iufro wp.7.03.05 - novel risks with bark and 7-9 september ... · iufro wp.7.03.05 - novel risks...

IUFRO WP.7.03.05 - Novel risks with bark and 7-9 September 2011wood boring insects in broadleaved and conifer forests Sopron, Hungary

Programme

Tuesday

17:00 - Registration, location: Hotel Pannonia lobby

19:00 - Ice breaker, location: Hotel Pannonia

Wednesday

9:00 Opening ceremony (local, WG & Division folks)

9:10 F. Lakatos: Present situation of bark and wood boring insects in the Hungarian forests

Session 1: Population dynamics of bark beetles, Chair: Jean-Claude Grégoire

9:30H. Jactel, J.S. Jacquet, J.C. Samalens, J.L. Flot & D. Piou: Between Scylla and Charybdis, abiotic and biotic drivers of bark beetle infestations

9:50A.L. Carroll, K.P. Bleiker & G.D. Smith: Dynamics of an eruptive herbivore in a novel habitat: invasion of the North American boreal forest by the mountain pine beetle

10:10S. Kärvemo & LM. Schroeder: A comparison of outbreaks of the spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) in Sweden and the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) in Canada

10:30F. Colombari, L.M. Schroeder, A. Battisti & M. Faccoli: Spatial-Temporal dynamics of an Ips acuminatus outbreak – Implications for management

10:50 Coffee break

11:10L . Marini , M.P. Ayres, A. Battisti, F. Stergulc & M. Faccoli: Interannual fluctuations of Ips typographus L. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) outbreaks along altitudinal gradients at the southern range margin of Norway spruce

11:30P. Mezei, R. Jakuš & M. Blaženec: Population dynamics of spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus [L.]) in an unmanaged nature reserve in relation to stand edges conditions and insolation

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11:50Y. Nam, J.-S. Lee, D.-S. Won, J.-K. Kim & W. I. Choi: Spatio-temporal distribution pattern of an ambrosia beetle, Platypus koryoensis (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) within stands and its implications to forest

12:10 Lunch

Session 2: Management of bark beetles, Chair: Eckehard Brockerhoff

13:20E.G. Brockerhoff, M. Kimberley, A.M. Liebhold, R.A. Haack & J.F. Cavey: Effects of propagule pressure and phytosanitary policy on establishment rates of bark beetles and longhorned beetles

13:40D.T. Williams, N. Straw, M. Jukes, N. Fielding & J. Price: Influence of forest management on Bark beetle (Scolytidae) populations inhabiting Sitka spruce plantations in Wales, UK

14:00R. Jakuš, M. Blaženec, F.-Z. Han, J. Jankuvová, B. Kalinová, M. J.-H. Ma, C. Schiebe, H. Sun, Q.-H. Zhang & F. Schlyter: Semiochemical diversity and pheromone in push-pull system against Ips beetles on spruces: comparing European Ips typographus with Chinese I. nitidus and I. shangrila.

14:20 Coffee break

14:40C. Nikolov, M. Bošeľa, A. Gubka, J. Vakula, J. Galko & A. Kunca: The influence of uncleared windthrow areas on bark beetle outbreak in the High Tatra mountain

15:00B. Økland, O. Skarpaas & N. Erbilgin: Knockin' On Heaven's Door of Eurasia – will the forest pests be let in?

15:20M.-L. Duduman, G. Isaia & N. Olenici: Northern bark beetle Ips duplicatus distribution in Romania (preliminary results)

15:40C. Kujundzic: Message from the beetle - an unusual view of the bark beetles

16:00 Poster session and coffee break

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Thursday

Field trip (departure: 8:00 exp. arrival: 18:00)

Friday

Session 3: Biology of bark beetles, Chair: Hervé Jactel

9:00D. N. Avtzis, M. Knizek, K. Hellrigl & C. Stauffer: Polygraphus grandiclava (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) on pine and cherry trees: a failed paradigm of host-induced divergence

9:20C. Bertheau, H. Schuler, S. Krumböck, W. Arthofer & C. Stauffer: Phylogeography of the European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (Coleoptera, Scolytinae)

9:40F. Mayer, P. Mardulyn & J.-C. Grégoire: A study of the history of Dendroctonus micans Kugel.: Reconsideration of the past of an alien species

10:00B. Riel & L. Safranyik: Mountain Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk.) range and host expansion in Western Canada

10:20V.G. Soukhovolsky, A.V. Kovalev, O.P. Sekretenko & E.N. Palnikova: “Tree-xylophages” interaction: model of sliding resistance

10:40 Coffee break

Session 4: Insect and fungal associates of bark and wood boring insects, Chair: Rudolf Wegensteiner

11:00Y. Baranchikov, N. Pashenova & V. Petko: Gone with the train: Far Eastern bark beetle and associated blue stained fungi outbreak in southern Siberia

11:20O. Kukina , Y. Skrylnyk, V. Meshkova, A.Menkis, J.Stenlid, & R. Vasaitis : Bark Beetles of Genus Hylastes and Fungal Community on Pine Seedlings in the burnt area

11:40Y. Skrylnyk, O. Kukina, V. Meshkova, A. Menkis, J. Stenlid & R. Vasaitis: Insect-fungi associations in pine stands of Kharkov region of Ukraine

12:00H. Kajimura, T. Kokado, M. I’eda, M. Ito, T. Mizuno, T. Morita & S. Jikumaru: Ecology and

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management of Euwallacea interjectus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) associated with Ceratocystis canker on fig trees in Japan

12:20 Lunch

13:30A. Jannin, J.-M. Molenberg, X. Massart, S. Vanhoorbeek & J.-C. Grégoire: Pest-in-first for the biological control of Dendroctonus micans using Rhizophagus grandis: a full-scale field experiment

13:50M. Wehnert, M. Müller, C. Rachow, & S. Schütz: Thanasimus formicarius L. as predator of bark beetle species living on broadleaf trees – Are there kairomonal active substances from broadleaf forests?

14:10L. R. Kirkendall: Native ambrosia beetles (Gnathotrupes spp.) and Southern Beech Decline in Chile

14:30 Coffee break

Session 5: Other insects than bark beetles, Chair: Ferenc Lakatos

14:50M. Faccoli, M. Vettorazzo, M. Zampini, G. Zanini, M. Coppe & A. Battisti: An outbreak of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in NE Italy: first results of pest management and eradication attempt

15:10L. Flaherty, J. Sweeney, D. Pureswaran & D. Quiring: Effects of host tree stress on foraging of Tetropium spp. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and their parasitoids

15:30K.L. Ryall, P. J. Silk, J. Sweeney, D. Crook & T. Scarr: Further investigation of a volatile sex pheromone in Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) that synergizes attraction to a host foliar volatile

15:50G.K. Douce, D.J. Moorhead, C. Bargeron, J. LaForest & F. Lakatos: A Novel and Collaborative Approach to Developing Educational Resources You Can Help Build and Use: Bugwood.org

16:10 Farewell

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Oral presentations

Polygraphus grandiclava (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) on pine and cherry trees: a failed paradigm of host-induced divergence

D. N. Avtzis, M. Knizek, K. Hellrigl & C. Stauffer

Laboratory of Forest Entomology, Forest Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Foundation, Thessaloniki, Greece, [email protected]

Among bark beetles Polygraphus grandiclava poses a unique case infesting not only pine species (Pinus sp.) but also cherry fruit trees (Prunus avium). A direct consequence of this ability to utilize two so distantly related host trees was the separation of the species into Pseudopolygraphus cembrae and Pseudopolygraphus grandiclava in the 19th century. Even though these two species were later on synonimized to Polygraphus grandiclava (Schedl 1934), the relationships between P. grandiclava populations collected from pine and cherry trees was never investigated thoroughly. Studies of sympatric speciation revealed the significance of host selection in shaping intraspecific differentiation reanimated the interest on P. grandiclava. The first analysis of P. grandiclava populations that were found on pine and cherry trees from different areas showed a clear host-based separation. The two groups that emerged were distinctly associated each with a different host tree. However, when a population from Austria where pine and cherry trees occur sympatrically was included in the analysis, the initial, distinct clustering collapsed. In the final phylogenetic tree, beside the two formerly mentioned clades, a third one arose, that included individuals from both hosts together. It was thus concluded that the current, intraspecific differentiation among P. grandiclava populations was not determined by host selection; it was rather a panmictic pattern that was revealed through this preliminary study. Future investigations should nevertheless contain more populations of P. grandiclava which infest both hosts in the same area, so that a valid conclusion regarding the effect of host selection on P. grandiclava can be drawn. Further nuclear markers will be included.

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Gone with the train: Far Eastern bark beetle and associated blue stained fungi outbreak in southern siberia

Y. Baranchikov, N. Pashenova & V. Petko

Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Science, Krasnoyarsk, Russia, [email protected]

Polygraphus proximus Brandford (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) a typical bark beetle on Far Eastern firs, was distributed in North-Eastern China, Korea, Japan, Kurile and Sakhalin Islands, southern part of the Russian Far East. During last 15 years the beetle evidently expands its range to the west and has reached Eastern Europe (Moscow and Sankt-Petersburg). The beetle was moved with the row logs transported by trains from the Russian Far East and settled local populations expanded to the South and North from the Trans-Siberian railroad.

Now, P. proximus is considered to be the most aggressive bark beetle ever found on firs in Siberia. Previously, only Monochamus urussovi Fish., a cerambicide species, was known to be able to attack and kill healthy firs. The invader is responsible for a current huge, up to 30 thousand hectares, fir dieback in Kemerovo Oblast and few local outbreaks (up to 3 thousand hectares) in Krasnoaysrsk Kray.

Our surveys of fungi from beetle’s galleries in Siberia have shown that it carries a suite of phytopathogenic ophiostomal fungi including some that are associated with it in Japan and the Russian Far East. Ophiostoma aoshimae Ohtaka, Masuya et Yamaoka, recently described fungus from firs in Japan was met in 48-91% of beetle nests in Krasnoyarsk Kray. This fungus was never recorded in Siberia before and appears to be extremely aggressive for the local fir Abies sibirica Ledeb. More intriguingly, P. proximus introduced into new environment, is acquiring local phytopathogenic fungus Leptographium sibirica Jacobs et Wingfield, previously associated exclusively with the most aggressive pest of firs in Siberia – sawyer beetle M. urussovi where it was believed to be a main tool of firs weakening. The introduced insect has thus received a novel suite of fungal associates and this might explain why a relatively non-aggressive insect pest in the Far East has become a serious and damaging pest in Siberia.

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Phylogeography of the European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (Coleoptera, Scolytinae)

C. Bertheau, H. Schuler, S. Krumböck, W. Arthofer & C. Stauffer

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (Boku), Department of Forest & Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology & Forest Protection, Vienna, Austria, [email protected]

Due to its economical and ecological damage in European spruce forests, the bark beetle Ips typographus is the target on numerous researches on ecology, genetic and phytosanitary aspects. Currently, only some studies have investigated the genetic populations’ structure of the beetle using mitochondrial and microsatellites markers. Mitochondrial data showed a specific haplotype restricted to the Russian and Lithuanian populations as well as a fixed haplotype in Scandinavia, indicative of a founder effect. Conversely, the microsatellites data highlighted high gene flow among populations and did not reveal any genetic structure in Europe.

Here, we investigated a comparative phylogeographic analysis of the mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase I gene (COI) and the nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) on 11 European I. typographus populations. Mitochondrial data revealed much higher haplotypic richness than the previous study and no clear population genetic structure was found. Preliminary nuclear data showed that I. typographus exhibited intra-individual heterogeneity in ITS2 sequences and phylogenetic analyses still in progress.

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Effects of propagule pressure and phytosanitary policy on establishment rates of bark beetles and longhorned beetles

E.G. Brockerhoff, M. Kimberley, A.M. Liebhold, R.A. Haack & J.F. Cavey

Scion / New Zealand Forest Research Institute, New Zealand, [email protected]

Concerns about the impacts of invasive bark beetles and wood borers have prompted the development of phytosanitary regulations designed to reduce infestations of wood packaging and other wooden materials traded internationally. While phytosanitary treatments are known to be effective, occasional interceptions of live borers indicate that measures to manage pathway risks are not (yet) completely effective. This indicates a need for research on the technical and compliance aspects of such regulations. But apart from this, we also need a better understanding of the relationship between establishment of borers and their arrival rate, and the implications of this for the effectiveness of phytosanitary regulations in reducing rates of biological invasions. We used comprehensive records of establishments and nearly 60 years of border interception data from the United States and New Zealand from shipments originating from all over the world as a proxy for relative propagule pressure of bark beetles and longhorned beetles, to model the relationship between establishments and relative arrival rate, as it applies across entire species pools of such species (as opposed to individual species). This enabled the evaluation of efficacy scenarios of phytosanitary policy aimed at reducing invasions of borers transported unintentionally in international trade. The results indicate that the success of phytosanitary policy varies among species, depending on their arrival rate and in a non-linear fashion. The effects will be greatest for less frequently arriving species while for the most frequent arrivals, reductions in arrival rate will result in less pronounced reductions in establishment, unless a phytosanitary policy is highly effective. This approach is useful for cost-benefit analyses of phytosanitary measures.

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Dynamics of an eruptive herbivore in a novel habitat: invasion of the North American boreal forest by the mountain pine beetle

A.L. Carroll, K.P. Bleiker & G.D. Smith

University of British Columbia, Dept. of Forest Sciences, Vancouver, Canada, [email protected]

As a consequence of a series of long-distance dispersal events, the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) has established east of the Rocky Mountains in Canada – a region that has only recently become climatically suitable to the beetle due to global warming. Populations are now situated within the region where lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) hybridizes with jack pine (Pinus banksiana) forming a corridor of susceptible hosts extending across the North American boreal forest. Given predictions of increasingly suitable climate, there is concern that continued eastward expansion is a plausible threat. Although the mountain pine beetle is native to western North America, its breach of the Rocky Mountain geo-climatic barrier constitutes an invasion of new habitat. For an invasive species, population processes in a novel habitat may be very different than that associated with the originating habitat. This paper will examine the dynamics of the mountain pine beetle in novel pine forests, and consider its potential for continued eastward expansion in North America.

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Spatial-temporal dynamics of an Ips acuminatus outbreak – implications for management

F. Colombari, L.M. Schroeder, A. Battisti & M. Faccoli

Department of Environmental Agronomy and Crop Production, University of Padova, Italy, [email protected]

The pine bark beetle Ips acuminatus has recently increased frequency and intensity of attacks on Pinus sylvestris stands in the Alps, over an area of several thousand hectares. During an outbreak that has spread in north-eastern Italy since 2005, infestation dynamics were investigated in relation to voltinism, dispersal and spatial pattern of colonization over a 5-year period. In addition, the influence of a direct control tactic (i.e. sanitation cutting) was evaluated by comparing the infestation trend in treated and untreated areas. I. acuminatus becomes active in early spring and such an early emergence allows the complete development of a second generation, even if only a portion of the population is truly bivoltine. As a consequence, host trees may be killed twice a year. Killed trees are clumped in well-defined patches (spots) distributed throughout the area. In spring, after the swarming of the overwintering adults, new spots appear hundreds of meters away from the old spots (spot proliferation). 81.3 % of the new spots occur within a 500 m radius of an old spot. The distance at which a new spot appears is positively related to the size of the nearest old spot. In summer, as a result of the attacks of the first generation beetles, spots may expand especially during epidemics (spot growth). The number of newly attacked trees is proportional to spot size but small spots (<10 trees) do not expand. Thus, size of the spots may influence their evolution and dynamics within years and, in particular, small spots seem susceptible to extinction. Sanitation cuttings conducted in autumn did not affect spot dynamics and population level, as a large part of the beetles leaves the breeding substrate before hibernation. The spot dynamics make it difficult to contain the outbreaks of I. acuminatus and at present there are no efficient control methods. The populations, however, seem to be regulated by a number of factors that are currently under consideration.

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A Novel and Collaborative Approach to Developing Educational Resources You Can Help Build and Use: Bugwood.org

G.K. Douce, D.J. Moorhead, C. Bargeron, J. LaForest & F. Lakatos

Center for Invasive Species & Ecosystem Health, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA USA [email protected]

Increased global trade, emergence of new trading partners and changing environmental conditions are having great impact on our global forested systems. Plants, animals, and microorganisms native to one part of the world are being distributed into new habitats and ecosystems, either purposefully or accidentally, at an increasing rate thereby greatly increasing biological risks to those established ecosystems. Some of these introduced species become established to cause significant economic or environment damage in those new ecosystems and thus become defined as invasive species.

Global media coverage, digital information, internet technologies and social media use have all expanded in recent years and will continue to do so. In today’s world everyone has access to information which was often previously unavailable or was at least difficult to obtain, and this availability is often almost instantaneous. Although much of the information available through these sources is accurate and highly useful, some of it is incorrect, misleading or incomplete. As trusted forest professionals we must be able to identify what is accurate and what is not appropriate for our geographical areas of responsibility. Additionally, we as forest health professionals are getting fewer in number and have less budgeted resources available to do our jobs and we must become more efficient in carrying out our responsibilities.

These all have significant impact on how we do our jobs, how we interact with our users and clientele, and how we keep our knowledgebase up to date. The World Wide Web means that our users, clientele and information sources can be anywhere!

In my presentation, I will provide an overview of how we are evolving the Bugwood Center and building the resources available through Bugwood.org to address some of these novel risks. I will end with an invitation to share in building and using those resources.

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mailto:[email protected]


Northern bark beetle Ips duplicatus distribution in Romania (preliminary results)

M.-L. Duduman, G. Isaia & N. Olenici

„Ştefan cel Mare” University of Suceava, Forestry Faculty, Romania, [email protected] University of Braşov, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Romania, [email protected]

Ips duplicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was reported in Romania for the first time in 1948. The presence of this species was registered as faunistic element in various papers that have appeared during 1957-1967. The first outbreaks of Ips duplicatus were reported in 2008 in Norway spruce stands installed outside of the natural area, located in the hilly area in the North Eastern part of Romania. In 2010 we began monitoring the populations of this bark beetle in five locations in Suceava County (North Eastern part of Romania), continuing in 2011 in thirty three location distributed in most areas of the country where the Norway spruce is now up to 1000 m altitudes. In each location was installed one pheromonal trap (Intercept type) baited with pheromonal dispenser ID Ecolure (Fytofarm Slovakia). Positioning of traps was similar in all locations. They were installed at 10 to 12 m from forest edge, in areas where there was no fresh mining waste (which, by their emissions of volatile substances, would affect the beetles’ response to the synthetic pheromone). Catches were collected weekly from the first part of May and the observations are taking place until early June. In most points of views were captured Ips duplicatus specimens. Most captures (about 2100 beetles/day) were caught in the North Eeastern part of Romania, in areas where Ips duplicatus develops outbreaks). It can be concluded that Ips duplicatus is met in Romania in most stands which have in their composition Norway spruce trees, located at altitudes below 1000 m. The largest populations are found mainly in pure Norway spruce stands installed outside their natural area.

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An outbreak of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in NE Italy: first results of pest management and eradication attempt

M. Faccoli, M. Vettorazzo, M. Zampini, G. Zanini, M. Coppe & A. Battisti

University of Padova, Department of Environmental Agronomy, Italy, [email protected]

The Asian Longhorn Beetle (ALB), Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), is a species from China and Korea, largely polyphagous on broadleaves. ALB is reported as a quarantine species in the whole EU. It has been detected frequently in wood packing material and plants for planting, and incursions were found in Austria, France, Germany, Italy, and The Netherlands. In June 2009 an incursion of ALB was detected in the province of Treviso (municipality of Cornuda, NE Italy) and a plan of eradication was activated in a joint project among the University of Padova, the Regional Plant Protection Organization, and the Regional Forest Service. The eradication includes the visual checking of all trees belonging to the ten most common ALB host genera growing within 2 km from each infested tree. During the monitoring the host-list was progressively updated as ALB was found also on other tree species, and the infestation area was progressively enlarged following the new findings. Large trees or trees showing unclear symptoms were checked with the help of tree-climbers. In the infestation area, the eradication plan also imposes the tree nurseries to spray against ALB adults, forbids to transplant, sell and transport out of the infested area any susceptible tree species. A campaign of information was started to invite citizens to report to the authorities any sight of adults and infested trees. A total of 18,338 trees growing over an area of about 5,625 ha were checked in about 2 years of survey (summer 2009 - spring 2011). Trees found to be infested by ALB were 836 (4.5% of those checked), mainly elms, maples, birches and willows. All the infested trees have been cut and chipped. The number of infested trees progressively decreased through time, indicating a positive effect of the eradication efforts, although an improvement of the detection methods is required to achieve the eradication. No infested trees were found in the forests growing in the infestation area. Studies concerning the mechanisms driving the host selection by ALB adults in forest and urban parks are still in progress, but preliminary results indicate the host quality as possible factor affecting both host/non-host selection and host acceptance by females.

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Effects of host tree stress on foraging of Tetropium spp. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and their parasitoids

L. Flaherty, J. Sweeney, D. Pureswaran & D. Quiring

Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Fredericton, NB, Canada, [email protected]

Tetropium fuscum (F.) is a secondary pest of stressed or moribund Norway spruce in its native Europe but infests both weakened and apparently healthy spruce, Picea spp., in Nova Scotia, Canada, where it has been established since at least 1990. In Nova Scotia, two Nearctic species, Rhimphoctona macrocephala (Ichneumonidae), and Wroughtonia occidentalis (Braconidae) that commonly parasitize the native Tetropium cinnamopterum Kirby, also exploit the introduced T. fuscum. Manipulative experiments demonstrated that on red spruce trees exposed to natural enemies, survival of T. fuscum was higher, and percent parasitism was lower, on healthy trees than on stressed trees. This suggested that the parasitoids foraged more frequently or more efficiently on stressed than on healthy spruce. Since T. cinnamopterum usually infests moribund spruce, we hypothesized its parasitoids used cues associated with weakened or stressed spruce when seeking Tetropium larvae, and predicted they would land more frequently on stressed than healthy spruce. Sticky bands were placed around the stems of mature red spruce trees had been either: 1) moisture-stressed by girdling in early spring; 2) treated with methyl-jasmonate (MeJa) to simulate insect/pathogen attack and stimulate induced defenses; 3) treated with Tween surfactant (control for MeJa treatment); or 4) not manipulated (healthy). The numbers of T. fuscum and T. cinnamopterum captured in sticky bands was significantly greater on girdled trees and MeJa-treated trees than on healthy or Tween-treated trees. The numbers of W. occidentalis in sticky bands were significantly greater on MeJa-treated spruce than on the Tween control, but did not differ between girdled and healthy spruce. Analysis of cortical and foliar volatiles collected from these trees is underway in an attempt to identify the specific terpenoid chemical cues used by the Tetropium parasitoids.

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Between Scylla and Charybdis, abiotic and biotic drivers of bark beetle infestations

H. Jactel, J.S. Jacquet, J.C. Samalens, J.L. Flot & D. Piou

Laboratory of Forest Entomology and Biodiversity, INRA, France, [email protected]

In January 2009, cyclone Klaus hit the Landes Forest in Aquitaine, the largest pine plantation forest in Europe with ca. one million ha of maritime pine. Klaus was the most severe storm ever recorded in the region. Up to 70% of the forest was affected and about 40 million m3 of timber were destroyed within a couple of hours. The next year, a massive outbreak of bark beetles (Ips sexdentatus) began, further damaging the forest. To evaluate the effects of windthrow and salvage harvesting on bark beetle infestations, we implemented a new roadside sampling method at the regional scale. The percentage of trees killed by bark beetles increased exponentially with the local density of windthrown timber, and salvage harvesting significantly reduced the risk of infestation. The same year, a severe outbreak of the pine processionary moth resulted in heavy defoliation of the remaining standing trees. We set up an experiment to test whether defoliated trees were more prone to bark beetle infestation. Surprisingly, only the most severely defoliated pine trees were colonized and killed by I. sexdentatus. These findings enable improved impact prediction and population management of bark beetles under climate change.

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Semiochemical diversity and pheromone in push-pull system against Ips beetles on spruces: comparing European Ips typographus with Chinese I. nitidus and I. shangrila

R. Jakuš, M. Blaženec, F.-Z. Han, J. Jankuvová, B. Kalinová, M. J.-H. Ma, C. Schiebe, H. Sun, Q.-H. Zhang & F. Schlyter

Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia, [email protected]

Since 1995, we have been developing a semiochemicals-based push-pull technology for Ips typographus on Norway spruce (Picea abies) in Europe. Currently, we are optimizing various combinations of traps baited with pheromone placed outside of the targeted spruce stands, and anti-attractant on spruce trees –a semiochemically diverse blend of non-host volatiles and unsuitable host signal (verbenone) in dispensers (semi-commercial IT REP, Fytofarm, Bratislava). This push-pull system has been tested in both experimental and semi-operational settings of production forests and protected areas. The applications of anti-attractants reduced the tree mortality on tested forest edges by up to 70 %. Under the conditions of European spruce forests, this strategy is a possible option to increase effectiveness of forest protection.

Since 2006, we have identified the major male-produced hind-gut volatiles as potent aggregation pheromone components of I. nitidus and I. shangrila from high-altitude forests in Qinghai province, west China. In May 2011, a series of field trapping experiments (full factorial designs) determined the key pheromone components of both species necessary for future applications as the “pulling” tactic. The host tree Picea crassifolia in Qinghai usually grow on steep northern slopes. The application of standard trapping (pulling) tactic alone, commonly used for I. typographus, might not be efficient for the two Chinese Ips species. However, combining anti-attractants on spruce trees along the active forest edges on northern slopes and pheromone traps on southern slopes outside of spruce stands have a potential as a strategy against these spruce bark beetles, that threatens both natural and plantation spruce forests in the region.

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« Pest-in-first » for the biological control of Dendroctonus micans using Rhizophagus grandis : a full-scale field experiment

A. Jannin, J.-M. Molenberg, X. Massart, S. Vanhoorbeek & J.-C. Grégoire

Lutte biologique et Ecologie spatiale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium, [email protected]

The greater Eurasian spruce beetle, Dendroctonus micans (Kug.) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) probably originates in the Russian Far East. In its spread westward, it has started colonizing Europe in the mid-eighteen century. Presently, it is still expanding its range in France (Brittany, Midi-Pyrénées, Languedoc-Roussillon) and in Britain (Kent, Devon, northern England, Scotland). An efficient way to neutralise this pest is to introduce a specific predator, Rhizophagus grandis Gyl. (Coleoptera, Monotonidae). However, as there is a time lapse between identifying the pest and introducing the predators, some damage usually occurs.

Since D. micans is due to colonize eventually the whole range of spruce in Europe, we propose to introduce both species in new areas instead of waiting for D. micans to establish and only then releasing predators. Here we report the first results of a set of experiments, made within the present range of both species, and designed to test this novel approach.

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Ecology and management of Euwallacea interjectus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) associated with Ceratocystis canker on fig trees in Japan

H. Kajimura, T. Kokado, M. I’eda, M. Ito, T. Mizuno, T. Morita & S. Jikumaru

Nagoya University, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Forest Protection Lab., Japan, [email protected]

Tree death of fig (Ficus carica) was found at an orchard in 1981, and then has spread throughout Japan. Wilts and cankers on fig trees are caused by a plant pathogenic fungus, a novel species of Ceratocystis fimbriata complex. Fungal spores are considered to be disseminated through water in soil. However, a beetle species of the subtribe Xyleborina, Euwallacea interjectus, has actually made tunnels into the sapwood of living fig trees, and thus is suspected as a vector of the spores. Here, for pest management, we present ecological traits of E. interjectus in fig orchards. To obtain comparative data from experimental populations, we apply our rearing system using semi-artificial diets with different ingredients and structures, and examine responses of the beetle and the fungus to latex (milky liquid) from fig trees. We also present features of genetic structure of the beetles, including natural populations collected in forests far from the orchards, based on phylogeographic analysis.

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A comparison of outbreaks of the spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) in Sweden and the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) in Canada

S. Kärvemo & LM. Schroeder

Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology, Sweden, [email protected]

The European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) and the North American mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) may kill millions of trees during outbreak periods. Both species have also experienced large outbreaks in recent years. But the magnitude of the outbreaks of D. ponderosae is much larger. In this review we compare the outbreak history of I. typographus in Sweden with D. ponderosae in British Columbia in Canada. We also discuss some possible explanations for the difference in outbreak magnitude between the two species. During the last fifty years (1960-2009), three outbreaks of I. typographus have occurred in Sweden which resulted in an estimated volume of about 9 million m3 of killed Norway spruces (Picea abies). During the same period D. ponderosae has killed about 600 million m3 of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) in British Columbia. Based on a literature review we suggest two factors that may contribute to the much more severe outbreaks caused by D. ponderosae: (1) a lower colonisation density needed by D. ponderosae to overcome tree defences and (2) a higher reproductive success of D. ponderosae in killed trees. In addition, the proportion of old stands, susceptible to bark beetle attacks, is much higher in British Columbia than in Sweden. The study’s intention is to create further reflections about reasons for the differences in outbreak magnitude between the two systems for possible thorough investigations for the future.

21


Native ambrosia beetles (Gnathotrupes spp.) and Southern Beech Decline in Chile

L. R. Kirkendall

University of Bergen, Department of Biology, Norway, [email protected]

Extensive tracts of native Nothofagus forests of southern Chile are declining. What I herein designate Southern Beech Decline (SBD) has been preliminarily documented locally by Chilean scientists but has not been published in more widely distributed international literature. In its extreme form, SBD is readily detected as patches of dead and dying trees.In most of the southern Chilean forests there is excessive branch mortality and, in some areas, patches of trees are dying. Forests experiencing high levels of tree mortality are so far known only from the Aysén region. Less dramatic decline occurs in forests to the north and south of Aysén: in these regions, SBD is characterized by high proportions of dead and dying branches, culminating in extensive branch fall. Little is known about SBD, but in a recent Chilean thesis project, a yeast was isolated repeatedly from trees with thecambial rot, from tunnels of the ambrosia beetles, and from the beetles’ mycangia; analysis of DNA sequences placed this species in a clade including species of Pichia (sexual) and Candida (asexual) fungi.

My observations during research trips in 2007 and 2008 suggest that one or more species of Gnathotrupes ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae, Scolytinae) may be vectoring the virulent pathogen which kills branches and saplings, and which is capable of killing entire trees. Seventeen species of Gnathotrupes are apparently exclusively associated with Nothofagus, including at least three undescribed species collected during my visits. I present a description of SBD, ecological observations on the beetles, and suggest priorities for future research into the role of ambrosia beetles in this new case of forest dieback.

22


Bark Beetles of Genus Hylastes and Fungal Community on Pine Seedlings in the burnt area

O. Kukina , Y. Skrylnyk, V. Meshkova, A.Menkis, J.Stenlid, & R. Vasaitis

Ukrainian Research Institute of Forestry & Forest Melioration named after G. M. Vysotsky, Ukraine, [email protected]

In Ukraine, the problem of pine forest regeneration in the the burnt area is very important. In some plots mortality of pine seedlings amounts to 80 % in the 1st year after planting. The causes of it may be unfavorable weather conditions, late planting, damage by insects and fungi. Among these causes damage pine seedlings by bark beetles of genus Hylastes exceeds 30 %.

The aim of our investigation was to determine the species composition of bark beetles of genus Hylastes and fungal community, which can be the cause of mortality of pine seedlings in the burnt area.

In the Frame of Swedish-Ukrainian project concerning forest regeneration and protection in the burnt area, in 2009 – 2011 pine plantations were inspected. Among stem insects, Hylastes angustatus (Herbst, 1793) and Hylastes opacus (Erichson, 1836) (Scolytinae) were widespread. Adults of these species undertake maturation feeding in the stems of pine seedlings. They have no special organs for vectoring of fungi, but may be passive vectors of fungi, which bring to weakening of seedlings.

We’ve determined of fungal species composition by two methods: isolation and molecular identification of fungal cultures and direct molecular identification of fungi on beetles.

Results show, that Hylastes angustatus and Hylastes opacus promote vectoring fungal community, which includes over 20 species. Species of genus Candida, Pichia, Capronia, Cadophora, Trichoderma, Penicillium, Alternaria, Geomyces, Ophiostoma and the most spread. The most of these species always present in soil and are not dangerous for healthy seedling without wounds. Seedlings with wounds in result of Hylastes sp. maturation feeding are more susceptible to infection.

23


Present situation of bark and wood boring insects in the Hungarian forests

F. Lakatos

University of West Hungary, Institute of Sylviculture and Forest Protection, Sopron, Hungary, [email protected]

Hungary, this small (93000 km3) Central-European country has limited forest resources (21% of its territory is covered by forests), therefore any damage caused by bark and wood boring insects may be crucial. Hungary’s forests are dominated by broadleaved tree species (Quercus spp.: 31.9%, Robinia pseudoacacia: 23.9% (!), Populus (10.7%), Fagus (5.9%) Carpinus (5.1%) and others (10.9%), altogether: 88.4%), while coniferous tree species have a subordinate role (Pine and Picea spp. altogether 11.6%).

On oaks (Quercus spp.) we can find several Buprestid, Cerambycid and bark beetle species, but none of them have real economic importance. Fortunately the introduced black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) does not have any insect species feeding on or in its bark and wood. Poplars (Populus spp.) have already several insect groups feeding on. Agrilus populneus is typical in plantations, while Cerambycid beetles (Saperda carcharias and Saperda populnea) are present in plantations and natural stands as well. Moths of the family Sesiidae (e.g. Sesia apiformis and Paranthrene tabaniformis) are typical pests of energy wood plantations, and can cause considerable economic losses as well. Beech (Fagus silvestris) were attacked recently by two bark and wood boring insect species: Agrilus viridis and Taphrorychus bicolor. The mass outbreak of these two species might be associated with the distribution edge (xeric limit) of this species in Hungary.

The distribution area of coniferous tree species decreased dramatically in the recent years (e.g. Picea abies: 1990: 1.4%, present: 0.5%). This is mainly because the mass outbreak of bark beetles (mainly Ips typographus) eliminated this tree species on larger areas and the reforestation of these areas have been implemented by broadleaves. All of the Norway spruce stands in Hungary are outside of the native range of this tree species, which may have a further reason (including climate change) for the mass mortality. Pine trees (Pinus silvestris and P. nigra) have also various bark and wood boring insect species (e.g. Hylobius abietis, Pissodes spp., Ips sexdentatus and Tomicus piniperda), but their importance is not significant.

Future possible tendencies, taking the climate change also into consideration, will be discussed in the presentation.

24


Interannual fluctuations of Ips typographus L. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) outbreaks along altitudinal gradients at the southern range margin of Norway spruce

L. Marini, M.P. Ayres, A. Battisti, F. Stergulc & M. Faccoli

University of Padova, Department of Environmental Agronomy and Crop Production, Italy, [email protected]

Global climate is currently changing at an unprecedented rate. Despite many uncertainties, there is consensus that climate change has already and will have impacts on the spatio-temporal dynamics of forest insects. Our aim is to quantify the relative importance of density-dependent regulation vs. abiotic climatic factors in driving the spatio-temporal outbreak dynamics of I. typographus occurring along Alpine altitudinal gradients at the southern range margin of Norway spruce. We considered spruce forests within and outside the limits of its natural climatic range, separately. Analyses of I. typographus outbreak dynamics suggest that both endogenous density-dependent regulation and exogenous abiotic factors such as drought and temperature-related variables are important factors driving inter-annual changes in population density. Forests located outside the natural climatic range were generally more susceptible to I. typographus attacks than forests within the climatic range of spruce. However, population growth was generally higher within than outside the natural climatic range of the host tree. In our region, I. typographus outbreaks and populations exhibited relatively strong delayed density dependence (2-year lag). Concerning the climatic factors, extreme drought events appeared as the main abiotic trigger of I. typographus outbreaks. Increasing drought further modified the altitudinal distribution of the outbreaks inducing an upward movement of the attacked areas. This suggests that low spring rainfall may create new opportunities to find suitable host trees at higher altitudes. Although the outbreak of I. typographus can be characterized by a high degree of complexity and uncertainty, climate change emerged as one factor driving some of the current outbreaks of I. typographus in the Alps, causing severe ecological and economic consequences.

25


A study of the history of Dendroctonus micans Kugel. : Reconsideration of the past of an alien species

F. Mayer, P. Mardulyn & J.-C. Grégoire

Biological control and Spatial ecology Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium, [email protected]

The great European spruce bark beetle, Dendroctonus micans, is an invasive Alien Species of Western Europe. Its solitary behaviour and its ability to overcome tree defences make it a significant threat to any non-colonized stand.

Because of the low sea level recorded during the Wisconsin Glacial Episode and its close relatedness with the North American bark beetle Dendroctonus punctatus LeConte, it is believed that migration across the Bering land bridge, followed by isolation, produced it. From its birth in Siberia until the present day, the pest has extended its geographic range still further to the West and the East. Moreover, its recent spread has probably been aided by trade in timber products, which is particularly well–exemplified by the introduction in the Caucasus in the 1960’s and in Great Britain in the 1970’s.

If its history of gradation through Europe is well recorded since the mid-19th century, little interest has been shown in its presence in endemic conditions before that.

However, since its original description in 1794 by Johann Kugelann, reports through the whole Europe, mainly in mountain ranges, exists. In this presentation we will first scope on a review of the early-19th-Century literature. Then, we will draw a parallel with results of our genetic study of this species.

26


Population dynamics of spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus [L.]) in an unmanaged nature reserve in relation to stand edges conditions and insolation

P. Mezei, R. Jakuš & M. Blaženec

Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia, [email protected]

Over the period 2006 – 2009 spruce bark beetle population (SBB) was monitored after two windstorm events (in 2004 and 2007) in Fabova hoľa nature reserve in Slovak Ore Mountains. The Nature Reserve is situated at 1,100 to 1,439 m asl. (summit of Fabova hoľa: N 48°46.346", E 19°53.149"). The reserve has an area of 260 ha, more than 250 ha are covered with spruce dominated forests. In area, which was hit by the 2004 storm, barriers of pheromone traps were deployed and in the surroundings of the nature reserve sanitation felling was carried out.

The monitoring of spruce bark beetle was carried out with pheromone traps arranged in barriers. In the first part of our research we analysed the population dynamic of SBB in three different forest edges: 1) edge of wind-felled trees area, 2) disturbed stand edge and 3) undisturbed stand edge. The one-way ANOVA confirmed statistically significant differences among stand edges in each year and a post-hoc test was applied. In first two years after the primary disturbance the most attractive for spruce bark beetle was the edge of wind-felled trees area. When bark beetles deplete their substrate of wind-thrown trees, the most attractive is becoming the disturbed stand edge close to the windblown trees, so after two years from the primary disturbance the most attractive became the disturbed stand edge. The undisturbed stand edge showed a similar attractivity for spruce bark beetles almost over the whole monitoring period.

In the second part of our research we created a solar radiation map with the use of GIS tools and we analysed the relationship between the amount of solar radiation and SBB catches in pheromone traps. The results of linear regression showed a statistically significant relationship, i.e. the higher the level of solar radiation the higher are the catches of SBB.

27


Spatio-temporal distribution pattern of an ambrosia beetle, Platypus koryoensis (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) within stands and its implications to forest

Y. Nam, J.-S. Lee, D.-S. Won, J.-K. Kim & W. I. Choi:

Korea Forest Research Institute, Korea, [email protected]

Spatio-temporal distribution pattern of an ambrosia beetle, Platypus koryoensis (Murayama) was examined in the stand level. The ambrosia beetle is vector of Raffaelea quercimongolicae that is causative agent for Korean oak wilt (KOW). Spatial distribution of P. koryoensis was influenced by their density. Relationship between degree of aggregation and density was positively correlated when the density was extremely low or high whereas the relationship was reverse when the density was intermediate. P. koryoensis was aggregated near dead or partially dead trees in all study sites. At the first year of experiments, size of diameter at breast height (DBH) of trees was positively associated with degree of aggregation but the association was changed from positive to negative or no apparent relationship in following years, showing that the ambrosia beetle preferred larger trees for initial attack and then aggregated individuals dispersed to new host to reduce intraspecific competition. Fraction of trees attacked by less than 100 individual of P. koryoensis increased abruptly whereas fraction of trees attacked over 1,000 individuals of P. koryoensis increased gradually. Our results suggest that the dead trees would be an epicenter of P. koryoensis and the number of dead trees by the ambrosia beetle would be reduced by lowering total population of the ambrosia beetle.

28


The influence of uncleared windthrow areas on bark beetle outbreak in the High Tatra mountains

C. Nikolov, M. Bošeľa, A. Gubka, J. Vakula, J. Galko & A. Kunca

National Forest Centre - Forest Protection Service, Slovak Republic, [email protected]

In November 2004 the Alžbeta windstorm swept through the mountainous regions of Slovakia. Overall, 5,3 mil. m3 of woods were damaged. The most affected area was the High Tatra National Park (TANAP), where the downslope wind hit the forest area of 12 000 hectares and damaged 2,5 mil. m3 of woods. The TANAP forest is formed by a coniferous tree species dominated by Norwegian spruce (Picea abies). In protected areas there were about 165 000 m3 of damaged woods left uncleared. These uncleared sites triggered a serious bark beetle outbreak where Ips typographus, Pityogenes chalcographus and Ips amitinus were the most dominant species. The infestation areas were examined using GIS and a time series of infrared aerial photography (2005 – 2009). More than 65% of all bark beetle attacks were recorded within 300 meters and more than 96% within 1000 meters from uncleared areas.

29


Knockin' On Heaven's Door of Eurasia – will the forest pests be let in?

B. Økland, O. Skarpaas & N. Erbilgin

Norwegian Forest and Landscape institute, Norway, [email protected]

North American bark and wood borers may cause biome-scale ecosystem effects if they should become established in the Eurasian taiga. For example, the most important tree species of the European taiga, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), is highly susceptible to the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae). Other dominant tree species of the Eurasian taiga, such as Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Siberian spruce (Picea obovata), are currently attacked by the Eurasian spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus). If the North American spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) should become established in Eurasia, our model simulations indicate that interactions with the Eurasian spruce bark beetle could lead to more severe outbreaks than when I. typographus acts alone. Attack by the bronze birch borer (Agrilus anxius) has led to 100 % mortality of European birch species planted in the US. These tree species cover large areas of the Eurasian continent. Allee effects may explain why many bark beetles have not become established in Eurasia, but more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms. In other species such as Agrilus sp., eradication may be very difficult due to rapid spread and delayed detection of attacked trees. Rate of spread and detection delay depend on properties of both insect species and forest ecosystems. For example, lack of wilting symptoms makes it difficult to detect the pinewood nematode in time for eradication in the cold climate of the northern taiga. Improved phytosanitary measures may reduce the arrivals of serious pests to the Eurasian continent. Model simulations of the wood chip and timber import indicate that wood borers and bark beetles could easily escape detection unless the numbers of samples and traps are very large. Chipping to a smaller chip size could stop arrival of species; however, our results indicate that this would require a smaller chip size than in the current requirement.

30


Mountain Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk.) range and host expansion in Western Canada

B. Riel & L. Safranyik

Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Canada, [email protected]

British Columbia is in the latter stages of a mountain pine beetle (MPB) outbreak of unprecedented size and severity, impacting a cumulative area of approximately 17 million hectares of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta latifolia) forest, resulting in an estimated loss of over 700 million cubic meters of timber. The outbreak has recently spread into Alberta, and is currently established in north eastern Alberta in jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and jack pine-lodgepole pine hybrid forests which have no known history of MPB activity. The history, trajectory and impacts of this outbreak are explored, and the mechanisms of spread and the potential for further colonization eastward are examined.

31


Further investigation of a volatile sex pheromone in Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) that synergizes attraction to a host foliar volatile

K. L. Ryall, P. J. Silk, J. Sweeney, D. Crook & T. Scarr

Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Canada, [email protected]

The emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) was recently introduced into North America and has caused widespread extensive mortality to native ash trees, Fraxinus spp. across eastern North America. Our research has investigated the chemical ecology of this invasive species. Attraction of male emerald ash borer to a female-produced pheromone, (3Z)-lactone, was recently demonstrated in field and laboratory experiments; this is the first evidence for a pheromone in the Buprestidae family. In field experiments with green prism traps, the (3Z)-lactone significantly increased capture of male A. planipennis when traps were deployed in the canopy. Captures of males on traps with both (3E)-lactone and a green leaf volatile, (3Z)-hexenol, or with (3Z)-lactone and (3Z)-hexenol were increased by 45-100%, respectively, as compared to traps baited with just (3Z)-hexenol. In olfactometer bioassays, males were highly attracted to (3Z)-hexenol and the (3Z)-lactone + (3Z)-hexenol combination, providing support for the field trapping results. These data are the first to demonstrate increased attraction with a combination of a pheromone and a green leaf volatile in a Buprestid species. Ongoing research is establishing a dose-response curve for males to the pheromone and testing for attraction both within and below the canopy, which is where feeding and mating typically occur. This research will increase our understanding of the chemical ecology of this invasive species, and assist in developing an early-warning tool for monitoring of its populations.

32


Insect-fungi associations in pine stands of Kharkov region of Ukraine

Y. Skrylnyk, O. Kukina, V. Meshkova, A. Menkis, J. Stenlid & R. Vasaitis

Ukrainian Research Institute of Forestry & Forest Melioration, [email protected]

Bark and wood boring insects (Scolytinae, Cerambycidae and Buprestidae) are widespread in forests of Ukraine. Injuriousness of most of them increases in result of sudden increase of light after forest management activity, fires, windstorms, snowbreaks. Both insects and fungi colonize trees and bring to their weakening and mortality. Some insects can be vectors of pathogens. Some insects have specialized structures (mycangia or mycetangia) that are used for the storage, transport and transmission of fungi. Another insects can transfer spores on their bodies. Many bark beetles build egg galleries under bark of weakened trees and bring there the spores of blue-stain fungi (Ophiostoma sp and other).Our investigations were carried out in Izyum, Zmiev, Chuguevo-Babchansky Forest Enterprises of Kharkov region in 2008 – 2011.Laboratory analysis was carried out in Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (Uppsala). Species composition of fungi was determined by DNA extraction and fungal isolation methods. The aim of investigation was to study species composition of xylophagous insects and insect-fungi associations. Such investigations were carried out for the first time in Ukraine. From 20 species of bark beetles, 8 species were used for analysis. They are Carphoborus minimus, Hylastes angustatus, Hylastes ater, Hylastes opacus, Hylurgus ligniperda, Ips sexdentatus, Orthotomicus laricis and Orthotomicus suturalis. From 20 species of longhorn beetles, 6 species were used for analysis. They are Monochamus galloprovincialis, Pogonocherus fasciculatus, Acanthocinus griseus, Acanthocinus aedilis, Rhagium inquisitor and Molorchus minor. From 10 buprestid beetles 2 species were used for analysis. They are Chrysobothris igniventris and Antaxia quadripunctata. Totally 42 fungi species were found in 16 insect species. The fungi are: Ophiostoma ips, Ophiostoma canum, Ophiostoma sp., Sphaeropsis sapinea, Hypocrea lutea, Phaeomoniella effuse, Cadophora sp., Penicillium purpurogenum, Penicillium minioluteum, Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., Aureobasidium pullulans, Basidiomycota sp., Alternaria alternate, Tremella encephala, Xenomeris juniperi, Aureobasidium pullulans, Tryblidiopsis pinastri, Cladosporium sp. and other.

33


“Tree-xylophages” interaction: model of sliding resistance

V.G. Soukhovolsky, A.V. Kovalev, O.P. Sekretenko & E.N. Palnikova

V.N.Sukachev Institute of Forest, SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia, [email protected]

The hypothesis about “sliding resistance” of tree to insect’s attacks was been used for description of “tree-xylophages” interaction. According of this approach, interaction “tree- xylophages”, development of insects’ outbreaks and death of trees depended on peculiarities of trees state in stand and changes of tree state.

We use basic variables - the order parameter q – portion of not damaged trees, <ρ> - average intensity of insects’ attacks and Q – index of tree state, for modeling of “tree-xylophages” interaction.

As an object of investigations we study fir Abies sibirica Ldb., attacked by Monochmus urussovi Fisch. and Polygraphus proximus Blandford.In the frameworks of this hypothesis the connection of xylophages attack’s intensity and tree’s state were been studied. It’s shown that there is a correlation between probability of insect’s attacks and dielectrical parameters of tree stem tissue.

A distribution of insects attacks intensity on trees were been studied. It’s shown that there is both cooperative and competitive interaction between individuals in insect population. The cooperative interactions connected with group attacks of tree by individuals in insect population. The model of second order phase transition is proposed for description of this effect. It’s shown, that the existence of cooperative effects leads to linear dependence between <ρ> and q2 , if <ρ> is less then critical value <ρc>.

In other hand, competitive effects of insects’ interaction lead to trade-off effect of spatial distributions of insects’ scars on tree stem bark and to optimal food resources distribution between individuals in population. **The work supported by RFBR (grant # 11-04-00173).

34


Thanasimus formicarius L. as predator of bark beetle species living on broadleaf trees – Are there kairomonal active substances from broadleaf forests?

M. Wehnert, M. Müller, C. Rachow, & S. Schütz

Dresden University of Technology, Institute of Silviculture and Forest Protection, Germany, [email protected]

The clerid beetle Thanasimus formicarius L. is well known as bark beetle predator of bark beetles living on coniferous trees. Accordingly, in coniferous forest habitats kairomonal signals to detect its prey are largely known. In contrast, the presence of Thanasimus formicarius in broadleaf forests and its olfactory orientation in these habitats are not well studied yet. Therefore the abundance of Thanasimus formicarius in habitats of Common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) was determined. Trapping studies using well-known kairomonal active substances such as Lineatin and Sexowit® as well as the natural produced pheromone of Leperisinus fraxini Panz., released from colonized logs, were used to investigate the abundance of the predator in the ash habitat. The Sexowit® dispenser caused the strongest reaction of Thanasimus formicarius and had a repellent effect on Leperisinus fraxini. Electroantennographic analyses indicate olfactory response of Thanasimus formicarius to semiochemicals taken from broadleaf forest habitats such as 4-methyl-3-heptanol, 1,2-dimethoxy-benzene, acetophenone and 2-nonanone. However, used as single compounds in trapping studies, they did not show a significant attractive effect to Thanasimus formicarius. The possibility of synergistic effects of these semiochemicals with volatiles and pheromones from broadleaf forest habitat is discussed.

35


Influence of forest management on Bark beetle (Scolytidae) populations inhabiting Sitka spruce plantations in Wales, UK

D.T. Williams, N. Straw, M. Jukes, N. Fielding & J. Price

Forest Research, Tree Health Division, United Kingdom, [email protected]

Commercial forestry in the UK is based on the intensive management of even-aged, single species plantations of a small number of productive tree species. These stands are planted, thinned and clear-felled over a relatively short time period (for conifers, approx. 50 years), and they have a low biodiversity and are prone to insect and disease problems. Current UK forestry policy aims to develop alternative management systems that increase stand structure and maintain forest cover, and by doing so are likely to support a greater biodiversity and be more resilient to pests and diseases. These hypotheses are untested however, hence in 2006 a research programme was initiated to investigate whether an increase in the structural complexity of Sitka spruce stands leads to an increase or decrease in insect abundance and species richness. Here we present the results of the first three years of insect sampling in 24 experimental plots established in stands of Sitka spruce across four forests in Wales, UK that represent a wide range of stand structures. Insects were sampled at ground level and in the canopy in 6 group-selection stands, 7 uniform shelterwood stands, and 13 even-aged stands ranging in age from 10 to 70 years old. Initial results for bark beetles (Scolytidae) indicate that stands of Sitka spruce managed under alternative silvicultural systems generally have lower populations of bark beetles than even-aged stands of Sitka. However, wind-blow events and management thinning practices are influential factors affecting populations. A total of 20 species of Scolytidae have been caught to date and sampling insects vertically through the canopy (up to 27m above the ground) shows that the flight height attained during the dispersal phase varies considerably between individual bark beetle species.

36


Posters

The influence of rich odours on bark beetles infestation of trap−trees in spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) stands

B. Bednarz & M. Kacprzyk

University of Agriculture in Krakow, Department of Forest Protection and Forest Climatology, Poland, [email protected]

The semiochemicals odours affecting I. typographus and P. chalcographus colonisation efficiency of trap−trees with and without synthetic pheromone were studied during in spruce stands of southern Poland. In case of both trap−tree types, the game repellent (hukinol) increases the intensity of I. typographus infestation, whereas the opposite was true for butyric acid and mercaptan. P. chalcographus infestation of trap−trees surrounded by aromatic intensive volatiles of mercaptan and butyric acid was more numerous than in traps being under the influence of odours revealed from hukiniol. However, the positive reaction on hukinol aroma expressed by high values of P. chalcographus colonisation index was found for trap−trees with pheromone Ipsodor. Considering obtained the results, forest protection by using of hukinol against game in spruce stands with a high frequency of P. chalcographus and I. typographus population should be thought over. In such conditions, the presence of game aromatic repellents based on derivatives of aliphatic carboxylic and valeric acids can contribute to higher bark beetle infestation and can lead to masstrees decay.

37


The endosymbiont Wolbachia in Rhizophagus grandis and its prey Dendroctonus micans

S. Becker*, B. Scheuringer*, H. Schuler, F. Mayer, C. Bertheau, S. Krumböck, W. Arthofer, J.-C. Grégoire & C. Stauffer

* equally contributing authors

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (Boku), Department of Forest & Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology & Forest Protection, Vienna, Austria, [email protected]

The endosymbiont Wolbachia is a predominantly maternally transmitted α-proteobacterium in insects. It can manipulate the reproductive system of its hosts by inducing male-killing, parthenogenesis, feminization and cytoplasmic incompatibility. Rhizophagus grandis (Col., Monotomidae) is a specific predator of the scolytid species Dendroctonus micans which infests Eurasian spruce stands causing economic damage. R. grandis is characterized by a high foraging proficiency, fecundity and voraciousness and thus used for biological control.

This study was designed to obtain first insight into the Wolbachia diversity of this host-predator complex. Conventional PCR with general wsp primers was used for Wolbachia detection. The positive wsp amplicons were cloned and sequenced whereas individuals without visible amplicon on the agarose gel were exposed to a more sensitive Southern hybridization technique. R. grandis harbor at least two Wolbachia strains named wGra1 and wGra2 detected in low frequency and low titre. D. micans is infected with one strain named wMic1. The fact that the wsp sequences of wGra1 and wMic1 were identical suggests a possible transfer of Wolbachia strains from prey to predator.

To confirm this hypothesis it is important to sequence other genes like the MSLT loci. Furthermore, it would be important to test if these strains cause any phenotypic effect in one of the two species by crossing experiments in combination with antibiotic treatment.

38


Selected aspects of sister brood production in the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (Coleoptera; Curculionidae)

M. Davídková, M. Moravcová & P. Doležal

Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre AS CR, Czech Republic, [email protected]

The spruce bark beetle Ips typographus is an important pest of spruce monocultures in Central Europe. Although its biology has been thoroughly studied, some aspects, e.g. gonadal physiology of adults, that generate so-called sister broods, remain largely unknown. Depending on environmental conditions, adults of the spruce bark beetle may re-emerge from the previously colonized trees and establish one or two sister broods in other hosts. Females of the spruce bark beetle may have up to three ovarian cycles (separated by periods of regeneration feeding) that are more or less consistent with the number of broods. The presentation summarizes data on sister brood establishment, brood size and female reproductive physiology on three localities of different elevation (600, 800, 1100 m a. s. l.) in South Bohemia. The timing of re-emergence, duration of regeneration feeding and number of sister broods strongly depended on temperature (elevation). Differences in physiology of ovaries, number of produced eggs / offspring per female, and other parameters are discussed.

39


Influence of photoperiod on the diapause of European Spruce Bark Beetle Ips typographus (Col., Scolytinae); behavioural and physiological changes within different voltinism types

N. Dobart & A. Schopf

Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria, [email protected]

To study the influence of the photoperiod as a regulation of diapause behaviour of Ips typographus, different voltinism types were used: a multivoltine population from a lowland site, a mostly univoltine population from a subalpine region in Austria, and an obligate univoltine population from Northern Sweden (Vindeln).

It is known that within multivoltine populations short-day conditions affect a facultative diapause in adult beetles, which arrest them inside their host tree and suppress their gonadal maturation. Under long-day conditions, however, they attain sexual maturity shortly after developing to the adult stage and emerge from their host tree in order to establish a new generation. On the other hand, populations which show a univoltine behaviour apparently have an obligate diapause. When bred under different photoperiods, diapause was already initiated even under long-day conditions, the beetles showed no differences to short-day beetles, according to their breeding behaviour and physiological status. Obligate univoltine beetles need to undergo a cooling period to terminate diapause. Thereafter, they showed a high oxygen- consumption and breeding willingness, like multivoltine beetles from longday-conditions without the cooling period. Beetles from multivoltine populations already showed those photoperiodic induced effects in their behaviour and physiological status without a cooling treatment.

40


Effect of altitude and tree species diversity on bark beetles and associated insects

W. Grodzki & J. Hilszczański

Forest Research Institute, Department of Forest Management in Mountain Regions, Poland, [email protected]

In 2010 and 2011 two sets of plots in form of an altitudinal transects were established in the western part of Carpathians. In the first one (Radziejowa, 2010-2011) four plots, differing by the number of tree species, were set up at each of four altitudes (500-700-900-1100 m a.s.l.), while on the second one (Pilsko, 2011) the plots (on the same altitudes) were selected in pure Norway spruce stands. Sentinel spruce bolts exposed on each plot and put in the field eclectors were used for collecting emerging insects. The abundance of bark beetles in relation to spruce representation in stands and thermal conditions on various altitudes was evaluated. The impact of tree diversity on insect communities, with special regard to natural enemies of bark beetles, was investigated.

41


Infecting Ips typographus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) with Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae or Isaria fumosorosea (Ascomycota)

F. Herrmann & R. Wegensteiner

Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria. [email protected]

Adult Ips typographus were inoculated with Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae or Isaria fumosorosea alternatively by dipping beetles directly into conidiospore suspensions or by forcing them to walk on spore suspension treated spruce bark. Effect of temperature was tested by incubating experimental setups at 15°C, 20°C or 25°C.

Direct inoculation was successful with all three fungal species tested. Infection rates varied between the three fungal species (75.7% - 98.1%) depending on incubation temperature. Infection rate was significantly higher only with B. bassiana at 20°C compared to the other two fungus species. Mean life span was prolonged at 15° and shortest at 25°C with all three fungus species.

Direct inoculation caused always higher infection rates and shorter mean life span compared to indirect inoculation with all three fungal species. Limited contact with suspension treated bark resulted in successful infection, but duration of beetles’ contact with the conidia on bark influenced the infection success. Infection was highest when beetles had contact with freshly suspension treated bark for three minutes with B. bassiana and I. fumosorosea at 20°C and for five minutes with M. anisopliae at 25°C. Infection rates were significantly lower in most cases after shorter contact with treated bark compare to shorter contact or testing beetles after one week incubation of log sections compared to freshly treated bark.

42


Pathogens of Ips cembrae in central Europe: microsporidia and gregarines known from bark beetles of the genus Ips (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

J. Holuša, K. Lukášová, R. Wegensteiner, J. Weiser & W. Grodzki

Forestry and Game Management Research Institute Jíloviště-Strnady Office Frýdek-Místek, Frýdek-Místek, Czech Republic, [email protected]

The large larch bark beetle Ips cembrae (Heer, 1836) is a secondary pest that produced several small local outbreaks throughout Europe during the last years. The beetles were collected from pheromone traps, trap trees as well as from logs (Larix decidua Mill.) from 2007 to 2010 in the Czech Republic, Poland and Austria (ten study sites in total). The samples were kept in refrigerator in plastic boxes with chips of bark till dissection. The extracted gut was inspected under light microscope. Up to now, more than 3000 mature beetles were studied and only two species of microsporidian pathogens (Chytridiopsis cf. typographi and Nosema cf. typographi) and one gregarine (Gregarina cf. typographi) were found. In the population of I. cembrae the infection rate of C. cf. typographi was rather high from 7% to 46%. N. cf. typographi occurred only in two beetles in 2007. G. typographi was recorded in 1 % beetles only in Austria in 2008.

Dissection brought evidence of the hymenopteran parasitoids Ropalophorus clavicornis and Tomicobia seitneri and of nematodes in the haemolymph (Contortylenchus cf. diplogaster and Cryptaphelenchus cf. macrogaster macrogaster) too. The pathogen species found during our study in I. cembrae was very similar to the pathogens known from I. typographus.

43


Effect of Intercept® trap color on Ips typographus captures (preliminary results)

G. Isaia, M.-L. Duduman & M. Paraschiv

Transilvania University of Braşov, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Romania, [email protected]„Ştefan cel Mare” University of Suceava, Forestry Faculty, Romania, [email protected]

Our field trapping experiment was carried out to evaluate the visual response of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. In 2010, twelve intercept traps were used, three of each tested color (black, brown, yellow and white), baited with the pheromonal dispenser AtraTYP PLUS (Romania) produced by the “Raluca Ripan” Institute for Research in Chemistry, Cluj-Napoca. The traps were placed at a minimum distance of 15 m between them and from the forest edge. The captures were collected one time per week between the end of May and the middle of August. In July, the diurnal flight activity was monitored during three days. The results were compared by using the index Ia = intensity of attraction, representing the number of captured insects per day and trap. The color of intercept traps showed a significant effect on catches, the brown color being more effective than the light colors, white and yellow. In order to improve this result, we performed another experiment in 2011. The main goal was to remove the influence of the temperature on the release rate of pheromone at different colored traps. In the same stand, in approximately the same positions, we started the same experiment in the middle of April and we intend to continue until the end of August. But this time the dispensers were weighed before placing to traps and after one week, when collecting the beetles.

44


Foliage area as the criterion of bark beetles occurrence on spruce branches left after cuttings in managed stands

M. Kacprzyk & B. Bednarz

University of Agriculture in Krakow, Department of Forest Protection and Forest Climatology, Poland, [email protected]

Cambio - and xylophagous insects occurrence in weakened stands depends on both health, sanitary and microhabitat conditions as well as the insects biology. Interactions between insects and host tree phenology decide about a threat from the secondary insect pests. An important in infestation process of bark beetles are temperature and humidity. Fluctuations of these climatic elements affect not only insects alone, i.e. their activity following overwintering and development rate but also have an influence on the physiological breeding material state. Beneficial for insects microclimate conditions can promote bark and wood decomposition. From the other hand accelerated temperature and moisture loss of breeding material may prevent the insect’s development. Therefore, bark beetles reproductive success derives from insects activity, material availability and its quality. Breeding material itself creates the local hygrothermal conditions and therefore influences on the time of its disintegration. The confirmation of this thesis are biochemical changes observed in cut and broken trees where, in opposition to windthrows, which haven’t lost the full contact with soil, decomposition process runs at the higher rate and therefore are inhabited at the beginning.

In forest protection practice the trap trees set out in the autumn or winter can be used to bark beetles control after debranching. Leaving the trees for a few months with the foliage results intensive water loss what impacts on the material accessibility to insects at the spring swarming. The lack of branches together with the water supplement possibility helps reduce drying and play a positive role in material decomposition and its attractiveness for insects. The similar relationships may concern single branches as well as tops. According to above statement two hypothesis were settled and tested: (1) The foliage area of Norway spruce branches, left in the forest after logging, has a direct impact on their water loss rate, and thus the attractiveness to cambio - and xylophagous insects colonizing; (2) Branches exposure to environmental conditions affects intensity of their infestation by bark beetles in the way, that the time flow since debranching is inversely proportional to the intensity of their inhabiting by small beetles.

45


Local outbreak of Ips acuminatus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Korean white pine, Pinus koraiensis, stands and its possible causes in relation to environmental and stand condition

I.-K. Kim, S.-H. Koh, J.-S. Lee, S.-W. Park, K. Hong, J. H. Sung, S. Lee, S.-W. Bae & W. I. Choi

Korea Forest Research Institute, Korea, [email protected]

Bark beetles are one of the most injurious insects of trees and cause economic damage in forests. In 2010, sudden occurrences of large populations of the engraver beetle, Ips acuminatus (Gyllenhal), were reported from Korean white pine, Pinus koraiensis (Siebold & Zucc.), forest in South Korea. The local outbreak of I. acuminatus occurred in a 10 ha forest of Korean white pine and caused mortality of more than 1,300 trees. The outbreak was caused by 1) an increase in numbers of physiologically weakened pine trees by drought during the past four years and 2) sufficient resources for reproduction of the bark beetle after a forest thinning during its flight and breeding season. This local outbreak can be early warning for further outbreaks of scolytid beetles especially in forests that consist of trees vulnerable to climate change.

46


Dielectrical properties of tree stem tissue as an indicator of tree state and tree resistance to xylophages attacks

A.V. Kovalev & V.G. Soukovolsky

International Center for Study of Extreme States of Organisms, SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia, [email protected]

To estimate the condition of trees and features of their interaction with xylophages it needs to develop express methods of evaluate the resistance of trees attacked by insects. In this paper we consider the possibility of use as indicator of tree’s state and resistance to xylophages’ attack dielectric properties of tissues of a tree trunk.

Dielectric properties are manifested by passing electric current through tissue and reflect the properties of cell membranes and intercellular spaces of the cambium. To measure the dielectric parameters portable dielectric pulse Fourier spectrometer was developed. This device records the responses to very short (duration from 2.5*10-5 sec) square wave voltage applied to the tissue site of a tree trunk with the needle metal electrodes. The device consists of a rectangular pulse generator, amplifier of received signal and program of data processing. The recorded signal has been Fourier-transform, which allow measured the dielectric properties of the tissues of a tree trunk in a range up to 125 kHz.

Test signal run and subsequent data processing is carried out directly during the measurements with a portable computer. To control the operation an original program in the LabView 8.5 was developed.

The total measurement time and signal processing is approximately 0.1 sec.The seasonal dynamics of tissues of healthy and damaged trees was studied with developed

spectrometer. It is shown that xylophages are attacking trees with certain values of dielectric parameters.***The work supported by RFBR (grant # 11-04-00173).

47


Gregarina typographi (Eugregarinorida: Gregarinidae) in the bark beetle Ips typographus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): transmission in nuptial chambers

K. Lukášová & J. Holuša

Department of Forest Protection and Game Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic, [email protected]

Horizontal transmission of Gregarina typographi Fuchs, 1915 and changes in its infection levels were studied in a population of the bark beetle Ips typographus (L., 1758). Beetles were repeatedly collected from three logs of trap trees (Norway spruce) during 2009 and 2010 at one study site (Smrk Nature Reserve, Beskids) with limited forestry management in the Czech Republic with a high level of G. typographi infection (seasonal mean of 16% in 2009 and 20% in 2010). For these time period, a total of 2,446 I. typographus beetles were dissected. Infection levels did not differ statistically between sexes, logs, and trap trees but did differ among sampling dates. During the beetle reproductive period, the infection levels nearly doubled in 2009 (from 11 to 20%) and more than tripled in 2010 (from 9 to 31%). In 2010, the stages of the G. typographi life cycle were recorded. The percentage of beetles with gamonts, and gametocysts did not differ among the sampling times. The percentage of beetles with trophozoites, however, tended to increase over time and was 3.45 times greater at the last sampling date than at the first sampling date.

Given what is known about the biology of the pathogen and the beetle, the doubling of the G. typographi infection prevalence in 2009 and its more than tripling in 2010, evidently resulted from disease transmission among beetles in nuptial chambers, i.e., by horizontal transmission during reproduction and egg-laying (May–June).

48


The role of bark beetles as vectors in the fungal colonisation of windthrown timber

J. McCarthy, E. Brockerhoff, I. Hood, A. Varsani & R. Didham

Scion / New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand, [email protected]

Recent wind and snow storm events in New Zealand affecting plantation forests of Pinus radiata have raised questions regarding the colonisation of fallen trees by sapstain fungi. These fungi are known to be spread by a multitude of factors including wind, rain splash, harvesting processes, and insect vectoring. Apart from the ecological interest in these interactions between fungi, plants and insects, sapstain fungi are also economically important because their hyphae discolour the sapwood and reduce the overall quality of the timber, and some are plant pathogens. We determined that snapped trees accumulate sapstain and insect attack faster than trees that topple but remain rooted..Manipulative and observational experiments were established to examine seasonal and regional variation in sapstain attack following windthrow, and to investigate the importance of bark beetles as vectors. Identification of sapstain fungi was carried out using a combination of various morphological and molecular techniques. The most common stain fungus affecting trees is Diplodia pinea, but a number of Ophiostoma and other species were detected in wood samples and from beetles. A range of methods were implemented to assess the effects of bark beetles on sapstain development. Experimental billet logs were caged to exclude beetles and, subsequently, analyse fungal attack in comparison with identical logs left exposed to beetles. Individual beetles were used to investigate beetle-fungus associations and a novel application of DNA melt peak analysis was developed to investigate inter-specific and intra-specific variation in fungal communities on beetles.

49


Modelling Dynamic Predisposition to the European spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus

S. Netherer & A. Schopf

Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, [email protected]

We hypothesise that Norway spruce is increasingly susceptible to mass attack by the Eurasian spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus, beyond a critical threshold of tree water stress. Actual water shortage instantly acts upon tree disposition to bark beetle attack, implicating changes at the level of tree physiology. In a 3-years project, we will study the interactions between forest soil, tree and herbivore (bark beetle) species in order to identify “attack thresholds” subject to “water deficits” accumulated at study plots, and specific tree physiological parameters indicating water stress of potential host trees. For this purpose, rain-out shelters are established for artificially inducing severe and moderate tree water deficiency. We will investigate microclimatic, soil, hydrological, tree physiological and biometric parameters and examine susceptibility to infestation of stressed and non-manipulated control trees. Study results will be incorporated into a “Water deficit model” based on the hydrological model BROOK90, which describes soil-water-plant interactions and is suited to determine stress thresholds and model water stress on a stand scale. The main objective of the project is to develop a dynamic predisposition assessment system (DPAS) accounting for spatial and temporal variability of tree and stand susceptibility to bark beetle infestation. We intend to present a unique, dynamic monitoring system for day-to-day assessment of attack probabilities subject to water supply and expect high potential for its implementation given the increasing incidence of elevated summer temperatures and short-term water deficiencies of Norway spruce dominated forests in Europe.

50


Detectability of the emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in asymptomatic urban trees using branch samples

K. L. Ryall, J. G. Fidgen & J. J. Turgeon

Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada, [email protected]

The emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, is an exotic invasive insect causing extensive mortality to ash trees, Fraxinus spp., in Canada and the United States. Detection of incipient populations of this pest is difficult because of its cryptic life stages and a multiyear time lag between initial attack and the appearance of signs or symptoms of infestation. We sampled branches from open-grown urban ash trees to develop a sample unit suitable for detecting low density A. planipennis infestation before any signs or symptoms are evident. The sample unit that maximized detection rates consisted of one 50-cm long piece from the base of a branch ≥ 6 cm diameter in the mid-crown. The optimal sample size was two such branches per tree. This sampling method detected about 75% of asymptomatic trees known to be infested using more intensive sampling and about 3 times more trees than sampling ¼ of the circumference of the trunk at breast height. The method is less conspicuous and aesthetically damaging to a tree than the removal of bark from the main stem or the use of trap trees, and could be incorporated into routine sanitation or maintenance of city-owned trees to identify and delineate infested areas. This research indicates that branch sampling greatly reduces false negatives associated with visual surveys and window sampling at breast height. Detection of A. planipennis-infested asymptomatic trees through branch sampling in urban centres would provide landowners and urban foresters with more time to develop and implement management tactics.

51


Detection dogs recognize pheromone from spruce bark beetle and follows it to source: a new tool from chemical ecology to forest protection

F. Schlyter

Chemical Ecology, Dept. Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural, Sciences (SLU) at Alnarp, Sweden, [email protected]

Chemical ecology has already provided tools for monitoring, mass-trapping, and relocation of forest insects, especially in conifer bark beetles.

Here we demonstrate the efficient training and use of detector dogs to be effective for finding and locating spruces that has been recently infested by the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus L.), one of the most aggressive forest pests.Attacked trees must be promptly removed (weeks) but are difficult to spot. Humans, who rely on visual cues for target identification of recent tree kills (still green), need to approach within <1 m, dogs use primarily olfactory cues and can therefore locate remote targets that are not visually obvious. The ability to search for target odour and then go to its source makes dogs ideal for rapid target recognition in field settings.

A dog was trained on synthetic pheromone components on an educational platform (video) and later on trees before beetle swarming. Dog movement and detection distance data were collected during experiments with GPS. After beetle flight started, the dog showed rapid and accurate orientation to single or groups of trees naturally attacked, often over >50 m distance.

We observed detection distances ranging from 0.5 m to 150 m. Attacks of different ages (day –weeks) and standing or wind-felled trees were all detected. Scents from synthetic pheromone blends or natural pheromone seemed equally detectable for the dog.

Further applications may include detection of low-level attacks of alien or recently introduced pest insects.

52


Intraspecific competition in the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) during different phases of an outbreak

M. Schroeder & S. Kärvemo

Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology, Sweden, [email protected]

Reproductive success of I. typographus is known to be negatively related to colonization density in successfully colonized trees. Both the number of produced offspring per female and offspring size have been demonstrated to decrease with colonization density (defined as number of maternal galleries per m2 bark). Thus, intraspecific competition has the potential to be an important factor influencing the development of outbreaks over time. Despite this there are few published studies in which the colonization densities of I. typographus have been recorded in each year from the start to the end of an outbreak. Here we report the preliminary results from a Swedish I. typographus outbreak following the storm Gudrun. The data show lower attack densities in the beginning compared with during the later part of the outbreak. Thus, intraspecific competition contributed to the outbreak collapse.

53


Low temperature feeding activity and cellulose digestion in the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (Coleoptera; Scolytidae)

K. Štefková, M. Moravcová & P. Doležal

Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre AS CR, Czech Republic, [email protected]

Cellulose is the major component of lignocellulose, which is the most abundant in woody plants. Cellulose digestion in animals is commonly mediated by symbiotic cellulolytic microorganisms. Four mechanisms of cellulose digestion have so far been described in insects: 1) exploitation of the cellulolytic capacity of protozoan symbionts residing in the hindgut; 2) exploitation of the cellulolytic capacity of bacteria residing in the hindgut; 3) reliance upon fungal cellulase ingested with the food; 4) secretion of a complete cellulase system by insects themselves. Using fluorescent cellulase substrate we detected a cellulolytic activity in the gut of the spruce bark beetle. Most of light diapausing bark beetles were continuously feeding in logs kept at temperatures of 0°C, 5°C and 10°C. Larvae were fed with an artificial diet on petri dishes, so that their feeding activity and developmental progress could be regularly recorded. Ecdysis, metamorphosis and feeding commonly occurred at 10°C, but premature stages suffered from fungal infection. No feeding activity was noted at 0°C and 5°C. Highest mortality was recorded during the late 3rd larval instar and pupal stage.

54


Novel pest risks in Scots pine forests as a consequence of changes in forest management and climate warming

L. Sukovata, A. Kolk, T. Jaworski & R. Plewa

Forest Research Institute, Forest Protection Department, Poland, l. s [email protected]

In the last years, a few changes have been made in forest management in Poland. Some of them together with climate change could be responsible for an increased pest risk in Scots pine stands. There are two examples at least. The first one is that in rich site conditions small-area clear cuttings (up to 4 ha), shelterwood or group cuttings became more preferable by foresters than large clear cut areas. Besides, broad-leaved (oak, beech) undergrowth has been often introduced into Scots pine monocultures. Such conditions are favourable for the development of cockchafers Melolontha spp. because: 1) adults are attracted into Scots pine stands, where they can feed on leaves of broad-leaved undergrowth, 2) sheltered places are preferred for oviposition, particularly during warm springs, and 3) grubs can feed on roots of trees. At high pest density, grubs significantly damage roots, including those of Scots pine, and lead to trees weakening. In a consequence, trees are more susceptible to secondary pests, like Phaenops cyanea, Tomicus piniperda etc. The second example refers to the current practice of leaving coarse woody debris after thinning in Scots pine stands growing in poor site conditions. This material is suitable for the development of secondary pests, including pine sawyer Monochamus galloprovinicialis, which is a potential vector of the pine wood nematode (PWN). Although the PWN has not yet been found in Poland, the country should no longer be regarded as an area of low risk due to the effects of current climate change. The high amount of woody debris may enhance the pine sawyer population growth and would favour the rapid spread of the pine wilt disease in the case of the PWN introduction to Poland. Thus, leaving woody material in Scots pine forests should be done with a caution.

55





Mass trapping for population suppression of an invasive longhorn beetle, Tetropium fuscum (F.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

J. Sweeney, P. Silk, M. Rhainds, J. E. Hurley, & W. MacKay


The brown spruce longhorn beetle, Tetropium fuscum (F.), is an invasive pest of spruce that has been established in Nova Scotia, Canada, since at least 1990, but was not discovered until 1999. Attempts to eradicate the beetle were discontinued in 2006. Although the beetle is under regulatory control, direct control methods are needed to suppress populations in outlier populations and to slow spread along the leading edge. Black panel intercept traps baited with synthetic aggregation pheromone (fuscumol) and host volatiles have been used successfully in T. fuscum surveys since 2007. Because these traps capture both sexes of the beetle, mass trapping offers a potential means of suppressing the population of egg laying females at targeted sites. We present results of Nova Scotia field trials testing mass trapping for T. fuscum population suppression in 2008 and 2009, and preliminary results from additional trials in 2011. High densities (100 per ha) of traps baited with synthetic fuscumol and host volatiles were set out in a 10 m x 10 m grid and replicated in four 1 ha plots in 2008 and 2009. Lower densities of 25 traps per ha (20 m x 20 m grid) were tested in 2011 with six replicates. Each mass trapping plot was paired with a 1 ha untreated plot located 200-100 m away. Three decks of spruce bait logs were set out in each treated and control plot along a diagonal transect. Data from 2008 and 2009 were pooled (n=8) and 1-tailed paired t-tests used to test whether infestation was lower in treated plots than control plots. The percentage of spruce bait logs infested with T. fuscum and the mean density larvae per m2 were significantly lower in mass-trapped plots than untreated control plots.

56


Population suppression of Tetropium fuscum (F.) by pheromone-mediated mating disruption

J. Sweeney, P. Silk, J. E. Hurley, M. Rhainds & E. Kettela


The brown spruce longhorn beetle, Tetropium fuscum (F.) is a quarantine pest that has been established in Nova Scotia, Canada, since at least 1990. Initially discovered in Halifax in 1999 it has now been detected in nine counties of Nova Scotia. Practical means of population suppression are needed to slow the beetle’s spread in North America. We present results of field trials testing broadcast applications of fuscumol (the beetle’s aggregation pheromone) in Hercon flakes for mating disruption and population suppression of T. fuscum. Fuscumol was formulated at 10% concentration in Hercon flakes and applied twice per season (at the onset of adult emergence and at peak flight) at a rate of 2.75 kg/ha in 2008, 2009 and 2010. In 2008, pvc flakes were applied from the ground in 2008 using modified leaf blowers; in 2009 and 2010, Hercon Bioflakes® were aerially applied from a hopper suspended beneath a helicopter. Plots were 4 ha in size and were replicated twice in 2008 and four times in both 2009 and 2010; equal numbers of untreated plots served as controls. Response variables were: 1) percentage of female T. fuscum mated (2009, 2010); 2) mean percentage of spruce bait logs/girdled trees infested in each year; and 3) mean density of T. fuscum larvae in bait logs/girdled trees. Broadcast application of fuscumol-impregnated Hercon flakes significantly reduced the percentage of T. fuscum females that were mated in both 2009 and 2010, the percentage of bait logs infested with T. fuscum in 2008 and 2009, and the density of T. fuscum larvae per m2 in bait logs in 2008 and 2009. In 2010, pheromone-treated plots had lower mean larval densities of T. fuscum than control plots but the difference was not significant. Trials were repeated in 2011 using a higher dose of flakes (4.5 kg/ha) in an effort to increase efficacy.

57


Induced responses of Pinus sylvestris to fungi associated with Ips acuminatus (Coleoptera Scolytinae)

C. Villari, A. Battisti, P. Bonello & M. Faccoli

University of Padova, Department of Environmental Agronomy and Crop Sciences, Italy, [email protected]

Several bark beetles breeding in conifers carry symbiotic fungi, which serve as additional food source for larvae and reduce host defenses, assisting beetles in killing healthy trees. The role of these fungi and their importance in the bark beetle establishment is still discussed and the study of three-way interactions among bark beetles, associated fungi and their host plants is of increasing interest in applied ecology, because it addresses much more realistically the complexity of food webs. In this work we considered the fungal complex associated to the pine engraver beetle Ips acuminatus (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Scolytinae). I. acuminatus is a small bark beetle attacking Scots pine and is associated mainly with Ophiostoma brunneo-ciliatum (Math.) and Ambrosiella macrospora (Fr.- Grosmann) Batra. The first species is a weak blue-stain pathogen thought to be involved in lowering the critical threshold of attack density for successful beetle colonization. A. macrospora is a fungus primarily known as food source for the larvae. Conifer induced defenses involve both structural and biochemical elements, such as accumulation of secondary metabolites (e.g. phenolics, terpenoids and lignin). Inducible defenses to Ophiostoma have been already studied in Scots pine, but a comparison between the two different species associated with I. acuminatus is still missing. The aims of this study were hence: (1) to identify and quantify lignin, terpenoid and phenolic compounds active within the defense reaction zone induced against O. brunneo-ciliatum, A. macrospora, the two previous fungi as a fungal complex, and wounding only; (2) to find out how specific the induced defense reaction is and which is the symbiont, or symbiont complex, that induces the strongest reaction; (3) to survey if the induced reaction is also detectable in tissues far from the treatment zone (induced systemic reaction).

58


Ultrastructural analysis of antennal anatomy and morphology of Tomicus spp. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae).

A. Yvon & R. Wegensteiner

Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria, [email protected]

Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, the antennal clubs of Tomicus minor, Tomicus piniperda and Tomicus destruens were analysed, and the distribution of the hair-like sensillae compared. The sensilla density varied between the species but all three species had three rows of sensillae on the spindle-like antennal club. On all three species of Tomicus the following types of sensillae were found: S. basiconica (with and without a terminal pore, short and long), S. trichodea (curved, long and short), S. chaetica (saw-toothed with one single row) and S. campaniformia.

There was a significant difference in the sensilla density between the species, especially in the area between the rows and on top of the club. T. minor had the fewest sensillae on antennal clubs, followed by T. piniperda and T. destruens, the difference being highly significant in some cases. No significant difference was observed in the number of sensillae on the second and basal rows. There was gender-specific difference in the sensilla density in the case of T. destruens, where it was found on the apical and second rows and the tip, whereas in T. minor it was found only between second and basal row and in T. piniperda only on the tip. But there was no significant gender-specific difference in terms of the length and width of the antennal clubs in the three species. The longest antennal clubs were found in T. destruens, followed by T. piniperda. The broadest clubs were also found in T. destruens, followed by T. minor.

Furthermore, in all three species semi-thin sections revealed a ring shaped cuticle layer inside the club at the level of the basal sensilla row enabling the neurons to pass through. Thickness and staining colour of this layer are the same as for the cuticle of the club.

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List of Participants

Avtzis, Dimitrios

Laboratory of Forest Entomology, Forest Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Foundation, Thessaloniki, Greecee-mail: [email protected]

Baranchikov, Yuri

Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Science, Krasnoyarsk, Russia e-mail: [email protected]

Bednarz, Bartłomiej

University of Agriculture in Krakow, Department of Forest Protection and Forest Climatology, Krakow, Polande-mail: [email protected]

Bertheau, Coralie

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (Boku), Department of Forest & Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology & Forest Protection, Vienna, Austriae-mail: [email protected]

Biedermann, Peter

Department of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerlande-mail: [email protected]

Brague Bouragba, Nadia

National Institue of Forest Research, Djelfa, Algeriae-mail: [email protected]

Brockerhoff, Eckehard

Scion, New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Rotorua, New Zealande-mail: [email protected]

Carroll, Allan

University of British Columbia, Dept. of Forest Sciences, Vancouver, Canadae-mail: [email protected]

Cognato, Anthony

Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USAe-mail: [email protected]

Colombari, Fernanda

Department of Environmental Agronomy and Crop Production, University of Padova, Padova, Italy e-mail: [email protected]

Davidkova, Marketa

Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republice-mail: [email protected]

Dobart, Nina

Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austriae-mail: [email protected]

Dolezal, Petr

Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre AS CR, České Budějovice, Czech Republice-mail: [email protected]

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Douce, G. Keith

Center for Invasive Species & Ecosystem Health, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA USA e-mail: [email protected]

Duduman, Mihai-Leonard

„Ştefan cel Mare” University of Suceava, Forestry Faculty, Suceava, Romaniae-mail: [email protected]

Ebner, Stefan

Witasek PflanzenSchutz GmbH, Feldkirchen, Austriae-mail: [email protected]

Faccoli, Massimo

University of Padova, Department of Environmental Agronomy, Padova, Italye-mail: [email protected]

Fraser, Ceridwen

Lutte biologique et Ecologie spatiale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgiume-mail: [email protected]

Galko, Juraj

National Forest Centre, Forest Research Institute, Zvolen, Slovak Republice-mail: [email protected]

Gregoire, Jean-Claude

Lutte biologique et Ecologie spatiale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgiume-mail: [email protected]

Grodzki, Wojciech

Forest Research Institute, Department of Forest Management in Mountain Regions, Kraków, Polande-mail: [email protected]

Gubka, Andrej


Hilszczanski, Jacek

Forest Research Institute, Raszyn, Polande-mail: [email protected]

Holuša, Jaroslav

Forestry and Game Management Research Institute Jíloviště-Strnady Office Frýdek-Místek, Frýdek-Místek, Czech Republice-mail: [email protected]

Horne, Bill

Amazing Space Studio & Gallery, Wells, BC, Canadae-mail: [email protected]

Isaia, Gabriela

Transilvania University of Braşov, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Braşov, Romaniae-mail: [email protected]

Jactel, Hervé

Laboratory of Forest Entomology and Biodiversity, INRA, Francee-mail: [email protected]

61







Jakuš, Rastislav

Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen, Slovakiae-mail: [email protected]

Jankuvová, Júlia

Institute of Forest Ecology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen, Slovakiae-mail: [email protected]

Kacprzyk, Magdalena

University of Agriculture in Krakow, Department of Forest Protection and Forest Climatology, Krakow, Polande-mail: [email protected]

Kajimura, Hisashi

Nagoya University, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Forest Protection Lab., Nagoya, Japane-mail: [email protected]

Kärvemo, Simon

Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology, Uppsala, Swedene-mail: [email protected]

Kirkendall, Lawrence

University of Bergen, Department of Biology, Bergen, Norwaye-mail: [email protected]

Knížek, Miloš

Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, Praha, Czech Republice-mail: [email protected]

Kovalev, Anton

International Center for Study of Extreme States of Organisms, SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russiae-mail: [email protected]

Kujundzic, Claire

Amazing Space Studio & Gallery, Wells, BC, Canadae-mail: [email protected]

Kukina, Olga

Ukrainian Research Institute of Forestry & Forest Melioration named after G. M. Vysotsky, Kharkov, Ukrainee-mail: [email protected]

Lacković, Nikola

Croatian Forest Research Institute, Jastrebarsko, Croatiae-mail: [email protected]

Lakatos, Ferenc

University of West Hungary, Institute of Sylviculture and Forest Protection, Sopron, Hungarye-mail: [email protected]

Lieutier, Francois

University of Orleans, Orleans, Francee-mail: [email protected]

Lindelöv, Åke


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Lukášová, Karolina

Department of Forest Protection and Game Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republice-mail: [email protected]

Marini, Lorenzo

University of Padova, Department of Environmental Agronomy and Crop Production, Padova, Italye-mail: [email protected]

Mayer, François

Biological control and Spatial ecology Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgiume-mail: [email protected]

Mészáros, Bálint

University of West Hungary, Institute of Sylviculture and Forest Protection, Sopron, Hungarye-mail: [email protected]

Mezei, Pavel

Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen, Slovakiae-mail: [email protected]

Moravcova, Martina

Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republice-mail: [email protected]

Netherer, Sigrid

Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of

Natural Resources and Life Sciences BOKU, Vienna, Austriae-mail: [email protected]

Nikolov, Christo

National Forest Centre - Forest Protection Service, Zvolen, Slovak Republice-mail: [email protected]

Økland, Bjørn

Norwegian Forest and Landscape institute, Ås, Norwaye-mail: [email protected]

Pashenova, Natalia

V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Krasnoyarsk, Russiae-mail: [email protected]

Pilz, Christina

Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Vienna, Austriae-mail: [email protected]

Riel, Bill

Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Victoria, BC, Canadae-mail: [email protected]

Riley, Christopher

Fredericton, NB, Canadae-mail: [email protected]

Ryall, Krista

Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Victoria, BC, Canadae-mail: [email protected]

63






Safranyik, László

Canadian Forest Service (Retired), Victoria, BC, Canadae-mail: [email protected]

Schaidreiter, Raffaela

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences BOKU, Institute of Forestentomology, Vienna, Austriae-mail: [email protected]

Schopf, Axel

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences BOKU, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology & Forest Protection, Vienna, Austriae-mail: [email protected]

Schlyter, Fredrik

Chemical Ecology, Dept. Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural, Sciences (SLU), Alnarp, Sweden e-mail: [email protected]

Schroeder, Martin


Skrylnyk, Yuriy

Ukrainian Research Institute of Forestry & Forest Melioration named after G. M. Vysotsky, Kharkov, Ukrainee-mail: [email protected]

Smith, Sarah

Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USAe-mail: [email protected]

Smith, Shannon

Biology Department, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australiae-mail: [email protected]

Soukhovolsky, Vladislav

V.N.Sukachev Institute of Forest, SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russiae-mail: [email protected]

Stauffer, Christian

Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology & Forest Protection, Department of Forest & Soil Sciences, BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austriae-mail: [email protected]

Stefkova, Kristyna

Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre AS CR, České Budějovice, Czech Republice-mail: [email protected]

Sukovata, Lidia

Forest Research Institute, Forest Protection, Department, Raszyn, Polande-mail: [email protected]

Sweeney, Jon

Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Fredericton, NB, Canadae-mail: [email protected]

Vakula, Jozef


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Villari, Caterina

University of Padova, Department of Environmental Agronomy and Crop Sciences, Padova, Italye-mail: [email protected]

Wegensteiner, Rudolf

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austriae-mail: [email protected]

Wehnert, Michael

Dresden University of Technology, Institute of Silviculture and Forest Protection, Dresden, Germanye-mail: [email protected]

Williams, David

Forest Research, Tree Health Division, United Kingdome-mail: [email protected]

Won Il, Choi

Korea Forest Research Institute, Seoul, South-Koreae-mail: [email protected]

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iufro wp.7.03.05 - novel risks with bark and 7-9 september ... · iufro wp.7.03.05 - novel risks...

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