introduction to collaborative consumption

Introduction to CollaborativeConsumption

Introduction toCollaborativeConsumption Version 1.1

Document Summary:This document was originally prepared as a submission to Barcelona Consensus grant for innovative Socio-economic models and updated for wider distribution.

It provides an overview of the Collaborative Consumption movement that has been gaining traction for the last two years. Apart of describing the basic characteristics and enablers of Collaborative Consumption, the areas of improvement and ideas for more widespread implementation are briefly exposed.

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Introduction to Collaborative Consumption

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This document has been prepared by Albert Cañigueral BagóThe author can be contacted via e-mail at

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Contents

1 BACKGROUND.................................................................................................................................. 4

2 COLLABORATIVE CONSUMPTION..................................................................................................6

2.1What is Collaborative Consumption................................................................................................................62.1.1DEFINITION...................................................................................................................................................................62.1.2THE THREE SYSTEMS ....................................................................................................................................................62.1.3BUSINESS MODELS..........................................................................................................................................................7

2.2Why Collaborative Consumption makes sense................................................................................................8

3 KEY ASPECTS................................................................................................................................... 9

3.1Enablers for Collaborative Consumption.........................................................................................................93.1.1THE COMMONS.............................................................................................................................................................93.1.2IDLE CAPACITY..............................................................................................................................................................93.1.3TECHNOLOGY, COMMUNITIES AND REPUTATION..................................................................................................................10

3.2Areas for improvement...................................................................................................................................113.2.1LEGAL ASPECTS...........................................................................................................................................................113.2.2CRITICS.....................................................................................................................................................................113.2.3PRODUCT DESIGN.........................................................................................................................................................11

4 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES...................................................................................................13

4.1Advanced economies......................................................................................................................................134.2Emerging and developing economies............................................................................................................13

4.2.1INDIVIDUAL OWNERSHIP AS NOTION OF PROGRESS...............................................................................................................134.2.2THE KEYS...................................................................................................................................................................144.2.3EXAMPLES..................................................................................................................................................................15

5 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES ............................................................................................16

5.1Selected bibliography.....................................................................................................................................165.2The Collaborative Consumption buzz............................................................................................................165.3Websites.........................................................................................................................................................17

5.3.1COLLABORATIVE CONSUMPTION MOVEMENT......................................................................................................................175.3.2COLLABORATIVE CONSUMPTION PROJECTS DIRECTORIES.......................................................................................................175.3.3LEGAL ASPECTS OF SHARING .........................................................................................................................................17

5.4References......................................................................................................................................................17

Illustration IndexIllustration 1: Screenshot of the Story of Stuff / Electronics video.....................................................................................................5

Illustration 2: Header image taken from Collaborative Consumption website...................................................................................5

Illustration 3: Extracted from "The Rise of Social Media and The Sharing Economy"......................................................................6

llustration 4: Three systems table. Source: Harvard Business Review article on CC.......................................................................8

Illustration 5: My own Couchsurfing experience: social, fun and saves money................................................................................9

Illustration 6: Photo from Micki Krimmel under Creative Commons license....................................................................................10

Illustration 7 from Latitude Research under Creative Commons License.......................................................................................11

Illustration 8: Couchsurfing references and friends.........................................................................................................................11

Illustration 9: Modular refrigerator for shared flats and Sobi Bike System. Source: http://bit.ly/fvNxZP ......................................13

Illustration 10: Electronics Take Back Coalition website.................................................................................................................13

Illustration 11: Tro-tro in northern Ghana.........................................................................................................................................15

Illustration 12: Java enabled phones in Asia. Slide from Oracle Webminar....................................................................................15

Illustration 13: Low-tech solution for Collaborative Consumption (from Candy Chang)..................................................................16



1 BackgroundSomeday we'll look back on the 20th century and wonder why we owned so much stuff. Not that it wasn't great at first. After thousands of years during which most human beings lived hand to mouth, in the 20th century the industrial economies of the West and eventually much of the rest of the world began churning out consumer goods. George W. Bush won re-election as President in 2004 in part by proclaiming an "ownership society": "The more ownership there is in America, the more vitality there is in America" 1

Ownership society, hyper-consumption and the design for the dump is simply unsustainable. A good explanation of all the implications of the current approach to consumption are the videos and documentation from Story of Stuff2

Good news are that the ownership society is being challenged in many fronts nowadays.

Digitalization of media assets (photos, music, video, books) allowed people to experience that in most of the cases you do not want the physical CD but the music that is contained on it. With services like Spotify3 people have also realized that you do not need to own the music track that you will only listen few times. As long as you have access to it, you will be satisfied.

This owner-less trend has been catalyzed and has been extended into the physical goods with the recent economic crisis as people were more aware of where they are spending their money with and what kind of returns (in terms of happiness) they are getting. More stuff is not more happiness.

Collaborative Consumption, Sharing Economy or Access Economy are various of the terms used to describe this movement.

Collaborative Consumption (coined by Ray Algar4) is the most widely accepted term (in English and translations to other languages). It is sometimes abbreviated as “CC”. I will use this abbreviation on this document.


Illustration 1: Screenshot of the Story of Stuff / Electronics video

Illustration 2: Header image taken from Collaborative Consumption website


Critics argue that CC movement based on sharing/lending/renting is not new at all and mostly a marketing buzz. Previous generations used to behave in more cooperative ways and had a stronger sense of community. Current generation of adults seem to have forgotten those values and society has adopted individual ownership as main purpose in life. For a lot of people you are what you own. We do care very deeply about our possessions and some people give their very lives to defend their possessions.

The change is happening as the society embraces a culture of less compromise (as described by Zygmunt Bauman on his series of “Liquid” books5). The stigma associated to words renting or sharing is quickly fading away. It is the young who are leading the way toward a different form of consumption, a Collaborative Consumption: renting, lending and even sharing goods instead of buying them.

The rest of this document will provide details on how CC ideas are being organized and implemented in developed economies in relation to physical goodsI (identifying the key factors and obstacles). I also try to provide a glimpse on how these concepts could be adapted to developing economies.

The trend is clear: access trumps possession. Access is better than ownership

(Kevin Kelly)6

I Part of this socio-economic and cultural change started with the digital assets but I consciously decided not cover this area where companies such as Spotify (for music) or Netflix (video-on-demand) already provide very valid models.


Illustration 3: Extracted from "The Rise of Social Media and The Sharing Economy"


2 Collaborative Consumption

2.1 What is Collaborative Consumption

2.1.1 DefinitionAs a quick introduction to Collaborative Consumption (CC) check the videos available at Spreadables section of Collaborative Consumption Hub7 website. CC is defined as “Traditional sharing, bartering, lending, trading, renting, gifting, and swapping redefined through technology and peer communities”

In the words of Rachel Botsman and Roo Roger8: “We now live in a global village where we can mimic the exchanges that used to take place face-to-face but on a scale and in ways that never been possible before. The inherent efficiency of the Internet, combined with its ability to create trust between strangers, has created an unbound marketplace for efficient exchanges between producer and consumer, lender and borrower, and neighbor and neighbor, with no middlemen in between.“

2.1.2 The Three Systems

“What's Mine Is Yours: The Rise of Collaborative Consumption” book is the reference text for CC. In the book and related articles9 10 the authors organize the vast array of examples of CC into three systems:

1) PRODUCT SERVICE SYSTEMS

Pay for the benefit of using a product without needing to own the product outright. Disrupting traditional industries based on models of individual private ownership (e.g. bike/car sharing & P2P rental). PSSs appeal to the increasing number of people shifting to a usage mind-set.

2) REDISTRIBUTION MARKETS

Redistribute used or pre-owned goods from where they are not needed to somewhere or someone where they are (e.g. swap trading & reuse marketplaces). In some markets, the goods may be free (Freecycle), in others are swapped (thredUP) or sold for cash (eBay). Over time, Redistribute may become the fifth R, joining Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and Repair.



3) COLLABORATIVE LIFESTYLES

It's not just physical goods that can be shared, swapped or bartered. People with similar interests are banding together to share and exchange less tangible assets such as time, space, skills, and money (e.g. social lending & person to person travel). These exchanges happen mostly on a local or neighborhood level, as people share working spaces (Citizen Space), gardens (Landshare), or parking spots (ParkatmyHouse). Collaborative lifestyle sharing happens on a global scale too, with P2P lending (Lending Club) and the rapidly growing P2P travel (Airbnb).

2.1.3 Business models

As reported by critics with CC movement, CC threatens some of the hyper-consumption society pillars (more production and more consumption) but it offers alternative and viable new business models. MIT Entrepreneurship Review article11 on CC summarizes the existing business models and the evolution that they have already suffered.

The first wave of collaborative consumption companies pursued business-to-consumer (B2C) go-to-market strategies. In this model, a company acquires, maintains and rents products. Zipcar buys, services and rents cars to members. But the costs of managing car fleets (or a library of books) are substantial. ZipCar spent 71% of 2010 revenues acquiring and servicing cars. While partially successful12, these companies are essentially a 21st century upgrades of old rental businesses, providing more convenience for the end users but not much innovation in terms of business models.

Of late, peer-to-peer (P2P) collaborative consumption models are blossoming. P2P models are much more capital efficient than their B2C counterparts because they do not require any capital investment to acquire assets. Instead, they rely on a community to supply them, typically in exchange for a revenue share of the transaction.

P2P car sharing enables car owners to rent their own cars. GetAround operates a market place for P2P car sharing at a fraction of the cost of ZipCar. Car owners use the income from rentals to cover car payments and maintenance costs. A P2P system is much more efficient: fewer cars on the road that are used more often.

However, P2P models are more complex than B2C. P2P market places are two sided exchanges and require careful management of demand and supply growth. As a market place grows and strangers begin to transact, eliminating transaction friction by building trust and quality metrics is critical.


llustration 4: Three systems table. Source: Harvard Business Review article on CC


There are additional source of revenue for the CC pioneers: to rent their technical solutions to smaller groups that can create closed networks. Zimride (share car rides) allows companies and universities to create their own closed networks by paying a subscription to use the platform. Neighborgoods groups allow to create your own group for US$6 a month. Therefore you can rent the solution to create your own CC project (allowing the movement to grow faster).

2.2 Why Collaborative Consumption makes senseThere are many benefits attached to CC. Both formal studies13 and personal opinions/articles14 tend to converge on the main CC benefits:

• Saves money . The core individual benefit of CC is that everyone saves money. When you only have partial ownership of an item or you only pay for the ownership of the item over a short period of time, your own investment is lower.

◦ In some of the models you can actually make money, although these type of services might be perceived as impure CC.

• CC is social . The advent of social networking and the ease of sharing through online sites (eBay, Freecycle, etc.) have come together to make it simple and sensible to share ownership of items in today’s society. We want to share with others in the 21st century. Additionally, we are increasingly defining ourselves by our social profiles and what we share rather than what we own.

• It’s green . We save the earth by sharing our resources. Re-duce, Re-cycle, Re-use, Re-pair & Re-distribute are at the core of CC.

• Based on my personal experience, sharing is fun and feels good which explains why it is being so successful.


Illustration 5: My own Couchsurfing experience: social, fun and saves money


3 Key aspects

3.1 Enablers for Collaborative Consumption

3.1.1 The CommonsThe foundation of CC starts with the experience that people already have with The Commons15 16. The use of the commons (streets, oceans, radio electric spectrum, etc.) tend to be a controversial subject. Garrett Hardin (1968) wrote that resources held in common would inevitably be ruined by individual self-interest and therefore needed forceful regulation.

Humanity has begun to think differently about its commons and I can use a lot of resources under Creative Commons license to create this article. Once again, the digital experience has lead the way for people to understand how the community is enhanced when pictures (Flickr), knowledge (Wikipedia) or just ideas are shared. In return our own social value is increased.

When these sharing experiences are transposed into other areas of our life we are creating the base for CC. If you are already sharing online you are more likely to share offline.

From my personal experience (Spain/Taiwan and traveling to other regions) the sociocultural background has a huge impact on how people behave with the commons.

3.1.2 Idle capacityWe are surrounded by assets that have idling capacity: the untapped social and economic value of underutilized spaces, skills, time, gardens, and "stuff". As simple example: a drill machine is being used, on average, for 12 minutes in its lifetime. The self storage space industry basically stores the stuff that we own but we can not keep with us.


Illustration 6: Photo from Micki Krimmel under Creative Commons license


According to a study on sharing13 the items with more demand to be shared are transportation, infrequent-use items (specially the ones with a high barrier to ownership or a high burden of ownership) and physical spaces.

3.1.3 Technology, communities and reputationTechnology is a key enabler for the resource allocation optimization, to aggregate a critical mass with common interests (people with babies or just people sharing the same neighborhood) and to build communities. Mobile and real-time technologies add an extra layer of convenience both by adding location information to the searches and by providing an easy payment mechanism when required.

As explained in the article “The future of (un)consumption”17 it is crucial for social networks, closed and public, to build the necessary trust among users.

“[Trust between strangers] is the most important ingredient to get right. Without this as a stable building block, it is very difficult to achieve the right level of critical mass.” Anderson pointed out that the most successful systems have built-in mechanisms for effectively establishing that trust, such as CouchSurfing’s reference system and eBay’s buyer feedback process. “Through building this trust, these systems scaled rapidly to support a critical mass of users who all have an inherent belief in the value and success of the system”.


Illustration 7 from Latitude Research under Creative Commons License

Illustration 8: Couchsurfing references and friends


Few quotes from “The reputation economy”18 article:• A positive rating becomes equivalent to a first hand reference from someone we’ve never

actually met, helping us make better decisions about whom to exchange or interact with• Users will often go to great lengths to build and protect their reputations• Users know people will see feedback left about them and that their behaviour will affect their

ability to transact. It’s the ancient power of word-of-mouth meeting the modern forces of the networked world.

• The first and most important reputation mechanism on Zimride is closed networks, which enable ride-sharing within specific communities, such as universities and companies

• Reputation capital is becoming so important that it will act as a secondary currency, one that claims “you can trust me”.

3.2 Areas for improvement

3.2.1 Legal aspectsThe B2C versions of CC are unlikely to face major legal issues as the items being shared are own by a given company. The legal issues are much less clear on the P2P and shared ownership scenarios:

• Real state business provides the some forms of shared ownership, but legislation is far from simple and not uniform among countries. Community Property for married couples, shared ownership for vacation homes (managed by businesses that charge a premium for the management) or co-housing communities.

• Some States in USA are starting to pass laws that make simpler to share cars 19: policy makers have made a distinction between 1) sharing as a way to offset costs and 2) sharing as a way to make a profit.

• Peer Property indicates the innovative nature of legal forms such as the Creative Commons: inclusionary and usually derivate from peer production (like Wikipedia). It is being managed in the digital world but it is not easy to apply the same concepts into the physical world.

Apart from ownership, other legal aspects to consider are liability issues, insurance, property tax and products disposal, etc.

3.2.2 CriticsSo far the CC movement is full of “early adopters” who are mostly unconditional supporters. In order to mature and refine, CC will benefit from the existence of serious critics to the thesis being proposed.

Critics so far do not go deeply into the ideas confrontation. As Rachel Botsman mentions20:

• Conservatives have mocked the book as a communist manifesto while liberals have ridiculed the book as a cynical sop to capitalism

• Critiquing an idea for not going far enough/too far that seems to me to be unhelpful because it serves only to consolidate the views of the converted and antagonize ideological adversaries

3.2.3 Product designIn the hyper-consumption and design for the dump approach, products are obviously designed for individual ownership, consumption and simple disposal.

Products for CC need to embrace the sharing philosophy since its inception. Products will need to achieve longer lifespan, endure very intensive use, be adjustable to different users needs and include technological elements to simplify sharing them.



Products also need to be ready to be taken back to their original manufacturer and to be repaired. Initiatives like Electronics Take Back Coalition21 or ISE22 exist. Business men like Ray Anderson23 are giving examples on how this is actually a good business practice.


Illustration 9: Modular refrigerator for shared flats and Sobi Bike System. Source: http://bit.ly/fvNxZP

Illustration 10: Electronics Take Back Coalition website

http://bit.ly/fvNxZP


4 Implementation strategies

4.1 Advanced economiesCC has been originated in and caters mostly advanced economies. Collaborative Consumptionprojects directories are growing fast and all these initiatives provide a lot of data to be researched on what are the keys for failure and success. Important aspects for any CC initiative include:

• Cultural aspects such as the trust in the commons can differ greatly among countries.

• CC involving people from different cultural backgrounds can be challenging, but multicultural cities are becoming the norm.

• The idle capacity that can be suitable for CC will also differ. In Europe there are initiatives around food sharing24 that are less likely to have the same success in USA.

• Start with a small group of highly engaged users that help to grown the community and to fine tune the operational and business model aspects, but initiatives like Couchsurfing only make sense at global scale.

• Local initiatives allow people to experience that regular people like them are active on CC.

• Support from local and regional institutions is highly desirable but not essential. Legal aspects might be the not easy to fix at small scale.

4.2 Emerging and developing economiesCC potential in emerging and developing economies is a largely unexplored. This is where CC socio-economic model needs to be refined.

4.2.1 Individual ownership as notion of progressLindsay Clinton identified25 the issue for the East, but it is applicable to most of the developing economies:

The concept of communal living and shared resources has long been a feature of Eastern society. Households are characterized by their joint family nature [ ] In poorer areas, multiple families share water taps, groups of women access micro finance together, strangers share taxis and rickshaws. However, the collective nature of Eastern society is less a political statement than an imperative to stretch sparse resources. As the East develops, and the size of the middle class grows, there is a push toward individual ownership [ ] Solutions to a lack of access to clean water, sanitation, healthcare, and education often cater to the provision of individual ownership [ ] this paradigm is wasteful and may not be ideal or sustainable for developing world countries

This is the most challenging aspect for CC, but with enough examples on their own communities people can realize that access trumps ownership.



4.2.2 The keysThe keys for CC to flourish in the developed economies are the trust in the commons, idle capacity and technology. None of these elements seem to be ready in the emerging and developing economies.

In Africa, it is clear that a car-sharing service would have a limited chance of success. Outside the big metropolis, there is little idle capacity on transportation.

It is important to identify which items, knowledge and services have idle capacity and can be shared: bicycles, photo cameras, pots&pans or even some of the teaching materials.

Population density in cities can actually be a positive factor for some CC projects as long as it is balanced with idle capacity.

Mobile phones are becoming affordable and widely deployed. MobileActive26 or IEEE Webminars on Mobile Technology for the Developing World27 are great sources of examples on this field. CC projects can go hand by hand with some of these developments and use the idle capacity of the networks and terminals being put in place for other purposes.


Illustration 11: Tro-tro in northern Ghana

Illustration 12: Java enabled phones in Asia. Slide from Oracle Webminar.


On the other hand, technology might not be that crucial in small communities. Technology is a facilitator to meet demand/supply and to keep a reputation system. This is easily managed by low technology solutions in small communities. If you rent a bike from the church and you take it back broken, the whole community will know.

In any case is not technology or idle capacity that will allow CC to take off. Few key individuals committed to CC and the local community involvement are the most important factors for success.

4.2.3 ExamplesCC can easily fall into the trap of sending all the stuff that developed economies do not use anymore to developing economies. This does not tackle the problems of hyper-consumption. News reported 28 that containers with computers often labeled as second hand goods (to bypass international laws) in reality carry as much as 80% of the equipment obsolete or broken.

When carefully implemented a similar approach can won several awards, as Baisikeli29 has done.

Baisikeli runs a bike rental business in Copenhagen that is promoted to tourists and local companies. In parallel, Baisikeli ships used bicycles (400,000 bikes are scraped annually in Denmark) to Africa where they are repaired or rebuilt and sold, and where the profit forms the foundation for the creation of a sustainable bicycle industry in Africa. I am sure that they will start a bike rental business in Africa pretty soon too.


Illustration 13: Low-tech solution for Collaborative Consumption (from Candy Chang)


5 Bibliography and References

5.1 Selected bibliography• Botsman, Rachel; Rogers, Roo. “What's Mine Is Yours: The Rise of Collaborative

Consumption” (HarperCollins e-book, ePub Edition 2010)

• Gansky, Lisa. “The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing” (Penguin Group, 2010)

• Rifkin, Jeremy. “The Age of Access: The New Culture of Hypercapitalism, Where all of Life is a Paid-For Experience” (Penguinputman, 2001)

• Porter, Michael; Kramer Mark. “Creating shared value” (Harvard Business review, February 2011). Freely available from https://archive.harvardbusiness.org/cla/web/pl/product.seam?c=8062&i=8064&cs=1b64dfac8e4d2ef4da5976b5665c5540

5.2 The Collaborative Consumption buzzSince early 2010 the number of individuals working and initiatives being launched in the Collaborative Consumption field is growing exponentially (just do a quick search on Internet using the mentioned terms).

• The most prominent individual is Rachel Botsman one of the co-authors of "What's Mine Is Yours: The Rise of Collaborative Consumption” and manager of Collaborative Consumption Hub website. Rachel is a social innovator who consults, writes, and speaks on the power of collaboration and sharing through current and emerging technologies.

• The CC movement is also making its way into the top business schools with recent articles featuring at Harvard Business Reviewand MIT Entrepreneurship Review

• Trend observers, such as Trend Watching or Update events from Infonomia have highlighted CC for 2011

• Mass media is also talks about collaborative consumption

◦ Rachel Bostman featuring at TED Talks and CNN

◦ Time Magazine as included CC as part of part of the 10 Ideas that Will Change the World with the article “Today's Smart Choice: Don't Own. Share”

◦ Both Wired UK and Wired US with different articles.

◦ The Observer, Discovery Channel, etc.


http://blogs.tudiscovery.com/descubre-el-verde/2010/10/consumo-colaborativo-que-es-y-por-que-es-interesante-para-el-planeta-y-la-sociedad-.html%20

http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2011/jan/30/ideas-modern-living-collaborative-consumption%20

http://www.wired.com/magazine/2010/11/st_essay_ownership/

http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2011-02/04/rentalship-is-the-new-ownership

http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2059521_2059717_2059710,00.html%20%20%20

http://www.cnn.com/2010/OPINION/11/01/botsman.collaborative.consumption/index.html%20

http://www.ted.com/talks/rachel_botsman_the_case_for_collaborative_consumption.html

http://www.co-society.com/updateideas/?item=12

http://trendwatching.com/trends/11trends2011/#ownerless

http://miter.mit.edu/article/new-market-places-peer-peer-collaborative-consumption

http://hbr.org/2010/10/beyond-zipcar-collaborative-consumption/ar/1

http://www.collaborativeconsumption.com/

http://www.collaborativeconsumption.com/

http://www.rachelbotsman.com/

https://archive.harvardbusiness.org/cla/web/pl/product.seam?c=8062&i=8064&cs=1b64dfac8e4d2ef4da5976b5665c5540

https://archive.harvardbusiness.org/cla/web/pl/product.seam?c=8062&i=8064&cs=1b64dfac8e4d2ef4da5976b5665c5540


5.3 Websites

5.3.1 Collaborative Consumption movement• Collaborative Consumption Hub http://collaborativeconsumption.com/ including

• Shareable online magazine http://www.shareable.net/ . Non-profit online magazine which explores how to design life, work, and community so that people can better share resources

• Apply P2P concepts in various areas. http://www.openp2pdesign.org

• Access Trumps Ownership blog http://accesstrumpsownership.blogspot.com/

• Reference blog in France http://consocollaborative.com/

• Blog in Catalan http://www.consumcollaboratiu.com

5.3.2 Collaborative Consumption projects directories• The Antena inside the CC Hub http://www.collaborativeconsumption.com/the-

movement/cc_antenna/

• The Mesh book website keeps a large directory of projects http://meshing.it

• Shareable magazine also keeps a list on this article http://www.shareable.net/blog/gen-y-guide-to-collaborative-consumption

• It is more difficult to find directories for non-English projects, like French https://www.e-loue.com/ http://www.super-marmite.com/ or Spanish http://www.loalkilo.com/ or http://www.nockin.com/

5.3.3 Legal aspects of sharing • The Sustainable Economies Law Center facilitates the growth of sustainable, localized, and

just economies, through legal research, professional training, resource development, and education. http://www.sustainableeconomieslawcenter.org/

• Article devoted to legal issues in Shareable magazine http://shareable.net/blog/birth-of-sharing-law

5.4 References1. Walsh, Bryan (2011, March) Time Magazine Special 10 Ideas That Will Change the World.

“Today's Smart Choice: Don't Own. Share” available at March 2011 from

http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2059521_2059717_2059710,00.html

2. Leonard, Annie; Sachs, Joan, Fox, Louis (2010, November) “Why 'designed for the dump' is toxic

for the people and the planet” available at March 2011 from http://storyofstuff.org/electronics/

3. Visit http://www.spotify.com/int/about/what/

4. Algar, Ray (2007, April). Leisure Report Journal. “Collaborative Consumption” available at March

2011 from http://www.oxygen-consulting.co.uk/docs/collaborative-consumption.pdf

5. Zygmunt Bauman books are listed at March 2011 from http://www.amazon.com/Zygmunt-

Bauman/e/B000APS9V2

6. Kelly , Kevin (2009, January). “Better Than Owning” available at March 2011 from

http://www.kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2009/01/better_than_own.php


http://www.kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2009/01/better_than_own.php

http://www.amazon.com/Zygmunt-Bauman/e/B000APS9V2

http://www.amazon.com/Zygmunt-Bauman/e/B000APS9V2

http://www.oxygen-consulting.co.uk/docs/collaborative-consumption.pdf

http://www.spotify.com/int/about/what/

http://storyofstuff.org/electronics/

http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2059521_2059717_2059710,00.html

http://shareable.net/blog/birth-of-sharing-law

http://shareable.net/blog/birth-of-sharing-law

http://www.sustainableeconomieslawcenter.org/

http://www.nockin.com/

http://www.loalkilo.com/

http://www.super-marmite.com/

https://www.e-loue.com/


http://www.shareable.net/blog/gen-y-guide-to-collaborative-consumption

http://www.shareable.net/blog/gen-y-guide-to-collaborative-consumption

http://meshing.it/

http://www.collaborativeconsumption.com/the-movement/cc_antenna/




http://www.consumcollaboratiu.com/

http://consocollaborative.com/

http://accesstrumpsownership.blogspot.com/

http://www.openp2pdesign.org/

http://www.shareable.net/

http://collaborativeconsumption.com/



7. Visit http://collaborativeconsumption.com/

8. Botsman, Rachel; Rogers, Roo (2010, September). The Huffington Post. “Goodbye Hyper-

Consumption, Hello Collaborative Consumption” available at March 2011 from

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rachel-botsman/goodbye-hyperconsumption-_b_716107.html

9. Botsman, Rachel (2010, September). Swiss-Miss. “Collaborative Consumption: Reinventing not

just what we consume but how we consume” available at March 2011 from http://www.swiss-

miss.com/2010/09/guest-post-by-rachel-botsman.html

10. Botsman, Rachel; Rogers,Roo (2010, October). Hardvard Business Review. “Beyond Zipcar:

Collaborative Consumption” available at March 2011 from http://hbr.org/2010/10/beyond-zipcar-

collaborative-consumption/ar/1

11. Tunguz, Tomasz (2011, March). MIT Entrepreneurship Review. “The New Market Places - Peer to

Peer Collaborative Consumption” available at March 2011 from http://miter.mit.edu/article/new-

market-places-peer-peer-collaborative-consumption

12. Drew (2011, March). “Despite Improved Fleet Operations, Zipcar Reports Loss of $14.1M in 2010”

available at March 2011 from http://accesstrumpsownership.blogspot.com/2011/03/despite-

improved-fleet-operations.html

13. Latitude Research in Collaboration with Shareable Magazine. “The New Sharing Economy report

summary” available at March 2011 from http://latdsurvey.net/pdf/Sharing.pdf

14. Vercillo, Kathrynv (2010, December). “2011 Trend: Collaborative Consumption (What’s Mine is

Yours)” available at March 2011 from http://financialhighway.com/collaborative-consumption/

15. Visit http://p2pfoundation.net/Commons_FAQ

16. Visit http://www.onthecommons.org/commons-101

17. Lapsley, John (2011, March). “The future of (un)consumption” available at March 2011 from

http://www.mcgilldaily.com/2011/03/the-future-of-unconsumption-2/

18. Botsman, Rachel (2010, November) “The reputation economy” available at March 2011 from

http://www.collaborativeconsumption.com/blog-and-writings/Reputation%20Economy

%20BOSS.pdf

19. Orsi , Janelle (2011, March) Shareable online magazine. “Car Sharing Laws for Everyone”

available at March 2011 from http://www.shareable.net/blog/car-sharing-laws-for-everyone

20. Horning, Rob (2010, October) “Flea-Market Ideology: A Review of What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise

of Collaborative Consumption” available at March 2011 from

http://www.generationbubble.com/2010/10/26/flea-market-ideology-a-review-of-whats-mine-is-

yours-the-rise-of-collaborative-consumption/

21. Visit http://www.electronicstakeback.com

22. Visit http://www.iseappliances.co.uk

23.Anderson, Ray (2009, February). TED 2009. “Ray Anderson on the business logic of sustainability”

available since April 2009 from

http://www.ted.com/talks/ray_anderson_on_the_business_logic_of_sustainability.html

24. Visit http://www.super-marmite.com/

25. Clinton, Lindsay (2010, November). “Why the American Dream Doesn't Work in Developing

Countries” available at March 2011 from http://www.good.is/post/forget-the-american-dream-


http://www.good.is/post/forget-the-american-dream-collaborative-consumption-is-a-better-path-for-developing-countries/

http://www.super-marmite.com/

http://www.ted.com/talks/ray_anderson_on_the_business_logic_of_sustainability.html

http://www.iseappliances.co.uk/

http://www.electronicstakeback.com/

http://www.generationbubble.com/2010/10/26/flea-market-ideology-a-review-of-whats-mine-is-yours-the-rise-of-collaborative-consumption/

http://www.generationbubble.com/2010/10/26/flea-market-ideology-a-review-of-whats-mine-is-yours-the-rise-of-collaborative-consumption/

http://www.shareable.net/blog/car-sharing-laws-for-everyone

http://www.collaborativeconsumption.com/blog-and-writings/Reputation%20Economy%20BOSS.pdf

http://www.collaborativeconsumption.com/blog-and-writings/Reputation%20Economy%20BOSS.pdf

http://www.mcgilldaily.com/2011/03/the-future-of-unconsumption-2/

http://www.onthecommons.org/commons-101

http://p2pfoundation.net/Commons_FAQ

http://financialhighway.com/collaborative-consumption/

http://latdsurvey.net/pdf/Sharing.pdf

http://accesstrumpsownership.blogspot.com/2011/03/despite-improved-fleet-operations.html

http://accesstrumpsownership.blogspot.com/2011/03/despite-improved-fleet-operations.html





http://www.swiss-miss.com/2010/09/guest-post-by-rachel-botsman.html

http://www.swiss-miss.com/2010/09/guest-post-by-rachel-botsman.html

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rachel-botsman/goodbye-hyperconsumption-_b_716107.html



collaborative-consumption-is-a-better-path-for-developing-countries/

26. Visit http://www.mobileactive.org/

27. Visit

https://www.engineeringforchange.org/news/2011/03/18/ieee_humanitarian_technology_webinars_

now_on_youtube.html

28. Anonymous (2008, August). “Poisoning the poor – Electronic Waste in Ghana” available at March

2011 from http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/features/poisoning-the-poor-electroni/

29. Visit http://www.baisikeli.dk/ // http://www.ideascompass.dk/en/howothersdoit/baisikeli //

http://www.celebrateafrica.dk/index.php?cID=135


http://www.celebrateafrica.dk/index.php?cID=135

http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/features/poisoning-the-poor-electroni/

https://www.engineeringforchange.org/news/2011/03/18/ieee_humanitarian_technology_webinars_now_on_youtube.html

https://www.engineeringforchange.org/news/2011/03/18/ieee_humanitarian_technology_webinars_now_on_youtube.html

http://www.mobileactive.org/



introduction to collaborative consumption

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