Self control is associated through the literature with all things

positive. But is there more to this story than meets the eye?According to the research, people with high levels of self control make better choices and live healthier lives. People rated with high levels of self control are less likely to commit crimes, more likely to be employed and be physically healthier. Our very own Dunedin Longitudinal Study shows the myriad of positive influences self control can have on a child’s life 30 years down the track. With self control we are more likely to say no to risky sex, problem gambling and even that extra piece of cake.

The time-honoured experiment with children involves not cake but marshmallows. Picture this: A young child is sitting at a table. In front of him is a plate with one marshmallow on it. He is told that the researcher who put the marshmallow there is now going to leave the room. If he waits until she returns and does not eat the marshmallow in front of him, he will be rewarded with two marshmallows to eat. He may also choose to eat the one marshmallow

on his plate while the woman is out of the room. If he does this, he will not receive a second marshmallow. The children in this experiment are not coaxed or encouraged. They are given the two options as neutral choices. The decision is theirs. In the literature, children who wait and receive the second marshmallow as a reward are rated with a greater ability to delay gratification and, hence, higher levels of self control. As in other research, more self control is equated with better outcomes. The ability to wait for a bigger or better reward instead of impulsively acting is obviously similar to the behaviours needed for many realms of success.

To examine only the behaviour, however, is to paint an incomplete picture. You can think of self control like currency. You want a big bank account. You want to have reserves to draw upon and you want the means to put the money in the bank. But the bank balance alone answers only one half of the equation. There is another question that is equally, if not more, relevant. How did the money get there?

For some, self control is a trust fund. It is an inherited fortune. For others, it’s a rags-to-riches story; money that is scrabbled for, hard fought and hard won. And for others, it’s counterfeit. The money isn’t really there to spend.

IN THIS ISSUE Banking on Self Control

Lauren Porter

The Amazing Social Capabilities of Babies Kate Dent Rennie and Sue Wright

From the Chair Lope Ginnen, LLB

What are we Reading From the Blurbs

Creating a Wave of Change in Prisons Brainwave’s Early Years programme is now

delivered in prisons.

Working with Abuse in Families A one day symposium on Working with Abuse in Families.

From the Executive Director Sue Wright

newsletter

Brainwave :: Page 1

ISSUE 19 SUMMER 2013

Brainwave Trust Aotearoa has no political or religious affiliation. Our aims are supported by leading doctors, judges, childcare experts, politicians, educationalists and other relevant experts in New Zealand and overseas.

Banking onSELF CONTROL

By Lauren Porter

What do I mean?Well, the ‘trust fund’ children gain self control through a relational inheritance. Growing up in a family web of trusted and loving relationships teaches these children that the world is largely safe and predictable. They believe in their goodness and competency. Furthermore, they believe in the goodness and competency of others. They can wait for a second marshmallow because they trust the adult in charge. They can wait for a second marshmallow because they are not starving. They can wait for a second marshmallow because they have been helped and supported to achieve challenges.

For the rags-to-riches children, they have acquired self control without inheritance. In other words, they have learned to put their desires aside and not act impulsively but it has come in spite of - not because of - warm, loving relationships. For these children, they may wait for a second marshmallow because they fear punishment. They may wait for a second marshmallow because they want to be liked. They may wait for a second marshmallow because they do not want to be seen as weak.

The behaviour looks the same, but the motivation is not. Every adult has had both experiences. One day we turn down that piece of chocolate cake because we are feeling really good about ourselves and we feel empowered to make the healthy choice. Another day we turn down that cake because we feel depressed or fat and therefore undeserving. As with children, the decision that is made from within a framework of positive self-regard is unlikely to have a negative impact. But even the ‘right’ decision within a context of self-derision can hurt.

Of course, there is also the scenario where we do not show restraint. Such is the case with many of the children studied. These children do not really have full bank accounts. They may have the desire to receive two marshmallows, but it is counterfeit money. They can’t cash in. Just as with the motivations underpinning the children who wait, the motivations of the children who do not are also critically important. These children may not wait because they do not trust. They might not wait because they have not been

supported to attempt challenge. They may not wait because they do not feel balanced within themselves and competent. They might not wait because they do not feel worth it. Why they do not wait then becomes critically important to transforming their currency from something fake to something they can cash in on.

There is no doubt that self control is a critical piece of healthy functioning. Self control is a behavioural concept and as such confers only as much understanding as behaviour can. Once the actions are put within an emotional-relational context, much more meaning emerges. If we really seek to understand, support and nurture our children and families, meaning makes a world of difference.

Further reading:

Cozolino, L. (2006). The Neuroscience of Human Relationships: Attachment and the Developing Social Brain. New York, NY: Norton Press.

Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Rodriguez, M. L. (1989). Delay of gratification in children. Science, 244, 933-938.

Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., . . . Caspi, A. (2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(7), 2693-2698.

Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P., & Pereg, D. (2003). Attachment theory and affect regulation: The dynamics, development and cognitive consequences of attachment-related strategies. Motivation and Emotion, 27 (2), 77-102.

Poulton, R. (2011). Self-control. In P. Gluckman & H. Hayne (Eds.), Improving the Transition:Reducing social and psychological morbidity during adolescence (pp. 49-58). Auckland, NZ: Office of the Prime Minister’s Science Advisory Committee. Retrieved from www.pmcsa.org.nz

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Lauren Porter is the Co-director of the Centre for Attachment, a family therapist and a PhD student at the University of Canterbury. She obtained her Masters Degree in Social Work from New York University, USA in 1995 and has since been dedicated to working with families, children and adolescents in the field of mental health counselling and training. Lauren has worked in a wide range of settings and communities, including Germany and the US, in addition to New Zealand. Her experience has focused on families struggling with issues pertaining to conflict and trauma. She served for 8 years on the Infant Mental Health Association Aotearoa New Zealand (IMHAANZ) Executive Committee and is a member of Brainwave’s Scientific Advisory Committee. She is the mother of two children.

From birth babies have some sophisticated social capacities

(Beebe & Lachmann, 2002), which they use to maintain a relationship with their primary caregiver.

These social capacities are established in the days and weeks after birth. This three part series shares some insights into baby’s amazing capabilities.Right from the beginning babies are capable of distinguishing between different people’s voices. They can detect the different ways in which we express ourselves. They are sensitive to rhythm (Condon & Sander, 1974), intonation (Morse, 1972), and other features of speech (De Casper & Fifer, 1980). A baby less than 3 days old will choose to listen to a recording of his/her own mother’s voice rather than another mother’s voice (DeCasper & Fifer, 1980), and they prefer to listen to her reading a familiar story (one read aloud during the pregnancy) over an unfamiliar one (DeCasper & Spence, 1986).

Newborn babies also know and prefer their mother’s smell, and will turn their heads towards the smell of their own mother’s breast milk, rather than that of another mother (MacFarlane, 1975).

Infants have an early tendency to orient towards faces (Johnson et al, 1991). A study of face processing found that babies of just 2 months old are using the majority of the parts of the brain that adults use in face processing (Tzourio-Mazoyer et al, 2002). They are already sophisticated readers of people.

Infants are sensitive after birth to another’s gaze. This is reflected in their preference for looking at faces with eyes open rather than closed (Batki et al, 2000; Schacter

& Mascovitch, 1984) and a tendency to orient towards direct eye contact from others (Farroni et al, 2002).

By three months infants will orient more to direct gaze and a fearful adult expression than direct gaze with a neutral face or averted gaze and either neutral or fearful expression (Hoehl et al, 2008). Their survival instinct to identify danger and seek support from people is already well established.

As Helen Fisher quoted “Touch is the ‘mother of all senses’”. Infants smile more to touch with an interactive face reaction than to still face and touch. Touch can reinforce and maintain high rates of infant eye contact responses, vocalisations and smiles during face-to-face contact with their mother (Parsons CE, Young KS et al, 2010).

From birth, infants work to maintain an optimal level of arousal, keeping themselves in a comfortable range.

The limited strategies they have available to them to do this include: choosing what to look at, sucking, self-touching and restricting their range of facial expressiveness (Beebe & Lachmann, 2002). For example,

Brainwave :: Page 3

By Kate Dent Rennie and Sue Wright

PART 1:

The Amazing Social Capabilities of Babies

when faced with a display of flashing lights, infants in a low state of arousal (fed & swaddled) look longer at the lights as the tempo of the flashing increases, whereas infants in a high state of arousal (unfed & unswaddled) look less as the tempo increases (Gardner & Karmel, 1984).

In face-to-face interactions, infants use brief visual disengagement (i.e. looking away) from their parent, to regulate their arousal. A few seconds before the infant averts his gaze, his heart rate accelerates. Within

5 seconds of looking away (if the mother responds by becoming less active and ‘waiting’), his heart rate returns to baseline, and he quickly returns his gaze to her (Field, 1981).

Part 2 will be available in our next newsletter.

ReferencesA full set of references is available in this article on the Brainwave website.

from the ChairOne of the fascinating

things about the human

brain is how it is designed to

wire up for relationships with

other people. We are as a species predisposed to

live in community with one another. Our identity is

powerfully shaped by our sense of belonging: within

a family, or a village, or a community of faith, or a self

made community of friends. Our early experiences

will have a profound effect on our ability to form

loving, positive relationships throughout our lives.

This year I had some opportunities to ponder the idea of relationships. In September Nathan Mikaere-Wallis and I were asked to present about the adolescent brain to a Pacific Youth Court conference, attended by Judges presiding over children’s and youth courts in Australia and the Pacific. The Judges were in New Zealand to observe the world leading Rangatahi and Pasifika Youth Courts, where elders sit together with the Judges and actively contribute to the youth justice process. In October I was invited as Chair of Brainwave to participate in a Pacific Judicial Development Programme workshop in Samoa, where a Family Court and Family Safety Act has recently been introduced. The workshop participants included the judiciary, Police, Corrections, Samoa Victim Support Group and others. We discussed the implementation of legislation very similar to New Zealand’s Domestic Violence Act within a Samoan context. Time and again the discussion returned to the

central importance of relationships in Samoa. The very fabric of Samoan society is a tightly knit weave of connectivity, where one’s belonging within a multi generational extended family influences almost every aspect of life. An example in law is the traditional Samoan restorative justice process of ifoga, where the shame of an offender is shared by the entire offender’s family, who all participate in the ifoga process to restore the honour of the entire victim’s family. In contrast the New Zealand system is based on the rights and accountability of the individual. Chief Justice Patu Falefatu Sapolu noted that peace and stability within the family will contribute to peace and stability in Samoa, which is not a country but a family where everyone is related to one another. Through the leadership of the judiciary in Samoa there is a will to embrace the protective legislation in a way that retains the fundamental Samoan principles of family and community.

New Zealand and Samoa have had a long and special relationship, too complex to detail here. There are two Samoan proverbs that have kept returning to my mind. The first was quoted by Tariana Turia at the opening of the first Pasifika Youth Court. In the late 1920s when Samoa was under New Zealand rule a group of Mau leaders came to New Zealand to petition the Government. They drew upon an ancient Samoan proverb, ‘We are moved by love, but never driven by intimidation’. The second is a proverb quoted by the Samoan Head of State Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Ta’isi Efi when he spoke to a Families Commission conference about the stunning response of New Zealanders to assist Samoa following the tsunami tragedy in 2009: “He who rallies in my hour of need is my kin”.

Christmas can be a time when the quality of our own personal relationships is apparent. Whatever your circumstances, I wish you peace and joy this summer, and opportunities to connect with those people whose relationships are precious to you.

Lope Ginnen, LLBChair, Brainwave Trust Aotearoa

Brainwave :: Page 4

Kate Dent Rennie is a Co-director of the Centre for Attachment and a bioenergetic psychotherapist who has a Masters Degree in Infant Mental Health. The focus of her work is on supporting the development of secure infant-caregiver attachment relationships. She has a particular interest in adult attachment representations and the transmission of attachment patterns from caregivers to their children. In the past, she has worked in private practice and in the field of eating disorder treatment. She is a member of the Infant Mental Health Association Aotearoa New Zealand (IMHANNZ). Kate is the mother of four children.

Brainwave :: Page 5

In this pioneering, practical book, Daniel Siegel, neuropsychiatrist and author of the bestselling Mindsight, and parenting expert Tina Payne Bryson offer a revolutionary approach to child rearing with twelve key strategies that foster healthy brain development, leading to calmer, happier children. The authors explain—and make accessible—the new science of how a child’s brain is wired and how it matures. The “upstairs brain,” which makes decisions and balances emotions, is under construction until the mid-twenties. And especially in young children, the right brain and its emotions tend to rule over the logic of the left brain. No wonder kids throw tantrums, fight, or sulk in silence. By applying these

discoveries to everyday parenting, you can turn any outburst, argument, or fear into a chance to integrate your child’s brain and foster vital growth.

Complete with age-appropriate strategies for dealing with day-to-day struggles and illustrations that will help you explain these concepts to your child, The Whole-Brain Child shows you how to cultivate healthy emotional and intellectual development so that your children can lead balanced, meaningful, and connected lives.

Confronting the overwhelming amount of stress kids face today, this guide offers coping strategies for facing the combined elements of academic performance, high achievement standards, media messages, peer pressure, and family tension.

The handbook acknowledges that adolescents commonly survive stress by either indulging in unhealthy behaviors or giving up completely, and its suggested solutions are aimed at strengthening resilience. The proposed plan enables kids from the age of 18 months to 18 years to build the seven crucial “C’s”—competence, confidence, connection, character, contribution, coping, and control—needed to bounce back from challenges.

A variety of approaches are featured such as building on natural strengths, fostering hope and optimism, avoiding risky behaviors, and taking care of oneself physically and emotionally. With new chapters on perfectionism, the negative portrayal of teens, military families, and what parents can do when resilience has reached its limits, this examination also includes two personalized guides for creating customized strategies.

In recent years, numerous studies have shown that bright, charming, seemingly confident and socially skilled teenagers from affluent, loving families are experiencing epidemic rates of depression, substance abuse, and anxiety disorders; rates higher than in any other socioeconomic group of American adolescents. Materialism, pressure to achieve, perfectionism, and disconnection are combining to create a perfect storm that is devastating children of privilege and their parents alike.

In this eye-opening, provocative, and essential book, clinical psychologist Madeline Levine explodes one child-rearing myth

after another. With empathy and candor, she identifies toxic cultural influences and well-intentioned, but misguided, parenting practices that are detrimental to a child’s healthy self-development. Her thoughtful, practical advice provides solutions that will enable parents to help their emotionally troubled “star” child cultivate an authentic sense of self.

We’ve all seen the happiness on the face of a child while playing in the school yard. Or the blissful abandon of a golden retriever racing across a lawn. This is the joy of play. By definition, play is purposeless, all-consuming, and fun. But as Dr. Stuart Brown illustrates, play is anything but trivial. It is a biological drive as integral to our health as sleep or nutrition. We are designed by nature to flourish through play.Dr. Brown has spent his career studying animal behavior and conducting more than six- thousand “play histories” of humans from all walks of life-from serial murderers to Nobel Prize winners. Backed by the latest research, Play explains why play is essential to our social skills, adaptability, intelligence, creativity, ability to problem solve and more.

Particularly in tough times, we need to play more than ever, as it’s the very means by which we prepare for the unexpected, search out new solutions, and remain optimistic. A fascinating blend of cutting-edge neuroscience, biology, psychology, social science, and inspiring human stories of the transformative power of play, this book proves why play just might be the most important work we can ever do.

What we are readingTHE WHOLE BRAIN CHILD by Daniel Siegel and Tina Payne Bryson

BUILDING RESILIENCE IN CHILDREN AND TEENS by Kenneth Ginsburg

THE PRICE OF PRIVILEGE by Madeline Levine

PLAY: How it shapes the brain, opens the imagination and invigorates the soul by Stuart Brown

From the blurbs

Brainwave’s Early Years programme was originally

launched in Women’s prisons thanks to funding from Sir Thomas and Lady Duncan Trust. It was so successful it was expanded into men’s prisons in the upper North Island and Christchurch. We are delighted the programme is now an official part of Correction’s parenting curriculum, alongside a parenting course and Storybook Dads, and is fully funded by the Corrections Department in the mens prisons in Northland and Auckland.

The programme offers prisoners a chance to learn more about how experiences in the early years literally build and shape our brains for life. During the programme they gain an understanding of brain development, and during the training the prisoners end up reflecting on

their own lives and the environment they are providing their own children. Brainwave receives regular feedback about how valuable the prisoners find the programme. Prison staff too, are amazed at the good behaviour of attendees and the retention rates the programme achieves.

We are currently expanding the programme with the new presentation materials and case studies and we will begin to include information about adolescent brain development.

Recently, a Senior Case Manager from Corrections shared a special story with us about a prisoner who came into the pre-release unit earlier this year. A father of four, and just 28 years old, he decided to upskill himself on parenting and took part in the Brainwave programme.

“He attended the Brainwave [programme] and during his next session with me he began talking about how the light had come on for him and he would change how he was with his children, not hitting them on the head etc. as this is not good for them, it affects how the brain develops. It also enabled him to look back at his own experiences of being parented and he was able to ascertain this was also not that good an experience …He said that when doing the programme it felt like something had switched on in how he wants to be as a person and as a father.”

We continue to strive to ensure that every child in New Zealand gets the best start in life, and it is so rewarding to see the message truly impacting on so many lives.

Brainwave :: Page 6

Creating a wave of change in

PRISONS

“Hearing and seeing how babies develop this way often feels like salt

in the wound but knowing I can take this information and some day apply

it makes it worthwhile.” Prisoner, Corrections Services

Join us on FacebookWe would love you to join us on Facebook. We post interesting articles, inspiring videos and interviews, and the latest research. Here are some of our more recent popular links:

• BRAIN DEVELOPMENT by Miriam McCaleb http://www.ohbaby.co.nz/baby/growth-and-development/brain-development

• BRAIN DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIRST THREE YEARS OF LIFE – Nine to Noon Radio interview with Nathan Mikaere-Wallis http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/ninetonoon/audio/2573135/brain-development-in-the-first-three-years-of-life

• THE PASSION OF PARENTING by Charles M. Blow http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/07/opinion/blow-the-passion-of-parenting.html?src=me&ref=general&_r=4&

Brainwave :: Page 7

Working with Abuse in FamiliesIn October Brainwave partnered with Child Matters, Shine and Family Works Northern to deliver a one day symposium on Working with Abuse in Families. The symposium aimed to link knowledge to practice for professionals working with children and families who have experienced abuse. It was a very visual and tangible example of interagency co-operation and was attended by a wide variety of people from different backgrounds across different sectors. The symposium covered:• Understanding the impact on brain development during

the early years and in adolescence• Learning safe, effective and timely interventions• Understanding the complexities and limitations of

different interventions• Risk and protective factors• Clarifying professional boundaries and ethical issues in

the context for NZJude Simpson, an abuse survivor, courageously shared her very raw and honest personal story, which brought together the “reality” of family violence with the science, research and strategies required to create change.More symposiums are planned, and will be hosted around the country next year. Dates and venues are yet to be finalised. If you are interested in attending please register your interest today.

REGISTER YOUR INTEREST TODAYEmail: trainer@2shine.org.nzEmail title: register interest in 2014 one-day symposium

FEEDBACK FROM THE SYMPOSIUMWhat will you do differently as a result of today?

“A good reminder of the importance of not becoming complacent about working with clients who are living with family violence.”

“My approach to high needs (vulnerable) whanau is now with more compassion because I have been informed and now understand the

learning behind the destructive behaviour.”

“I have greater awareness around abuse. Much I will take to my clinical counselling practice. I will keep learning. Do this again.”

“Work more collaboratively with other community agencies. Understand community profiling. Develop my understanding of child

welfare legistalation.”

Running Round the Bays in 2014? Or, participating

in another event and want to fundraise for a good cause?

Just $340 can help us provide presentations to high risk or high need groups, reaching many people, their families and whanua, ultimately create intergenerational change for New Zealand’s children, now and in the future.

Interested? Then come join us on www.everydayhero.co.nz, a website set up to help spread the word about an event you are competing in, inspire support and raise money for a good cause.

Everyday Hero allows you to create your own Supporter page that you can use to inspire others to sponsor you, post updates, photos, videos and ask for sponsorship from your friends, family and work colleagues. It’s easy to use and manage.

Turn your event into an inspiration and become our hero!

BECOME OUR everyday hero

Brainwave :: Page 8

As the year comes to a close it is a good time to reflect on the many positive aspects of this year, with the most recent being the release of the Health Select Committee Report into improving outcomes for children in New Zealand.

It was very pleasing to see a report generated by members of Parliament and the strong recommendation for cross governmental agency collaboration to address the pressing issues required to improve children’s outcomes. The first two paragraphs from the report

set the scene…

“The major recommendations of this inquiry ask the Government to put more focus on and investment into the pre-conception period to three years of age, and take a proactive, health-promotion, disease-prevention approach (based on scientific evidence) to improving children’s outcomes and diminishing child abuse.

Such policy is not only backed by science, equity, and ethics, but also makes sound economic sense. It will result in more children leading healthy lives and progressing to meaningful jobs. Productivity will be increased and money will be saved; an investment approach is a win for children and a win for New Zealand.”

We contributed to this report by way of two submissions, the second submission was at the request of the Committee. It was prepared by our Treasurer, Anthea Springford and provided a comprehensive economic justification for investing in the first few years, and this has been well acknowledged in the report. We published this economic justification in our last newsletter - Issue 18.

Brainwave celebrates much of this report; however we are concerned at the recommendation that “vulnerable children under the age of three” spend a significant number of hours in Early Childhood Education. Brainwave will, in the New Year, carry out a further scientific review of the effects on children under the age of three in Early Childhood Education.

All our programmes are designed to motivate and provide New Zealanders with the confidence to nurture and value every child so they can reach their full potential. We have continued to develop these and have some exciting new offerings coming in 2014, particularly for professionals and agencies who are working with young children.

The Brainwave team would like to wish you a very Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year.

Sue WrightExecutive Director

Should you wish to read the report, simply scan this code or go to:http://www.brainwave.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/report_of_health_committee.pdf

OTHER HIGHLIGHTS:• Launched a refreshed, interactive and engaging new Early Years presentation, now

available nationwide.• Adolescent presentations have grown doubled.• School’s programme has gone from strength to strength with over 120 class groups

going through the Brainwave programme this year.• Prison programme has received excellent feedback from both prisoners and staff,

and is now in development to make it longer and more interactive.• Established a partnership with Mana Ririki Trust and National Collective of

Independent Women’s Refuges, and we continue to work with SKIP and Plunket providing training on the early years.

• Ran a joint symposium on Dealing with Abuse in Families alongside Shine, Family Works (Northern) and Child Matters. This was oversubscribed and received excellent feedback. We plan to offer this in other regions of New Zealand next year.

Brainwave Trust Aotearoa is a registered charity that educates the community about the latest research in early brain development from a diverse range of fields including neuroscience, genetics, epigenetics and psychology. We now know that a child’s early experiences determine how their brain develops and whether they have the best chance of becoming capable, contributing, well adjusted adults.

PatronJudge Mick Brown

FounderDr Robin Fancourt

TrusteesLope Ginnen (Chair)Judy BaileyNathan Mikaere-WallisCasey PlunketDr Simon RowleyAnthea SpringfordSue Younger

Executive DirectorSue Wright

Contact UsBrainwave Trust Aotearoa (CC40312)PO Box 55206, Eastridge, Auckland 1146, Phone (09) 528 3981 info@brainwave.org.nz www.brainwave.org.nz

Thank YouWe could not undertake our many and varied programmes without the support of so many philanthropic funder trusts and personal donors. Many of the trusts have been demonstrating their commitment to our work for a number of years and recently more have begun to fund us for 3-year programmes which allows us greater efficiency with a longer planning horizon. In particular we thank the following Trusts for their repeated and ongoing support: ASB Community Trust, Auckland Airport Community Trust, Lion Foundation, NZ Lotteries Commission, Sir Thomas and Lady Duncan Trust, The Tindall Foundation and the Todd Foundation (which as we went to press has just approved funds to help roll out our new Adolescent programme).

We were delighted to welcome Merck Sharp & Dohme as a corporate supporter last year and are grateful for their recent decision to support us for a further year.

Canterbury Community Trust and their northern trustees, a consortium of Hutt Valley Rotary clubs and KPMG in Auckland have all supported us with donations of new or used computers and presentation equipment, or funds to purchase equipment.

We thank our many personal donors who support our work through their generous donations. Regardless of the size of each donation, each is important to us. We would however like to thank the generous and ongoing support of Bryce and Lee Murray.