is it much ado nothing? dividen policy

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Case by Jim Demello Look Before You Leverage “Why do things have to be so complicated?” said Bob to Andrew, as he sat at his desk shuffling papers around. “I need you to come up with a convincing argument.” Bob’s company, Symonds Electronics, had embarked upon an expansion project, which had the potential of increasing sales by about 30% per year over the next 5 years. The additional capital needed for finance the project had been estimated at $5,000,000. What Bon was wondering about was whether he should burden the firm with fixed rate debt or issue common stock to raise the needed funds. Having had no luck with getting the board of directors to vote on a decision, Bob decided to call on Andrew Lamb, his Chief Financial Officer, to shed some light on the matter. Bob Symonds, the Chief Executive Officer of Symonds Electronics, established his company about 10 years ago in his hometown f Cincinnati, Ohio. After taking early retirement at age 55, Bob felt that he could really capitalize on his engineering knowledge and contacts within the industry. Bob remembered vividly how easily he had managed to get the company up and running by using $3,000,000 of his own savings and a five-year bank note worth $2,000,000. He recollected how uneasy he had felt about that debt burden and the 14% per year rate of interest that the bank had been charging him. He remembered distinctly how relieved he had been after paying off the loan one year earlier than its five-year term, and the surprised look on the bank manager’s face. Business had been good over the years and sales had doubled about every 4 years. As sales began to escalate with the booming economy and thriving stock market, the firm had needed additional capital. Initially, Bob had managed to grow the business by using internal equity and spontaneous financing sources. However, about 5 years ago, when the need for financing was overwhelming, Bob decided to take the company public via an initial public offering (IPO) in the over-the- counter market. The issue was very successful and oversubscribed, mainly due to the superb publicity and marketing efforts of the investment underwriting company that 1

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Based on case 26 by Jim Demello

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Page 1: Is it much ado nothing? Dividen policy

Case by Jim DemelloLook Before You Leverage

“Why do things have to be so complicated?” said Bob to Andrew, as he sat at his desk shuffling papers around. “I need you to come up with a convincing argument.” Bob’s company, Symonds Electronics, had embarked upon an expansion project, which had the potential of increasing sales by about 30% per year over the next 5 years. The additional capital needed for finance the project had been estimated at $5,000,000. What Bon was wondering about was whether he should burden the firm with fixed rate debt or issue common stock to raise the needed funds. Having had no luck with getting the board of directors to vote on a decision, Bob decided to call on Andrew Lamb, his Chief Financial Officer, to shed some light on the matter.

Bob Symonds, the Chief Executive Officer of Symonds Electronics, established his company about 10 years ago in his hometown f Cincinnati, Ohio. After taking early retirement at age 55, Bob felt that he could really capitalize on his engineering knowledge and contacts within the industry. Bob remembered vividly how easily he had managed to get the company up and running by using $3,000,000 of his own savings and a five-year bank note worth $2,000,000. He recollected how uneasy he had felt about that debt burden and the 14% per year rate of interest that the bank had been charging him. He remembered distinctly how relieved he had been after paying off the loan one year earlier than its five-year term, and the surprised look on the bank manager’s face.

Business had been good over the years and sales had doubled about every 4 years. As sales began to escalate with the booming economy and thriving stock market, the firm had needed additional capital. Initially, Bob had managed to grow the business by using internal equity and spontaneous financing sources. However, about 5 years ago, when the need for financing was overwhelming, Bob decided to take the company public via an initial public offering (IPO) in the over-the-counter market. The issue was very successful and oversubscribed, mainly due to the superb publicity and marketing efforts of the investment underwriting company that Bob had hired. The company sold 1 million shares at $5 per share. The stock price had grown steadily over time and was currently trading at its book value of $15 per share.

When the expansion proposal was presented at the last week’s board meeting, the directors were unanimous about the decision to accept the proposal. Based upon the estimates provided by the marketing department, the project had the potential of increasing revenues by between 10% (Worst Case) and 50% (Best Case) per year. The incremental rate of return was expected to far outperform the company’s hurdle rate. Ordinarily, the project would have been started using internal and spontaneous funds. However, at this juncture, the firm had already invested all it internal equity into the business. Thus, Bob and his colleagues were hard pressed to make a decision as to whether long-term debt or equity should be the chosen method of financing this time around.

Upon contacting their investment bankers, Bob learned that they could issue 5-year notes, at par, at a rate of 10% per year. Conversely, the company could issue common stock at its current price of $15 per share. Being unclear about what decision to make, Bob put the question to a vote by the directors. Unfortunately, the directors were equally divided in their opinion of which financing route should be chosen. Some of the directors felt that the tax

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shelter offered by the debt would help reduce the firm’s overall cost of capital and prevent the firm’s earning per share from being diluted. However, others had heard about “homemade leverage” and would not be convinced. They were of the opinion that it would be better for the firm to let investors leverage their investments themselves. They felt that equity was the way to go since the future looked rather uncertain and being rather conservative, they were not interested in burdening the firm with interest charges. Besides, they felt that the firm should take advantage of the booming stock market.

Feeling rather frustrated and confused, Bob decided to call upon his chief financial officer, Andrew Lamb, to resolve this dilemma. Andrew had joined the company about two year ago. He held an MBA form a prestigious university and had recently completed his Chartered Financial Analysts; certification. Prior to joining Symonds, Andrew had worked at two other publicly traded manufacturing companies and had been successful in helping them raise capital at attractive rates, thereby lowering their cost of capital considerably. Andrew knew that he was in for a challenging task, He felt, however, that this was a good opportunity to prove his worth to the company. In preparation of his presentation, he got the latest balance sheet and income statement of the firm (see Tables 1 and 2) and started crunching out the numbers. The title of the presentation read, “Look Before You Leverage!”

Table 1Symonds Electronics Inc.

Latest Balance SheetCash 1,000,000 Accounts Payable 3,000,000Account Receivables 3,000,000 Accruals 2,000,000Inventories 4,000,000 Current Assets 8,000,000 Current Liabilities 5,000,000Net Fixed Assets 12,000,000 Paid in Capital 5,000,000

Retained Earnings 10,000,000 Total Assets 20,000,000 Total Liabilities &

Owner’s Equity20,000,000

Table 2Symonds Electronics Inc.Latest Income Statement

Sales 15,000,000Cost of Goods Sold 10,500,000 Gross Profit 4,500,000Selling & Administrative Expenses 750,000Depreciation 1,500,000 EBIT 2,250,000Taxes (40%) 900,000 Net Income 1,350,000

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1. If Symonds Electronics Inc. were to raise all of the required capital by issuing

debt, what would the impact be on the firm’s shareholders?

Implikasi penambahan modal dengan cara pembiayaan melalui utang kepada para

pemegang saham adalah perubahan EPS serta ROE. Perubahan tersebut sangat terkait

dengan ekspektasi kinerja perusahaan di masa mendatang. Asumsi yang digunakan

adalah COGS serta Selling and Administrative Expense merupakan biaya variabel

(marginal), sedangkan depresiasi merupakan biaya tetap. Beberapa skenario alternatif

dapat dilihat dalam tabel berikut:

Debt ScenerioCurrent

Including $5,000,000 Expansion

  Worst Bad Expected Good Best

Revenue Growth Rate - 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Sales 15,000 16,500 18,000 19,500 21,000 22,500

COGS 10,500 11,550 12,600 13,650 14,700 15,750

Selling & Adm. Exp. 750 825 900 975 1,050 1,125

Depreciation 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500

EBIT 2,250 2,625 3,000 3,375 3,750 4,125

Interest 0 500 500 500 500 500

EBT 2,250 2,125 2,500 2,875 3,250 3,625

Net Income 1,350 1,275 1,500 1,725 1,950 2,175

Numbers of Shares 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000

EPS 1.35 1.275 1.5 1.725 1.95 2.175

Equity 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000

Return on Equity 9.00% 8.50% 10.00% 11.50% 13.00% 14.50%

Dari perhitungan diatas terlihat bahwa pembiayaan melalui utang dapat mengubah

EPS perusahaan dari $1.35 menjadi antara $1.275 – 2.175 (tergantung skenario

pertumbuhan revenue). Jika ekspektasi perusahaan bahwa sales akan meningkat

sebesar 30% tercapai, maka EPS akan meningkat sebesar $0,375. Di lain sisi, ROE

perusahaan akan berada pada nilai 8,5%-14,5%, dan ekspektasi perusahaan adalah

pada 11,5%, meningkat sebesar 2,5% dari kondisi saat ini.

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2. What does “homemade leverage” mean? Using the data in the case explain how

a shareholder might be able to use homemade leverage to create the same payoffs

as achieved by the firm.

Homemade leverage adalah sebuah cara dimana investor atau shareholder suatu

perusahaan, secara masing-masing individu bisa melakukan konsep leverage atau

menghilangkan pengaruh leverage yang dilakukan perusahaan. Mereka dapat

meminjam uang (untuk mendapatkan leverage) ataupun meminjamkan uang

(menghilangkan efek leverage). Hal ini dapat dilakukan oleh pemegang saham untuk

mendapatkan efek yang diinginkan ataupun menghilangkan efek yang dianggap

merugikan dan beresiko dari investasi mereka.

Misalkan, jika perusahaan melakukan leverage, namun seorang investor merasa efek

yang akan datang dari keputusan ini tidak rasional, terlalu optimistis atau terlalu

pesimis, mereka dapat menghilangkan atau mendapatkan efek yang diinginkan oleh

investor, dengan cara melakukan pinjaman uang ataupun meminjamkan uang mereka

dengan interest rate yang sama dengan rate yang dikeluarkan oleh perusahaan untuk

debt financing mereka sampai dengan mereka memiliki Debt to Equity ratio yang

sama dengan perusahaan jika mereka melakukan leverage, selanjutnya dana ini akan

digunakan untuk membeli saham tambahan atau mengurangi saham jika ingin

meminjamkan uang, hal ini untuk mengantisipasi atau melakukan payoff efek dari

keputusan capital structuring perusahaan.

Bisa kita asumsikan seorang investor pada Symonds Electronics memiliki 200 lembar

saham, dengan harga perlembar adalah $15, sehingga total investasinya adalah $3000.

Jika perusahaan melakukan ekspansi dengan mengeluarkan hutang sebesar

$5.000.000, EPS dari perusahaan tersebut menjadi $1.185, $1.455, dan $1.725 sesuai

dengan scenario yang ditentukan. Sekarang jika ekspansi dilakukan dengan murni dari

ekuitas saja, maka eps akan menjadi seperti table di bawah ini:

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Equity Financing

With $5,000,000 Expansion

Current Worst Expected Best

Growth 10% 30% 50%

Revenues 15,000,000 16,500,000 19,500,000 22,500,000

EBIT 2,250,000 2,475,000 2,925,000 3,375,000

Interest 0 0 0 0

EBT 2,250,000 2,475,000 2,925,000 3,375,000

EBT after Tax 1,350,000 1,485,000 1,755,000 2,025,000

No. of shares 1,000,000 1333333.333 1333333.333 1333333.333

EPS 1.35 1.11375 1.31625 1.51875

Debt 0 0 0 0

Equity 15,000,000 20,000,000 20,000,000 20,000,000

D/E Ratio 0 0 0 0

Return on Equity 9.00% 7.43% 8.78% 10.13%

Sekarang, EPS untuk expected dan best scenario menjadi lebih rendah dibandingkan

jika perusahaan melakukan leverage. Namun, sesuai konsep homemade leverage,

masing-masing individu yang menginginkan EPS mereka berubah menjadi seperti

jika perusahaan melakukan debt leverage, dapat mengatur EPS mereka sendiri jika

perusahaan tidak melakukan leverage dan mengambil kebijakan untuk melakukan

ekspansi melalui equitas.

Para investor ini dapat melakukan pinjaman dengan rate 10%, sesuai interest rate

bond yang akan dikeluarkan oleh perusahaan. Investor ini harus menyaakan D/E Ratio

mereka dengan perusahaan, jika perusahaan melakukan leverage maka perusahaan

akan memilki D/E Ratio sebesar 33.333%, maka untuk menyamakan hal ini, investor

harus meminjam uang sebesar $1000, dan membeli saham dari dana tersebut.

(1000/3000= 33.33%).

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Proposed capital structure of $5,000,000 debt

Worst Case Expected Case Best Case

EPS $1.185 $1.455 $1.725

Earnings for 200 shares $237 $291 $345

Net Cost = 200 shares x $15 =$3,000

Under Original Capital structure and Homemade Leverage:

EPS $1.11375 $1. 3162 $1.51875

Earnings for 266.67 shares $297 $351 $405.

Less After-tax interest on $1000 at $60 $60 $60

10% (1 - 0.4) or 6%**

Net earnings $237 $291 $345

3. What is the current weighted average cost of capital of the firm? What effect

would a change in the debt to equity ratio have on the weighted average cost of

capital and the cost of equity capital of the firm?

WACC = (E/V) x (RE) + (D/V) x RD x (1-TC)

RE = RU + (RU – RD) x (D/E) x (1-TC) = Cost of Equity

Karena pada pertamanya perusahaan dalam melakukan ekspansi ini tidak memiliki

bagian hutang dalam pendanaannya (full equity), maka perusahaan tidak memiliki

cost of debt. Hal ini menyebabkan WACC dari Symonds Electronics adalah sebesar

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cost of equity mereka atau cost of an unlevered firm (RE) = Risk-free rate + Beta

(Market Rate – Risk-free rate)

ß = 1.1

rf = 4%

rm = 12%

RE = 4% + 1.11*(12% - 4%) = 12.88%

Jika perusahaan ternyata melakukan pendanaan yang berasal dari hutang, maka debt-

equity ratio mereka akan meningkat, yang akan mengubah cost of equity mereka

menjadi lebih mahal. Sesuai dengan kasus, perusahaan akan meminjam $5.000.000

dengan interest rate sebesar 10% per tahun dan membuat D/E Ratio menjadi 33.33%

RE = RU + (RU – RD) x (D/E) x (1-TC)

RE =R no debt + (R no debt – interest rate on debt) (D/E) (1-tax rate)

= 12.8% + (12.8% - 10%) ( $5,000,000/ $ 15,000,000)( 1- 40%)

= 12.8% + (2.8%) (0.333) (0.6)

= 13.45%

Maka, dengan berubahnya cost of equity dan munculnya cost of debt yang baru

karena ada pembiayaan yang berasal dari hutang, maka WACC dari Symonds

Electronics akan berubah menjadi:

WACC= (E/V) x (RE) + (D/V) x RD x (1-TC)

= ($15,000,000/$20,000,000)*(13.45%) +5,000,000/20,000,000)*10%*.6

= 11.59%

Efek perubahan dari WACC yang mengecil ini dari 12.88% menjadi 11.59% ini

sebenarnya bagus untuk perusahaan, karena seperti yang kita tau WACC

menggambarkan seberapa besar biaya yang harus kita keluarkan dalam

mengumpulkan pendanaan dari ekuitas maupun hutang, jadi semakin kecil WACC

maka semakin kecil biaya terkait pendanaan ini yang harus dibayarkan.

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4. The firm’s beta was estimated at 1.11. Treasury bills were yielding 4% and the expected rate of return on the market index was estimated to be 12%. Using various combinations of debt and equity, under the assumption that the costs of each component stays constant, show the effect of increasing leverage on the weighted average cost of capital of the firm. Is there a particular capital structure that maximizes the value of the firm? Explain.

Debt/Value Equity/Value D/E

RE WACC Debt Vu Vl

0 1 0 12.88% 12.88% 0 13625776 136257760.01 0.99 0.010 12.90% 12.83% 136257.8 13625776 136802800.02 0.98 0.020 12.92% 12.78% 272515.5 13625776 137347830.03 0.97 0.031 12.93% 12.73% 408773.3 13625776 137892860.04 0.96 0.042 12.95% 12.67% 545031.1 13625776 138437890.05 0.95 0.053 12.97% 12.62% 681288.8 13625776 138982920.06 0.94 0.064 12.99% 12.57% 817546.6 13625776 139527950.07 0.93 0.075 13.01% 12.52% 953804.3 13625776 140072980.08 0.92 0.087 13.03% 12.47% 1090062 13625776 140618010.09 0.91 0.099 13.05% 12.42% 1226320 13625776 141163040.1 0.9 0.111 13.07% 12.36% 1362578 13625776 141708070.11 0.89 0.124 13.09% 12.31% 1498835 13625776 142253110.12 0.88 0.136 13.12% 12.26% 1635093 13625776 142798140.13 0.87 0.149 13.14% 12.21% 1771351 13625776 143343170.14 0.86 0.163 13.16% 12.16% 1907609 13625776 143888200.15 0.85 0.176 13.18% 12.11% 2043866 13625776 144433230.16 0.84 0.190 13.21% 12.06% 2180124 13625776 144978260.17 0.83 0.205 13.23% 12.00% 2316382 13625776 145523290.18 0.82 0.220 13.26% 11.95% 2452640 13625776 146068320.19 0.81 0.235 13.29% 11.90% 2588898 13625776 146613350.2 0.8 0.250 13.31% 11.85% 2725155 13625776 147158390.21 0.79 0.266 13.34% 11.80% 2861413 13625776 147703420.22 0.78 0.282 13.37% 11.75% 2997671 13625776 148248450.23 0.77 0.299 13.40% 11.70% 3133929 13625776 148793480.24 0.76 0.316 13.43% 11.64% 3270186 13625776 149338510.25 0.75 0.333 13.46% 11.59% 3406444 13625776 149883540.26 0.74 0.351 13.49% 11.54% 3542702 13625776 150428570.27 0.73 0.370 13.52% 11.49% 3678960 13625776 15097360

Tabel diatas menunjukkan debt-equity ratio yang meningkatkan WACC perusahaan, dan menurukan cost of debt setelah pajak.

The partial data table above shows that as the debt-equity ratio increases the WACC of the firm decreases and approaches the after-tax cost of debt.

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0 2000000 4000000 6000000 8000000 10000000 12000000 14000000 16000000

0

2000000

4000000

6000000

8000000

10000000

12000000

14000000

16000000

18000000

20000000

M&M Proposition I with Taxes

Vu

Debt

Val

ue

of

Fir

m

Seperti yang dapat dilihat dari grafik diatas, dengan 100% debt maka value akan maksimal. Tapi kita harus menyadari bahwa ini adalah hal yang cukup mustahil mengingat tidak ada perusahaan yang dapat berjalan dengan debt sebesar 100%.

5. How would the key profitability ratios (PM, ROE and ROA) of the firm be

affected if the firm were to raise all of the capital by issuing 5-year notes?

Rasio profitabilitas Symonds Electronic jika perusahaan melakukan pembiayaan

dengan mengeluarkan 5-years note adalah sebagai berikut: (dalam berbagai skenario)

5-Years NoteCurrent

Including $5,000,000 Expansion

  Worst Bad Expected Good Best

Revenue Growth Rate - 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Sales 15,000 16,500 18,000 19,500 21,000 22,500

COGS 10,500 11,550 12,600 13,650 14,700 15,750

Selling & Adm. Exp. 750 825 900 975 1,050 1,125

Depreciation 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500

EBIT 2,250 2,625 3,000 3,375 3,750 4,125

Interest 0 500 500 500 500 500

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EBT 2,250 2,125 2,500 2,875 3,250 3,625

Net Income 1,350 1,275 1,500 1,725 1,950 2,175

Numbers of Shares 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000

EPS 1.35 1.275 1.5 1.725 1.95 2.175

Current Liabilities 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000

Debt 0 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000

Equity 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000

Total Assets 20,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000

Debt/Equity Ratio 0.00% 33.33% 33.33% 33.33% 33.33% 33.33%

Net Profit Margin 9.00% 7.73% 8.33% 8.85% 9.29% 9.67%

Return on Equity 9.00% 8.50% 10.00% 11.50% 13.00% 14.50%

Return on Assets 6.75% 5.10% 6.00% 6.90% 7.80% 8.70%

Asumsi yang digunakan adalah COGS serta Selling and Administrative Expense

merupakan biaya variabel (marginal), sedangkan depresiasi merupakan biaya tetap.

Tabel diatas menunjukkan bahwa melalui pembiayaan dengan utang, perusahaan

dapat meningkatkan EPS, ROA, dan ROE-nya jika ekspektasi peningkatan

pertumbuhan sales sebesar 30% tercapai. Menurunnya net profit margin perusahaan

pada skenario sesuai ekspektasi terutama disebabkan adanya biaya bunga. Secara

umum dapat dikatakan pilihan ekspansi dengan pembiayaan melalui utang merupakan

pilihan yang tepat bagi Symonds Electronic.

6. If you were Andrew Lamb, what would you recommend to the board and why?

Kami akan merekomendasikan kepada Bob Symonds untuk tetap melakukan proyek

ekspansi, karena perkiraan sales yang akan muncul dari proyek ini akan menambah

revenue dengan jumlah yang cukup baik, walaupun di worst case scenario, karena

overtime, initial outlay dari proyek ini akan tertutupi oleh penambahan sales akibat

ekspansi ini.

Untuk pendanaan proyek ini, kami merekomendasikan kepada Bob Symonds untuk

melakukan pendanaan melalui penerbitan hutang sebesar $5.000.000 untuk proyek

ekspansi ini. Hal ini dapat kami sampaikan karena saat ini tidak ada hutang yang bisa

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membuat perusahaan mengalami potensi distress yang bisa menyebabkan kepailitan

perusahaan. EBIT yang diharapkan muncul dari proyek ekspansi ini juga bisa dilihat

positif dan di sisi lain nilai perusahaan (value of the firm) akan meningkat dengan

penambahan hutang di struktur capital perusahaan karena adanya efek dari leverage

yang dilakukan, sebagian besar karena adanya tax-shield untuk interest yang

menyebabkan after tax cost of debt perusahaan akan menurun.

7. What are some issues to be concerned about when increasing leverage?

Hal-hal yang harus diperhatikan dalam meningkatkan leverage dalam suatu

perusahaan adalah revenue, pajak dan financial distress cost. Revenue harus

diperhatikan karena revenue menggambarkan total pendapatan yang didapatkan oleh

perusahaan yang sebagiannya akan digunakan untuk membayar biaya-biaya yang

berkaitan dengan leverage ini, sehingga harus diperhatikan revenue dari perusahaan

agar bisa menbayar biaya leverage dan bisa mendapatkan laba setelahnya, Pajak dapat

menjadi suatu keuntungan dalam melakukan leverage, yaitu mendapatkan tax-shield

atau kredit pajak dari pembayaran bunga (interest). Selanjutnya adalah financial

distress cost.

Tingginya rasio hutang didalam suatu perusahaan lambat laun akan menyebankan

perusahaan mengalami financial distress disaat mereka mendapatkan periode yang

memiliki profitabilitas yang rendah. Financial distress cost ini dibagi menjadi dua

kategori, yaitu ex ante (before the event) dan ex post (after the event), yang

dimaksudkan dengan event disini adalah kebangkrutan. Financial distress cost yang

termasuk kedalam ex ante adalah peningkatan borrowing cost, karena biasanya

perusahaan yang sudah kesulitan dalam financial akan kesulitan mendapatkan “deal”

pinjaman yang baik. Sedangkan untuk financial distress cost yang termasuk kedalam

ex-post adalah biaya untuk mengajukan kepailitan (bankruptcy), lawyer dan akuntan

untuk menyelesaikan sengketa kepailitan ini.

Dengan memperhatikan ketiga poin yang penting terkait dengan meningkatkan

tingkatan leverage, dapat disimpulkan bahwa perusahaan yang mempunyai potensi

yang besar untuk mengalami financial distress dan yang pendapatan revenuenya

cukup labil, sebaiknya meminjam dana lebih sedikit dan lebih berhati-hati dalam

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membangun capital structure perusahaan dibandingkan dengan perusahaan yang

memiliki revenue yang stabil.

8. Is it fair to assume that if profitability is positively affected in the short run, due

to the higher debt ratio, the stock price would increase? Explain.

Harga saham bergantung kepada beberapa faktor termasuk EPS dan risiko. Pada kasus

profitabilitas positif dalam jangka pendek harga saham dapat meningkat jika analis

dan investor tidak memperhitungkan peningkatan risiko. Namun jika pasar menduga

adanya peningkatan risiko, maka rasio Price-Earnings dapat turun dan harga saham

akan mengikuti.

Debt ratio adalah perbandingan antara tingkat utang dengan jumlah aset yang

menggambarkan proporsi utang dalam menyokong aset perusahaan. Maka semakin

tinggi debt ratio, dapat dikatakan kebutuhan perusahaan atas utang dalam

menghasilkan aset perusahaan pun lebih tinggi. Sementara itu, utang tidak akan lepas

dari unsur risiko. Secara ceteris paribus, tingkat risiko akan lebih tinggi apabila

tingkat utang perusahaan semakin tinggi. Maka dari itu, meskipun profitabilitas

perusahaan meningkat, apabila diiringi dengan kenaikan risiko yang lebih tinggi

dibandingkan dengan kenaikan profitabilitas perusahaan, maka tingkat harga saham

bukannya tidak mungkin justru menurun. Namun apabila dirasa tidak ada kenaikan

signifikan dari risiko perusahaan, maka asumsi bahwa harga saham akan meningkat

adalah wajar.

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9. Using suitable diagrams and the data in the case explain how Andrew Lamb

could enlighten the board members about Modigliani and Miller’s Propositions I

and II (with corporate taxes).

Dengan menggunakan proporsi Modigliani dan Miller dengan pajak maka nilai dari

perusahaan levered (VL) sama dengan nilai perusahaan yang unlevered (VU) ditambah

dengan nilai tax shield:

VL = VU + TcD

Dimana Tc adalah tingkat pajak perusahaan dan D adalah jumlah hutang.

VU = EBIT (1-Tc)

RU

Dengan menggunakan proporsi II dengan pajak: Biaya dari ekuitas (RE):

RE = RU + (RU – RD) X (D/E) x (1-TC)

Dalam kasus ini maka:

Vu = $1,755,000/0.1288 = $13,625,776.4

Jumlah hutang meningkatkan nilai perusahaan sehingga nilai perusahaan pada 99%

hutang adalah $19,021,584.

(WACC) turun dari 12.88% ke 7.78% dan biaya ekuitas (RE) meningkat dari 12.88%

menjadi 183.95% seiring perusahaan yang bergantung kepada pembiayaan dari

hutang.

WACC = (E/V) x (RE) + (D/V) X RD x (1-TC)

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Page 14: Is it much ado nothing? Dividen policy

0 2000000 4000000 6000000 8000000 10000000 12000000 14000000 16000000

0

2000000

4000000

6000000

8000000

10000000

12000000

14000000

16000000

18000000

20000000

M&M Proposition I with Taxes

VuVl

Debt

Val

ue

of

Fir

m

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.60.00%

2.00%

4.00%

6.00%

8.00%

10.00%

12.00%

14.00%

16.00%

The Cost of Equity and the WACC: M&M Proposition II with taxes

RE

WACC

Debt-Equity Ratio

Co

st%

14

Page 15: Is it much ado nothing? Dividen policy

Daftar Pustaka

DeMello, Jim, Cases in Finance, 2nd Ed, McGraw-Hill, 2006

Ross, S., Westerfield, R.D. dan B.D. Jordan, Corporate Finance, Fundamentals, 9th Ed.,

McGraw-Hill, 2009

15