Pure Green vs Hi-Tech Green

Ir Dr Albert So, AIIB Advisory Board ChairmanIr S.L.Li, AIIB Council Member

Johnson Controls2

Abstract

“To Go Green” is a hot slogan particularly in Construction Industry due to recent global concerns on climate change, green and sustainability

Foreseeable disasters of mankind due to climate change & energy shortages

Half of total worldwide energy consumption comes from buildings

Quick responses from Building & Construction Industry NECESSARY

Johnson Controls3

Abstract

More than 300 green building assessment schemes around the world (significant topic)

United States Green Building Council (USGBC)/ LEADERSHIP in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) seems to be the most popular tool for green building assessment

Appreciate the current trend of green assessment development but the way to go green needs to be scrutinized carefully ……...

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USA Energy Report 1963 – 2030

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Abstract

A tree house or a hut built with a hay roof some five thousand years ago may also look "green"

The effects of “green”, from Economic Impacts to Quality of Comfortable Living must be taken into consideration as well

AIIB’s theme puts “Green” as one attentive element only but not all of it

“Pure Green” is NOT desirable

Johnson Controls5

Abstract

AIIB’s sister association in North America, the Continental Automated Building Association (CABA) proposed “Bright Green”couple of years ago

“Bright Green” is similar to “Smart Green”

AIIB Intelligent Building Index (IBI) has two sub-indices: “Green Index” & “Hi-Tech Image”

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Abstract

Authors of this joint paper propose to launch “Hi-Tech Green”

Two meanings of “Hi-Tech Green” :

1. Modern Intelligent Buildings need both hi-tech and green at the same time

2. Building designers and operators must employ advanced technology to go green

This paper illustrates both concepts and explains why modern IBs must go "hi-tech green"

Hi-TechGreen Hi-Tech Green

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Introduction

A building: an occupants’ envelop to perform activities

A building must be well equipped to facilitate such activities including paper and non-paper works, discussions, conferences, dining, entertainment, relaxing and even sleeping

The Intelligent Building Index (IBI) of Asian Institute of Intelligent Buildings (AIIB), besides the green sub-index, has sub-indices including space utilization, working efficiency, health and culture etc.

6 star hotel

High Class Office

Johnson Controls8

Introduction

Concept from AIIB: to ensure a modern office building can serve the business development activities of its occupants, a hi-tech image with advanced technology is a “MUST”

Getting popular with Green building design due to recent pressing demand of carbon footprint reduction and energy saving for tackling the world disaster of global warming

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Introduction

From Wikipedia: Green Building (GB) = Sustainable Building

Definition of Green Building and Sustainable Building

Green Building = design-philosophy outcome focusing resource efficiency: energy, water & materials AND reducing impacts on human health and environment within building lifecycle through better siting, design, construction, operation, maintenance, and removal

Sustainability = the achievement of contemporary demands while not sacrificing the demands of our future generations.

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Introduction

A common view of Green Building, amid many different ways is: should be designed and operated to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by:

i) Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources.

ii) Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity.

iii) Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation.

Similar concept about Natural Building: smaller scale, use of natural materials available at local

Other related topics include sustainable design, green architecture, and energy efficient buildings

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Introduction

Similar concept about Natural Building: smaller scale, use of natural materials available at local

Other related topics include sustainable design, green architecture, and energy efficient buildings

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Introduction

This agreeable directive ahead is actually one of two approaches to fulfill this goal:

1st Approach:Thousands of year old constructions or buildings were really sustainable because they did not rely on consuming many energy resourcesTemperature control was mainly based on fire places in winter and thick insulation / natural ventilation in summer

Water-from-water wheels by manipulating the natural power from rivers or streams

No artificial lighting as people woke up in the morning right after sunrise and slept upon sunset. The lamps were basically producing light with a fire seed by burning oil or animal fat

However, nobody PREFERS this type of living environment anymore. But this is one approach to deal with sustainability

2nd Approach: Save energy and water by using advanced technologysuch as intelligent automation systems, smart materials, advanced physical processes and modern management

Option 1

Option 2

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LEED

Developed by The United States Green Building Council (USGBC)

An internationally recognized green building certification system

Providing third-party verification that a building or community has been designed and built using strategies aimed at improving performance across all the metrics that matter most:

Energy savings, water efficiency, CO2 emissions reduction, improved indoor environmental quality, and stewardship of resources and sensitivity to their impacts.

LEED provides building owners and operators a concise framework

Identifying and implementing practical and measurable green building design, construction, operations and maintenance solutions

LEADERSHIP in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

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LEADERSHIP in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

LEED is flexibly applicable to all building types – commercial as well as residential. It works throughout the building lifecycle – design and construction, operations and maintenance, tenant fitting-out, and significant retrofit

LEED for Neighborhood Development extends the benefits of LEED beyond the building footprint into the neighborhood it serves.

First published in October 2005 and revised in October, 2007 as the third edition, the LEED® Green Building Rating System™ for New Construction Version 2.2 was developed by the USGBC for the U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Building Technology, State, and Community Programs.

Latest version was 2009

Earlier version was 1999

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LEADERSHIP in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

In LEED for New Construction Version 2.2, all items are categorized into six sections, namely:sustainable sites (1 prerequisite plus 8 credits, totally 14 possible points)

water efficiency (3 credits, totally 5 possible points)

energy and atmosphere (3 prerequisites plus 6 credits, totally 17 possible points)

materials & resources (1 prerequisite plus 7 credits, totally 13 possible credit points)

indoor environmental quality (2 prerequisites plus 8 credits, totally 15 possible points)

innovation & design process (2 credits, totally 5 possible points) respectively

Can be more than one point under one credit, totally 69 points

“Platinum” score for new construction needs between 52 to 69 points inclusive

Bear no pints inside all total seven prerequisites but must be complied compulsorily

However, no building can secure all 69 points due to internally conflicting among points

The highest score: up to 64-65 points

Different rules for granting points under each credit

Min certified score: from 26 to 32 points

“Silver” score: from 33 to 38 points

“Gold” score: from 39 to 51 points

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LEADERSHIP in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

Example: Credit 1 of Energy and Atmosphere on “optimize energy performance”

Baseline performance rating per ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004 : which compared with the proposed building performance, a whole building simulation can therefore be conducted to demonstrate a percentage improvement

Scores for new buildings:

one point for 10.5% improvement,

two points for 14% improvement,

three points for 17.5% improvement,

up to 10 points for 42% improvement.

Up to the present moment, LEED can be considered the most popular assessment scheme for green buildings in North America, possibly around the whole world on average.

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LEADERSHIP in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

The latest Version 3.0 was released in April, 2009 by the USGBC

This new version is a combination of three elements, i.e.

LEED 2009 with advancements to the rating system

LEED online for faster, smarter and a better user experience

and a certification model giving details of GBCI and Certification bodies

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The Hong Kong Building Environmental Assessment Method (HKBEAM)

Two versions of HK-BEAM, namely: 4/04 for new buildings and 5/04 for existing buildings

HK-BEAM provides authoritative guidance to developers, designers, contractors and building managers on practices which could minimise the adverse effects of buildings on the environment, whilst promoting a healthy indoor environment

4/04 (New Buildings): all items are categorized into one of six aspects, namely:1. site aspects (including site location, site planning and design, and emissions from the site)

2. materials aspects (including efficient use of materials, selection of materials, and waste management)

3. energy use (including annual energy use, energy efficient systems, energy efficient equipment, and facilities for energy management)

4. water use (including water quality, water conservation, and effluent)

5. indoor environmental quality (including safety, hygiene, indoor air quality, ventilation, thermal comfort, lighting quality, acoustics and noise, and building amenities)

6. and innovations and additions. Within each category, there are a number of rules for granting credits

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The Hong Kong Building Environmental Assessment Method (HKBEAM)

Example under item 4.2.3 of “Lighting Systems in Mechanically Ventilated Buildings” of “Energy Use”

1 credit is given for using lamps and ballasts that will consume less electricity than those meeting the zero-credit requirements by 15% or more

2 credits being given to a reduction in consumption by 25% or more

and 1 further credit for installing control systems and devices that will switch off or dim the output of lighting installations when and where illumination is not required

under this item, the maximum number of credits given can be “3” while the minimum is “0”. The overall mechanism is quite closed to that of LEED

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Green Intelligence

As mentioned, two ways to approach green design. Let’s take two examples as illustration.

Example 1:According to Indoor Environmental Quality EQ 2 of LEED New Construction and Major Renovation Version 2.2

Additional outdoor air ventilation should be provided to improve indoor air quality for improved occupant comfort, well-being and productivity.

Three basic methods for ventilating buildings are suggested in the reference guide, namely:

1. active ventilation involving mechanical ventilation

2. passive ventilation involving natural ventilation

3 . and mixed mode ventilation involving both mechanical and natural ventilation

Natural Air Ventilating

Mechanical Natural Ventilating

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Green Intelligence

Example 1 (continued…):For mechanically ventilated spaces, heat recovery must be used where appropriate to minimize the additional energy consumption associated with higher ventilation rates because the outdoor air ventilation rates to all occupied spaces should be increased by at least 30% above the minimum rates required by ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004

For naturally ventilated spaces, eight steps should be followed and they are:

i) develop design requirements

ii) plan airflow paths

iii) identify building uses and features that might require special attention

iv) determine ventilation requirements

v) estimate external driving pressures

vi) select types of ventilation devices

vii) size ventilation devices

viii) analyze the design

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Green Intelligence

Example 1 (continued….)

the use of mechanical ventilation is closed to the concept of “hi-tech green” while that of natural ventilation is closed to “pure-green”.

However, if NIST’s CONTAM, Multizone Modeling Software, loopDAetc. are used to analytically predict room-by-room airflows and if certain automation systems are employed to optimally introduce prevailing wind into the building and automatically switch between natural and mechanical ventilations, these are “hi-tech green” approaches as well.

Ethernet TCP/IP

Office Automation Local Area

Network

Building Automation Local Area

Network

Hi-Tech Green

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Green Intelligence

Example 2:

Pure Green

According to Indoor Environmental Quality EQ 8.1 and EQ 8.2,

occupants must be provided a connection between indoor spaces and the outdoor through the introduction of daylight and views into the regularly occupied areas of the building

Potentials to add interior light shelves, exterior fins, louvers and adjustable blinds must be evaluated to demonstrate various daylighting strategies

This is the kind of “pure-green” approach as mentioned before

Day Lighting

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Example 2 (continued….)

Hi-Tech GreenIntroduction of daylight into the indoor environment will certainly increase the cooling load of the building in a tropical country during summer

Suppose the daylight can be introduced into the indoor environment by automatically adjustable reflectors and channels and even by the use of fiber optics, it is possible to bring in daylight without bringing in direct sunlight rich of infrared radiation, simultaneously not to increase the cooling load. This is termed “hi-tech green”.

Many more examples from the LEED reference guide that:

a “hi-tech green approach” instead of a “pure-green approach”.

Green Intelligence

Fiber Optic Day Lighting

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Green Intelligence

From a macroscopic point: various advantages of using “hi-tech green”:-The main reasons why we need to go green now rather than the past few centuries:

Human beings consumed too many natural resources for our industrialization and for a better and modern life

Such action has a price, i.e. high pollution and thus climate change.

Now save the world and prevent it from further deterioration

Possible to use natural or primitive methods to go green:

planting a lot of trees;

or moving people to areas with a more favorable climatic condition so as to use less heating and air-conditioning.

But, all these solutions are slow or very expensive

By using high technology (Hi-Tech Green):

burning fuel without producing carbon dioxide

inventing some media to absorb carbon molecules

by more efficient lighting, heating and air-conditioning

It is possible to arrive at the same target under a much faster pace!

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Cannot sacrifice human needs merely for sustainability although “Go Green” is a must in coming future

Buildings form an important envelope for us to work and relax.

Buildings must ensure occupants’performance: productive and efficient.

Human comfort ensures productivity.

Research works showed that: 2% drop in productivity upon 1oC drop or rise from the optimal or comfortable indoor temperature

Green Intelligence

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Green Intelligence

Example:

At some official circumstances, wearing suits demonstrate decorum: respects and seriousness of the events, etc.

If Indoor temperature is set at 25oC or above under during hot and humid summer, it is quite impossible for participants to show respect by wearing suits anymore

The employment of high temperature means that we have to sacrifice human needs while saving the environment simultaneously

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Green Intelligence

According to Kyoto Protocols: one key issue of carbon footprint reduction for 37 industrialized countries (called "Annex I countries"), committed to a reduction of four greenhouse gases (GHG):

carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulphur hexafluoride

two groups of gases (hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons)

But conflicting with most developed countries because emissions from the fuel mean prosperity

By using the “pure green approach”, countries have no choice but to slow down their activities to meet the requirements

By using the “hi-tech green approach”, countries can still maintain their emissions provided they can find ways scientifically to prevent such emissions going into the atmosphere

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Green Intelligence

Comment:

Last but not least, it has been well proven over the past two hundred years that science and engineering (Hi-Tech) have been the crucial ingredients towards economic development and wealth

Therefore, a policy to stimulate scientists to do more research and development works, in particular in the area of sustainability and environment can quickly benefit mankind

It is well known that the gross domestic product (GDP) of a country heavily depends on the advancement of technology.

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Bright Green Buildings of Continental Automated Building Association (CABA) of North America

Suggesting that a modern intelligent building needs to be green and hi-tech at the same time - such concept is not absolutely new.

In mid 2008, the Continental Automated Building Association (CABA) of North America, a sister association of AIIB published a report on the concept of “bright green building”.

According to CABA, “a bright green building is one that is both intelligent and green. It is a building that uses both technology and process to create a facility that is safe, healthy and comfortable, and enables productivity and well being for its occupants. It provides timely, integrated system information for its owners so that they may make intelligent decisions regarding its operation and maintenance, and has an implicit logic that effectively evolves with changing user requirements and technology, ensuring continued and improved intelligent operation, maintenance and optimization. A bright green building is designed, constructed, and operated with minimum impact on the environment, with emphasis on conserving resources, using energy efficiently and creating healthy occupied environments. It must meet the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations. Sustainability is measured in three interdependent dimensions: environmental stewardship, economic prosperity, and social responsibility.”

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Bright Green Buildings of Continental Automated Building Association (CABA) of North America

Bright green buildings exhibit key attributes of environmental sustainability to benefit present and future generations.

In bright green buildings, fully networked systems transcend the simple integration of independent systems to achieve interaction across all systems, allowing them to work collectively, optimizing a building’s performance, and constantly creating an environment that is conducive to the occupants’ goals.

Additionally, fully interoperable systems in these buildings tend to perform better, cost less to maintain, and leave a smaller environmental imprint than individual utilities and communication systems.

The idea of leveraging intelligence to enhance building performance, either for energy efficiency or occupant comfort and thereby obtaining credits is also acknowledged by USGBC - “If the objective is clear, the credit system under LEED is geared to recognize building performance that has been enhanced by automation and IT-centric intelligence,” states USGBC.

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Bright Green Buildings of Continental Automated Building Association (CABA) of North America

Each building is unique in its mission and operational objectives and therefore, must balance short and long-term needs accordingly.

Bright green buildings provide a dynamic environment that responds to occupants’ changing needs and lifestyles.

As technology advances, and as information and communication expectations become more sophisticated, networking solutions both converge and automate divergent technologies to improve responsiveness, efficiency, and performance.

To achieve this, bright green (Hi-Tech Green) buildings converge data, voice, and video with security, HVAC, lighting, and other electronic controls on a single network platform that facilitates user management, space utilization, energy conservation, comfort, and systems improvement.

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Intelligent Building Index (IBI)

All quotes in previous “Bright Green” section and the definition of “Intelligent Building” of AIIB alike

AIIB’s definition on IB: based on an appropriate selection of QUALITY ENVIRONMENT MODULES to meet the user’s requirements by mapping with the appropriate building facilities (termed ELEMENTS within The IBI Manual) to achieve long-term building value

Inside the IBI Manual Version 3.0 of AIIB, there are 10 quality environment modules each represented by one sub-index, i.e.:-

environmental friendliness, space utilization and flexibility, human comfort, working efficiency, culture, image of high technology, safety and security measures, construction process and structure, cost effectiveness, and health and hygiene.

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Intelligent Building Index

The first module leads to the “Green Sub-index” while the sixth module leads to the “Hi-Tech Sub-Index”.

This arrangement clearly shows that AIIB has been promoting the convergence of green and high technology together for the betterment of the mankind.

The way we should go ahead: A modern intelligent building should be able to achieve a high level of environmental friendliness but at the same time be based upon the provision of most state-of-the-art technology

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Conclusion

Agree that “green” is the world trend

Nobody can go against this global policy or direction

However, there are two ways to go “green”:

“pure green approach” and “hi-tech green approach”

In order to ensure the economy can continue to grow while human beings can work and live better, we certainly need to ahead with the “hi-tech green approach”

Hope that all owners, developers, manufacturers, designers, contractors and facility managers go “hi-tech green”, and don’t go “pure green”

The latter may be detrimental to the mankind instead of benefiting us while the former will help us proceed to a bright future

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Thank You