jurnal reading introduction and result

21
Introduction In Western countries, accidents are the leading cause of death among individuals aged under 45. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) accounts for approximately 70% of these traumatic deaths and most of the persisting disabilities in accident survivors [1]. The most important complication of traumatic brain injury is the development of intracranial haematomas. It is estimated that intracranial haematomas occur in 25–45% of severe traumatic brain injuries, 3–12% of moderate cases, and approximately 1 in 500 patients with mild TBI [2]. As a result, acute traumatic epidural haematomas (EDH) and subdural haematomas (SDH) are among the most common clinical entities encountered by any neurosurgical service. Since the 1970s enormous changes have taken place in the treatment of TBI, thanks to improvements in diagnostic and monitoring tools, evacuation and rescue, and early treatment options. These improvements have included, to name but a few, the introduction of the Glasgow No financial support declared. Abbreviations GCS Glasgow Coma Scale GOS Glasgow Outcome Scale (1: death; 2: persistent vegetative state; 3: severe disability; 4: moderate disability; 5: good recovery) CT computerised tomography IQR interquartile range SDH subdural haematoma EDH epidural haematoma ICP intracranial pressure ICU intensive care unit. Coma Scale (GCS), computed tomography (CT), continuous recording of intracranial pressure (ICP), aggressive rescue and evacuation to specialised trauma centres and introduction of standardised surgical techniques for removal of

Upload: endahwm

Post on 10-Nov-2015

214 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

DESCRIPTION

d

TRANSCRIPT

IntroductionIn Western countries, accidents are the leadingcause of death among individuals aged under45. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) accounts for approximately70% of these traumatic deaths andmost of the persisting disabilities in accident survivors[1]. The most important complication oftraumatic brain injury is the development of intracranialhaematomas. It is estimated that intracranialhaematomas occur in 2545% of severetraumatic brain injuries, 312% of moderatecases, and approximately 1 in 500 patients withmild TBI [2]. As a result, acute traumatic epiduralhaematomas (EDH) and subdural haematomas(SDH) are among the most common clinical entitiesencountered by any neurosurgical service.Since the 1970s enormous changes havetaken place in the treatment of TBI, thanks to improvementsin diagnostic and monitoring tools,evacuation and rescue, and early treatment options.These improvements have included, toname but a few, the introduction of the Glasgow

No financialsupport declared.AbbreviationsGCS Glasgow Coma ScaleGOS Glasgow Outcome Scale (1: death; 2: persistent vegetativestate; 3: severe disability; 4: moderate disability;5: good recovery)CT computerised tomographyIQR interquartile rangeSDH subdural haematomaEDH epidural haematomaICP intracranial pressureICU intensive care unit.

Coma Scale (GCS), computed tomography (CT),continuous recording of intracranial pressure(ICP), aggressive rescue and evacuation tospecialised trauma centres and introduction ofstandardised surgical techniques for removal ofintracranial haematomas [38]. In spite of theseimprovements, the quality of outcome after TBIhas been shown to vary dramatically between hospitals[910]. The impact in Switzerland of theabove-mentioned developments in modern neurotraumatologyhas not yet been reported.The aim of this study was to evaluate the impactof these strategies on outcome in patientstreated for traumatic intracranial haematoma in asingle institution in Switzerland. Special emphasiswas placed on outcome with respect to initialGCS, age, pupillary status and time to surgery.Other demographic factors analysed includedpresence of hypoxia/hypotension during rescue,duration of ICU stay and use of intracranial-pressure(ICP) monitoring.ResultsDemographic characteristicsand vital parametersDuring the study period 76 consecutive patientswere admitted. Fifty-five patients (73%)were male and 21 (27%) female. The demographiccharacteristics are summarised in table 1.The median age was 54 years (IQR 28). This seriesincluded only one child aged 7 years. The medianGCS score on admission was 7 (IQR: 6). Atotal of 37 patients (48.6%) presented with anEDH and 46 (60.5%) with an SDH. Seven patients(9.2%) presented with both haematomas involvingone or both hemispheres. 14 patients(18%), had intracerebral haemorrhagic contusions,all of whom presented with SDH. Themechanisms of injury included falls (59%), bicycleaccidents (13%), motor cycle accidents (8%), caraccidents (7%), assaults (7%), ski accidents (3%)and accidents involving pedestrians (3%). Initialpupillary abnormalities were documented as follows:43 patients (57%) had symmetrical reactivepupils, 11 (14%) presented homolateral reactivemydriasis and 22 (29%) homolateral unreactivemydriasis. The median time elapsing from accidentto surgery was 3 hours (IQR: 2.5 hours). Hypotensionat the site of the accident or on admissionwas recorded in 7 patients (9%). A total of 16patients (21%) were hypoxic at the rescue site. In12 patients (16%) alcohol intoxication was documented.Perioperative ICP probes were insertedin 11 patients (15%). Decompressive craniectomywas performed in 35 (46%). The median durationof ICU stay was 3 days (IQR: 3 days).

Analysis of demographicsThe overall perioperative mortality was 26%(20 patients). Of these only one of the patientswho died presented with an epidural haematoma(initial GCS 3), while all other mortalities involvedan acute subdural haematoma (table 1).Two patients with SDH who died had an associatedcontralateral EDH. This translates into amortality rate of 41% for patients with SDH andof 3% for patients with EDH. Over half thepatients (52%) died within the first 3 days aftersurgery despite maximum treatment in the ICU.Median outcome as assessed by the GOS was4 (IQR: 4). The outcome was favourable (GOS4 and 5) in 43 patients (57%). Thirteen patients(17%) remained severely or moderately disabled(GOS 3). Finally, a total of 21 patients (28%) diedor remained in a persistent vegetative state (GOS1 and 2).We analysed possible factors affecting outcome,specifically age, initial GCS, time to surgeryand pupillary status. The association of thesevariables in respect to outcome is demonstrated inbox plots figures 14. While graphically thereappears to be a clear association of outcome andage (figure 1), initial GCS (figure 2) and pupillarystatus (figure 4), time to surgery (figure 3) showsclearly there is no difference with respect to variousoutcomes.Initial GCS was an important predictor ofoutcome in our patient population. Of the 21 patientswith a bad outcome, only 3 (14%) had aGCS >8 on admission, whereas 86% had a GCS8 28 (36.8%)Patients with GCS 8 48 (63.1%)Pupil examinationreactive to light 43 (57%)anisocore but reactive to light 11 (14%)areactive to light 22 (29%)Decompressive craniectomy 35 (46%)Median time to surgery (hours) 3Hypotension at rescue 7 (9%)Hypoxia at rescue 16 (21%)Perioperative ICP monitoring 11 (14%)Median duration of ICU stay (days) 3OutcomeGOS 1 and 2 21 (28%)GOS 3 12 (16%)GOS 4 and 5 43 (57%)

Table 1Summary of demographiccharacteristics,clinical findingsand outcome.

Total # of patients 76Median age (years) 54 (IQR 28)Gender (m:f) 55 (72%):21 (28%)Type of haematomaSDH 46 (61 %)EDH 37 (49 %)SDH + EDH 7 (9 %)Initial median GCS score 7Patients with GCS >8 28 (36.8%)Patients with GCS 8 48 (63.1%)Pupil examinationreactive to light 43 (57%)anisocore but reactive to light 11 (14%)areactive to light 22 (29%)Decompressive craniectomy 35 (46%)Median time to surgery (hours) 3Hypotension at rescue 7 (9%)Hypoxia at rescue 16 (21%)Perioperative ICP monitoring 11 (14%)Median duration of ICU stay (days) 3OutcomeGOS 1 and 2 21 (28%)GOS 3 12 (16%)GOS 4 and 5 43 (57%)Figure 1Documenting theassociation of agewith overall outcome,showing a cleardecline in age withimproved outcome.Abbreviations: GOS:Glasgow OutcomeScale (1: death; 2:persistent vegetativestate; 3: severe disability;4: moderatedisability; 5: goodrecovery).1009080706050403020100GOS 1 + 2 GOS 3 GOS 4 + 5Age

Figure 3Impact of time to surgery on final outcome showing almostidentical distribution of time to surgery for all outcomes(favourable and unfavourable).Abbreviations: GOS: Glasgow Outcome Scale (1: death;2: persistent vegetative state; 3: severe disability;4: moderate disability; 5: good recovery).Figure 2Analysing the impactof initial GCS onoverall outcome:Similar distributionof initial GCS for unfavourableoutcome(GOS1-3); withfavourable outcome(GOS 4 and 5) associatedwith a higherinitial GCS (GOS4 and 5).Abbreviations: GCS:Glasgow Coma Scale;GOS: Glasgow OutcomeScale (1: death;2: persistent vegetativestate; 3: severedisability; 4: moderatedisability; 5: goodrecovery).Figure 4Documenting outcomewith respect toinitial pupillary statusclassified as anisocoreareactive, anisocorereactive and isocorereactive. Anisocoreareactive pupillarystatus associatedwith a higherpercentage of unfavourableoutcomeas opposed to isocorereactive statusshowing a higher percentageof favourableoutcome.Abbreviations:GOS: Glasgow OutcomeScale (1: death;2: persistent vegetativestate; 3: severedisability; 4: moderatedisability;5: good recovery).100%80%60%40%20%0%percent of populationpupillary statusGOS 4 + 5GOS 3GOS 1 + 2anisocoreareactiveanisocorereactiveisocorereactiveGOS 4 and 5), only 13 (30%) had a GCS of 8 orlower at admission, whereas 31 (70%) had a GCSgreater than 8.Age appeared to be associated with outcome,with 89% of patients under 20 having afavourable outcome (GOS 4 and 5), and only one(11%) dying. Conversely, in the group of patientsaged 60 or over, 48% had a poor outcome (GOS 1and 2), and only 29% a favourable one (GOS 4and 5).The median time elapsed from primary injuryor accident to surgery was 3 hours (IQR: 2.5hours). Interestingly, as figure 3 shows, thereappears to be no association between time tosurgery and outcome. Results for time to surgeryare almost identically distributed with respect tounfavourable (GOS 1 and 2) and favourable(GOS 4 and 5) outcome.

PengenalanDi negara-negara Barat, kecelakaan terkemukapenyebab kematian di antara orang berusia di bawah45. cedera otak traumatis (TBI) menyumbang sekitar70% dari kematian traumatis dansebagian besar cacat bertahan dalam korban kecelakaan[1]. Komplikasi yang paling penting daricedera otak traumatis adalah pengembangan intrakranialhematoma. Diperkirakan bahwa intrakranialhematoma terjadi pada 25-45% dari beratcedera otak traumatis, 3-12% dari moderatkasus, dan sekitar 1 dari 500 pasien denganringan TBI [2]. Akibatnya, epidural traumatis akuthematoma (EDH) dan hematoma subdural(SDH) adalah salah satu entitas klinis yang paling umumdihadapi oleh layanan bedah saraf.Sejak 1970-an perubahan besar memilikiterjadi dalam pengobatan TBI, berkat perbaikandi alat diagnostik dan pemantauan,evakuasi dan penyelamatan, dan pilihan pengobatan dini.Perbaikan ini telah disertakan, untukmenyebutkan beberapa, pengenalan Glasgow

Tidak ada keuangandukungan dinyatakan.SingkatanSkala GCS Glasgow ComaGOS Glasgow Skala Outcome (1: kematian; 2: vegetatif persistennegara; 3: cacat berat; 4: cacat moderat;5: pemulihan yang baik)CT computerized tomographyIQR kisaran interkuartilSDH hematoma subduralEDH hematoma epiduralICP tekanan intrakranialICU unit perawatan intensif.

Skala koma (GCS), computed tomography (CT),perekaman kontinyu tekanan intrakranial(ICP), penyelamatan agresif dan evakuasi untukpusat trauma khusus dan pengenalanteknik bedah standar untuk penghapusanhematoma intrakranial [3-8]. Terlepas dari iniperbaikan, kualitas hasil setelah TBItelah terbukti sangat bervariasi antara rumah sakit[9-10]. Dampak di Swiss dariperkembangan tersebut di atas di neurotraumatology yang modernbelum dilaporkan.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi dampakstrategi ini pada hasil pada pasiendirawat karena hematoma intrakranial traumatik dalamlembaga tunggal di Swiss. Penekanan khususditempatkan pada hasil sehubungan dengan parafGCS, usia, status pupil dan waktu operasi.Faktor demografi lainnya dianalisis termasukKehadiran hipoksia / hipotensi selama penyelamatan,durasi ICU tinggal dan penggunaan intrakranial tekanan(ICP) monitoring.

HasilKarakteristik demografidan parameter pentingSelama masa penelitian 76 pasien berturut-turutdirawat. Lima puluh lima pasien (73%)adalah laki-laki dan 21 (27%) perempuan. DemografisKarakteristik diringkas dalam tabel 1.Usia rata-rata adalah 54 tahun (IQR 28). Seri initermasuk hanya satu anak berusia 7 tahun. MedianSkor GCS saat masuk adalah 7 (IQR: 6). SebuahSebanyak 37 pasien (48,6%) disajikan denganEDH dan 46 (60,5%) dengan SDH. Tujuh pasien(9.2%) disajikan dengan baik hematoma melibatkansatu atau kedua belahan otak. 14 pasien(18%), memiliki memar berdarah intraserebral,semuanya disajikan dengan SDH. ItuMekanisme cedera termasuk jatuh (59%), sepedakecelakaan (13%), kecelakaan sepeda motor (8%), mobilkecelakaan (7%), serangan (7%), kecelakaan ski (3%)dan kecelakaan yang melibatkan pejalan kaki (3%). AwalKelainan pupil didokumentasikan sebagai berikut:43 pasien (57%) memiliki simetris reaktifmurid, 11 (14%) disajikan homolateral reaktifmidriasis dan 22 (29%) homolateral tidak aktifmidriasis. Waktu rata-rata elapsing dari kecelakaanoperasi adalah 3 jam (IQR: 2,5 jam). Hipotensidi lokasi kecelakaan atau masuktercatat pada 7 pasien (9%). Sebanyak 16pasien (21%) adalah hipoksia di situs penyelamatan. Di12 pasien (16%) keracunan alkohol didokumentasikan.Perioperatif probe ICP dimasukkanpada 11 pasien (15%). Craniectomy decompressivedilakukan di 35 (46%). Durasi rata-ratadari ICU tinggal 3 hari (IQR: 3 hari).

Analisis demografiMortalitas perioperatif secara keseluruhan adalah 26%(20 pasien). Dari jumlah tersebut hanya satu dari pasienyang meninggal disajikan dengan hematoma epidural(Paraf GCS 3), sementara semua kematian lain yang terlibathematoma subdural akut (tabel 1).Dua pasien dengan SDH yang meninggal telah menjadi terkaitEDH kontralateral. Hal ini berartiangka kematian dari 41% untuk pasien dengan SDH dandari 3% untuk pasien dengan EDH. Lebih dari setengahpasien (52%) meninggal dalam 3 hari pertama setelahoperasi meskipun pengobatan maksimum di ICU.Hasil rata-rata yang dinilai oleh GOS adalah4 (IQR: 4). Hasilnya adalah menguntungkan (GOS4 dan 5) di 43 pasien (57%). Tiga belas pasien(17%) tetap berat atau sedang dinonaktifkan(GOS 3). Akhirnya, total 21 pasien (28%) meninggalatau tetap dalam keadaan vegetatif persisten (GOS1 dan 2).Kami menganalisis kemungkinan faktor yang mempengaruhi hasil,khusus usia, awal GCS, waktu untuk operasidan status pupil. Asosiasi inivariabel dalam hal hasil yang ditunjukkan dalambox plot angka 1-4. Sementara grafis adatampaknya menjadi hubungan yang jelas dari hasil danusia (gambar 1), GCS awal (gambar 2) dan pupilStatus (gambar 4), waktu operasi (gambar 3) menunjukkanjelas tidak ada perbedaan terhadap berbagaihasil.Awal GCS merupakan prediktor pentinghasil pada populasi pasien kami. Dari 21 pasiendengan hasil yang buruk, hanya 3 (14%) memilikiGCS> 8 pada masuk, sedangkan 86% memiliki GCS sebuah 8 28 (36,8%)Pasien dengan GCS 8 48 (63,1%)Pemeriksaan Muridreaktif terhadap cahaya 43 (57%)anisocore tetapi reaktif terhadap cahaya 11 (14%)areactive untuk menerangi 22 (29%)Decompressive craniectomy 35 (46%)Waktu rata-rata untuk operasi (jam) 3Hipotensi pada penyelamatan 7 (9%)Hipoksia pada penyelamatan 16 (21%)Pemantauan ICP perioperatif 11 (14%)Durasi rata-rata ICU tinggal (hari) 3HasilGOS 1 dan 2 21 (28%)GOS 3 12 (16%)GOS 4 dan 5 43 (57%)

Tabel 1Ringkasan demografikarakteristik,temuan klinisdan hasil.

Jumlah # pasien 76Usia rata-rata (tahun) 54 (IQR 28)Gender (m: f) 55 (72%): 21 (28%)Jenis hematomaSDH 46 (61%)EDH 37 (49%)SDH + EDH 7 (9%)Median awal GCS skor 7Pasien dengan GCS> 8 28 (36,8%)Pasien dengan GCS 8 48 (63,1%)Pemeriksaan Muridreaktif terhadap cahaya 43 (57%)anisocore tetapi reaktif terhadap cahaya 11 (14%)areactive untuk menerangi 22 (29%)Decompressive craniectomy 35 (46%)Waktu rata-rata untuk operasi (jam) 3Hipotensi pada penyelamatan 7 (9%)Hipoksia pada penyelamatan 16 (21%)Pemantauan ICP perioperatif 11 (14%)Durasi rata-rata ICU tinggal (hari) 3HasilGOS 1 dan 2 21 (28%)GOS 3 12 (16%)GOS 4 dan 5 43 (57%)Gambar 1MendokumentasikanAsosiasi usiadengan hasil keseluruhan,menunjukkan jelaspenurunan usia denganpeningkatan hasil.Singkatan: GOS:Glasgow OutcomeSkala (1: kematian; 2:vegetatif persistennegara; 3: cacat berat;4: moderatkecacatan; 5: baikrecovery).1009080706050403020100GOS 1 + 2 GOS 3 GOS 4 + 5Usia

Gambar 3Dampak waktu untuk operasi pada hasil akhir menunjukkan hampirdistribusi identik waktu untuk operasi untuk semua hasil(Menguntungkan dan tidak menguntungkan).Singkatan: GOS: Glasgow Outcome Scale (1: kematian;2: kondisi vegetatif; 3: cacat berat;4: cacat moderat; 5: pemulihan yang baik).Gambar 2Menganalisis dampakdari GCS awal padakeseluruhan hasil:Distribusi yang samadari GCS awal untuk menguntungkanhasil(GOS1-3); denganhasil yang menguntungkan(GOS 4 dan 5) yang terkaitdengan tinggiGCS awal (GOS4 dan 5).Singkatan: GCS:Glasgow Coma Scale;GOS: Glasgow OutcomeSkala (1: kematian;2: vegetatif persistennegara; 3: parahkecacatan; 4: moderatkecacatan; 5: baikrecovery).Gambar 4Mendokumentasikan hasildengan hormatStatus pupil awaldiklasifikasikan sebagai anisocoreareactive, anisocorereaktif dan isocorereaktif. Anisocorepupil areactiveStatus terkaitdengan tinggipersentase yang tidak menguntungkanhasilsebagai lawan isocoreStatus reaktifmenunjukkan persentase yang lebih tinggiyang menguntungkanhasil.Singkatan:GOS: Glasgow OutcomeSkala (1: kematian;2: vegetatif persistennegara; 3: parahkecacatan; 4: moderatkecacatan;5: pemulihan yang baik).100%80%60%40%20%0%persen dari populasiStatus pupilGOS 4 + 5GOS 3GOS 1 + 2anisocoreareactiveanisocorereaktifisocorereaktifGOS 4 dan 5), hanya 13 (30%) memiliki GCS 8 ataulebih rendah saat masuk, sedangkan 31 (70%) memiliki GCSlebih besar dari 8.Usia tampaknya berhubungan dengan hasil,dengan 89% dari pasien di bawah 20 memilikihasil yang menguntungkan (GOS 4 dan 5), dan hanya satu(11%) sekarat. Sebaliknya, pada kelompok pasienberusia 60 atau lebih, 48% memiliki hasil yang buruk (GOS 1dan 2), dan hanya 29% yang menguntungkan (GOS 4dan 5).Median waktu berlalu dari cedera primeratau kecelakaan untuk operasi adalah 3 jam (IQR: 2.5jam). Menariknya, seperti gambar 3 menunjukkan, adaTampaknya tidak ada hubungan antara waktu untukoperasi dan hasil. Hasil untuk waktu operasihampir identik didistribusikan sehubungan dengantidak menguntungkan (GOS 1 dan 2) dan menguntungkan(GOS 4 dan 5) hasil