introduction to botany. lecture 39 · 2011-09-27 · introduction to botany. lecture 39 alexey...

Asteridae, or asterids (Part II)

Introduction to Botany. Lecture 39

Alexey Shipunov

Minot State University

December 10th, 2010

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Outline

1 Asteridae, or asterids (Part II)Solanaceae—potato familyLabiatae—mint familyCompositae, or Asteraceae—aster family

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18 families of angiosperms

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List of families (Part I)Magnoliidae

1 Nymphaeaceae—water-lily family2 Magnoliaceae—magnolia family3 Piperacaeae—pepper family

Liliidae1 Orchidaceae—orchid family2 Cyperaceae—sedge family3 Gramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

Rosidae1 Ranunculaceae—buttercup family2 Salicaceae—willow family3 Cucurbitaceae—melon family4 Rosaceae—rose family (three subfamilies: Rosoideae, Spiraeoideae and

Maloideae)5 Leguminosae, or Fabaceae—legume family (two subfamilies:

Mimosoideae and Papilionoideae)6 Cruciferae—cabbage family

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List of families (Part II)

Asteridae

1 Caryophyllaceae—pink family2 Ericaceae—heath family (two subfamilies: Ericoideae and Vaccinioideae)3 Umbelliferae—umbel family4 Solanaceae—potato family5 Labiatae—mint family6 Compositae—aster family (three subfamilies: Carduoideae, Cichorioideae

and Asteroideae)

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Phylogeny of 18 angiosperm families*

*+ Salicaceae which should be outer to Cruciferae

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Solanaceae—potato family

General features of Solanaceae


≈ 2,300 species, most of them belong to one genus,SolanumCosmopolitan, with center of diversity in South AmericaPrefer places with good water supply

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Morphology of Solanaceae

Herbs, shrubs, vines, small trees; produce alkaloids, oftenpoisonousStems with bicollaterate vascular bundlesLeaves alternate, without stipules, with pterodromousvenation, simple or compoundFlowers in cymes, actinomorphic (polysymmetric)Petals fused, stamens are attached to corollaPistil has two carpels oriented obliquely to median plane offlowerFruit is mostly berry or capsule; seeds with well-developedendosperm

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Solanaceae flower

BK5[C(5)A5]G(2)

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Explanations for simplified formulasFlower in general: B—actinomorphic, or polysymmetric, or radial;↑—zygomorphic, or monosymmetric, or bilateralSterile zone: P—members of perianth (tepals) OR K—calyx (consissts ossepals) AND C—corolla (petals)Male zone: A—androecium (consists of stamens)Female zone: G—gynoecium (consists of pistils, pistils consist of carpels)Brackets () or [] or || mean fusionDash − means variation, “3–5” means 3, 4 or 5Plus + means circles, C5+5 means 5 petals in outer circle and 5 petals in innercircleComma “,” means differences within one circle, e.g. in Leguminosae petalsC1,2,2 1 is banner, 2 are keel and last 2 are wingsMultiplication sign × means dilatationInfinite sign∞ means number > 12 and non-stable, e.g. apple flower could have21, 23, 27 or even more stamens, and we use A∞ for thatOverline/underline mean inferior/superior ovary, or epiginous/hypoginous flower:e.g., G(2)/G(2)

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Representatives of Solanaceae

Mostly vegetables and spices

Solanum—include potato (Solanum tuberosum), tomato(Solanum lycopersicum) and eggplant (Solanummelongena)Capsicum—red (Mexican) pepperNicotiana—tobaccoPetunia—important ornamentalAtropa—belladonna, important medicine plant, source ofatropin

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Solanum tuberosum (potato) fruits

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Solanum melongena (eggplant) flowers

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Labiatae—mint family

General features of Labiatae


≈ 3,200 speciesCosmopolitan, but better represented in MediterraneanregionPrefer open spaces

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Morphology of Labiatae

Aromatic, often hairy, herbs or shrubs; epidermal glandscontain ethereal oils; plants also contain iridoid compoundsYoung stems are typically quadrangular; leaves opposite,without stipules, simple, with pterodromous venationFlowers in axillary inflorescences, zygomorphic(monosymmetric)Calyx tubular, petals also fused, with two upper and onelower petals bigger than others, stamens in two pairs,attached to corollaPistil with two carpels, but each carpel is secondarydividedFruit is schizocarp of four half-carpellary nutlets, seedswith little endosperm

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Labiatae flower

↑K(5)[C(1,2,2)A2,2]G(2×2)

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Representatives of Labiatae

Spices, ornamentals and medicinal plants

Salvia—sageLavandula—lavenderMentha—mintThymus—thyme

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Mentha spicata (mint)

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Thymus sp. (thyme)

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Compositae, or Asteraceae—aster family

General features of Compositae


More than 20,000 speciesCosmopolitan, but better represented in temperate andsubtropical regionsPrefer open spaces

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Morphology of Compositae

Herbs, rarely woody plants; store carbohydrates as inulin(not starch), sometimes have resin or laticifers (subfamilyCichorioideae)Leaves alternate or opposite, without stipules, withpterodromous venationFlowers in involucrate heads which mimic one flowerCalyx reduced to hairs or bristles (pappus), petals fused intube or ligula (with 5 or 3 teeth)Stamens 5, fused by anthersPistil has 2 carpels, ovary inferiorFruit is achene, mature seed has almost no endosperm

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Compositae flower

BK∞C(5)A(5)G(2) (tubular flower) or ↑K∞C(3 or 5)A(5)G(2)(ligulate flower)

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Tubular and ligulate flowers in Matricaria sp.(chamomile)

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Representatives of CompositaeOil plants, vegetables, ornamentals and medicinal plants distributed in 12 (!)subfamilies, most important are three subfamilies:

Carduoideae: mostly tubular flowers

Centaurea—knapweedCynara—artichokeCarthamus–safflower

Cichorioideae: mostly 5-toothed ligulate flowers + lacticifers with latex

Taraxacum—dandelionLactuca—lettuce

Asteroideae: tubular + 3-toothed ligulate flowers

Helianthus—sunflower (BTW, “canola”, or Brassica napusfrom Cruciferae is the second main source of vegetable oil)Artemisia—sagebrushTagetes—marigold and lots of other ornamentals

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Cynara cardunculus (artichoke)

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Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)

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Tagetes patula (marigold)

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Summary

BOTANY IS COOL!

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Appendix

For Further Reading

For Further Reading

Th. L. Rost, M. G. Barbour, C. R. Stocking, T. M. Murphy.Plant Biology. 2nd edition.Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2006.Chapter 25 + Lecture notes 32–39.

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Appendix

For Further Reading

Friday test, or Short anonymous voluntary survey

1 What do you like most in botany course?2 What do you dislike most in botany course?3 Which lab do you remember most of all?4 Please grade (1—bad, 5—excellent):

A LecturesB LabsC Monday testsD Exams

5 Are you interesting in doing directed research in botany?

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introduction to botany. lecture 39 · 2011-09-27 · introduction to botany. lecture 39 alexey...

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