growing dis-cussion, the budgeting mechanism prob-lem and the slow negotiation process withparliament has become a major attention.

The evaluation done by PLP throughPT. Waseco Tirta consultant, shows thatthe previous year's problem hasn't beensolved in Sanimas 2007. The problemadds up with the fact that many FieldFacilitator Teams didn't understand theconcept of community empowerment inSanimas implementation andCommunity Work Plan (RKM) which notoccur properly.

These conditions have become a con-cerned matter to some practices from theinternational institute. Although theprogress seems slow, several districts hasshown considerable progress.

This meeting agreed that the supportfrom policy makers in national andregional level must became a success keyfor SANIMAS. Unfortunately, the fundingprovided by PLP cannot be absorbedcompletely by SANIMAS 2007.

This meeting gives an important les-son about how to implement SANIMASnow, and in the future. Community basedapproach needs commitment and seriousattention from the program key person.There is no instant approach, a compre-hensive strategy supported by facilitationskills is needed.

Joint commitment from legislative,executive, community, NGO, etc becomesthe key to improve the quality and thequantity of sanitation service. DS

T o anticipate the growingnumbers of districts and

stakeholders interested inCommunity Based TotalSanitation (CBTS), which is anadoption from Community LedTotal Sanitation (CLTS), aNational Workshop onOperational Work Plan onCommunity Cased TotalSanitation Development tookplace at 10-13 December 2007in Jogjakarta,

This workshop wasmeant to be an exchange of experienceand studies between CBTS actors likenational governments, districts, and

related projects. The participants fromthe governments consist of representa-tives from Bappenas, Health Department,

Internal Affair Department,and Public Affair Department.

While participantsfrom districts came fromprovincial WSES WorkingGroup, Health Department,other projects and stakehold-ers (WSLIC-2 and WHWS-Wash Hand with Soap).

In the end of the work-shop, CBTS development workplan has been formed from theinputs from participants. Mostof those work plan has been

allocated in national budget, while theone hasn't will be funded from otherfundings.

AROUND WSES


National Workshop on TechnicalManagement Consultation on Community

Based Sanitation Development

National Workshop on Operational WorkPlan on Community Based Total Sanitation

Development

Source: Sutrisno

Indonesia had achie-ved significant pro-gress in providing

basic sanitation service toits community, but thequality of service is stillbelow the other members ofAsian Developing Bank(ADB).

According to UNDPdata, about 55% ofIndonesia citizens haveaccess to adequate sanita-tion, and 78% has access tosave water supply in theyear 2000. Meanwhile,sewerage coverage servicein Indonesia is the lowest inthe south East Asia, which is less than 1 %of the Indonesian citizens that haveaccess to centralized system.

Based on that background, theGovernment of Indonesia receive aninvestment project in environmental san-itation sector (MSMHP) by the fundingfrom ADB and other resources.

Technical Support for ProjectPreparation

Nowadays MSMHP is still in prepara-tion phase. Because of it, now severalactivities has been prepared throughProject Preparation Technical Assistance(PPTA), such as giving help to 5 metro-politan cities in sanitation strategy build-ing during phase 1 and help 3 towns inarranging Subproject Appraisal Reports(SPAR) and arranging project formula-tion in phase 2, for a 10 month period.

But in the inception report sessionDirectorate General of HumanSettlement on 23rd February 2007 decid-ed that only four city is chosen to get tech-nical support in arranging urban sanita-

tion strategy, which are Medan, Bandung,Jogjakarta, and Makasar.

Executing Agency from PPTA andproposed project are Directorate Generalof Human Settlement, Public AffairsDepartment. While the daily activitiesand relations with consultant are beingheld by Directorate of ProgramManagement. The PPTA implementationguidelines are provided by directing com-mittee headed by Directorate General ofHuman Settlement and senior membersof related department and institutions asmembers.

MSMH secretary, Rina Agustin statedthat this project helps to increase urbanservice and community health throughelaboration of the local sanitation system(off-site), community based solid wasteand sanitation system, and to reduce pol-lution in surface and shallow groundwater which many people prefer as watersupply.

"The result expected from this projectis to increase system control and height-ens the relation between decision maker

and the people, who bene-fits form the sanitation sys-tem and environmentfriendly solid waste man-agement." said Rina who isalso Sub Directorate ofForeign Affairs andInvestment Pattern ofHuman Settlement, PublicAffairs Department.

Funding for theMSMHP is from ADB loan,pure national budget,province budget, urbanbudget, and donationsfrom NGOs, with the totalproject funding estimated121,3 million US$. ADB

will be funding 43% of the total fundingor about 52,7 million US$.

BenefitThe MSMHP project will contribute

in MDGs achievement, which is half frompopulation that has no access to sanita-tion in 2015, and making significantimprovement to people living in urbanslums.

The economic benefit from this proj-ect is mainly consists of direct and indi-rect benefit to community health byreducing water pollutions and waterbased diseases, increasing attention tobenefits of solid waste management andsewerage, and increase in control to solidwaste system and sewerage.

This project will increase environ-mental service to most of urban citizens.Beside that this project will gives indirectbenefits for people living in dense areas,where sewerage coverage and solid wastefill expected to decrease surface andground water significantly. BW

PROGRAMS


Metropolitan SanitationManagement and Health Project

(MSMHP)

Source: Exclusive

The main problem in Jogjakarta'sUrban Agglomeration (JUA) isthe handling of FDS in Piyungan,

and in lifespan problem. Piyungan FDS is92.660m2 broad, 1.776.224m3 total vol-ume, and 723.076m3 volume left.

To anticipate this problem, processthrough recycling and composting isneeded. Solid waste utilization is a criticalcomponent in solid waste managementthat can reduce environmental damage.

This research aims to plan improve-ment for solid waste cultivation system inPiyungan FDS by improving solid wastecultivation, economical benefit, businessexpediency, and its impact to final dis-posal system.

The result of this research shows thatsolid waste flow in Piyungan FDS is1.508m3/day; recycling process took only8.95% and cattle woof took 0.7% from thetotal solid waste income.

Plan on improving the solid waste man-agement in Piyungan FDS are: 1) maxi-mum composting 120m3/day because ofthe limitation of space in Piyungan. 2)using 20% landfill from the solid waste,and 3) there's a 10% settlement factor fromthe solid waste so that Piyungan FDS canstill be available till 2013.

Inorganic recycling materials whichcan be used by garbage collector is 8.95%from the total waste in Piyungan FDS.The R/C ratio is 3.26 with the averageincome for Rp. 22.559,- /day, so garbagecollecting business in Piyungan FDS is

adequate and brings economic benefits.Composting organic waste business

has the value of 10 years payback period,Rp. 3.045.160.885,- net present value(NPV), and 0.08 profitability index (PI).Therefore the composting activities inFDS are not giving any economical bene-fits because NPV value is negative, and PI< 1. This condition occurs because of theinvestment cost is bigger than income,and the short life span of the project.Therefore, composting in Piyungan FDSis not acceptable.

To make the composting activity inPiyungan FDS profitable and acceptable,

then the increase of compost materialsand 10 years lifespan elongation of theproject are needed. The final disposal costwith current condition is Rp.244.013.778,-, while the cost after systemimprovement is Rp. 173.022.696,-.Saving approximately Rp.70.991.082,- /year.

Summarized from Wira Afrianti Simon.ST, MT and Dr. Ir. Tri Padmi Damanhuri's the-

sis titled: "Solid Waste Processing at FinalDisposal Facility: Piyungan Solid Waste True

Solid Waste Recycling and Composting."Environmental Engineering Program StudyITB [email protected] [email protected]

trin.net.id

ABSTRACT


SOLID WASTE PROCESS INPIYUNGAN FINAL DISPOSAL

SITE (FDS) THROUGHRECYCLING AND

COMPOSTING


Waste WaterQuestion:

Must we process domestic waste water with stabilization

pool which is commonly used in Indonesia? Isn't it better to

process it through aeration process?

Ma'ruf, Depok

Answer:

Processing domestic waste water basically is separating dis-

solvable materials through normal physics process, followed by

separating materials that must first chemical-microbiology

processed before physics process.

Stabilization pool actually is an aeration process, where air

infiltration process will occur from the surface into waste water

(with the help of natural wind blow) and sun infiltration which

catalyze the growth of waste water dissolving microorganism.

This process actually is natural, which progress slowly.

The use of force aeration, like aerator, will improve the activ-

ity between air and waste water, resulting higher efficiency

(shorter process) and affectivity (the decrease of Biochemical

Oxygen Demand (BOD) value) than the process in stabilization

pool.

The use of aerator in aeration process will decrease the need

of space, measurably controls BOD process, and increase BOD

value in shorter time. But in the other side, investment cost for

aerator and energy cost for operation and maintenance will be

heighten as well.

Solid WasteQuestion:

I tried to apply anaerobic processing for solid waste (cattle

dung) from my farm. But I found difficulties doing the start up

process, which causes gas production to fluctuate. How can we

control the start up process of anaerobic processing, so that

reactor stabilization can be quicker?

Yusril, Malang

Answer:

If there is limitation in detail analysis, then a few simpler

parameter, which is reliable, are:

Is the size of waste small enough and evenly same? The use

of cut up machine can even the waste size and increase

waste touch surface.

Is waste loading going on too fast? Generally in start up

process, loading is done in 2 kg/m3/day, then gradually

increased until the production of methane gas is stable.

Stabilization of each loading can take place from 1 to 2

weeks. A stable methane production can reach 130 liter

methane/kg cattle dung.

Are the decrease of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) has

been fulfilled? Generally it can reach 260 liter methane/kg

COD. If these condition hasn't been fulfilled then the reac-

tor is unstable, and the loading process must be maintained

(not increased) or maybe lowered.

Is the water amount is held in optimum level? The opti-

mum level for anaerobic process is between 55%-60%

Is the pH properly controlled? Generally NaOH or

NaHCO3 is used to control pH in 7,0-7,2 level. If the use of

alkali compound is less than needed, then exceeding

Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) will be formed, which kills

methanogenesis bacteria. Likewise is the excess use of alka-

li compound.

Has the stir up process gone well, or the reactor is air

proof? Stir up quality test must be noted, to ensure the

proper mixing of all waste. Reactors must be air proff,

because oxygen can be toxic to anaerobic process

Is there already a sufficient amount of micronutrient? The

use of CuSO4 compound in a very low level, 1-2 mg/liter,

significantly increases the methanogenesis bacteria growth.

But do not exceed this dosage for it will be toxic to

methanogenesis bacteria.

*contributor is a doctoral student in Divisionof Environmental Science and Engineering, National University

of Singapore (NUS)

IATPI CLINIC


-Questions should be submitted through Percik's editorial staff-Contributors: Sandhi Eko Bramono* ([email protected]), Lina Damayanti ([email protected])

Percik magazine cooperates with IATPI (Ikatan Ahli Teknik Penyehatan dan Teknik Lingkungan Indonesia) opens a clinic column/page.This column/page consists of questions and answers related to water and environmental sanitation.

S marter sanitation is a new informa-

tion media produced by Asian

Developing Bank (ADB) to help local

and national government to support

water and environmental sector

achieve their Millennium

Development Goals (MDG). More

then 30 experts from developing

countries contributes by giving

sWSESe cases.

This CD is composed based on a

workshop in September 2005 in ADB

Headquarters Manila, Philippines,

which more than a hundred representa-

tives from governments, NGOs, private

sectors, academic institutions, and donor

participates. More than 30 experts in

waste water and sanitation from the

entire

Asia Pacific

presents papers that consist of good

waste water and sanitation practices, les-

sons learned, and fresh ideas in waste

water and sanitation.

This CD consists of four main

parts. The first part is attitude and

misunderstanding. This part

identifies thinking trends in

improving water and sanitation.

Second is about policy. This part

draws our attention to improve in

handling sanitation problems.

Third is society approach, by

considering that society is a part of

changing itself. Meanwhile the last part

of the book consist technology. This parts

departs from 3R principles which is

reduce, reuse, and recycle. DYO

76,2% from 52 rivers in Java, Sumatera,

Bali, and Sulawesi is heavily polluted with

organic waste. Most of the rivers that

flow through dense cities like in Java

cities is infected by coliform and fecal

coli bacteria. These bacteria are the

main cause of diarrhea.

This is the opening line of a

documentary produced by

Secretariat Working Group WSES

National. The 7 minute film is first

shown at KSN (National Sanitation

Conference) 2007, last November.

This English translated movie now

decorates the Working Group WSES

library.

This movie titled "A photograph of

Indonesia's Sanitation" consists of real conditions

of sanitation in several areas throughout Indonesia. Dirty and

polluted river is full with solid waste, but still used by citizens to

do daily chores.

This condition is the main cause of flood dis-

asters. Like described in this movie, annual

flood has been occurring in Kampung

Melayu, East Jakarta. Citizens say that

besides solid waste, the flood is caused

by the narrow and shallow state of

Ciliwung river, that flows through the

area.

Besides flood, unclean lifestyle is

the reason for diarrhea disease. While

often the information received by citi-

zens does not include sanitation prob-

lems as the reason for diarrhea disease,

therefore, society's knowledge of sanita-

tion stay minimum. This condition results

in low awareness in society for the importance

of sanitation in supporting their health.

The end of the movie shows a society behavior

in an area where sanitations problems has been successfully

solved. Of course, the action cannot stop there, obviously it

needs continuity to keep a healthy and clean environment. BW

CD INFO


A photograph of Indonesia's Sanitation

Smarter Sanitation Handbook

T here is a wise saying: it's easier to make enemies, than tomake friends. From there we can know how valuable a

friend is, and how wise one can be to treat everything like afriend. So is solid waste which many people still consider as anenemy.

"If it's hard to fight, make it friendly", that is the title of abook published by Working Group WSES. This book consists ofbasic information about solid waste and the proper processingconcepts.

In this newly published book, we can found the hierarchy ofsolid waste management, types of solid waste, and the opportu-nity to use them.

This -60 pages thick- book is divided to several sections. Thefirst section is called Friends in Harmony, introducing the ideato treat solid waste as a resource instead of waste product. In thesecond section called First, Don't Make Too Much Enemiesreaders are invited to learn how to prevent excess solid wasteproduction as one of the approach to ease environmental bur-den.

The next section explains solid waste characteristic explana-tion, solid waste category, and treatment to reduce waste, calledKnowing Your Friend. In Tracing a Friend's Journey sectionexplains the journey of sellable solid waste in Indonesia and the

role of informal and small medium business. Followed by FriendMelted, Friend Formed where the recycling process of severalmaterials is explained.

Next, The Rotten, The Useful explains the process of makingcompost from organic solid waste. Last, this book introduces theconcept of using solid waste as an electrical energy in the sectioncalled From Solid waste to Energy.

Overall, this book is not meant as a reference book that con-sist deep understanding of waste management, but more to growbasic understanding for optimal solid waste handling. BW

Abook of regulations concerning clean water and environ-

mental sanitation (WSES) has been published for the

first time. The goal of this book is help the WSES stake-

holders in knowing and understanding every regulation, closely

related or not to water and environmental sanitation.

In implementing community based water and environment

sanitation (WSES-BM) policy, which has been arranged by the

governments, subjects in this sector often deals with law issues

and regulations concerning WSES development. Those regula-

tions often change as the social politics and public service stan-

dard changes.

These conditions demands subjects in WSES sector to keep

updated to regulations. The availability of practical and dense

information media is very needed to these subjects.

This 198 pages thick book consists of regulations from

amendment, government regulation, president decree, ministry

decree, and state regulations.

However, this book only explains the baseline of each regu-

lations. This is meant to help readers to understanding the reg-

ulation, closely related or not to water and environmental sani-

tation. A soft copy of the complete regulations is available at

Sekretariat Working Group WSES. BW

BOOK INFO


Make Solid waste Our Friend

Regulations Concerning WSES

Title:If it's hard to fight, make

it friendlyWriter:

Rudi Yuwono and Working GroupWSES Writer Team

Publisher:Working Group WSES,

Jakarta 2007Thickness:60 pages

Title:Regulations Concerning

WSESWriter:

Oswar Mungkasa,Kurnia Ratna Dewi

Publisher:Working Group WSES,

Jakarta 2007Thickness:

xvi + 198 pages

World Toilet Organizationhttp://worldtoiletorganization.com

W orld toilet organization (WTO) is

formed in 2001 to emphasize toi-

let and sanitation issues. WTO has grown

with 75 organizations in 42 countries.

WTO is a global voice and the front line to

discuss global matters,

The WTO vision is clean, safe, envi-

ronmental friendly and continuous sani-

tation for everyone. While it's mission is

with global voice advocates continuing

toilet system with capacity support and

public education and implementation of

real projects.

This site is also linked with various

sites of the companies that produce vari-

ous toilet products, from the most con-

ventional to the most sophisticated. The

complete information about needs and

knowledge for toilet can be found in this

site.

Recycle Nowhttp://recyclenow.com

To facilitate access to this site, you are

welcome to enter your zip code, so you

will know where your unused items can

be channeled or sold. And also, this site is

filled with many tips concerning solid

waste management.

There's even a main tip that studies

how to process solid waste around us and

preserve surrounding environment, at

work, home, school, forest, and anywhere

we are.

There are only a few website that can

provide a guide for anyone to do recycling

shown in this website. This site can

answer the question of the simple way

how we can manage our household solid

waste.

Environment Partner Fund(DML)

http://dlm.or.idThis site is run by the Dana Mitra

Lingkungan (Environmental Partner

Fund) group, a funding group that covers

environmental sector in Indonesia. DML

itself is founded in 1983 by the initiative

of several important people and company

directors.

This group has become a forum for

company directors to maintain and fins a

solution for environment damage by pro-

moting in environment friendly lifestyle.

This site is featured with many arti-

cles related to persampahan, beside many

interesting book information. And also

various information about DML's pro-

grams.

Minnesota Pollution ControlAgency (MPCA)

http://pca.state.mn.us/waste/index.html

In this site, visitors can obtain envi-

ronmental related topics. One of the top-

ics is waste problems. There are many

information related to waste problem

such as waste management focusing on

landfill problems, compost, remediation

sites, solid waste utilization, storage tank

system, waste water, and many more.

Here we can also find several regulations

concerning waste problem. Some of the

topics presented here is about hazardous

waste rules, solid waste rules, etc. Visitors

can get many publications materials con-

cerning waste problems with interesting

topics.

This site is run by Minnesota

Pollution Control Agency, committed to

maintain accessibility to this site for

everyone, as a part of MPCA effort to

maintain, conserving, and improving the

environmental quality in Minnesota,

USA.

Earth 911http://earth911.org/master.asp

Through this website, visitors can

obtain information related to recycling,

hazardous house waste, energy conserva-

tions, composting, and many others.

Here also featured a corner specially

developed for children that provide

games, activities, and information con-

cerning environment which is also useful

for parents and teacher.

This site is run by Earth 911, an NGO

under the supervision of the US's

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

The goal of this organization is to

improve life quality by protecting envi-

ronment.

WEBSITE INFO


R E P O R T SFAIR DEALS FOR WATERSHED SER-VICES IN INDONESIAPublisher: UK, InternationalInstitute for Environmental andDevelopment (IIED), 2007

ASER (ANNUAL STATE OF THE ENVI-RONMENT REPORT) 2003, WESTERNJAVA ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGE-MENT PROJECT (WJEMP)

R E G U L A T I O N SWSES REGULA-TIONS POCKETBOOKPublisher: Working Group WSES in coop-

eration with Ditjen Cipta KaryaDep. PU, 2007

BUPATI OF TAKALAR'S DECREENUMBER 16 YEAR 2007 REGARD-ING STRATEGIC PLANNING FORCOMMUNITY BASED WATER ANDENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION.YEAR 2007-2015

B O O K SENVIRONMENT AUDITPublisher: Gadjah Mada UniversityPress, Yogyakarta, 2006

MANAGING URBAN WASTEPuublisher: Penebar Swadaya,Jakarta 2007

HEALTHY LIFESTYLE IN ISLAMPublisher: USAID - Mercy corps,Jakarta 2007

STOPS!! TOTAL SANITATION ANDSANITATION MARKETING: COMMU-NITY BASED APPROACH TOIMPROVE ACCESS TO A HEALTHYAND SECURE SANITATION ANDHYGIENE PROMOTION)Publisher: Water and SanitationProgram from East Asia and thePacific (WSP-EAP), Jakarta, 2007

SECRETS OF SANITATIONS IN SLUM AREASPublisher: Bappenas, Jakarta, 2007

M A G A Z I N E S

Air Minum#145, October 2007

Buletin Cipta Karya#11, November 2007

Tekno Limbahvol. 5, 2007

BUTIR (Buletin Tirtanadi)#2, April 2007

Percik Yunior# 4, December 2007

Percik# 20, October 2007

Tuki#9 year II, 2007

C O M P A C T D I S CDVD CERAMIC WATER FILTERS IN CAM-BODIAAUGUST 2008

DVD DEWATS-SME FOR SMALLAND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES,DEWAT-CBS COMMUNITY BASEDSANITATION, DESWAM (DECEN-TRALIZED WASTE MANAGEMENT)ENGLISH VERSION

DVD NATIONAL CONFERENCE FOR SANITATION, 2007 - FIELDTRIP TO RW 08, NORTH PETOJO DISTRICT

WSES BOOK


No Date Activity

1 November 4-6 2007 Workshop on Strategic Policy Implementation for Community Based Water and

Environmental Sanitation, After Waspola in Sukabumi. Held by waspola in cooperation

with Working Group WSES.

2 November 12-13 2007 Cooperation discussions between ITS, Bappenas, Europe Union (Project Dimsum)

in Jakarta held by ITS

3 November 13-16 2007 WSES Facility Maintenance Manual Socialization in Bandung held by Ditjen

PMD-Depdagri

4 November 16-17 2007 Community Water Services & Health Project (CWSHP) Guideline Revision in Bogor held

by CWSH-Depkes

5 November 19-21 2007 National Sanitation Conference 2007, in Jakarta held by Bappenas

6 November 21-23 2007 WSES Strategic Plan Workshop Tangerang District in Bogor held by Working Group WSES

Tangerang

7 November 22-26 2007 Village Institution Development Training (CWSH) in Bogor held by Ditjen PMD Depdagri

8 November 26-27 2007 Consulting Meeting for Special Allocation Fund Guidelines in Infrastructure year 2008

in Manado, held by Ditjen Cipta Karya Dep. PU

9 November 28-30 2007 Workshop for CWSH District Coordination Team in Palembang held by Ditjen Bangda

Depdagri

10 November 29 2007 Workshop on Community Based Sanitation in Jakarta held by PU Dep.

11 December 6 2007 Cross Sector Coordination Meeting for Proair Project NTT in Jakarta held by Proair

12 December 6-8 2007 PAMSIMAS Socialiation for Bupati and Parliament in Bandung held by Ditjen

Bangda-Depdagri

13 December 6-7 2007 Strategic Plan Finalization Workshop for Konawe, South Konawe, and South East

Sulawesi in Kendari held by Working Group WSES Konawe District

14 December 10-14 2007 Provincial TOT and workshop on the implementation of National Community Based

Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation (WSES) Policy for new districts in

Jogjakarta held by Waspola

15 December 10-12 2007 Final Discussion on Community Total Lead Sanitation (CLTS) Work Plan Development in

Jogjakarta by Directorate General of PP & PL Health Department

16 December 10-14 2007 CLTS Training in Tanah Datar, West Sumatera, held by Tanah Datar WSES Working Group

17 December 13 2007 Coordination Meeting for National Stakeholder concerning Water Supply for Household

in Jakarta held by Depkes

18 December 13 2007 WSES Program Policy Socialization in Rembang District, Rembang, Central Java, held

by Bappeda Rembang

19 December 13-16 2007 Workshop on CLTS Development Implementation Work Plan, in Jogjakarta held by

Ditjen PP & PL - Health Department

20 December 14 2007 Workshop on Program Capacity Building (Exit Strategy) WESLIC-2 in Jakarta held by

WESLIC-2, Health Dept

21 December 14 2007 Coordination Meeting on Sanitation Campaign Strategy on ISSDP in Jakarta

held by ISSDP

22 December 17-19 2007 Annual Review of WESLIC-2 2007 in Denpasar Bali, held by WESLIC-2, Health

Department

AGENDA

international year of sanitation 2008. indonesia water and sanitation magazine. december 2007

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