kopia kenya kim ju young(maize 2012.2)
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Maize Adaptability Test in KOPIA KENYA Centre
Intern : JUYOUNG KIM
Counter partner : Dr. Philip Kipkoech Leley
22nd, February, 2012 KARI HQ
Contents
I. Introduction
II. Methodology
III. Results and Discussions
IV. Conclusion and implications
V. References
I. Introduction
I. Introduction
• Purpose of the experiment – Selection and extension of Korean maize hybrids by maize
adaptability test in KOPIA center confronting global food crisis and rise of feeding price
• Plan – Experiment held in: KOPIA centers in 7 countries
* Kingdom of Cambodia, Myanmar, The Philippines, Vietnam,
the Republic of Uzbekistan, Kenya, Paraguay
– Period: 2011. 5 ~ 2012. 4 (once on the each rainy and dry season in a year)
– Area of planting: 5.76a for each center (576㎡)
Maize Adaptability Test in KOPIA Centres
I. Introduction
• A selective experiment of comparing varieties : 10 Varieties 6 Korean varieties :GP(광평옥), DP(다평옥), JD(장다옥), CS(청사옥),
GD(강다옥), PA(평안옥)
4 Foreign varieties : 1 Thailand (CP888), 1 U.S. (Pioneer),
2 Kenya (H513, SC DUMA43)
• Method of cultivation Planting spacing and amount of applied fertilizer : Applying each
country’s standard of cultivation
ex) 75cm × 25cm (5,300 plants)
( planting 2 seeds on each hole, 4 lines for each variety)
Arrangement plan : Randomized block design 3 replication
I. Introduction
• 21 parameters
Plant height, Ear position
Tassel date, Silk date
Root Lodging, Stem Lodging,
Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus, Rust, Ear rot, Maize Stem borer
Grain yield(kg/10a), Field yield, 100 kernels yield
Grain moisture, Percentage of Kernels of a ear
EPP
Ear length, Cob length, Ear diameter
Number of rows, Number of kernels per row
II. Methodology
II. Methodology
1. Test varieties 6 Korean varieties :GP(광평옥), DP(다평옥), JD(장다옥), CS(청사옥), GD(강다옥), PA(평안옥)
4 Foreign varieties : 1 Thailand (CP888), 1 U.S. (Pioneer),
2 Kenya (H513, SC DUMA43)
2. Method of Cultivation 1) Planting date : 7th September, 2011
2) Planting spacing : 75cm × 25cm (36 plants per plot, totally 1,080 plants planting 2 seeds on each hole)
3) Amount of applied fertilizer
D.A.P 5g per each hole when planting maize
C.A.N 5g per each hole for top dressing
3. Parameters (21) Plant height, Ear position, Tassel date, Silk date, Root Lodging, Stem Lodging,
Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus, Rust, Maize Stem borer, Ear rot, Grain yield(kg/10a), Grain yield, Field yield, Grain moisture, 100 kernels yield, EPP, Ear length, Ear diameter, number of rows, number of kernels per row
II. Methodology
Parameter base of investigation method scale unit
1. Flowering date(tassel)
The date of 50% of the plants shed tassel Observation whole yyyyy-mm-dd
2. Flowering date(silk)
The date of 50% of the plants shed silk(2~3cm)
〃 〃 〃
3. Silk date Counting the number of days from the day after planting to the day of 50% of the plants shed silk(2~3cm)
Calculation 〃 days
4. Plant height From surface to neck of tassel Measure 10plants cm
5. Ear position A ratio of ear height to plant height 〃 〃 %
6. Lodging a. Root
lodging
Percentage of plants that show root lodging (more than 30 from the centre)
Calculation whole %
b. Stem lodging
Percentage of plants that show stem lodging
〃 〃 〃
Growth and characteristic investigation
II. Methodology
Name Item Standard of investigation Method
1.Maize dwarf mosaic virus(MDMV)
Occuring rate
0 : No occurrence 1 : less than 1% infection
3 : 1~5% 5 : 5~10%
7 : 11~20% 9 : more than 21% infection
2. Rust Occuring rate
0 : No occurrence 1 : less than 1% infection
3 : 1~10% 5 : 11~20% 7 : 21~40%
9 : more than 41% infection
3.Ear rot Occuring rate Infection rate(%) 10 ears
4. Maize stem borer Infection rate
0 : no damage 1 : 0.1~ 1% 3 : 1.1~ 5% 5 : 5.1~10%
7 : 10.1~20% 9 : more than 20.1%
season: just before harvest
scale: more than100plants
Damage by disease and pest
MDMV, Rust, Maize Stem borer
Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus
Rust
Maize Stem borer
II. Methodology
Parameter Standard Method Scale unit
1.Grain yield Calculate grain yield per plot to harvest scale after dry
and taking off kernels(Moisture content 15.5%) Mesaure
Harvest scale
kg/10a
2.Field Weight The total yield of each plot(including cob) 〃 〃 ㎏
3.Percentage of kernels of a ear
(Grain yield(kg/10a) ÷ Grain yield per plot(kg)) × 100 Calculation %
4.Grain Moisture
Percent water content of grain as measured at harvest
Measure 10 ears %
5.100 kernels yield the yield of 100 kernels (Moisture content 15.5%) 〃 3
replication g
6.EPP Number of ears per plant 〃 10 plant piece
7.Cob length measure length of ear afterremoving husks Measure at
harvest 10 ears ㎝
8.Ear length Length of ear only having kernels 〃 〃 〃
9.Ear diameter Diameter of ear(measure by calliper) 〃 〃 〃
10.Number of rows The number of row Calculation 〃 Piece
11.Number of kernels per row
The number of kernels in a row 〃 〃 Piece
Yield investigation(11)
II. Methodology
Location Muguga, Kiambu District
Agro-ecological zone Lower Highlands 3 (Wheat/Maize-Barley zone)
Altitude 2,095m
Annual rainfall 954mm
Min Temp 8.9℃
Max Temp 23.2℃
Soil well drained, extremely deep, dusky red to dark
reddish brown, friable clay
4. Place of test : KARI-Muguga South
Source : Ralph Jaetzold, Helmut Schmidt. (1983) FARM MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK OF KENYA - Natural Conditions and Farm Management Information -VOL.Ⅱ /B
II. Methodology
5. Arrangement plan Randomized Complete Block Design, 3 Replication
Bloc Variety Rep 1 Rep 2 Rep 3
1 GP(광평옥) 1 5 9
2 DP(다평옥) 2 2 6
3 JD(장다옥) 3 7 2
4 CS(청사옥) 4 10 8
5 GD(강다옥) 5 1 4
6 PA(평안옥) 6 4 1
7 CP888 (Thailand) 7 8 10
8 Pioneer (U.S.) 8 6 3
9 H513 (Kenya) 9 3 7
10 SC DUMA43 (Kenya) 10 9 5
III. Results and Discussions
III. Results and Discussions
• Soil test pH is satisfactory for crop’s Growth.
Phosphorus is Deficient.
Soil organic matter Should be improved.
D.A.P 5g per each hole
when planting maize
C.A.N 5g per each hole for top dressing
III. Results and Discussions • Daily Record
2011-09-06 Complete preparation of the trial field (in NARC, KARI-Muguga)
2011-09-07 Planting, Applying fertilizer (D.A.P.-Diammonium Phosphate)
2011-09-15(8days) Germination
2011-09-22(15days) First weeding
2011-10-04(27days) Thinning, Second weeding
2011-10-13(36days) Third weeding
2011-10-19(42days) Top dressing (C.A.N-Calcium Ammonium Nitrate)
2011-11-02(56days) Damage from hail stones (13:00~14:00)
2011-11-29(83days) Start tasseling
2011-12-05(89days) Start silking
2011-12-17(101days) Complete of tasseling
2011-12-19(103days) Complete of silking
2012-02-01(147days) Harvesting
2012-02-01~07 Drying and threshing
Planting Maize
7th Sep 2011
Top dressing(C.A.N)
19th Oct 2011 (42days)
Damage from hail stones
2nd Nov 2011 (56days)
Damage from Monkey and bird
Dec 2011 ~ Jan 2012
Tassel
29th Nov ~17th Dec 2011(83~101days)
Silk
5th ~19th Dec 2011(89~103days)
Harvest and Drying
1st Feb 2012(147days)
Threshing
1st ~7th Feb 2012
III. Results and Discussions
Variety Silk
date
Plant
height
(cm)
Ear
positi
on
(%)
Root
Lodgi
ng
(%)
Maize
Dwarf
Mosaic
Virus
Rust
Ear
rot
(%)
Maize
stem
borer
Grain
yield
(t/ha)
Field
yield
(kg)
Perce
ntage
of
kerne
ls per
ear
Moist
ure
conte
nt
(%)
100k
ernel
s
yield
(g)
Numb
er of
ears
per
plant
Cob
lengt
h
(cm)
Ear
lengt
h
(cm)
Ear
diame
ter
(cm)
Numb
er of
rows
Numb
er of
kerne
ls per
row
GP(광평옥) 95 218.8 38 3 3 3 0 3 10.1 18.81 72 8.8 30.0 1.31 16.9 16.1 4.9 16 32.6
DP(다평옥) 98 230.8 32 0 1 3 0 3 2.8 6.26 61 11.1 35.0 1.43 17.6 15.4 4.8 15 27.4
JD(장다옥) 95 241.5 38 1 3 5 0 3 7.9 14.73 73 8.3 35.0 0.90 21.9 21.4 4.7 14 41.6
CS(청사옥) 94 200.7 39 0 0 5 0 1 8.5 15.24 76 9.7 21.7 1.30 20.8 19.1 4.2 15 39.2
GD(강다옥) 99 203.8 41 2 0 5 1 1 4.9 8.38 79 8.8 20.0 1.04 17.9 16.4 4.4 15 32.5
PA(평안옥) 89 199.6 34 1 3 7 0 0 5.3 8.94 81 11.1 16.7 0.87 18.0 17.0 4.4 15 38.9
Thailand
CP888 103 247.2 51 0 1 3 0 3 8.0 16.32 66 17.4 18.3 2.41 15.9 15.6 3.9 12 31.9
U.S.
Pioneer 99 212.7 38 1 3 5 0 3 8.0 14.72 74 10.4 20.0 1.42 18.7 17.6 4.5 14 32.6
Kenya
H513 99 250.2 49 1 3 5 0 1 9.9 17.58 76 15.6 26.7 1.55 19.6 18.3 4.8 13 31.5
Kenya
SC
DUMA43
94 252.1 41 0 0 3 0 3 12.3 20.62 80 12.0 33.3 1.47 19.9 19.0 4.9 13 35.4
75 80 85 90 95 100 105
광평옥(GP)
다평옥(DP)
장다옥(JD)
청사옥(CS)
강다옥(GD)
평안옥(PA)
CP888
Pioneer
H513
SC DUMA43
91
92
87
93
95
87
99
94
94
87
95
98
95
94
99
89
103
99
99
94
flowering
date (tassel)
flowering date (silk)
1. Flowering date(tassel, silk)
* Mean flowering date of Korean varieties : 95days * Mean flowering date of Kenya varieties : 96days
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
SC DUMA43
H513
Pioneer
CP888
평안옥(PA)
강다옥(GD)
청사옥(CS)
장다옥(JD)
다평옥(DP)
광평옥(GP)
3
1
3
3
0
1
1
3
3
3
3
5
5
3
7
5
5
5
3
3
0
3
3
1
3
0
0
3
1
3
Resistant Susceptible
Disease and Pest
Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus
Rust
Maize stalk borer
2. Disease and Pest
0.0 3.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 15.0
SC DUMA43
H513
Pioneer
CP888
평안옥(PA)
강다옥(GD)
청사옥(CS)
장다옥(JD)
다평옥(DP)
광평옥(GP)
12.3t/ha
9.9t/ha
8.0t/ha
8.0t/ha
5.4t/ha
4.9t/ha
8.5t/ha
7.9t/ha
2.8t/ha
10.1t/ha
Grain yield (t/ha)
Grain yield(t/ha)
3. Grain yield(t/ha)
0 10 20 30 40
SC DUMA43
H513
Pioneer
CP888
평안옥(PA)
강다옥(GD)
청사옥(CS)
장다옥(JD)
다평옥(DP)
광평옥(GP)
33.3g
26.7g
20.0g
18.3g
16.7g
20.0g
21.7g
35.0g
35.0g
30.0g
100 kernels yield
100 kernels yield (g)
4. 100 Kernels yield(g)
0 1 2
SC DUMA43
H513
Pioneer
CP888
평안옥(PA)
강다옥(GD)
청사옥(CS)
장다옥(JD)
다평옥(DP)
광평옥(GP)
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
EPP(Number of ears per plant)
EPP(Number of ears per plant)
5. Number of ears per plant
10cm 12cm 14cm 16cm 18cm 20cm 22cm
SC DUMA43
H513
Pioneer
CP888
평안옥(PA)
강다옥(GD)
청사옥(CS)
장다옥(JD)
다평옥(DP)
광평옥(GP)
20cm
20cm
19cm
16cm
18cm
18cm
21cm
22cm
18cm
17cm
19cm
18cm
18cm
16cm
17cm
16cm
19cm
21cm
15cm
16cm
Ear length, Cob length
Ear length (cm)
Cob length (cm)
* Mean ear length of Korean varieties :17.6cm * Mean ear length of Kenya varieties : 18.5cm
6. Ear length, Cob length(cm)
0cm 1cm 2cm 3cm 4cm 5cm
SC DUMA43
H513
Pioneer
CP888
평안옥(PA)
강다옥(GD)
청사옥(CS)
장다옥(JD)
다평옥(DP)
광평옥(GP)
4.9cm
4.8cm
4.5cm
3.9cm
4.4cm
4.4cm
4.2cm
4.7cm
4.8cm
4.9cm
Ear diameter (cm)
Ear diameter (cm)
7. Ear diameter(cm)
Korean variety photo
GP(광평옥) DP(다평옥)
JD(장다옥) CS(청사옥)
Korean variety photo
GD(강다옥) PA(평안옥)
Thai and U.S. variety photo
CP888 (Thailand) Pioneer (U.S.)
Kenya variety photo
H513 (Kenya) SC DUMA 43 (Kenya)
IV. Conclusion and Implication
IV. Conclusion and Implication • Silk date(mean)
– Korean varieties : 95days
– Kenya varieties : 96days
• 100 kernels yield(mean) – Korean varieties : 26.4g
– Kenya varieties : 30g
• Ear length(mean) – Korean varieties : 17.6cm
– Kenya varieties : 18.6cm
• The number of rows/ number of kernels per row(mean) – Korean varieties : 16 rows, 36 kernels each
– Kenya varieties : 14 rows, 34 kernels each
• Disease – Korean varieties : ear rot(resistant), maize dwarf mosaic virus and maize stem
borer(relatively resistant), rust(normal)
– Kenya varieties : ear rot(resistant), maize dwarf mosaic virus , rust and maize stem
borer(relatively resistant)
IV. Conclusion and Implication
• Competitive variety as Grain yield(t/ha) in Muguga(Lower Highland 3)
1st GP(광평옥) : 10.1t/ha
2nd CS(청사옥): 8.5t/ha, JD(장다옥): 7.9t/ha
Mean yield of hybrid H513 on experiment
7~8t/ha
• GP(광평옥) Resistant to MDMV, rust, ear rot and
maize stem borer
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0
SC DUMA43
H513
장다옥(JD)
청사옥(CS)
광평옥(GP)
12.3
9.9
7.9
8.5
10.1
Grain yield(t/ha)
Grain yield(t/ha)
IV. Conclusion and Implication
• Trial field Muguga – LH3(lower higland3)
Need more trial field, at least 3
• Irrigation Did irrigation, but it’s not the way of Kenya
Data can be used only for the region which has irrigation system and same agro-ecological zone with muguga
• Animal damage Monkey and bird damage
• Post Harvest management(PH management)
PH management affect a lot to yield
Larger Grain Borer, Common maize weevil
Aflatoxin
V. References
V. References • Central Bureau of Statistics Ministry of Planning and National Development. (2006)
Statistical Abstract 2006
• Guantai, Stanley M, Paul Seward. (2010) MAIZE HANDBOOK
• International Fund for Agricultural Development, World Food Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization. (2011) The State of Food Insecurity in the World
• Kenya Agricultural Research Institute. (2006~2003) Kenya Agricultural Research Institute Annual Report 2006~2003
• Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute. (2009) ASSESSMENT OF COSTS OF MAIZE PRODUCTION, MARKETING AND PROCESSING IN KENYA: A MAIZE GRAIN-MAIZE MEAL VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
• Ministry of Agriculture. (2011) Food Security situation as at 30th APRIL, 2011
• Ralph Jaetzold, Helmut Schmidt. (1983) FARM MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK OF KENYA Natural Conditions and Farm Management Information -VOL.Ⅱ /B
• Stanley M. Wokabi. (2009) Sustainability of Maize Production in Kenya
• TEGEMEO INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT, EGERTON UNIVERSITY. (2009) Maize Production Outlook and Implication for Food Security