jogyarta consultative forum notes

8/14/2019 Jogyarta Consultative Forum Notes

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YOGYAKARTACONSULTATIVEFORUMNOTES

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YOGYAKARTAHUMANITARIAN

BAMBOOCONSULTATIVEFORUMNOTES

JOGYAKARTA,JUNE26,2008

Thefollowingdocumentprovidesacompilationofthenotesonpresentations,

discussionsanddebatestakenthroughoutthedaybythethreenotetakersemployedby

theHumanitarianBambooprojectatthefirstIndonesianconsultativeforumontheuse

ofbambooinhumanitarianresponse.

CompiledbyDaveHodgkin(BenchmarkConsulting)andKimWilliamson

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

BACKGROUND

TheHumanitarianBambooProjectaimstoprovidetoolsandresourcestohumanitarian

workerstopromoteandfacilitatethebetteruseofbambooinhumanitarianresponse.

Itaimstobringtogetherhumanitarianworkersandbambooexpertstosynthesiseandmakeaccessibleexistingknowledgeabouttheuseofbamboo.

Theneedsofhumanitarianactorsareunique:theyareundertimepressures,mandated

toprioritisehumanneeds,andneedtofindgoodenoughandtimelysolutions,not

overengineeredsolutions.Furthermore,everysituationwillbedifferent.Thisprojectis

intendedtoprovideprinciplesandguidelinesnecessaryforhumanitarianworkersto


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makegood,informeddecisionsaboutusingbamboo,tomakeiteasyforthemto

integratesustainableandaccuratetechniquesandproceduresforusingbamboointo

thecommonvocabularyofthehumanitariansector.

TheHumanitarianBambooprojectcameoutoftherecognitionthattheJogyakarta

earthquakeresponsewasuniqueinthehumanitariansectorforturningoutahuge

numberofsheltersinashorttimeusingbamboo.75,000bambootshelterswerebuilt

byhumanitariansector

in9months,and23

timesthatnumberbuilt

bycommunity.Bamboo

waschosenasaprimary

buildingmaterialintransitionalshelter

becauseofcost,time,

capacitytosourcemass

quantities,andlocal

knowledgeandcultural

familiaritywithbamboo

asatraditionalbuilding

material.

PRESENTATIONS

IntroductiontotheHumanitarianBambooprojectbyDaveHodgkin,HumanitarianBambooleadconsultant,andSebastianFesneau,HumanitarianResponse

Coordinator,PRIMEProgramme

SummaryofHumanitarianBambooworkshopinIndiaandtheroleofRedRIndiabySarbjitSingh,directorofRedRIndia

IOMtshelterprogrammebyAshleyCarl,IOMActingDirector IFRCtshelterprogrammebyBillMarsden,JogyakartaRecoveryCoordinator ResearchintobambootechnologybyProfessorPurwito,ResearchInstitutefor

HumanSettlements,DepartmentofPublicWorks,Bandung

DISCUSSIONTHEMES

Environmentalimpactofbambooharvestinhumanitarianresponse Resourcemanagementandharvestingofbamboo


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MappingtheavailabilityoftheIndonesianandglobalbambooresource Treatmentofbamboo Jointingtechniques

RECOMMENDATIONS

Therecanbeatensionbetweenhumanitarianismandenvironmentalisminemergency

responseorganizationswhichhaveaclearmandateforprioritisinghumanneeds.This

canbeproblematicindisasterresponseascommunitiesareoftendependentontheir

localenvironment:thehumanitariansectorneedstobeawareoftheimportanceof

environmentalissuestothecommunitiesthattheyserve.Bambooexpertsarguethatit

isafallacythatyoucanclearcutbamboowithlittleeffectonbambooregeneration:

evenarenewableresourcecanbeharvestedinanunsustainableway.Inorderforbambootobeagenuinelysustainableoption,thereshouldbeclearguidelinesfor

mechanismsthatsupportbestpracticeprocurementofthebambooresource.

AstudyneedstobecarriedouttodefinitivelyestablishtheimpactoftheJogyakartashelterresponseonJavasbambooforests.

Clearguidelinesforbestclumpmanagementneedtobedrawnupandbeeasilyaccessiblewithinthehumanitariansector.Bamboomanagementprogramsshould

beanintegralpartoffutureemergencyshelterresponsefromthestart.

AmapofthebambooresourcesinIndonesia(andpotentiallyglobalbambooavailability)shouldbedevelopedforhumanitarianshelterpurposes,e.g.aGISmap

ofbambooresourceswithinshippingdistance.Asimplemapofbamboodistribution

thatcouldsatisfythethreestructuralneedsofhumanitarianconstruction,ona

regionalscalewithroughcapacityofthebamboostockwouldbesufficientfor

humanitarianactorstoknowwhetherabambooprojectisviablethere.

Althoughitmightbeoutsidethescopeofdisastermanagementagencies,itisworthconsideringplantingbambootoprepareforitsuseinhumanitariancrises,orto

considerthepossibilityofdevelopingreplantingprogramsorcommunitycarbon

creditschemes.

TECHNICALISSUESTOINCLUDEINTHEMANUAL

Glues Jointingtechniquesandconnectionsystem treatmentofbamboo harvestingandsustainableprocurementguidelines


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PRESENTATIONNOTES

Thefollowingsectionofthisreportcontainsnotestakenfromthepresentationsmadethroughouttheday

INTRODUCTIONTOTHEHUMANITARIANBAMBOOPROJECT:DAVE

HODGKINANDSEBASTIANFESNEAU

TheHumanitarianBambooProjectaimstoprovidetoolsandresourcestohumanitarian

workerstopromoteandfacilitatethebetteruseofbambooinhumanitarianresponse.

Thisinvolvesidentifyingandaddressingthegapsinunderstandingthatexistbetween

humanitarianworkersandbambooexperts.Globally,thereisalotofknowledgeabout

bamboo,bothtraditionalknowledgeandscientificknowledge:ourpriorityisto

synthesisethatknowledge,simplifyit,andmakeitaccessiblethroughappropriate

literatureandtraining.

PrimaryObjectives

Produceasetoftechnicalbriefsonbambootemporaryshelters DeveloptrainingmodulesaboutbambooconstructionbasedontechnicalbriefsSecondaryObjectives

DevelopfurtherbamboorelatedtoolsspecificallyfortheIndonesiancontextasagreedupon

IdentifyandmakerecommendationsforongoingneedsaroundtheissueofbamboousageinhumanitarianworkasitappliesspecificallyintheIndonesiancontextand

morebroadlyglobally

TheHumanitarianBambooprojectissupportedbyOxfam,IFRCandRedR.Itissimilarin

scopetothe:

Humanitariantimberguidelines:Aguidetotheplanning,use,procurement,andlogisticsoftimberasaconstructionmaterialinhumanitarianrelief,www.humanitariantimber.org

Plasticsheetingguidelines:Aguidetothespecificationanduseofplasticsheetinginhumanitarianrelief,http://plasticsheeting.org

ACTIVITIES

Hirealeadconsultanttooverseetheproject:DaveHodgkin


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Developawebsite:http://humanitarianbamboo.org Investigateandcollateglobalresourcesonbambooconstructionapplicabletothe

postnaturaldisasterenvironment:technicalbriefs

Conductmeetingswithbambooandhumanitarianconstructionexpertstoensureadequatecontributionintotheproject Setupandworkwithapeerreviewgrouptooverviewtheworkofthebamboo

project

AssistRedRIndiatodeveloptrainingmodulesBACKGROUND

TheHumanitarianBambooprojectcameoutoftherecognitionthattheJogyakarta

earthquakeresponsemanagedtoturnoutahugenumberofsheltersinashorttime

usingbamboo.Thiswasunusualforthehumanitariansector.Therewere75,000

bambootsheltersbuiltbyhumanitariansectorin9months,and23timesthatnumber

builtbycommunity.

TheglobalShelterClusterandIASCrecognisedthepotentialofbamboobutlackofuse

withinthesector.Inasimilarveintothetimberandplasticsheetingguidelines,orthe

SPHEREmanualforhumanitarianworkers,theHumanitarianBambooprojectwas

establishedinordertoaddressthatknowledgegap.Thedesiredoutcomeisapractical

manualabouthowtousebamboo:howtoinvestigateaproblemandchooseand

implementsolutions.Itshouldbeeasytouseandhighlyaccessible,withsimple

diagramsthatcanhelphumanitarianworkersmakeinformedchoicesaboutusingbamboo.

Thestyleofthemanualisbasedontheconceptthatinanyemergency,itisimpossible

todictatewhathumanitarianactorsneedtodo:solutionswillbeunique.Themanual

willbeasetofbestpracticeguidelines,notdictatingcorrectsolutions.

TheHumanitarianBambooprojectisinitiallybeingdevelopedattheIndonesianlevel;

thiscomponentoftheprojecthasbeenfundedbyOxfam.Theprojectmay

consequentlybetakentoaninternationallevel.

WORKSHOP

TheHumanitarianBambooworkshopisdesignedtobeacrossoverbetween

humanitarianactorsandbambooexperts.Itaimstocreateadiscussionspacebetween

humanitarianactorsandbamboospecialisttogetrecommendationsandguidancefor

thewayforward.


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SUMMARYOFHBWORKSHOPININDIAANDTHEROLEOFREDRINDIA:

SARBJITSINGH,DIRECTOROFREDRINDIA

RedRisaglobalorganisationwithofficesindifferentcountries.Weelectpeopletobeonadatabase(invitationisnecessaryforRedRmembership),trainthem,andhelpplace

them.TrainingisaprimarymandateforRedR,asemergencyworkisspecialisedwork

butitcanbedifficulttofindprogramsthattrainfutureemergencyworkers.

WesuggestthatanIndonesianRedRinitiativewouldbeworthwhilegiventhenational

needfortrainedemergencymanagementspecialists.

SUMMARYOFHUMANITARIANBAMBOOWORKSHOP,PUNE,INDIA,5APRIL2008

Participants included

bamboo experts,

humanitarianprofessionalsandHBprojectsupportstaff(RedRIndiaandDaveHodgin).

Theworkshopdiscussedthetechnicalthemesofbambootreatment,bamboo

harvesting,bambooconstruction,withindepthdiscussionontreatmentsystems,

harvestingandjointingsystems.Therewasatourofbambooplantationandbamboo

constructionfacilities.

DISCUSSIONOFBAMBOOTREATMENT

Intheemergencystage,treatmentisnotrequired;fortransitionalusemaybe

(desirable),andforpermanentuse,yes.Iftreatmentisrequired,thetypeof

treatmentdependsonawiderangeoffactors:differenttreatmentsystemssuit

differentapplications.


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best:bolts>peg&ratan>naturalfibrerope>nylonrope>wire>nails:worst

HARVESTINGANDRESOURCEMANAGEMENT

Bestpractice:Harvestasperharvestcycleschart.Harvest

culmsbetween25yearsold.Thinoutolderculmsandtake

carewithnewshootareas(donttrampleonnewshoots).

Notasgood:Harvestallculms,harvestduringthedryseason.

Worstpractice:Harvestwhateveryouneedwhenyouneedit.

DISCUSSIONONHARVESTINGANDRESOURCEMANAGEMENT

Inanemergency,

choppingthewholeclumpisacceptable,

althoughgoodclump

managementisbest

practice.Goodclump

managementgreatly

increasesproductivity.

BytheTransitional

phaseofanemergencyshelter

response,goodclumpmanagementshouldbe

fullyintegratedintotheprocurementchain.

Harvestingcycles:

Harvestduringnonrainy/growthseason. Harvestatdawnandduskwhensaplevelsarelow,butvisibilityissufficient. Harvestwhenthemoonisatitssmallest,asthisisalowsaptime Harvestculmsolderthan2yearsandlessthan5years.

DISCUSSIONOFBAMBOOJOINTING

Nodalplacementismuchmorecriticalthanfasteningchoice.Allculmsshould

haveanodeafteroronthejoint.Traditionalpeggedandrattanstructuressuit

smallshelters,whilstboltsarebestforlargestructures.Localtraditionsshouldbe

encouragedandreinforced.Adequatebracingiscriticalforjointstrength.

EARLYRECOVERYINJOGYAKARTA&CENTRALJAVAEARTHQUAKERESPONSE

Onthe26May2006,anearthquakemeasuring6ontheRichterscalestrucktothe

Jogyakartaprovincesoutheastofthecity.TwoprovincesofJavawereseriously

impacted.5,749died,and38,000injured,butshelterwastheoverwhelming

humanitarianneedintheearthquakeresponse:303,000housesweredestroyedor

GuidelinefromIndiaworkshop

GuidelinefromIndiaworkshop


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seriouslydamaged,whileothercommunityfacilitiesandcapacitieswerenotseriously

affected.Inthissense,theearthquakewasamanmadedisasterresultingfromhouses

werenotwellbuilt.

Theemergencyshelterstageoftheearthquakeresponsewascarriedoutrelatively

successfully.However,aftertheexperienceofAceh,thegovernmentdidntwant

anyonetobuildtransitionalshelter;theywantedthehumanitarianshelterresponseto

helpaffectedcommunitiestomovefromtentsandtarpaulinsdirectlytopermanent

housing.TherewaswidespreadconcernthroughouttheClusterthattherewouldbe

seriousproblemshousingcommunitiesintheinterimperiodbetweenthe36month

lifetimeofatentortarpaulinandthe12yearsthatitmighttakefortorebuild

permanenthousing;orpermanenthouseswouldberebuilttooquicklyandnotvery

well.Thisresultedinamassivestrugglewiththegovernmentforthehumanitarianspacetobuildtransitionalshelter;eventually,theJogyakartaearthquakeresponse

largelyfocusedontransitionalshelter.

CLUSTERCONSENSUSONTSHELTERS

TheClusterwantedsomemeasureofequityinhousingacrosstheshelterresponse,and

cametoaconsensusonbasicprinciplesofatshelter:thatitshouldbeabraced

structure(somehadfooting),mosthadadoorontheend(forsafeexitinearthquake),

mosthadwindowsdowntheside,abambooroofframewithatarpforaninitialroof,

butdesignedtohandlearooftileloadinanearthquake.Itwasdecidedthatatsheltershouldnotcostlessthan$US100ormorethan$US200(Rp2million).SomeNGOsbuilt

moreexpensivehouses(Rp5million),whichdisqualifiedthebeneficiariesfromthe

governmentreconstructionfund.

CHOICEOFBUILDINGMATERIALS

Bamboowaschosenbecauseoffactorsincludingthespeedofconstruction,capacityto

sourcemassquantitiesJavahasarichlocalbamboostockandfunding

considerations.ThecostofbambooinJogyakartaatthepeakofdemandalmost

doubled(petrollevies,constructionboom,increaseddemand),butitwasstilla

relativelycheapmaterialtobuildwith.Otherfactorsincludedlocalknowledgeabout

bambooandtraditionaluseofbambooasabuildingmaterial,andsafety:bambooisa

strongmaterial,andifitiscollapsinginanearthquake,itgivestimeforpeopleto

escape.Coconutwoodwasanoption,butculturallyitwasnotthemostaccessible.

Wovenbamboomattingwaschosenasatraditionalwallmaterial.


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Earthenwaretileswerechosenfortheroofforanumberofreasons.Therewasastrong

culturalconsideration:rooftilesweretheoverwhelminglypreferredchoice(99%)of

roofingmaterialaccordingtotheinitialERassessment.Peoplemaketileslocally,so

usingtileswouldalsosupportthelocalindustry.Furthermoreifrooftileswereusedin

thetransitionalshelter,theycouldthenbereusedinthepermanenthouse.Infact,

afterreceivingatarpaulinforatemporaryroofontheirtshelter,manypeoplesalvaged

thetilesfromtheiroriginalhouseandputtingthemontheroof.Finally,thatching

wasntaviableoptionbecauseofthedifficultyofsourcingmassquantitiesofcoconut

leavesorlonggrass.

CLUSTERCOORDINATIONANDADOPTIONOFBESTPRACTICE

Itisimportanttorememberthatthegoalofahumanitarianresponseistoreach

standardsthataregoodenough,notperfect.Thequestionofdesignimperativesvs

overengineeringwasadifficultquestionfortheShelterClustertoanswer.Whenin

doubt,peoplewillfallbacktomoreengineeredsolutions,butdoesoverengineering

costhousesanddelaycommunitiesreturntonormality?Theneedforadequately

housingpeopleasquicklyaspossiblehastobeweighedupagainstthetimeittakesto

developaperfectdesign.

Furthermore,comingupwiththebestplanintheworldisnotnecessarilywhatis

needed,becausethekeyquestioniswhetherornotitwillbeadopted.Cluster

coordinationisreallydifficult:itneverworkstoproduceasinglesolution.Thebestthatcanbedoneistodescribe(indetail)bestpracticeguidelines,andmakeiteasyfor

peopletodothat.

COMMUNITYDRIVENPROCESS

Thetraining,socialisationandimplementationoftsheltersinvolvedthousandsof

stipendedvolunteers.Atthepeakoftheresponse,300IFRCvolunteerswere

dispatchedeveryday.

TheNGOscarryingouttshelterprogramsstronglyencouragedbeneficiariestofollowthedesign.Qualitycontrolwasarealchallenge,andthevolunteers/supervisorswere

essentialinthisprocesstoguideandsupportgoodconstruction.Themorethe

volunteerswereconfidentandengagedintheprocess,themoretheconstruction

followedthedesignandwasofsufficientquality.Insomecasespeopleignoredthe

design,suchasinDelingo,aremotecommunitywithwidespreadconstructionskillsand


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lotsofresources;inothercasespeoplemodifiedthedesign.TheClusterwasnttoo

concernedwithvariationsaslongasthegeneralprincipleswerefollowedandthe

essentialpointssatisfied(e.g.sizeofbuilding,safeconnectionsetc).

Youcantunderestimatethevalueofreiterationoftheinformation.Therewere

posters,books,films,traininglessons,radio;thedesignthathadcomeoutof

consultationwiththecommunitiesandagreeduponacrosstheshelterClusterwas

reinforcedandreinforced.Itsaboutcreatingthatpathofleastresistance(Dave

Hodgkin).

COMMUNITYCONSTRUCTIONSKILLSANDBAMBOOKNOWLEDGE

Communitylevelsofknowledgeaboutbamboovaried.Peoplelivinginamore

urbanisedenvironment(periurbanenvironments)hadlosttheirinherentknowledge

aboutbamboosobambooconstructionqualitywaslowerintheurbanareas.In

comparison,theruralmountainouscommunitiesofGunugKidulrecoveredrelatively

quickly,despitehigherlevelsofdamagefromtheearthquakeandhigherlevelsof

backgroundpoverty.Oneofthereasonsforthiswasthatpriortotheearthquake,many

localsworkedintheconstructionindustry,andthatcommunityexperienceconsequently

resultedinamuchhigherlevelofselfrebuilding(DaveHodgkin).

COMPARISONOFJOGYAKARTAANDACEH

IOMbuilttsheltersinAceh,butdidntusebamboobecausewestAcehdoesnthave

significantbambooresourcesandthetransportationprocesswouldhavebeendifficult.

ImmediateavailableresourcesinAcehwerecoconutandtimber.Therewasalsoless

traditionaluseofbambooandlessknowledgeabouthowtouseit.Furthermorein

Aceh,thegovernmentmandatedthatnotransitionalshelterswouldbebuilt;instead

thereweretransitionalcamps.

InJogyakarta,noonewasconfidentofgovernmentassistance,andtheshelter

responseperceivedanurgentneedforacomprehensivetransitionalshelterresponse.

Fearisagreatmotivator:becausetherewasneverenoughmoneytodoadequate

reconstruction,peopleneededtoworktogether.Itwasntclearwhatthegovernment

wasgoingtocomeupwith.Therewaswidespreadconfusionaboutwhetherthe

governmentwasgoingtohelpatall,especiallyastheknownnumberofdamaged

housesincreased:10,000houses,100,000houses,200,000,300,000(DaveHodgkin).


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RISKMITIGATIONOFTSHELTERPROGRAM

IFRChadneverbeforecarriedoutaprograminwhichmoneywasgivendirectlyto

beneficiariesalongwithtraining.IFRCbeingoneofthemostriskaverseorganisationsmitigatedthepotentialriskoftheprogramthroughseveralmeasures,including

consultinganexbankmanageraboutthefinancialsideoftheprogram,andabamboo

expertwithexperienceinthreecountriesonthebambooconstructionside.

AMOUNTOFBAMBOOUSED

Onaverage,50culmswereusedperhouse,includingbambooweave.(Dependingon

figuresofbambooreconstruction),theearthquakeresponseusedupto

300,000x50bambooculmswithin9months.TheimpactontheJavanese

bambooecologyisstilldisputedbutbambooexpertsbelievethat

significantdeforestationofbamboooccurred.

FACTORSTHATENABLEDANEFFECTIVESHELTERRESPONSE

TheJogyakartaearthquakeresponsewasunusualbecauseoftheunifiednatureoftheShelterCluster.Adiverserangeofpeopleandorganisationsworkedtogether,

includinglocaluniversities,internationalNGOsandhumanitarianagencies,local

NGOs,UNbranches,andlocalcommunities.TheClusteringeneralwasveryopen:

supplierswereshared,postersandtoolkitswereshared.TheClusterworkedclosely

withUGMandotheruniversitieswhohelpedmakethedesignssimilaracrosstheCluster,andwereasourceofvolunteers.Thismadeiteasiertosharelessonson

designingthetshelterandcreateacoherentshelterresponse.Itwasanunusually

inclusiveprocess.

Largescaleuseofvolunteersallowedforrapidskilltransfer.Theskillstraininganddirectfundingofbeneficiariesempoweredcommunitiestorebuildthemselves.

TherewaslimiteddamagetosocialinfrastructureinJogyakarta,unlikeAceh.FurthermoreJogyakartaiswelllocatedatthecentreofJavaswebofsupply.

Peopleputalotofeffortintoworkingtogetherbecauseofthefearthattherewasnotgoingtobemoneytodoadequatereconstruction:itwasntclearwhenorhowthe

governmentwasgoingtoassist.Furthermore,therainyseasonwasonlyafewmonthsaway.Inhindsight,therewasmorethanenoughmoney,itwasaheavyrainyseason

everywhereexceptforJogyakarta,andthegovernmentmanagedtohelprelatively

quickly.

OVERVIEWOFIOMTSHELTERPROGRAMMEINYOGYAKARTA:ASHLEYCARL


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BRIDGINGTHEGAP

Transitionalshelterfacilitatespermanentreconstructiontobridgethegapbetween

emergencyshelterandpermanentreconstruction.Itcanhelppreventahealthdisasterduringtherainyseason;itisquicktobuild;and80%ofmaterialscanbereusedfor

permanentshelterwhichcanthenberebuiltaroundthetshelter.

Tsheltersweremoreaboutsocialisationandcommunityinvolvement(distributionand

assessment).Thereweredesignedtolastfortwoyears.Ifpeopleabandonit,thet

shelterstendtodeterioratequickly,butifpeopleliveinit,thequalityismaintained.

Bamboowaschosenforthespeedatwhichitcouldbebuiltandthecost.

DESIGNPROCESS

Thedesignofthetshelterstructurewasalearningprocessthatresultedinadesign

thatevolvedovertime,aftermodifications,testing,adaptingtheshelterdesignto

continualinputs,startingfromtheemergencyphaseupto69monthslater.Thet

shelterdesigntookthreeweeks,withcontinualimprovementsoverthefollowingthree

months,andthenloadtestingcarriedout(afterwhichsomeadditionaltrussingwas

added,rooftiles1.4kg,1.1maximum).Therewere800kgsofrooftiles,sothedesignof

thetrusseswasimportant.2.2tonnesofvertialload,lateral(transversal)load(600?),

longitudinal2.1tonne.

ThesuccessofthetshelterprogramwithintheShelterClusterresultedfromthe

combinedeffortsofallparticipants.InIOMscase,IOMwasmoreengagedinthe

discussionanddesignprocessduringthefirstfewmonthsoftheshelterresponse,this

allowedIOMtoobservetheinitialeffortsofearliershelteractorssuchasCHSand

Oxfam,andwaituntilsomeoftheearlierissueswereresolved.Thedesignprocesswas

shorterforIOMbecausethewholeClusterwasengagedintheprocess,inwhich

minimumguidelinesandprinciplesweredrawnupthateveryoneagreedon.Lackof

capacitywasidentifiedearlyon,soforexamplesomeNGOsconductedtraining

programstoincreasethecapacityofthecommunitytoproducegedek(DaveHodgkin).

PREFABRICATIONANDPRODUCTIONLINE

DailycapacityoftheIOMtshelterprogramwas200shelters(assessed,procured,

produced,distributed&constructed).Largescaleprefabricationimprovedthequality

andspeedofconstruction.IOMsetupaproductionlinewith40workersmaking

componentsfor20shelters:intotal400workers&200sheltersperday.IOMhad


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qualitycontrolateverystep,butstillfounddefectsattheendoftheprocess.Itwas

importanttohaveafinalqualitycheckofcomponentsbeforesendingthemouttothe

village.

IOMdidnotprefabricategedek(bamboomatting),butgotthematsfromasupplier.

BENEFICIARIES

IOMtargetedthoseinneedofaroofinavillage,iepeoplewith

totallyorheavilydamagedhouses nosheltersupport:stilllivinginemergencyhousing(tarpaulinsandtents) sufficientspacefor3x6mshelter willingnessforgotongroyong dusunswithhighnumbersareprioritized 100%coverageinadusunAlldetailswerecapturedinabeneficiarydatabase.

LOGISTICS

IOMsspecialisationinlogisticsfacilitatedthedistributionprocess,including170trucks

(90usedfortshelterprogramme).Therewasdailydistributionof200kits:4walling

elements,4roofframes,4connectingbeams,40bambuapus,300mtaliijuk,5sacksof

cement,1terpal,0,5cubicpasir,paku2tas(2,5cmand3,5cm),1manual,1toolkitper10KK,posterbambudanTshelter(nails,nylonstraps,bamboosheeting,prefabroof

frame)(160,000sticks?).

IOMsconstructionprocessprovidesfortrainingandqualitycontrol

partnershipwiththeUniversityofGadjahMada(UGM) 100volunteers,300skilledworkers,200sheltersperday constructionvolunteersprovidetechnicalassistance,qualitycontrolandreporting densityofsupervision:1personper5units.Volunteersarethesupervisors. skilledworkersprovideassistancetotheGotongRoyongprocess(300volunteers?studentsofarchitectureandengineering:technicalassistanceinthe

field)

Transportproblems:thehandlingofthebamboocouldbeproblematicasthebamboocouldcracksduringtransport.

Construction/trainingproblem:beneficiariesmightnothaveknowledgeaboutworkingwithbamboo,forexampleusingnailsandcrackingthebamboo,andthen


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usingthebamboodespiteitsstructuralweaknessanddespitehavingasupervisorin

thefieldaproblemduetothetraining,notthedesign.

IFRCTSHELTERPROGRAMYOGYAKARTA,LESSONSLEARNED:BILL

EARLYRECOVERYASSESSMENT

Shelterwastheoverwhelmingneedintheearthquakeresponse.Peopleneededasafe

placetoleavefamilyandpossessionssotheycouldgetbacktowork.Withindays,

communitieshadsecuredtheirhomesandremainingpossessions.Socialcohesionwas

strong,marketswerefunctioningandrecoverystartedimmediately.

RELIEFASSISTANCE

PMIreachednearly120,000familiesbyNovember2006.Thisincluded:

11,877tentsand110,944tarpaulins100,000hygienekits,sarongs&foodparcelsExtensivepublichealth,waterandsanitation&psychosocialsupportprograms

SHELTERPROGRAMDESIGN

Thegoaloftheprogramwastoempowercommunitymemberstorebuildtheirlives

startingwiththeconstructionofatransitionalshelter.Thetshelterdesigndeveloped

throughunderstandingsoflocallyavailablematerials,communityneeds,capacityand

objectivesofthePMIIFRCTeam,andthroughworkingaspartingoftheShelterCluster.

TheShelterClusterguidelinesincludedhousingbeingseismicresistance,designedupto

twoyears,lessthan$US200,andusingmaterialscouldberecycled.Therewasahigh

levelofuncertaintyaboutwhatthegovernmentwoulddoandwhen.

TEAMMEMBERS

IFRCsdesignteamincludedabambooexpertwithdisasterreconstructionexperience

inVenezuelaandFlores,undergraduatearchitects,communityconsultation,trainingteam,topNGOfacilitators/trainers,implementationteam,andenthusiasticyoungPMI

volunteers.ThePMIvolunteerswereoftenverywillingtohelp,buthadalowlevelof

confidenceorexperience.

IndonesianRedCrossVolunteers IndonesianRedCrossStaffandBoards


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AtmaJayaUniversityYogyakarta GajahMadaUniversity IFRCEarlyRecoveryTeam ShelterCluster TheCommunitiesofYogyakartaandCentralJavaTRAININGPROCESS

Thetrainingprocessinvolvedhandsontrainingforthreedaysandnightsmakingstraw

models,amockupframe,financetrainingandteambuildingexercises.Community

traininglastedupto1weekinwhichthevolunteersandcommunitybuiltthefirst

sheltertogetherwithsupportingmedia:astepbystepguide,informativevideoabout

usingbambooinconstruction,safehouseadvertisementsandbooklet.

Keypointsthatwereemphasisedwithinthecommunitytrainingsincluded:

Howtochoseandpreparetherightbamboo Dontusegreenbamboo Harvestattheendofthedryseason(whenthebamboohaslowcarbohydrate

content)

Howtobuildaseismicresistanthouse Feet,bracingandjointsOtherkeypointsinthecommunityprogramincludedtrainingandfieldsupport,livein

helpingvolunteerswhooftenstayedforseveralmonths.IFRCthenprovideddailytechnicalsupportandwithvolunteersengaginginaweeklyreflectivelearning/training

session.

THECOMMUNITYBASEDTSHELTERPROGRAM

TheIFRCtshelterprogramgavesmallcashgrantssupportingtraditionalmutual

supportmechanisms(gotongroyong)toneighborhoodgroupstobuytoolsandbasic

materialstobuildtemporaryshelters.Fundsweredeliveredthroughgroupbank

accountsin34tranches.Thecommunitycontributedlabourandmaterialsrecovered

fromrubble.

IFRCcooperatedwithlocaluniversitiesto:


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Developtechnicalinputstoshelterdesignandmessages Developposters,pamphlets,tshirts,etc Trainstudentstodeliverbuildbackbettermessagesunderstaffsupervision Setupmobileconstructionclinics(UGM)Thelocalmediaalsogotinvolvedreinforcingbestpracticeshelterandconstruction

messagesontheradio,TVandinprint.

IMPLEMENTATION

Ittookonemonthforcommunitypreparationand1weektobuild740modelhouses

throughapubliccompetition.Inmonths29,12,250decentshelterswerebuilt,which

was22.5%ofUNOCHArecordedshelters.Rp21,000,000,000disbursedto761groupsat

acostperunitunder$US200.Peoplewereabletoreturntowork,vulnerablepeople

werereached,andfinancialskillslearnedbycommunities.TheprogramclosedinApril

2007:turnedatragedyintoopportunity.

However,itcouldhavebeensomuchmore!TheIndonesianRedCrosswasconcerned

andhesitantaboutthisprogramastheydnevergivencashdirectlytobeneficiaries,so

theprogramhadlittlefundingatthestart:ittooktwomonthstogettheprogram

running.Therewasasensethathadtheprogrambeenscaledupfaster,iftherehad

beenmorevolunteers,manymoreshelterscouldhavebeenbuiltandmorepeople

couldhavebeenreached.

Achievinggoodrecoveryandriskreductionoutcomesinshelterisnotaboutbuilding

structures,itisaboutbuildingtrustwithcommunities.

RESEARCHINTOBAMBOOTECHNOLOGY:PROFESSORPURWITO

DepartmentofPublicWorksResearchCenter,Bandung

ItisacommonbeliefthroughoutIndonesiansocietythatifyouliveinabamboohouse

itmeansthatyouarepoororcomesfromthelowestlevelofsociety.Wearetryingto

changetheimageofbamboo:itisnotjustaprimitive,naturalmaterialusedinrustic

buildingconstruction,butcanbeprocessedtomakemoderncommercialproductsthat

competewithlessenvironmentallyfriendlymaterials(note:perceptionsofbambooin

ruralvsurbanaredifferent).Bamboohasmanybenefits,suchastheenvironmental

benefitofusinganaturalmaterialwithawaterbasedglue.

Wehavemanymachinestoprocessbamboo.Therearemachineforcuttingbamboo,


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crushingbamboo,acoldpressandhotpress.TherearemanykindsofgluebutIuse

waterbasedglue.Wehavearangeofmachinesfortestingvariousstructuralaspectsof

thebambooproducts,includingauniversaltestingmachinefortestingmaterial,small

electricoven,andamoisturetester.Fortestingbuildingstructures,thereisareaction

walltotestthestrengthofatwostoreywallinanearthquakeandatiltingtable.

Weuseinternationalstandardsforbambootesting:

InternationalStandardISO22156(2004)BambooStructuralDesign InternationalStandardISO221571:2004(E)BambooDeterminationofphysical

andmechanicalpropertiesPart1:Requirements

TechnicalReportISO/TR221572:2004(E)BambooDeterminationofphysicalandmechanicalpropertiesPart2:Laboratorymanual

Wehavedevelopedavarietyofproductsincludedlaminatedbamboo,plyboo,alightweighthoneycombpanel,andabambooplasterpanelwhichisusedforcontainers,

wallingandpartitionsandissoundproof.In1994,afriendandIfromJapandeveloped

nontreatedbamboomatsplasteredwithricestrawandmud,andcoveredinlime.

Housesusingthiscompositematerialaswallsarestillinexcellentcondition14years

later.Wealsodevelopatrussclampsystem.Aconcreteknockdownhouseusedby

IOMinAcehincludedthehoneycombpanel,whichisstillweatherproofafter3years.

Mycurrentresearchisinprotectingbamboowithpalmfibersothatitcannotbe

attacked.IamalsoemployedbytheMinistryofPeopleHousingtodevelopamanualofbambooforpostdisastershelterreconstruction.

DiscussionNotes

Thefollowingsectionofthereportprovidesdetailednotesascollatedfromthe

breakoutdiscussiongroupsandgeneraldiscussionsthroughouttheday

ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTOFBAMBOOHARVESTINHUMANITARIANRESPONSE

ThereisaconcernfromIndonesianbambooexpertsthatdisasterandtechnicalexpertsworkinginemergencyresponsecanlosesightofornotprioritisetheenvironmental

implicationsoflargescalebamboouse.TheJogyakartashelterprogramharvested1.5

millionculms:bamboomanagementprogramsshouldhavebeenanintegralpartofthe

shelterresponsefromthestart.Itisafallacythatyoucanclearcutbamboowithlittle

effectonbambooregeneration:evenarenewableresourcecanbeharvestedinan

unsustainableway.


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Alltshelterprogramsaskedthevillagerstosourceandbuythebamboothemselves.

Thepriceofbamboodoubled;anecdotalevidencesuggeststhatsomeunscrupulousor

unconcernedbamboobusinessesclearfelledlocalbambooforeststomeetthedemand

fromtheshelterresponse.Indianbambooexpertsrecommendthatbestpracticeis

clumpmanagementsystems,butiftheresanemergency,clearfellingtheentireclump

ofbambooisacceptableemergencypractice;Indonesianbambooexpertscontendthat

clearfellingbambooisunacceptableasitispossibletokillofftheclumportakeuptoa

decadetoreturntopreviousgrowth.

Thehumanitarianpositionisthataddressinghumanneedsistheoverridingpriority.If

facedwiththechoicebetweensavinghumanlivesintheshortterm,withapotential

longtermimpactontheenvironment,humanitarianagenciesaremandatedtochoose

humanneeds.

However,humanitarianactorscontendthattheshelterresponsedidconsiderthe

impactonJavasbamboostock,butnoonehadthesensethatitwouldhaveaserious

negativeimpactontheenvironment.Everyonewhowasaskedsaidtherewasplentyof

bambooandthatitwouldntbeaproblem;bamboodidntseemtorunout.Therewas

nosupplyshortage.Peoplesaidthatthispulseofbamboousewasntgoingtoaffectthe

Javawidebamboomarket.Furthermore,bambooseemedtobemoreenvironmentally

friendlyandamoresustainableresourcethanothermaterialssuchastimber.Bamboo

waschosenbytheshelterClusterasagreenoption.

MAPPINGTHENATIONALANDGLOBALBAMBOORESOURCE

TheForumcalledforamaptobemadeofglobalbambooavailabilityforusebythe

humanitariansector.EBFsuggestedthatamapofbambooresourcesneedstobea

RESOURCEMANAGEMENTRECOMMENDATIONS

1. ENGAGEASTUDYTOESTABLISHTHEACTUALIMPACTOFTHEYOGYAKARTASHELTERRESPONSEONJAVASBAMBOORESOURCE.

2. PRODUCECLEARGUIDELINESFORBESTPRACTICEINCLUMPMANAGEMENT.THESEGUIDELINESNEEDTOBEDRAWNUPAND

READILYAVAILABLEWITHINTHEHUMANITARIANSECTOR.


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communityprocess,carriedoutatthecommunitylevel,sinceonlycommunitieshave

accurateknowledgeoflocalbambooresources.Thesinglewordbamboois

misleading:thereareover1000differentspeciesofbamboo,withdifferentproperties,

suitablefordifferentthings,nativetospecificareas,somappingthedistributionis

difficult.

Howeverforhumanitarianpurposes,asimplemapissufficient.Abroadregionalscaleis

enough:isthetypesuitable,whatistheroughquantity.Detailedinformationon

speciescompositionisnotasimportantknowingtheroughcapacityofthebamboo

stockthatcouldsatisfythethreestructuralneedsforhumanitarianconstruction;exact

quantitiesarentnecessary.Themapshouldbeassimpleadiagramaspossible;itisjust

toknowwhetherabambooprojectisviablethere.Forexample,bambooinLatin

Americaisheavyandhardertomobilise.InAsia,bambooisfastgrowing,smallandstrong.

DISASTERPREPARATIONANDRISKREDUCTION

TheJogyakartaresponsewasluckyinthatJavahassucharichbambooresource,but

otherregionsmightnotbethesame.Akeyquestioninoneofthediscussionwaswhy

doesnttheglobaldisasterresponsecommunityplantbambootoprepareforitsusein

humanitariancrises?Unfortunatelyitismucheasiertogetmoneytorespondto

disastersthantogetmoneytoprepareforthem.Humanitarianshelterinparticularisa

globallyunderresourcedsector.

Intermsofmanagingforfuturedisasters,woulditbepossibletodevelopreplanting

programsorcommunitycarboncreditschemes?IsthereanycapacityforNGOstobe

disasterresourcesforcarboncredits?Theresponsewasthatthiswouldbeunlikely:the

responsibilityofthehumanitariansectoristofocusonhumanitarianwork.Itmaywell

overloadthealreadystretchedcapacityofhumanitarianNGOstotakeonfurtherroles

RECOMMENDATION

PRODUCEAMAPOFTHEBAMBOORESOURCESININDONESIA(AND

POTENTIALLYGLOBALLY?)SHOULDBEDEVELOPED,E.G.AGISMAP

OFBAMBOORESOURCESWITHINSHIPPINGDISTANCE.


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outsideoftheirtraditionalmandate.Inthatcase,whichNGOsmightstepintotakethis

on?

USEOFBAMBOOINHUMANITARIANRESPONSE

Bamboohasbeenusedindisastersonamassscaleelsewhereintheworld,e.g.India

andLatinAmerica,butneverinsuchastructuredresponse.Asfarasweknow,the

Jogyakartashelterreconstructionprogramemployedthemostextensiveuseof

bamboo,andthroughcommunitybasedprograms;thespeedandscaleofdeployment

wasunusual;assuch,Jogyakartaisseenasaleadingexamplefortheworld.However

althoughbambooislesscommonlyusedinpostdisasterreconstruction,itisanormal

partofconstructioninmanypartsoftheworld.InJogyakarta,bamboowastraditionally

usedlongbeforetheearthquake;oneofthestrengthsofthetshelterprogramwas

thatitconnectedwithlocalwisdomandcommunityknowledge.

Itisimportanttorememberthepurposeofbambooinhumanitarianresponse:globally,

thebamboosectorisinterestedinmakinginterestingpermanentarchitecture,and

havingthematerialmorevalued,butthehumanitariansectorisafteraquickanddirty

solution.Theimportantfactorsforhumanitarianuseistime(possibilityformass

production)andcost(funding),aswellasconsideringwhetheraidwoulddisqualifythe

beneficiariesfromgovernmentassistance.

TECHNICALISSUES

DISCUSSION

Connectionsystem(concernaboutearthquakeresistance):connectingeachelementisthemostdifficultandimportantpartinbambooconstruction.The

combinedweightoftherooftilesissignificant,nearly800kgs.Usuallythisisastatic

load,butduringearthquakeitbecomesadynamicloadandapotentialdanger.

Bamboosheltercanbeconsideredasalightstructure:doweneedanextrastrongfoundationandistheredangerofdamagetoculmsfromwind?Notifwereputting

800kgsontheroof.

Designrecommendations:itisnecessarytohavesomethingunderneaththerooftilestostopthemfallinginsidethehouse.Alsoneedagableendtopreventrooftilesslidingofftheroof.

Concretejointing?Debatable. Ashelterwillpotentiallybemadeweakerinanearthquakebyhavingastrong

foundation.ThisisanexampleoftheconfusionbytheClusteraboutbuilding

transitionalshelter.

Oneofthetensionsinthedesignprocessisthedesiretocomeupwithaperfectly


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engineeredsolutionagainsttheurgencytosavehumanlivesandreturnto

normality.Thehumanitarianobjectiveistoreturnthecommunitytonormality,or

toareasonablestandardofsafeaccomodation(safeenoughtosurviveapparent

risksnotoversafe).Thereisadangerofoverengineeringdesignsattheexpenseofhousingpeoplesufficientlywellandquickly.

TECHNICALISSUESTOINCLUDEINTHEMANUAL

glues connectionsystem treatmentofbambooDEFINITIONS

Bamboo:Agrass,notatree.Globallythereareover500species.Indonesiahasaround

67typesofbamboo.

Clump:Thegroupofbambooculms.Abamboogrowsbysendingupnewshoots

outsideoftheclump:insidetheclumpareolderculms,outsidetheclumpareyounger

culms.

Culm:Astickofbamboo.

Node:Thejointsontheculm.

Shoot:Anewculmcomingup.

jogyarta consultative forum notes

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