koutrafouri & sanders 2013 - ritual failure - ebook

7/22/2019 Koutrafouri & Sanders 2013 - Ritual Failure - ebook

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/koutrafouri-sanders-2013-ritual-failure-ebook 1/174

ratujk ejakurg jro`jgnknmaojk pgrspgotavgs



_afgstndg Srgss J dgw mgdgrjtand ne Suhkasàdm

Qnu jrg rgjfadm j eukk vgrsand ne tàs hnnb, enr ergg!

Vàs hnnb as pjrt ne t`g _afgstndg g-kahrjry w`grg inst ne nur

puhkaojtands jrg eukky joogssahkg enr ergg. Enr joogss tn inrg

ergg hnnbs vasat< www.safgstndg.oni/kahrjry

Fnwdknjf Eukk SFE

Uasat t`g _afgstndg g-kahrjry tn hrnwsg nur g-hnnbs. Enr j iadaijk

egg ynu ojd puro`jsg j eukky eudotandjk SFE jdf hy fnadm sn, ynu

`gkp tn bggp nur kahrjry ruddadm.

www.safgstndg.oni/kahrjry



_afgstndg Srgss

ratujk

ejakurg



ratujk

ejakurg jro`jgnknmaojk pgrspgotavgs



© 83:? Vg adfavafujk jut`nrs

Suhkas`gf hy _afgstndg Srgss, Kgafgdwww.safgstndg.oni

Aipradt< _afgstndg Srgss Jojfgiaos (pggr-rgvagwgf)Enr inrg adenrijtand jdf pggr-rgvagw prnogfurg sgg<www.safgstndg.oni/puhkas`adm/

A_HD 1=0-13-0013-883-0

Kjy-nut & onvgr fgsamd< _afgstndg SrgssS`ntnmrjp` onvgr< © ]akkaji Jttjrf Ioojrt`y | Frgjistaig.oni



Ondtgdts

Adtrnfuotand =

Ujsakaba M. Bnutrjenura jdf Lgee _jdfgrs

Enrgwnrf ::

Adtrnfuotnry t`num`ts nd t`g t`gig ne ‛Xatujk ejakurg. Jro`jgnknmaojkpgrspgotavgs’aint`y Adsnkk

: V`g pjssjmg ne ijttgr 8?

rjdsenrijtands ne nhlgots jdf ratujk igjdadms ad t`g Dgnkatào net`g Dgjr Gjst

Ijro Ugr`ngvgd

8 V`g sby jkinst dgvgr ejkks nd ynur `gjf ‟ w`y ratujk rjrgky ejaks ?=

Lgee _jdfgrs

? Xatujk ejakurg ad t`g husadgss rgonrfs ne Igsnpntjiajd tgipkgs 7:

Iao`jgk Bnzu`

6 Xatujk ejakurg jdf t`g tgipkg onkkjpsg ne prgàstnrao Ijktj 5?

Ojrnkadg Ijkndg jdf _aind _tnffjrt

7 Erni wgkks tn pakkjrs, jdf erni pakkjrs tn…> 07

Xatujk systgis trjdsenrijtand jdf onkkjpsg ad t`g gjrky prgàstnryne OyprusUjsakaba M. Bnutrjenura

5 ]`gd jdogstnrs hgonig Mnfs :31

`g trjdsenrijtand ne Oyprantg ratujk jdf rgkamand ad t`g KjtgHrndzg Jmg

Fjvaf Onkkjrf

= Onkndajk gdtjdmkgigdts jdf ouktao `gtgrnmgdgaty nd Xnig‑s

Mgrijdao erndtagr :?:

Bjrai Ijtj

0 V`g fgjf jornhjt :77

Ijdjmadm rasb jdf Iadnjd aondnmrjp`y Gvjdmgkns Byrajbafas

Fasoussand< Fgeadadm inigdts :57Xao`jrf Hrjfkgy



=

Adtrnfuotand

Ujsakaba M. Bnutrjenura jdf Lgffi _jdfgrs

às hnnb prgsgdts j onkkgotand ne gssjys nd t`g t`gig ne ratujk onkkjpsg nrtrjdsenrijtand erni jd jro`jgnknmaojk pgrspgotavg. At wjs adspargf hy twn wnrbsad jdt`rnpnknmy, `g Fydjiaos ne O`jdmadm Xatujks (Brgadjt` gt jk. 8336) jdf]`gd Xatujks Mn ]rndm< Iastjbgs, Ejakurg, jdf t`g Fydjiaos ne Xatujk (@ûsbgd gtjk. 833=), wào` kgf tn ondsafgrjhkg neeaog fghjtg hgtwggd t`g gfatnrs, jdf t`gdeurt`gr fasoussand furadm j fgfaojtgf ondegrgdog sgssand. `g prgsgdt onkkgotandne pjpgrs sggbs t`grgenrg tn jffrgss j mjp ad ourrgdt jro`jgnknmaojk fasonursg jdf`npgs tn `jvg kjaf t`g enudfjtand enr eurt`gr fghjtg.

]`jt as ‐ratujk ejakurg‑>

`g fgeadatand jdf afgdtaeaojtand ne ‐ratujk‑ ad jro`jgnknmy `js jkwjys hggd jtrnuhkgsnig suhlgot. Duigrnus jro`jgnknmasts (g.m. Hrûob :1112 Hrjfkgy 833?, jdf

ijdy inrg) `jvg `jf tn onderndt tàs assug, spakkadm iuo` adb ad nrfgr tn eggk jhkgtn fasouss t`g afgdtaeaojtand ne t`gar gvafgdog js j rgsukt ne ratujk prjotaogs ad t`gpjst. Onkad Xgdergw (:107, :0-83) wjs pandggradm ad onderndtadm jdf jffrgssadmtàs suhlgot, orgjtadm j kast ne oratgraj enr afgdtaeyadm ratujk usadm jd gxpkaoatkyprnogssujk jpprnjo`. Ijro Ugr`ngvgd (8338, ??-?6) fgsamdgf j igt`nfnknmaojko`jrt enr afgdtaeyadm ratujk jro`jgnknmaojkky. Gvjdmgkns Byrajbafas (8330, 813, jksnad tàs vnkuig) am`kam`tgf t`g kjob ne j t`gnrgtaojk jdf igt`nfnknmaojk ondsgdsusjdf strgssgf t`g àffgd fjdmgr enr t`g fasoapkadg ne jro`jgnknmy ‛R…Y ne `jvadm jdgpastginknmy t`jt as dnt fgravgf erni t`g ndtnknmy’. Ujsakaba Bnutrjenura (8331, 13-:85) onipnsgf j fgeadatand enr ‐prgàstnrao ratujk‑ watàd j pnst-struoturjkast jdf

Srjmijtaos jpprnjo`.`g rgjfgr ne tàs vnkuig wakk dntaog t`jt t`g jut`nrs jvnafgf gdmjmadm jt

kgdmt` wat` ‛w`jt ratujk as’, adstgjf enousadm nd t`g t`gig ne ‐w`gd jdf `nwratujk ejaks‑. às wjs j ondsoanus gfatnrajk fgoasand enr t`rgg ijad rgjsnds. Earst nejkk, t`g ondtrahutnrs (jdf adfggf gfatnrs) wnukf udkabgky jmrgg nd ndg fgeadatand._gondfky, js jkrgjfy dntgf, rgogdt wnrbs (Ugr`ngvgd 83382 Byrajbafas 83302Bnutrjenura 8331, :?-:81) `jvg jffrgssgf tàs assug. Kjstky, t`g gfatnrs jaigf jtiadaiasadm t`g enous nd fgeadatands ad nrfgr tn jkknw adtgrprgtjtavg spjog enr t`ggxpknrjtand ne t`g gigrmadm t`gig ne ‐ratujk ejakurg‑ watàd jro`jgnknmy. @nwgvgr,at s`nukf hg àm`kam`tgf t`jt t`g typgs ne ratujk fasoussgf ad tàs onkkgotand ojd hgfgsorahgf js rgkamanus ratujk nr js tjbadm pkjog watàd j rgkamanus ondtgxt. Djigky,



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t`g gfatnrs wnukf ejvnur fgeadatands wào` joonudt enr oukturjk jdf ondtgxtujkgkgigdts, wàkg adonrpnrjtadm t`g afgj ne t`g ‐sjorgf‑ nr ‐sjorjk‑ (_jdfgrs 8335, 06),suo` js t`g adekugdtajk fgeadatand prnvafgf hy t`g jdt`rnpnknmast Okaeenrf Mggrtz‑(:1=?, 01, 13, 1:-:8?, :8=), ondsafgradm at js hnt` oniprg`gdsavg jdf usgeuk enr

t`g jro`jgnknmaojk gxpknrjtand ne t`g suhlgot. Js t`g enous ne tàs wnrb as ‐ratujk ejakurg‑, `nwgvgr, jdf ae suo` ondogpts jrgtn hg usgeuk, j rnhust fghjtg as rgquargf, js as snig oniind mrnudf. ]g `jftn ondsafgr w`jt wg igjd hy ‐ratujk ejakurg‑ ad jro`jgnknmy jdf nutkadg `nw atfaeegrs erni jspgots ne o`jdmg nr trjdsenrijtand inrg mgdgrjkky. às hnnb ast`grgenrg jd jttgipt tn jffrgss t`g tnpao ne ‐ratujk ejakurg‑ erni jro`jgnknmaojkpgrspgotavgs. ]g wjdtgf tn gxpknrg ratujk ejakurg t`rnum` jro`jgnknmaojk gvafgdog<

]`jt ojd jro`jgnknmy ondtrahutg> @nw fn wg afgdtaey ratujk ejakurg> Jdf ad turd,gxpknrg `nw t`g ondogpt ne ratujk ejakurg ojd hg gipknygf tn gdrao` jro`jgnknmaojkjpprnjo`gs. Jro`jgnknmy iust gdmjmg wat` tàs fghjtg js at `js rnhust fjtj tn

ondtrahutg. `g pjpgrs adokufgf ad tàs onkkgotand fgindstrjtg pntgdtajk wjys adwào` jro`jgnknmaojk gvafgdog ojd hg usgf tn jffrgss tàs pnwgreuk, ae djsogdt,tnpao.

Xatujks enri eudfjigdtjkky rgsakagdt systgis< t`grgenrg ratujk ejakurg rgprgsgdtsj pjrtaoukjrky gintavg jdf pnwgreuk p`gdnigdnd. às wnrb enousgs nd ratujkprjotaogs js rgvgjkgf t`rnum` ijtgrajk trjogs. `g vjranus pjpgrs gxpknrg t`gejakurg, fasruptand jdf fasondtadujtand ne t`nsg oustnis hy ondsafgradm `nw tàsas rgvgjkgf ad t`g jro`jgnknmaojk rgonrf. J duihgr ne nt`gr ondsafgrjtands enkknwnd erni tàs, adokufadm< ad w`jt wjys suo` fasruptands nr fasondtaduatags noourrgf2w`jt rasbs wgrg ad`grgdt ad ratujk prjotaogs2 w`jt t`g snoajk aipkaojtands wgrg enr

ratujk ejakurg2 jdf ad turd wào` t`gnrgtaojk jpprnjo`gs prnvafg t`g dgogssjry tnnksenr jdswgradm suo` qugstands. Hy enousadm nd t`gsg trjdsatandjk pgranfs ad t`ggjrky fgvgknpigdt nr fgokadg ne j systgi, wg ojd jksn gxpknrg wafgr qugstands net`g djturg jdf nrmjdasjtand ne snoagtags ad mgdgrjk, s`gffadm kam`t nd t`g snoajkondfatands t`jt enrogf nr adtrnfuogf o`jdmg. `grgenrg, jdswgrs tn t`g qugstandne ‛`nw suo` j strndmky hndfgf adstatutand suo` js ‐ratujk‑ ojd ejak’ as usgf ad tàshnnb tn hgttgr udfgrstjdf nt`gr t`gigs js wgkk, suo` js afgdtaty, jdf t`g snoajk,gondniao jdf pnkataojk nrmjdasjtand ne j oniiudaty. às onkkgotand t`grgenrggxpknrgs ratujk gdfadms hnt` nd j t`gnrgtaojk hjsas jdf erni t`g prjotaojk pgrspgotavgne t`g jppgjrjdog jdf fasjppgjrjdog ad t`g jro`jgnknmaojk rgonrf ne t`g rgijads

ne prgvanusky wgkk-gstjhkas`gf ratujk prjotaogs. Xatujk prjotaogs ad jro`jgnknmy tgdftn hg afgdtaeagf jt t`gar pgjb jdf t`grgenrg ad jd jppjrgdtky orystjkkasgf enri._nigtaigs at as ndky t`g jhsgdog ne gvafgdog t`jt adfaojtgs o`jdmg. Ad snig ojsgs,rgkamanus systgis jppgjr tn survavg enr iakkgddaj hgenrg fasjppgjradm nr hgadmrgpkjogf, jdf dgw ratujk systgis ijy jksn jppgjr tn us jppjrgdtky ‐eukky enrigf‑.@nw tn jpprnjo` suo` assugs (jindmst ijdy nt`grs), as jffrgssgf hy t`g pjpgrsad tàs hnnb.

Js j earst jro`jgnknmaojk jttgipt fgfaojtgf tn gxpknrg t`g p`gdnigdnd neratujk ejakurg, t`g gfatnrs ne tàs hnnb faf dnt neegr j straot stggr tn t`g jut`nrs.`g ondtrahutnrs ad tàs hnnb wgrg ndky jsbgf tn rgspndf tn t`g t`gig ne ratujk

ejakurg jdf wgrg mavgd ergg rgamd tn gxpknrg tàs tnpao erni t`gar nwd pgrspgotavg



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jdf t`rnum` t`g prasi ne t`g gvafgdog t`gy sgkgotgf. Js tàs as j ergs` t`gig enrjro`jgnknmy t`g afgj wjs tn kgt t`g jut`nrs gdmjmg wat` t`g ondogpt ne ratujkejakurg erni t`g pgrspgotavgs t`gy egkt wgrg inst prnfuotavg jdf igjdadmeukjro`jgnknmaojkky tn t`gi. Faeegrgdt jpprnjo`gs jdf afgjs jrg tn hg gdonurjmgf js

kndm js wg ojd jksn gxpknrg t`g jrgjs ne oniind mrnudf ‟ t`g pnadt ne rgegrgdogjdf vnojhukjry tn gdjhkg t`g ondvgrsjtand tn tjbg pkjog. `g pjpgrs ad tàs hnnbgxpknrg ratujk prjotaogs erni faeegrgdt pkjogs jdf taigs. _nig prnvafg advgstamjtandsne t`g fydjiaos t`jt rgsuktgf ad ratujk systgis oniadm tn jd gdf, jdf jdjkysg t`nsggdfadms (jdf suhsgqugdt trjdsenrijtands), t`rnum` onihadjtands ne t`gnrgtaojkjdf jro`jgnknmaojk pgrspgotavgs. Nt`gr pjpgrs, wat` ogdtrjk adtgrgsts ad t`gigshgyndf t`g kaiats ne ratujk, hut enousadm enr gxjipkg nd trjdsatandjk pgranfs jdf`nw t`gsg noour ad t`g jro`jgnknmaojk rgonrf, gxjiadg `nw gjrky samds ne snoajko`jdmg ojd hg jttgstgf vaj t`g stufy ne j ‐sgdsatavg adfaojtnr‑ suo` js ratujk. Jkkjut`nrs `jvg wnrbgf nd t`g gxpknrjtand ne ratujk prjotaogs jdf jssnoajtgf snoajk

p`gdnigdj, jdf jdjkysg t`gsg t`gigs t`rnum` jro`jgnknmaojk ojsg stufags ernisatgs wat` fjtgs rjdmadm erni t`g Dgnkatào tn t`g Xnijd, jdf gxtgdfadm erniHjhykndaj tn t`g _onttas` askjdfs. _nig rgojst t`g ondogpt atsgke ad tgris ne o`jdmgjdf trjdsenrijtand inrg hrnjfky, nt`grs wgrg inrg ondeafgdt ad afgdtaeyadm ejakurgt`rnum` t`g gvafgdog.

`g rjdmg ne mgnmrjpàojk jdf o`rndnknmaojk tnpaos, js wgkk js t`gnrgtaojkjpprnjo`gs, ad atsgke am`kam`ts t`g pgrvjsavgdgss ne t`g t`gig. @nwgvgr, js aint`yAdsnkk dntgs (jdf jffrgssgs t`rnum` t`g prnvasand ne ]gst Jeraojd gxjipkgs adtàs vnkuig), t`g ondtrahutands praijraky advgstamjtg Gurnpgjd gxjipkgs (jkndmwat` t`g Dgjr Gjst), jdf tgdf tn enous nd askjdfs. às ijy hg rgekgotavg ne j

hajs nr ne t`g typg ne gvafgdog wào` jro`jgnknmasts eggk onienrtjhkg gxpknradm.Euturg fghjtgs wnukf hg gdrao`gf hy gvafgdog jdf jpprnjo`gs erni jrnudf t`gwnrkf. J rgourradm t`gig t`rnum`nut t`g pjpgrs ad tàs vnkuig as t`jt fydjiaojdf onipkgx infgks jrg dggfgf. `gsg iust ondsafgr faeegrgdt snoajk, mgnmrjpàojkjdf o`rndnknmaojk sojkgs. Jro`jgnknmaojk fjtj `js iuo` tn ondtrahutg tn t`gfgvgknpigdt ne suo` infgks, jdf ojd ondstatutg t`g hjsas enr t`g gdmjmgigdt wat`t`gsg wafgr ondsafgrjtands.

@npgeukky at wakk hg j kndm jdf eruateuk ondvgrsjtand.

Jobdnwkgfmgigdts

]g wnukf kabg tn t`jdb jkk ne t`g ondtrahutnrs tn tàs vnkuig enr prnvafadmstaiukjtadm afgjs, gdonurjmgigdt jdf mgdgrnsaty ne taig. ]g jrg jksn mrjtgeuk tnBjrstgd ]gdtadb, erni _afgstndg Srgss, enr às advjkujhkg muafjdog jdf jfvaogt`rnum`nut t`g puhkaojtand prnogss.



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Xgegrgdogs

Hrjfkgy, X. 833?. J kaeg kgss nrfadjry< `g Xatujkazjtand ne t`g Fnigstao _p`grg ad KjtgrSrgàstnrao Gurnpg. Ojihrafmg Jro`jgnknmaojk Lnurdjk :?<:, 7-8?.

Hrûob, L. :111. Xatujk jdf rjtandjkaty< snig prnhkgis ne adtgrprgtjtand ad Gurnpgjdjro`jgnknmy. Gurnpgjd Lnurdjk ne Jro`jgnknmy 8<?, ?:?-?66.

Mggrtz, O. :1=? R:11?Y. `g Adtgrprgtjtand ne t`g Oukturgs. _gkgotgf gssjys. Endtjdj Srgss.@jiigrsiat`, Kndend.

Bnutrjenura, U.M. 8331. Xatujk ad Srgàstnry2 Fgeadatand jdf Afgdtaeaojtand. XgkamanusAdsam`ts ad Gjrky Srgàstnrao Oyprus. Wdpuhkas`gf S`F `gsas, Wdavgrsaty ne Gfadhurm`,jksn joogssahkg erni t`g Gfadhurm` Xgsgjro` Jroàvg< `ttp<//www.grj.kah.gf.jo.ub/`jdfkg/:068/?800.

Brgadjt` L. gt jk. 8336 (gfs.). `g Fydjiaos ne O`jdmadm Xatujks. `g rjdsenrijtand neXgkamanus Xatujks watàd `gar _noajk jdf Oukturjk Ondtgxt. nrndtn _tufags ad Xgkamand

81, Dgw Qnrb< Kjdm Suhkasàdm.

Byrajbafas, G. 833= (gf.). `g Jro`jgnknmy ne Xatujk . Ontsgd Jfvjdogf _giadjrs ?. OntsgdAdstatutg ne Jro`jgnknmy, Wdavgrsaty ne Ojkaenrdaj, Kns Jdmgkgs.

@ûsbgd, W. 833= (gf.). Xatujk Fydjiaos jdf Xatujk Ejakurg, ad Wtg @ûsbgd (gf.). ]`gdXatujks Mn ]rndm< Iastjbgs, Ejakurg, jdf t`g Fydjiaos ne Xatujk. Kgafgd, Hnstnd< Hrakk,??=-?55.

Xgdergw, O. :107. `g jro`jgnknmy ne oukt< t`g sjdotujry jt S`ykjonpa. Hratas` _o`nnk ne Jro`jgnknmy jt Jt`gds. Kndfnd.

_jdfgrs, L. 8335. _jorjk Kjdfsojpgs. Djrrjtavgs ne t`g Igmjkat` ad Dnrt`-]gstgrd Gurnpg. Wdpuhkas`gf S`F `gsas, Wdavgrsaty ne Gfadhurm`, jksn joogssahkg ndkadg erni t`gGfadhurm` Xgsgjro` Jroàvg< `ttps<//www.grj.kah.gf.jo.ub/`jdfkg/:068/85=:.

Ugr`ngvgd I. 8338. Xatujk jdf ats Advgstamjtand ad Srgàstnry. ad< Mghgk, @.M.B. gt jk. Ijmao Srjotaogs jdf Xatujk ad t`g Dgjr Gjstgrd Dgnkatào, Srnoggfadms ne j ]nrbs`np`gkf jt t`g 8df Adtgrdjtandjk Ondmrgss nd t`g Jro`jgnknmy ne t`g Jdoagdt DgjrGjst (AOJJDG), Onpgd`jmgd Wdavgrsaty, Ijy 8333. _tufags ad Gjrky Dgjr GjstgrdSrnfuotand, _uhsastgdog, jdf Gdvarndigdt 0. Hgrkad< Hgrkad gx nragdtg , 7-63.



::

Enrgwnrf

Adtrnfuotnry t`num`ts nd t`g t`gig ne ‛Xatujkejakurg. Jro`jgnknmaojk pgrspgotavgs’

aint`y Adsnkk :

Adtrnfuotand

`g advatjtand tn wratg snig wnrfs ne adtrnfuotand tn tàs vnkuig wjs mkjfkyjoogptgf, js ratujk ejakurg as jd adtramuadm, adtgrgstadm, jdf addnvjtavg t`gig.Xgkamands jdf t`g ratujks t`jt joonipjdy t`gi jrg hy t`gar djturg praijrakyondogrdgf wat` suoogss. ]`grg ejakurg as j enous t`gd at wnukf usujkky hg ad rgkjtandtn t`g ejakurg ne nt`grs, pgr`jps joàgvgf vaj oursadm nr jotands ne gvak adtgdt. `gsgprnogssgs jrg okgjrky gvafgdt jro`jgnknmaojkky wat`, enr adstjdog, gxjipkgs ne oursgsadoasgf nd kgjf tjhkgts rgonvgrgf erni vjranus Mrjgon-Xnijd satgs, js ad j kjtgXnijd ondtgxt jt ragr, Mgrijdy. Srnp`ykjotao igjsurgs jmjadst suo` adtgdtands`jvg jksn hggd enudf wafgky ad jro`jgnknmaojk jdf jroàtgoturjk ondtgxts ad dnrt`grdGurnpg, wgkk-bdnwd hgadm t`g sn-ojkkgf ‐wato`-hnttkgs‑, ergqugdtky hgkkjriadg,Mgrijd stndgwjrg ljrs nr hnttkgs ne sgvgdtggdt` nr gam`tggdt` ogdturags JF fjtgondtjadadm atgis suo` js arnd djaks, `jar, egkt `gjrts, jdf djak-pjaradms (Igrraeagkf:10=, :?=, :5?-:=7).

Gt`dnmrjp`y eurt`gr adfaojtgs t`jt t`g ijdapukjtand ne suhstjdogs jdfnhlgots pgrogavgf js `jvadm jmgdoy rgours ad t`g pursuat ne t`g ejakurg ne nt`grs.`g jmgdoy ne ‛nhlgotaeaojtand’ as `grg fgeadgf enkknwadm Mgkk (:110, 8:) js snoajkjmgdoy ijdaegst jdf rgjkasgf t`rnum` t`g ‛prnkaegrjtand ne erjmigdts ne ‐praijry‑

adtgdtandjk jmgdts ad t`gar ‐sgondfjry‑ jrtgejotujk enris’. J usgeuk ]gst Jeraojdgt`dnmrjpào gxjipkg ne tàs as prnvafgf hy t`g hnoan, ‛gipnwgrgf ojfjvgr’, jdfhn, dnd-eamurjtavg gipnwgrigdt nhlgots, ne snut`grd Hgdad jdf nmn. `gsg`jvg iukta-eudotandjk psyo`nfydjiao igjdadms, ad pjrt kadbgf wat` jko`giaojkprnogssgs prntgotadm erni jdf ondtrnkkadm snrogry jdf gvak (Srgstnd Hkagr :117),jdf prgoasgky iggt t`g jmgdoy oratgraj prgvanusky fgeadgf. Ojrvgf wnnfgd eamurgs(hnoan), jdf suhstjdogs suo` js hknnf jdf nt`gr nrmjdao ijtgrajks, sgkgotgf jdaijkrgijads (spgoags jdf gkgigdts), jdf arnd wgrg trgjtgf ad vjranus wjys wat` jpjrtaoukjr gip`jsas pkjogf nd hadfadm jdf tyadm ne suhstjdogs jdf nhlgots sn js tn

: Fgpjrtigdt ne Jro`jgnknmy, Ijdsgkf Onnpgr Huakfadm, Wdavgrsaty ne Ijdo`gstgr, I:? 1SK.ai.AdsnkkCijdo`gstgr.jo.ub.



:8

ijxaiasg t`gar jmgdoy jdf prnpgdsaty enr ondtrnkkadm, prntgotadm, jdf oursadm (oe.Srgstnd Hkagr :1172 jdf enr t`g mgdgrjk ijmaon-rgkamanus samdaeaojdog ne hadfadm,Mgkk :110, :38).

`g nhlgots jdf suhstjdogs lust fgsorahgf wgrg gvafgdtky jssnoajtgf wat` ojusadm

ejakurg nr ats prgvgdtand, hut t`g bgy faeegrgdog wat` t`g ijtgrajk fasoussgf adtàs vnkuig as t`jt t`gy eudotandgf js pjrt ne gstjhkas`gf ratujk prnogssgs, dgat`grhnoan, hgkkjriadgs dnr Xnijd kgjf oursg tjhkgts prnvafg adstjdogs ne udondtrnkkgf,adjfvgrtgdt ratujk ejakurg t`jt t`g ojsg stufags ad tàs hnnb, udaqugky, enous upnderni jd jro`jgnknmaojk pgrspgotavg. @nwgvgr, t`grg jrg sggiadmky duigrnusadstjdogs ne udpkjddgf ratujk ejakurg ad t`g jro`jgnknmaojk rgonrf, hut jppjrgdtkydgvgr prgvanusky ondogptujkasgf ad suo` j wjy. Ejakgf, jhjdfndgf, jdf nutfjtgfrgkamands, oukts, s`radgs, jdf t`g fgtratus ne iyrajf ratujks, fgspgrjtg ratujk jotandstn jvgrt ejiadg, fasgjsg, advjsand nr nt`gr ojtjstrnp`gs, t`gsg onukf ondstatutgw`jt as fgeadgf `grg js ratujk ejakurg. Ondsafgradm ratujk ejakurg pnsgs j o`jkkgdmg

tn jàstnraojk jdf stjtao ondstruots ne ratujk prjotaogs jdf rgkamanus hgkages, jdfadstgjf pgriats ratujk jmgdoy jdf j inrg fydjiao pgrspgotavg tn hg jfnptgf adjro`jgnknmaojk adtgrprgtjtand (oe. Onkkjrf tàs vnkuig).

Bnutrjenura dntgs t`g fasoapkadjry aihjkjdog hgtwggd jdt`rnpnknmy jdfjro`jgnknmy ad stufags ne ratujk ejakurg (oe. Bnutrjenura tàs vnkuig). _nigjdt`rnpnknmasts jvg jobdnwkgfmgf jdf stufagf at js j p`gdnigdnd2 jro`jgnknmasts`jvg dnt (g.m. Adsnkk 8336, 83::j 2 Byrajbafas 833=2 ]àtkgy jdf @jys-Makpad 83302Xnudtrgg, Inrras, jdf Sgjteagkf 83:8). Qgt gvgd watàd jdt`rnpnknmy, t`g jkkurgne prgsuigf ratujk suoogss `js hggd t`g fniadjdt enous ne jojfgiao stufy, jdfratujk ejakurg sggis tn hg adergqugdtky jobdnwkgfmgf, jt kgjst ad j fgeadgf enri js

rgprgsgdtgf ad t`g adfgxgs ne t`g sijkk sgkgotand ne sgiadjk Jeraojd jdt`rnpnknmaojktgxts sjipkgf `grg (g.m. Enrtgs :10=2 Mnnfy :1582 urdgr :15=, :1512 Gvjds-Srato`jrf :1?=, :175). às as dnt tn sjy t`jt at rgijads udjobdnwkgfmgf, hutw`grg fasoussgf, js hy Enrtgs :10=) ad rgkjtand tn t`g jkgdsa ne dnrt`grd M`jdj(sgg jksn Adsnkk, IjoKgjd, jdf Bjdbpgygdm ad prgss ), at as jmjad, usujkky, ad t`gondtgxt ne ondsafgradm pgrsndjk ratujk nutonigs rjt`gr t`jd js j fajo`rndaojkkytrgjtgf iukta-sojkg p`gdnigdj js ad tàs hnnb.

V`g t`gig ne ratujk ejakurg

`g pjpgrs ad tàs vnkuig, gxokufadm j ondsafgrjtand ne t`g Dgnkatào Dgjr Gjst, jrgondogrdgf wat` pjrts ne Gurnpg, kjrmgky ad prgàstnry. At wnukf hg adtgrgstadm tn sgg`nw t`g t`gig ne ratujk ejakurg as gxprgssgf jdf ojd hg jpprnjo`gf ad jro`jgnknmaojkondtgxts nutsafg t`g Gurnpgjd jdf Dgjr Gjstgrd ondtgxt, jdf tn tàs geegot, jonupkg ne ]gst Jeraojd gxjipkgs jrg ondsafgrgf hgknw. Gqujkky, t`g rgourrgdog neaskjdf snoagtags ad t`g stufags prgsgdtgf `grg as jksn dntjhkg (Oyprus, Orgtg, Ijktj,jdf jt j kjrmgr sojkg, t`g Hratas` Askgs). Sgr`jps t`gy fn prnvafg j ‐usgeukky oknsgfondtgxt‑ tn gxpknrg ondogpts suo` js ratujk ejakurg (oe. Ijkndg jdf _tnffjrt tàsvnkuig), hut onukf t`g sjig pnadt jksn hg gxtgdfgf tn jd asnkjtgf o`jad ne àkksnr j oaty-stjtg> `g vjrajhkg mgnmrjpàojk jdf gdvarndigdtjk faigdsands ne ratujk

ejakurg dggf eurt`gr gxpknrjtand.



:?

`g ojsg stufags ad tàs vnkuig okgjrky adfaojtg t`g ijdy faigdsands ne ratujkejakurg jdf `nw at iam`t hg ijtgrajkky ijdaegst. Bnutrjenura prnvafgs j fgtjakgfadvgstamjtand ne ratujk prnogssgs ad gjrky Oyprant prgàstnry jdf adfaojtgs `nwt`gsg ojd eudfjigdtjkky o`jdmg nvgr taig wat` ratujk ejakurg uktaijtgky ijdaegst

hgojusg t`g wnrkf ne prgàstnrao Oyprus o`jdmgf jdf prg-gxastadm ratujks saipkyfaf dnt rgekgot tàs, nr jkknw t`g adfavafujks ad`jhatadm at tn gxprgss t`gisgkvgs.@grg, ratujks jrg sggd js gihgffgf ad hgkage, jdf t`gar ejakurg as tùs jd nutonigne o`jdmgf hgkages jdf wnrkfvagws. Ad ondtrjst, ad t`g Oyprant Kjtg Hrndzg

Jmg, Onkkjrf afgdtaeags prnogssgs ne ratujk ondtaduaty jdf dnt onkkjpsg ad t`gjro`jgnknmaojk rgonrf. Inrtujry ratujk as sggd js t`g praijry ratujk gxprgssand,jkkagf wat` t`g ondsuiptand ne staiukjdts, jdf pnssahky kadbgf tn j ondtadujtandne t`g aipnrtjdog ne jdogstrjk vgdgrjtand t`rnum` taig. ]nrkf o`jdmg as jmjadjobdnwkgfmgf, hut gxastadm ratujks sggi jhkg tn onderndt tàs jdf fn dnt ejak, jdfdgat`gr jrg t`gy jhjdfndgf nr rjfaojkky jktgrgf, prnvafadm j faeegrgdt sogdjran tn

gjrkagr Oyprant prgàstnry. J tàrf, iafwjy, hgtwggd ratujk ejakurg jdf ondtaduaty as prnvafgf hy Ijtj‑s

fasoussand ne t`g @groukgs Ijmjsjdus oukt nd Xnig‑s Mgrijdao erndtagr w`grgt`g gvafgdog summgsts t`g enrijtand ne sydorgtao oukts, jdf j `gtgrnmgdgnus ouktaodjrrjtavg rgvnkvadm jrnudf w`jt as fgsorahgf js t`g ‐onkndajk gdtjdmkgigdts‑ net`g Xnijd Xàdgkjdf erndtagr. Oniprniasg as bgy, jdf ratujk ejakurg as sggiadmkyhgadm fgkahgrjtgky jvgrtgf js pjrt ne pnkataojk strjtgmy rgekgotadm t`g tjdmkgfrgkjtandsàps t`jt gxastgf. Ugr`ngvgd jfvnojtgs jdnt`gr fargotand ad summgstadm t`jt‐trjdsenrijtand‑ rjt`gr t`jd t`g tgriadjtand aipkagf hy ejakurg as ijdaegst ad t`gDgnkatào Dgjr Gjst. Srnogssgs ne fasojrf, jhjdfndigdt, jdf fgjt` jrg summgstgf

js pntgdtajk dgw hgmaddadms dnt tgriadjtands, wat` erjmigdtjtand, gdo`jadigdt,jdf nhlgot hanmrjp`y rgkjtgf tn hnt` rgigihgradm jdf enrmgttadm jkknwadm t`ggxpknrjtand ne onipkgx ijtgrajk jdf ratujk kaeg oyokgs ad t`g jro`jgnknmaojk rgonrf.`g w`nkg ondogpt ne ratujk ejakurg as gssgdtajkky qugstandgf.

_jdfgrs saiakjrky, t`num` inrg gxpkaoatky, o`jkkgdmgs t`g ondogpt ne ratujkejakurg ad fasoussadm t`g igjdadm ne t`g Hjkkjoùkas` eamurg ne adfgtgriadjtg KjtgHrndzg Jmg ‟ Arnd Jmg fjtg erni wgstgrd _ontkjdf. `g ondtgxt ne tàs spgotjoukjrjrtaejot as adtgrprgtgf js ndg ne ratujk oknsurg2 ejakurg as fgsorahgf js jd gkgigdt neo`jdmg rjt`gr t`jd js j hadjry adfaojtnr ne ejakurg nr suoogss. às as j t`num`tprnvnbadm afgj hut ndg t`jt wnukf dggf eurt`gr giparaojk suppnrt hgenrg at onukf

hg inrg wafgky joogptgf, gvgd ae at as jppkaojhkg tn t`g jro`jgnknmaojk ondtgxt neHjkkjoùkas` Inss. Giao jdf gtao pgrspgotavgs nd w`jt ondstatutgs ratujk ejakurgdggf jobdnwkgfmadm, hut t`g jro`jgnknmaojk rgonrf, js s`nwd ad tàs vnkuig, fngssggi tn prnvafg snig okgjr ijtgrajk gxjipkgs ne ratujk ejakurg, gvafgdt erni hntàdtgrdjk jdf gxtgrdjk stjdfpnadts.

Ondvgrsgky, Ijkndg jdf _tnffjrt gip`jsasg tgriadjtand jdf ratujk ejakurg adprgàstnrao Ijktj. `gy kadb ratujk ejakurg tn gdvarndigdtjk jdf gondniao fgokadgw`gd ratujk ogjsgf gat`gr tn hg hgkagvjhkg nr geeaojoanus. @gdog t`g hurajk satgs net`g dnw usgkgss jdogstnrs wgrg sojttgrgf wat` pagogs ne t`g tgipkg stjtugs js jdjot ne oknsurg. rjdsenrijtand jdf erjmigdtjtand prnogssgs ojddnt sggiadmky hg

vagwgf ad t`g ondtgxt ne iaf-tàrf iakkgddaui HO Ijktj js j pnsatavg prnogss



:6

gdo`jadadm adfavafujks jdf pnwgreuk jrtgejots (g.m. O`jpijd 83332 O`jpijdjdf Mjyfjrsbj 833=), hut js j fgstruotavg wjy ne hradmadm tn jd gdf snigtàdmadgeegotujk. Xatujk as pnsatgf js kadbgf wat` oukturjk ondtaduaty jdf at ejakgf js jigo`jdasi enr joàgvadm tàs, `gdog at wjs jhjdfndgf jdf t`g jssnoajtgf ijtgrajk

oukturg fgstrnygf.Bnzu` jksn strgssgs t`g kadbjmg hgtwggd ratujk jdf oukturg, jdf oukturjkgxprgssand jdf ondtaduaty, ad earst iakkgddaui HO Igsnpntjiaj. `g ratujkrupturgs fgsorahgf enr Ijktj nr gjrky prgàstnrao Oyprus iam`t hg jhsgdt, watàdstgjf Mnfs stnkgd, nr jfiadastrjtavg hrgjbfnwd kgjfadm tn jd jhsgdog ne t`grgquargf neegradms, hut t`g aipkaojtands ne t`g suhsgqugdt ejakgf ratujks onukf,dndgt`gkgss, hg prnenudf. n t`g gxtgdt t`jt ratujk ejakurg wjs uktaijtgky sggd tngqujtg wat` t`g jhjdfndigdt ne Igsnpntjiajd vjkugs, jdf suhlgot ad t`g tgipkgrgonrfs tn fggp ‐ondtgipkjtand‑. Byrajbafas frjws jttgdtand ad às fasoussand neIadnjd Orgtg tn jdnt`gr bgy jspgot rgkjtgf tn ratujk ejakurg, t`g ad`grgdt gkgigdt

ne rasb gxastadm ad ratujks suo` js favadjtand jdf sjoraeaog, a.g. t`jt t`gy iam`t dntsuooggf. `grgenrg ratujk ejakurg `js tn hg ondogavgf ne jkinst nd j skafadm sojkg negeegot, erni pgrsndjk ejakurg, t`g ratujk faf dnt hradm t`g fgsargf rgsukts, t`rnum`bad mrnup, oniiudaty, snoagty, jdf sn nd. `g bgy pnadt hgadm t`jt ratujk ejakurgiust hg ondsafgrgf js onipkgx jdf iukta-sojkjr.

`g ojsg stufags adfaojtg t`jt ndg adtgrprgtjtand ne, jdf ndg igjdadm enr ratujkejakurg fngs dnt gxast jdf ad suiijry ratujk ejakurg ojd hg sggd js ‟

J w`nkky dgmkgotgf t`gig.

Sntgdtajkky vjrajhkg ad rgkjtand tn mgnmrjpàojk jdf gdvarndigdtjk ondfatands.

Ne vjrajhkg ondsgqugdog sggiadmky fgpgdfgdt nd t`g prjmijtasi ne t`g ratujkjut`nratags jdf pgrogavgf fgmrgg ne t`g ondtaduaty ne ‐oukturg‑ jdf ‐afgdtaty‑kadbgf tn ratujk prjotaog js j w`nkg.

Ojpjhkg ne hgadm fgeadgf ad t`g jro`jgnknmaojk rgonrf tn vjryadm fgmrggs.

Xgquaradm faeegrgdtajtand erni ratujk o`jdmg, sydorgtasi, oknsurg, jdftrjdsenrijtand.

Dggfadm ondsafgrjtand, w`grg pnssahkg, erni hnt` giao jdf gtao pgrspgotavgs.

Iukta-sojkjr, erni t`g kgvgk ne adfavafujk tn snoagty.

Xgquaradm eurt`gr gxpknrjtand ad jro`jgnknmaojk ondtgxts.

Xatujk ejakurg ad Arnd Jmg ]gst Jeraojd jro`jgnknmy

às onipkgxaty ojd hg sggd ad Arnd Jmg ]gst Jeraoj, jdf prnvafadm t`gsgadtrnfuotnry t`num`ts neegrs jd nppnrtudaty tn rgjssgss jspgots ne t`g jro`jgnknmaojkrgonrf ne tàs rgmand enr gxjipkgs ne ratujk ejakurg. Xatujk as j suhlgot t`jt `jshggd prgvanusky dgmkgotgf erni t`g stjdfpnadt ne ‐ejakurg‑ gvgd w`gd t`g sjkagdtratujk prjotaogs jvg hggd jfgqujtgky jro`jgnknmaojkky advgstamjtgf jdf adtgrprgtgf,wào` as, udenrtudjtgky, adergqugdtky. Aiigfajtgky, `nwgvgr, t`gnrgtaojk jdfigt`nfnknmaojk prnhkgis gigrmg jbad tn t`nsg afgdtaeagf jhnvg, js enr adstjdog

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:7

ad, earst, faeegrgdtajtadm hgtwggd ratujk oknsurg jdf ejakurg, nr sgondf, rgonmdasadmt`g adonrpnrjtand ne dgw nr gxntao gkgigdts ne ratujk jdf jssnoajtgf ijtgrajkoukturg t`jt onukf uktaijtgky suppkjdt gxastadm systgis jdf gquapigdt, pgr`jpsgvgd jhruptky, enr rgjsnds ne prgstamg, nr pnkataos, rgkjtgf tn t`g dgmntajtand jdf

ijadtgdjdog ne afgdtatags, hut wào` iam`t dnt hg rgkjtgf tn t`g ejakurg ne gxastadmratujk.Ondjdt (:15?) fgsorahgs t`g kjttgr prnogssgs ad t`g gt`dnmrjpào ondtgxt ne t`g

Lns-Hjuoà Skjtgju ne dnrt`grd Damgraj w`grg ratujk gquapigdt wjs jhjdfndgf,jdf t`g jssnoajtgf ratujks ogjsgf enr vjranus rgjsnds. Enr gxjipkg, enkknwadm Fjss-Hjrjwj, Hjdbjkjwj, jdf Ljrjwj oàgeky ondvgrsand tn Askji ijdy ne t`g tatkg-`nkfgrs wnukf jhjdfnd t`gar ratujk gquapigdt ad t`g hus`2 sjorgf `ng hkjfgs,wgjpnds, pnkas`gf stndg jxg `gjfs, favadadm pjrjp`grdjkaj, jdf fjdog onstuigsijfg ne kgjvgs jdf mrjssgs wgrg jkk kget tn rnt. Jktgrdjtavg aipgtus enr jhjdfndigdtonukf hg prnvafgf hy invadm sgttkgigdt tn j dgw jrgj w`grg j prg-ondfatand ne

nooupjtand iam`t hg t`g pranr jhjdfndigdt ne gxastadm ratujk gquapigdt jdft`g joogptjdog ne t`jt ne t`g `nst oniiudaty, j ejotnr eudotandadm ad `gkpadm tndgmntajtg jutno`t`nd-adonigr rgkjtands.

_amdaeaojdt `grg as t`jt ad dgat`gr adstjdog fn gjrkagr ratujks jotujkky ejak, hutt`g faspnsjk pjttgrds, jssuiadm prgsgrvjtand ad jro`jgnknmaojk ondtgxts, onukf hgadtgrprgtgf js suo`. Xjt`gr, t`g sjig gt`dn-kadmuastao mrnup as jhjdfndadm ratujkjdf ats jssnoajtgf ijtgrajk oukturg enr rgjsnds ne prgstamg, jdf pnkataojk jdf snoajkjooniinfjtand. Mgduadg hgkage ad t`g tgdgts ne Askji hy t`g jut`nraty eamurgrgprgsgdtgf hy t`g oàge iam`t ne onursg gxast (oe. Adsnkk 833?), hut tàs fngs dntgxpkjad w`y t`nsg hgknw ài wnukf jhjdfnd t`gar ratujk gquapigdt js wgkk. ùs

t`g aiigfajtg ratujk o`jdmg rgprgsgdtgf hy t`g fuipadm ne ratujk pjrjp`grdjkajad t`g Lns-Hjuoà jrgj `js tn hg vagwgf js ratujk jhjdfndigdt enr inrg oydaojkgjrt`ky rgjsnds rjt`gr t`jd t`g ejakurg ne Mnfs, ratujks, jdf hgkages. At jksn `js tnhg rgonmdasgf t`jt tàs gxjipkg as ondtgxtujkky spgoaeao. J infgk enr ratujk ejakurgad t`g ]gst Jeraojd Arnd Jmg jro`jgnknmaojk rgonrf ojddnt hg ondstruotgf erniat, hut at sgrvgs tn rgadenrog `nw ojrgeukky adtgrprgtjtand ad rgkjtand tn tàs suhlgotiust prnoggf.

V`g _jn

Okgjrgr adfaojtands ne ratujk ejakurg jrg sggiadmky prnvafgf hy t`g jro`jgnknmyne t`g _jn ne snut`grd O`jf jdf dnrt`grd Ojigrnnd w`nsg àm`pnadt `js hggdfjtgf tn hgtwggd t`g tgdt` tn saxtggdt` ogdturags JF (Kghgue, rgadgd-Okjustrg,jdf Onurtad :103). `g _jn jrg t`num`t tn `jvg hggd t`g adfamgdnus ad`jhatjdtsne t`g jrgjs wgst jdf snut` ne Kjbg O`jf. ‐_jn‑ prnhjhky ijsbs samdaeaojdt snoajkonipkgxaty, hut ogrtjad mgdgrjkatags gigrmg. `gy wgrg ejrigrs, enkknwgrs ne onipkgxadfamgdnus rgkamands, kavgf ad jmmknigrjtgf sgttkgigdts ergqugdtky rgprgsgdtgfjro`jgnknmaojkky hy inudfs, jdf `jf vjryadm fgmrggs ne pnkataojk ogdtrjkasjtand(@nkk :1162 Ljdsgd jdf Mjutàgr :1=?2 Adsnkk 833?).



:5

`g _jn prnfuogf ogrjiao eamuradgs (Kghgue :1582 Kghgue jdf Ijssnd Fgtnurhgt:173), jdf t`gsg jvg hggd adtgrprgtgf js kadbgf wat` gjkadm jdf igfaoadg (Adsnkk83::h, :60), js wgkk js jdogstnr oukts, ‐tntgiasi‑, jdf sparat hgkages rgkjtgf inrgmgdgrjkky tn _jn ratujk jdf rgkamand (Kghgue jdf Ijssnd Fgtnurhgt :173, :80-:81).Eamuradgs wgrg adonrpnrjtgf adtn ratujk prjotaogs enousgf nd w`jt sggi tn `jvghggd s`radgs. Jt t`g satg ne jmn, enr adstjdog, t`rgg eamuradgs wat` ùijd tnrsns,jris jdf `gjfs rgprgsgdtgf wgrg rgonrfgf mrnupgf tnmgt`gr jdf nragdtgf tn t`ggjst. Ndg ne t`g eamuradgs jf hggd pkjogf upnd pjrt ne j eudgrjry ljr joonipjdagfhy enur hjkks ne eargf okjy put jt t`g ojrfadjk pnadts (Eamurg :). Eurt`gr mrnupsne ùdfrgfs ne eamuradg erjmigdts, jdaijks, pgnpkg, ijsbgf fjdogrs, js wgkk jspagogs ne no`rg, stndg ruhhgrs, jdf ejudjk rgijads adtgrprgtgf js t`g rgsafug ernisjoraeaogs jdf neegradms, wgrg rgonrfgf jrrjdmgf ad t`rgg sgia-oarokgs tn t`g safg nejdf hgàdf t`g ogdtrjk eamuradgs (Kghgue jdf Ijssnd Fgtnurhgt :173, 50-=3).

Onipkgx ratujk prjotaogs jdf prgsuijhky joonipjdyadm rgkamanus hgkages jrgtùs jttgstgf hut tàs faf dnt `gkp t`g _jn tn survavg. jmn jdf ijdy nt`gr satgsadfaojtg t`jt t`gy fasjppgjrgf js j rgonmdasjhkg gdtaty. Kjrmg sojkg ojipjamds hgmjdtn hg fargotgf jmjadst t`g _jn, praijraky enr t`g purpnsgs ne nhtjadadm skjvgs, ernit`g dgam`hnuradm Askjiasgf pnkaty ne Bjdgi-Hnrdn ad t`g enurtggdt` ogdtury, jfjtg w`gd t`g earst àstnraojk rgegrgdogs tn t`g _jn jppgjr ad t`g Jrjhao snurogs(Kjdmg :1012 Adsnkk 833?, 8=0). Js j rgjotand tn tàs at wnukf sggi t`jt t`g _jnadtgdsaeagf t`gar ratujk jotavatags js adfaojtgf hy o`jdmgs ad eudgrjry prjotaogs, t`rgg

p`jsgs ne wào` jrg jppjrgdt js, enr adstjdog, ad t`g Bntnbn-Knmndg rgmand. Earst,hurajk ne t`g onrpsg saipky strgto`gf nut eukk kgdmt` ad t`g mrnudf wjs gvafgdt (o.

Eamurg :. V`g ogdtrjk muradg rgonrfgf ad t`g _jn Vjmn satg, O`jf (jetgr Kghgue jdf Ijssnd

Fgtnurhgt :173, 51, :?:).



:=

kjtg twgket` ogdtury JF)2 sgondf, onrpsgs wgrg pkjogf ad j engtjk pnsatand watàdkjrmg pnts (o. kjtg eaetggdt` ogdtury JF)2 jdf tàrf, ljr hurajks fasjppgjr jdf onrpsgswgrg ndog jmjad pkjogf jt eukk kgdmt` ad mrjvgs ( Ljdsgd jdf Mjutàgr :1=?, 12 Adsnkk833?, 8=1).

At as p`jsg twn t`jt as samdaeaojdt ad jssgssadm ratujk ejakurg, t`g ljr hurajk grj,enr t`g prgsgdog ne gxntao mrjvg-mnnfs ad t`gsg hurajks, suo` js aipnrtgf mkjss jdfojrdgkajd hgjfs, summgsts t`jt _jn ondtjots wat` t`gar dnrt`grd Iuskai dgam`hnurs,t`g kabgky snurog ne t`gsg aipnrts, wgrg dnt ndky vankgdt ndgs, hut jksn t`jt inrgpgjogeuk trjfg jdf gxo`jdmg rgkjtandsàps gxastgf. jmn as udenrtudjtgky udfjtgf,nt`gr t`jd tn t`g earst `jke ne t`g sgondf iakkgddaui JF, hut at as dnt aiprnhjhkgt`jt at tnn onukf hg kadbgf wat` tàs p`jsg ne ratujk adtgdsaeaojtand. _uppnrt enr tàsjssgrtand hgadm mavgd hy t`g ejot t`jt t`g fgmgdgrjtand jdf fasjppgjrjdog ne _jn‐jrt‑ enris, suo` js t`g eamuradgs, faf dnt noour udtak t`g saxtggdt` ogdtury. às wjskadbgf wat` t`g tàrf hurajk p`jsg jdf hnt` tàs jdf t`g fasjppgjrjdog/jktgrjtand

ne eamurjk rgprgsgdtjtand jvg hggd adtgrprgtgf js adfaojtavg ne Askjiasjtand (Ljdsgdjdf Mjutàgr :1=?, 1).

`g ondogpt ne ratujk ejakurg `js pgriattgf tàs hrage rg-gvjkujtand ne jspgotsne _jn jro`jgnknmy jdf at wnukf jppgjr t`jt _jn ratujk ejakgf tn onderndt, `jkt, nradonrpnrjtg t`g dgw rgkamand, Askji, ejoadm _jn snoagtags. Gd`jdogf ratujk jotavatagswgrg sggiadmky jttgiptgf tn try jdf joàgvg tàs hut t`gsg ejakgf jdf adfamgdnushgkages jdf ratujk prjotaogs wgrg gat`gr jhjdfndgf, nr pgr`jps sydorgtasgf watÀskji tn vjryadm fgmrggs. J djrrjtavg advnbadm Bjdgi-Hnrdn Iuskai ondqugst ne_jn kjdfs joonipjdagf hy kjrmg sojkg fgstruotand ne _jn s`radgs jdf nt`gr ratujksatgs sggis aiprnhjhkg, adstgjf nkfgr ratujks onukf dnt onipgtg, wgrg jhjdfndgf,

jdf js suo` ejakgf.

Bnij Kjdf

Gvgd inrg onipkgx jdf kgss gjsy tn rgondstruot jrg t`g vjragf rgjsnds enr t`gfgokadg jdf fasjppgjrjdog ne t`g ratujk prjotaogs rgprgsgdtgf ad t`g inudf satgsne Bnij Kjdf ad dnrt`grd M`jdj, hut tàs tnn ojd hg jpprnjo`gf erni t`gpgrspgotavg ne ratujk ejakurg. `g jro`jgnknmaojk rgmand rgegrrgf tn js Bnij Kjdfas satujtgf watàd t`g hjsads ne t`g Bukpjwd jdf _asaka ravgrs jdf onvgrs jd jrgjne o. :33 x :33 bi (Bjdbpgygdm, jdf Dbuihjjd 8331). wn enris ne inudf

satgs `jvg hggd rgonrfgf ad Bnij Kjdf, stndg oarokg inudfs jdf kjrmgr `nusginudfs, snigtaigs wat` joonipjdyadm hurajks. Bnij Kjdf wjs adatajkky t`g enousne rgsgjro` ad t`g :103s hy Ljigs Jdqujdfj` (Jdqujdfj` :110), wat` rgdgwgfrgsgjro` tjbadm pkjog sadog 8335 udfgr t`g fargotand ne Hgdljiad Bjdbpgygdm (oe.Bjdbpgygdm jdf Dbuihjjd 8331), jdf t`g pjrtaoapjtand ne tàs jut`nr ad t`gprnlgot sadog 83:3 (oe. Adsnkk, Bjdbpgygdm, jdf Dbuihjjd 83:8).

`g pgnpkg w`n mgdgrjtgf t`g inudfs wgrg sggiadmky sgttkgf jmraoukturjkastsbggpadm fnigstao jdaijks (g.m. ojttkg, s`ggp, jdf mnjts), jdf prnogssadm ogrgjkssuo` js iakkgt wat` t`g kjrmg duihgrs ne mradfadm stndgs rgonrfgf (oe. Jdqujdfj`:110). `gy jksn wnrbgf arnd jdf prnfuogf pnttgry jdf pjrtaoapjtgf ad trjfg jdf

gxo`jdmg js summgstgf hy t`g sijkk duihgr ne eamuradgs enudf fgpaotadm pgnpkg



:0

rafadm ojigks jdf `nrsgs, jdf t`g sijkk qujdtatags ne trjfg mnnfs (mkjss hgjfsjdf onwry s`gkks) rgonvgrgf (Jdqujdfj` :110, =0-082 Adsnkk, Bjdbpgygdm, jdf

Dbuihjjd 83:8, 85). `g ijad pgranf ne nooupjtand jdf usg ne t`g satgs js hggdfjtgf tn hgtwggd t`g saxt` jdf twgket` ogdturags JF (Bjdbpgygdm jdf Dbuihjjd8331, 8332 Bjdbpgygdm, Dbuihjjd, jdf Adsnkk 83::, 831).

Kabg t`g _jn, t`g pnpukjtands t`jt enrigrky ad`jhatgf Bnij Kjdf prnfuogfokjy eamuradgs. `gsg `jvg hggd rgonvgrgf ad samdaeaojdt duihgrs erni t`g stndgoarokg inudfs, jkndm wat` nt`gr ojtgmnrags ne ijtgrajk suo` js okjy infgks ne ratujk‛mndms’ (Bjdbpgygdm jdf Dbuihjjd 8331, 83:), mradfadm stndgs, ondsafgrjhkgqujdtatags ne pnttgry, snig jdaijk jdf ùijd rgijads, arnd hrjogkgts jdf utakatjrajdjrtgejots, ogrjiao fasbs pnssahky usgf js stnppgrs enr mnurfs t`jt t`gisgkvgs jvg dntsurvavgf, okjy infgks ne mnurfs, jdf sijkk duihgrs ne nhlgots suo` js mkjss hgjfs,

onwry s`gkks, jdf j stndg kap pkum (Jdqujdfj` :1102 Bjdbpgygdm jdf Dbuihjjd83312 Adsnkk, Bjdbpgygdm, jdf Dbuihjjd 83:8). Adatajkky adtgrprgtgf js hurajkinudfs (Jdqujdfj` :110, 08-05), at `js hggd suhsgqugdtky summgstgf t`jt t`gstndg oarokg inudfs iam`t rgprgsgdt t`g rgijads ne s`radgs, iukta-eudotandjk,hut pnssahky utakasgf watàd t`g ondtgxt ne igfaoadg nr `gjkadm, jdf usgf enr t`gfaspnsjk ne pnwgreuk ijtgrajks (Bjdbpgygdm, Dbuihjjd, jdf Adsnkk 83::, 831)

`g okjy eamuradgs jrg ne vjranus typgs2 ùijd, jdaijk, pjrt ùijd jdf pjrtjdaijk, jdf jdt`rnpninrpào ondg eamuradgs (Jdqujdfj` :1102 Bjdbpgygdmjdf Dbuihjjd 8331). Hgsafgs onipkgtg gxjipkgs, ijdy ne t`g ùijdeamuradgs jrg rgonvgrgf ad erjmigdts rgsuktadm pnssahky, ad pjrt jt kgjst, erni

fgkahgrjtg erjmigdtjtand prnogssgs. `g adtgrprgtjtand `js hggd prnpnsgf (Adsnkk,

Eamurg 8. Snadtgf jdt`rnpninrpào muradgs ad-satu, Qabpjhndmn, Bnij Kjdf

(p`ntn. V. Adsnkk).



:1

Bjdbpgygdm, jdf Dbuihjjd 83:8, 63-6:) t`jt hnt` w`nkg jdf erjmigdtjryeamuradgs, jdf sgkgotgf hnfy pjrts suo` js sbukks, ljwhndgs, jdf tggt`, sggi tn jvghggd usgf ad gdo`jadigdt prnogssgs kadbadm bad mrnups jdf adfavafujks t`rnum`jdogstnrs pgr`jps rgprgsgdtgf hy t`g eamuradgs, wào` jksn ijy `jvg hggd usgf ad

ondstruotadm pgrsnd`nnf ne ‐pjrtahkg‑ enri (oe. Enwkgr 8336).`g neegradm ne kahjtands iam`t `jvg hggd j bgy onipndgdt ne ratujk prjotaogfargotgf jt snig ne t`g eamuradgs. Ogrtjad eamuradg enris t`jt jrg pnadtgf jt t`garhjsg, pgr`jps tn ejoakatjtg adsgrtand ad t`g gjrt`, summgst tàs (Eamurg 8). _uhsgqugdtky,ratujk jttgdtand/kahjtands onukf t`gd `jvg hggd neegrgf tn t`gsg eamuradgs vaj jornuoàdm pnsatand (Adsnkk jdf Bjdbpgygdm ad prgss ). Kahjtands jrg jksn summgstgfhy ojvatags snigtaigs pagrogf adtn eamuradgs rgonrfgf sadmukjrky nr ad onihadjtanderni t`g gjrs, dnstraks, inut`, nr tnp ne t`g `gjf (Adsnkk, Bjdbpgygdm, jdfDbuihjjd 83:8). `gsg ojvatags iam`t jksn `jvg hggd usgf enr t`g adsgrtand nesuhstjdogs, pnssahky watàd t`g erjigwnrb ne prntgotadm nr `gjkadm, wào` wnukf

kadb tn t`g prgvanusky summgstgf adtgrprgtjtand enr snig ne t`g inudfs js s`radgs(Bjdbpgygdm, Dbuihjjd, jdf Adsnkk 83::). Sgr`jps jksn, oruoajkky, snig ne t`geamuradgs iam`t `jvg hggd rgmjrfgf js jotavg jmgdts, gipnwgrgf vaj suhstjdogs,jdf jbad, t`num` dnt fargotky jdjknmnus wat` t`g hn jdf hnoan prgvanus fgsorahgf.

Eurt`gr ratujk onipkgxaty as sggiadmky jffgf hy t`g prgsgdog ne harf eamuradgswat` ùijd ejogs t`jt `jvg hggd adtgrprgtgf js rgkjtadm tn gxnroasadm watoòrjet(Bjdbpgygdm, Dbuihjjd, jdf Adsnkk 83::, 8::), jdf hy jdaijk enris t`jt `jvghggd summgstgf js rgprgsgdtadm ‛jdaijk tntgiao enris’ (Jdqujdfj` :110, :71).`g kjttgr adtgrprgtjtand `js hggd qugstandgf hjsgf nd t`g prgoasg gt`dnmrjpàopjrjkkgks frjwd (Adsnkk 83::o , :3:?), hut t`g jdaijk enris onukf stakk hg samdaeaojdt

ad summgstadm syihnkao nr igtjp`nraojk kadbs wat`, prgfniadjdtky, wakf jdaijks(Adsnkk 83::o , :3:?2 Adsnkk, Bjdbpgygdm, jdf Dbuihjjd 83:8).

Wktaijtgky t`gsg onipkgx ratujk prjotaogs ogjsgf jdf t`g jrgj wjs jhjdfndgf,pnssahky erni t`g tàrtggdt`-enurtggdt` ogdturags JF. às rupturg as jksn adfaojtgfhy t`g ourrgdt pnpukjtand ne t`g rgmand w`n jrg udonddgotgf wat` t`g ijbgrs ne t`geamuradgs, jvadm ndky hggd sgttkgf ad Bnij Kjdf enr jhnut :83-:?3 ygjrs (Brõmgr83:3, :). Ujranus rgjsnds `jvg hggd summgstgf enr w`y fgpnpukjtand noourrgf,adokufadm fasgjsgs kabg ravgr hkadfdgss, o`jdmadm okaijtg, nr pgr`jps iamrjtand jsj onrrgkjtg ne adsgouraty ojusgf hy skjvg rjafadm, pnssahky tn suppky dnrt`grd trjds-_j`jrjd ijrbgts suo` js Mjn jdf aihubtu ad Ijka (Bjdbpgygdm jdf Dbuihjjd

83312 Adsnkk, Bjdbpgygdm, jdf Dbuihjjd 83:8, 80). `gsg ojusgs ne fgokadg jdfjhjdfndigdt onukf `jvg eudotandgf sadmukjrky nr ad onihadjtand. Xatujk ejakurgs`nukf jksn hg jffgf tn t`g kast enr at as gvafgdt t`jt t`g onipkgx ratujk prjotaogs jdfhgkages t`jt `jf sustjadgf t`g pnpukjtand enr sgvgrjk ogdturags uktaijtgky ejakgf. Atojd hg summgstgf, jkhgat erni j kjrmgky udvgraeajhkg giao pgrspgotavg t`jt t`g ratujksjdf t`g hgkages t`jt joonipjdagf t`gi uktaijtgky faf dnt prntgot erni rjafgrsjdf iasenrtudg, prnvafg sustgdjdog, nr ourg fasgjsgs. Xatujk ejakurg wjs pntgdtajkkypjrt ne t`g pjobjmg t`jt ondtrahutgf tn t`g fasjppgjrjdog ne t`g ad`jhatjdts ne t`grgmand dnw bdnwd js Bnij Kjdf.



83

Ondokusands

At `js tn hg rgigihgrgf t`jt dnt jkk jhjdfndgf nr fgstrnygf ratujk ijtgrajks nrsatgs, nr adfaojtands ne rupturgf, tgriadjtgf, nr rgpkjogigdt ratujk prjotaogs adjro`jgnknmaojk ondtgxts dggf hg adfaojtavg ne ejakurg, jdf faeegrgdtajtadm ejakurgerni, enr gxjipkg, ratujk oknsurg, iam`t dnt hg strjam`tenrwjrf. Gqujkky, t`gvjrajhkg djturg ne t`g jvjakjhkg gvafgdog as samdaeaojdt hnt` ad jssgssadm ratujkejakurg jdf t`g fgmrgg tn wào` ratujks ad tntjkaty ojd hg rgondstruotgf. às asjppjrgdt ad t`g stufags ad tàs hnnb inst ne wào` `jvg rao` fjtj sgts tn frjwupnd. Enr gxjipkg, Byrajbafas utakasgs Iadnjd aondnmrjp`y t`jt `g fgsorahgs jsfgpaotadm rgjkaty, rgjk gvgdts, rjt`gr t`jd aijmadjry ndgs. ùs t`g adtraojoagsne hukk kgjpadm nr ratujk prnogssand ojd hg gxjiadgf ad prgoasg fgtjak. _aiakjrky,Bnzu` frjws upnd t`g oudgaenri rgonrfs ne Igsnpntjiajd tgipkgs, j snurogjkknwadm j fgtjakgf gvjkujtand ne ratujk ejakurg, pgr`jps dnt pgriattgf vaj purgkyjro`jgnknmaojk gvafgdog.

Gxokufadm aondnmrjp`y nr àstnraojk snurogs, t`g jro`jgnknmaojk ijtgrajk frjwdnd ad tàs hnnb as jksn mgdgrjkky rao`, js wat` Bnutrjenurj‑s gjrky prgàstnraoOyprant ojsg stufy jdf Onkkjrf‑s kjtgr Hrndzg Jmg gvafgdog erni Oyprus t`jtpgriat jd gvjkujtand ne ratujk tn jd gxogptandjk fgmrgg. às jut`nr jksn frjwsupnd twn eamuradg ogdtrgf ojsg stufags js t`gsg tnn gd`jdog t`g pnssahakatags enrratujk adtgrprgtjtand adokufadm ats ejakurg. `g fjtj erni tàrf jdf enurt` iakkgddajHO Ijktj as jksn gxtgdsavg. Jkt`num` t`g rgkajhakaty ne gjrkagr jro`jgnknmaojkigt`nfnknmags jdf adtgrprgtjtands wgjbgds t`g vjkug ne snig ne t`g fjtj erniOrgtg, Oyprus, nr Ijktj (oe. Ijkndg jdf _tnffjrt tàs vnkuig), t`g gvjkujtand ne

ratujk ejakurg, js j ondogpt, ats enris jdf ijtgrajkaty, rgijads tn hg eurt`gr gxpknrgfad inrg giparaojkky o`jkkgdmadm jro`jgnknmaojk ondtgxts. Qgt tàs as s`nwd tn hgpnssahkg, js wat` _jdfgrs‑s enous nd t`g sadmkg eamurg erni Hjkkjoùkas`, t`jt wjsdnt gvgd gxojvjtgf jro`jgnknmaojkky hut rgonvgrgf hy wnrbigd, js `g fgsorahgs,eurt`gr adorgjsadm t`g adtgrprgtavg o`jkkgdmgs ejogf.

`gsg pnadts jobdnwkgfmgf, t`g t`gig ne ratujk ejakurg prnvafgs jd jktgrdjtavgadtgrprgtavg pgrspgotavg enr vagwadm rgkgvjdt jspgots ne t`g jro`jgnknmaojk rgonrf jtiuktapkg kgvgks erni kjdfsojpgs, tn satgs, jssgihkjmgs, jdf gvgd adfavafujk jrtgejots,t`rnum` o`jkkgdmadm t`g (netgd udjobdnwkgfmgf) jssuiptand ne ratujk geeaojoy jdfad sn fnadm ijbadm us tàdb jhnut jdf adtgrrnmjtg nur jro`jgnknmaojk ijtgrajk ad

dgw wjys. At as tùs `npgf t`jt at as j t`gig t`jt wakk hg eurt`gr gdmjmgf wat` hyjro`jgnknmasts ad t`g euturg.

Jobdnwkgfmgigdts

A ji mrjtgeuk tn Ujsakaba Bnutrjenura enr t`g advatjtand tn ondtrahutg tn tàs vnkuigjdf tn Xjo`gk IjoKgjd enr oniigdts nd t`g pjpgr, t`num` jkk grrnrs jdf niassandsrgijad iy nwd.



8:

Xgegrgdogs

Jdqujdfj`, L. :110. Bnij-Huksj. Ats Jrt jdf Jro`jgnknmy . Xnig< Astatutn Atjkajdn SgrK‑Jeraoj g K‑Nragdtg.

O`jpijd, L. 8333. Erjmigdtjtand ad Jro`jgnknmy . Kndfnd< Xnutkgfmg.O`jpijd, L. jdf Mjyfjrsbj, H. 833=. Sjrts jdf ]`nkgs. Erjmigdtjtand ad Srg`astnrao

Ondtgxt . Nxenrf< Nxhnw Hnnbs.

Ondjdt, E.S. :15?. `g Ijdapukjtand ne Xatujk jindm Skjtgju Damgrajds. Jeraoj ??,88=-8?5.

Gvjds-Srato`jrf, G.G. :1?=. ]ato`orjet, Nrjokgs, jdf Ijmao jindm t`g Jzjdfg . Kndfnd<Nxenrf Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Gvjds-Srato`jrf, G.G. :175. Dugr Xgkamand. Kndfnd< Nxenrf Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Enrtgs, I. :10=. Xgkamand, Inrjkaty jdf t`g Sgrsnd. Ojihrafmg< Ojihrafmg Wdavgrsaty

Srgss.

Enwkgr, O. 8336. `g Jro`jgnknmy ne Sgrsnd`nnf . Kndfnd< Xnutkgfmg.

Mgkk, J. :110. Jrt jdf Jmgdoy. Jd Jdt`rnpnknmaojk `gnry . Nxenrf< Okjrgdfnd Srgss.

Mnnfy, L. :158. Fgjt`, Srnpgrty jdf t`g Jdogstnrs . _tjdenrf< _tjdenrf Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

@nkk, J. :116. `g Ogigtgry ne @nuknue ad Dnrt`grd Ojigrnnd (JF:733-:533)<Erjmigdts ne j Sjst _noajk _ystgi. Jeraojd Jro`jgnknmaojk Xgvagw :8, :??-:=3.

Adsnkk, . 833?. `g Jro`jgnknmy ne Askji ad _uh-_j`jrjd Jeraoj . Ojihrafmg< OjihrafmgWdavgrsaty Srgss.

Adsnkk, . 8336. Jro`jgnknmy, Xatujk, Xgkamand. Kndfnd< Xnutkgfmg.

Adsnkk, . 83::j . (gf.). `g Nxenrf @jdfhnnb ne t`g Jro`jgnknmy ne Xatujk jdf Xgkamand.Nxenrf< Nxenrf Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Adsnkk, . 83::h. Adtrnfuotand. _`radgs, _uhstjdogs jdf Igfaoadg ad suh-_j`jrjd Jeraoj< Jro`jgnknmaojk, Jdt`rnpnknmaojk, jdf @astnraojk Sgrspgotavgs. Jdt`rnpnknm y jdf Igfaoadg :0, :67-:55.

Adsnkk, . 83::o . ‛Jdaiasi jdf ntgiasi’, ad< Adsnkk, . (gf.). Nxenrf @jdfhnnb ne t`g Jro`jgnknmy ne Xatujk jdf Xgkamand. Nxenrf< Nxenrf Wdavgrsaty Srgss, :336-:3:5.

Adsnkk, . jdf Bjdbpgygdm, H. Ad Srgss. Xgondstruotadm t`g Jro`jgnknmy ne Invgigdt adDnrt`grd M`jdj. Adsam`ts adtn Sjst Xatujk, Snsturg, jdf Sgrenrijdog>, ad< Nmudfarjd,

J., jdf _judfgrs, S. (gfs.). Ijtgrajkatags, Igjdadms, jdf Infgrdatags ne Xatujks ad t`gHkjob Jtkjdtao . Hknniadmtnd< Adfajdj Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Adsnkk, ., Bjdbpgygdm, H., jdf Dbuihjjd, _. 83:8. Erjmigdtjry Jdogstnrs> Igfaoadg,Hnfags jdf Sgrsnds ad j Bnij Inudf, Dnrt`grd M`jdj, ad< Xnudtrgg, B., Inrras, O.,jdf Sgjteagkf, J. (gfs.). Jro`jgnknmy ne _paratujkatags . Dgw Qnrb< _pradmgr, 87-67.

Adsnkk, ., IjoKgjd, X., jdf Bjdbpgygdm, H. Ad Srgss. gipnrjkasadm Jdt`rnpnknmy. Jro`jgnknmy ad t`g jkgdsa ndm @akks, Dnrt`grd M`jdj . Erjdbeurt< Jeraoj IjmdjUgrkjm.



88

Ljdsgd, L. jdf Mjutàgr, L-M. :1=?. Jdoagdt Jrt ne t`g Dnrt`grd Ojigrnnds< _jn jdf Ejka .Nnstgr`nut< Jdt`rnpnknmaojk Suhkaojtands.

Bjdbpgygdm, H., jdf Dbuihjjd, _. 8331. Jdoagdt _`radgs> Dgw Adsam`ts nd t`g BnijKjdf _atgs ne Dnrt`grd M`jdj, ad< Ijmdjvatj, _., Bntá, K., Hrgudam, S., jdf Afá, N.

(gfs.). Ornssrnjfs/Ojrrgenur _j`gk . Erjdbeurt< Jeraoj Ijmdj Ugrkjm, :1?-838.Bjdbpgygdm, H., Dbuihjjd, _., jdf Adsnkk, . 83::. Adfamgdnus Onsinknmy, Jrt Enris

jdf Sjst Igfaoadjk Srjotaogs< nwjrfs jd Adtgrprgtjtand ne Jdoagdt Bnij Kjdf _atgsad Dnrt`grd M`jdj. Jdt`rnpnknm y jdf Igfaoadg :0, 837-8:5.

Brõmgr, E. 83:3, Earst Dntgs nd Bnij Oukturg . Hgrkad< Kat Ugrkjm.

Byrajbafas, G. 833=. `g Jro`jgnknmy ne Xatujk . Kns Jdmgkgs< Ontsgd Adstatutg ne Jro`jgnknmy.

Kjdmg, F. :101. Srgkaiadjrargs pnur udg @astnarg fgs _jn. Lnurdjk ne Jeraoj @astnry ?3<:01-8:3.

Kghgue, L-S. :158. Jro`ánknmag o`jfagddg . Sjras< @grijdd.

Kghgue, L-S. jdf Ijssnd Fgtnurhgt, J. :173. Kj Oavakasjtand fu o`jf . Sjras< Sjynt.

Kghgue, L-S., rgadgd-Okjustrg, E. jdf Onurtad, L. :103. Kg Masgigdt _jn fg Ifjmj . Sjras<_noagtg f‑Gt`dnmrjpàg.

Igrraeagkf, X. :10=. `g Jro`jgnknmy ne Xatujk jdf Ijmao . Kndfnd< Hjtsenrf.

Srgstnd Hkagr, _. :117. Jeraojd Unfud. Jrt, Ssyo`nknm y, jdf Snwgr . Oàojmn< Wdavgrsaty neOàojmn Srgss.

Xnudtrgg, B., Inrras, O., jdf Sgjteagkf, J. 83:8 (gfs.). Jro`jgnknmy ne _paratujkatags . Dgw

Qnrb< _pradmgr.

urdgr, U. :15=. `g Enrgst ne _yihnks . At`joj< Onrdgkk Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

urdgr, U. :151. `g Xatujk Srnogss . @jrindfswnrt`< Sgdmuad.

]àtkgy, F. jdf @jys-Makpad, B. 8330 (gfs.). Hgkage ad t`g Sjst . ]jkdut Orggb< Kget OnjstSrgss.



8?

O`jptgr :

`g pjssjmg ne ijttgrrjdsenrijtands ne nhlgots jdf ratujk igjdadms adt`g Dgnkatào ne t`g Dgjr Gjst

Ijro Ugr`ngvgd:

Jhstrjot

Nd t`g hjsas ne j fasoussand ne enrijtand prnogssgs, erjmigdtjtand jdf t`grgkjtandsàp hgtwggd ijtgrajk oukturg jdf iginry, tàs ondtrahutand gxpknrgs t`gsyihnkao trjdsenrijtands ne nhlgots ne stndg jdf hndg wat` prnhjhkg ratujk jdfrgkamanus samdaeaojdog ad t`g Dgnkatào ne t`g Dgjr Gjst.

Bgywnrfs< trjdsenrijtands, enrijtand prnogssgs, erjmigdtjtand, iginry, ratujk,Dgnkatào, Dgjr Gjst.

Adtrnfuotand

`g ondogpt ne ratujk ejakurg as ijadky hjsgf nd t`g afgj ne onkkjpsg jdftgriadjtand ne t`g snoajk jdf syihnkao eudotands jdf igjdadms ne ogrgindajkprjotaogs. Jt earst sam`t, t`g sàet erni t`g mgdgrjk usg ne gvnojtavg jdf fniadjdtratujk syihnkasi ad t`g Srg-Snttgry Dgnkatào ad t`g Dgjr Gjst tn t`g gipknyigdtne rjt`gr adondspaounus nhlgots ad t`g suhsgqugdt Snttgry Dgnkatào wnukf hg jd

gxjipkg ne suo` j ratujk onkkjpsg (_aiinds 833=2 Ugr`ngvgd 8338j 2 8338h).8

@nwgvgr, dntwat`stjdfadm ijlnr o`jdmgs, ad t`g Snttgry Dgnkatào snig ne t`ggjrkagr prjotaogs wgrg ondtadugf.? Ad tàs ojsg, jdf A suspgot ad ijdy nt`grs tnn, atas inrg jpprnprajtg tn spgjb ne j trjdsenrijtand adstgjf ne j tgriadjtand ne ratujk.

]at` tàs afgj ad iadf, tàs pjpgr fgjks wat` t`g kaeg oyokg ne (ratujk) nhlgots,pjrtaoukjrky wat` t`g wjy ad wào` ijtgrajks jdf igjdadms wgrg trjdsenrigf.Hrageky fasoussadm enrijtand prnogssgs, erjmigdtjtand jdf t`g ‐nhlgotaeaojtand‑ ne

: XJJS Jro`jgnknmaojk Ondsuktjdoy, t`g Dgt`grkjdfs, ijro.vgr`ngvgdCyj`nn.oni.8 Gxjipkgs ne ratujk nhlgots ad t`g Srg-Snttgry Dgnkatào jrg fgonrjtgf ùijd sbukks, stjtugs jdf kjrmg

stndg pakkjrs fgonrjtgf wat` jdaijks, wàkg ad t`g Snttgry Dgnkatào sijkk ùijd jdf jdaijk muradgs

ijfg ne okjy jrg typaojk.? G.m. t`g usg ne muradgs jdf t`g ijdapukjtand ne (ùijd) sbukks.



86

iginry, tàs ondtrahutand enousgs nd syihnkao trjdsenrijtands ne nhlgots ne stndgjdf hndg wat` prnhjhkg ratujk jdf rgkamanus samdaeaojdog jetgr t`gar ‐earst kaeg‑ ad t`gDgnkatào (o . 0733 jdf 5333 ojk HO) ne t`g Dgjr Gjst (_yraj, urbgy jdf Asrjgk).

Enrijtand prnogssgs

Hrnbgd jdf jhjdfndgf nhlgots (fasojrf jdf rgeusg) `jvg rgogavgf iuo` jttgdtandad prnogssujk jro`jgnknmy (sgg g.m . Hadenrf :10?2 Mnkfhgrm gt jk. :11?2 Xjt`lg jdfIurp`y :1182 _oàeegr :10=), ijadky ad t`g ondtgxt ne t`g stufy ne t`g enrijtandne t`g jro`jgnknmaojk rgonrf, a.g . ne enrijtand prnogssgs. J wgjkt` ne vjkujhkg fjtjjhnut t`g kaeg oyokgs ne nhlgots `js hggd mgdgrjtgf hy t`gsg stufags. @nwgvgr, jdnvgr-gdtùsajstao systgijtazjtand, hjsgf nd j djturjk soagdog jpprnjo`, `js adijdy adstjdogs kgf tn j tnn ramaf enriukjtand ne prgfaotjhkg kjws ne ùijd jdfjrtgejotujk hg`jvanur. Js j ondsgqugdog, jdf fgspatg t`gar aipnrtjdog, enrijtand

prnogssgs jrg dnt rgmukjrky fgjkt wat` jdyinrg. Dgvgrt`gkgss, ijdy jro`jgnknmastsstakk tàdb ad tgris ne trjfatandjk enrijtand prnogssgs t`gnry, js adfaojtgf ad eamurg?. @grg wg sgg j eknw infgk ne t`g kaeg oyokg ne jrtgejots js enriukjtgf ad t`g :1=3shy Iao`jgk _oàeegr (_oàeegr :1=8). J hjsao fastadotand `js hggd ijfg hgtwggdt`g sn-ojkkgf systgiao jdf jro`jgnknmaojk ondtgxts, a.g . hgtwggd kavadm jdf ‐fgjf‑oukturjk systgis. ]atàd t`g systgiao ondtgxt nhlgots jrg prnourgf, ijduejoturgf,usgf, rgoyokgf jdf gvgdtujkky fasojrfgf. Ad t`g jro`jgnknmaojk ondtgxt t`g fasojrfgfnhlgots hgonig rgeusg, wào` fgsamdjtgs t`g gdf ne t`gar ‐kaeg‑.

Ad eamurg 6 t`g enrigr so`gig js hggd jfjptgf, enousadm nd fasojrf jdf rgeusg.`rgg aipnrtjdt jflustigdts `jvg hggd ijfg. Earst, ad nrfgr tn jvnaf t`g ‟ netgd

dgmjtavg ‟ infgrd/]gstgrd onddntjtands, t`g tgris fasojrf jdf rgeusg `jvg hggdo`jdmgf adtn t`g inrg dgutrjk tgris hrnbgd jdf jhjdfndgf. _gondf, js wakk hgs`nwd ad tàs pjpgr, suo` nhlgots netgd ondtadug tn `jvg vjkug ad snoagty2 t`grgenrgjhjdfndgf/hrnbgd nhlgots `jvg hggd adokufgf ad t`g systgiao ondtgxt. àrf, at asadfaojtgf t`jt ‟ kabg jkk tàdms ‟ suo` nhlgots jrg dnt ndky eudotandjk aipkgigdts2t`gy jvg syihnkao faigdsands js wgkk. Ad nt`gr wnrfs, t`gy jrg dnt ndky usgf2 t`gyjrg jksn adtgrprgtgf jdf gxpgragdogf, hy pgnpkg hnt` ad t`g pjst jdf ad t`g prgsgdt.Ad ejot, prgoasgky fug tn t`gar ‐fgjt`‑ jdf (fgkahgrjtg) fgstruotand, jhjdfndgfstruoturgs jdf hrnbgd jrtgejots ijy hg trjdsenrigf adtn aipnrtjdt igjdadmeuk jdfsyihnkao gkgigdts. Inrgnvgr, joonrfadm tn jdaiastao hgkages, ad ijdy oukturgs jkk

nvgr t`g wnrkf ijtgrajk nhlgots, w`gt`gr onipkgtg nr hrnbgd, jrg rgmjrfgf js hgadmvgry iuo` jkavg jdf jotavg, gspgoajkky ad t`g ondtgxts ne onsinknmy, rgkamand jdfratujk (sgg g.m . ]akkgrskgv 833=). `g enkknwadm sgotands prgsgdt snig jpprnjo`gst`jt gxpkaoatky pjy jttgdtand tn suo` trjdsenrijtands js wgkk js tn t`g syihnkao jdfonmdatavg faigdsands ne ijtgrajk oukturg.

Erjmigdtjtand jdf gdo`jadigdt

Ad às hnnb Erjmigdtjtand ad Jro`jgnknmy , O`jpijd (8333) `js jdjkysgf t`gigjdadms ne hrnbgd nhlgots ad prgàstnrao snoagtags ad snut`gjstgrd Gurnpg. Ad

mgdgrjk, erjmigdtjtand nr hrgjbjmg as fug tn jooafgdts, ijy noour jetgr fgpnsatandnr as fgkahgrjtg, netgd rgsuktadm ad struoturgf fgpnsatands. At as aipnrtjdt tn



87

Eamurg ?. Enrijtand prnogssgs< saipkagf nw infgk ne t`g kaeg oyokg ne jrtgejots ad systgiao

jdf jro`jgnknmaojk ondtgxts (hjsgf nd murg : ne _o`agr :1=8).

Eamurg 6. Enrijtand prnogssgs< t`g rnkg ne hrnbgd jdf jhjdfndgf nhlgots.



85

fastadmuas` hgtwggd hrnbgd hut onipkgtg nhlgots (suo` js ad hurajks) jdf hrnbgdjdf adonipkgtg nhlgots. `g kjttgr jrg t`g suhlgot ne O`jpijd‑s stufy. `grg jrgenur trjfatandjk gxpkjdjtands enr t`g prgsgdog ne suo` nhlgots ad t`g jro`jgnknmaojkrgonrf. Earst, suo` atgis ijy hg t`g rgijads ne jooafgdtjk hrgjbjmg, nr jrg hrnbgd

js j rgsukt ne usg. _gondf, nhlgots ijy `jvg hggd fgkahgrjtgky huragf hgojusg t`gywgrg hrnbgd. Gspgoajkky Mjreadbgk (:116) `js jfvnojtgf suo` j vagw, jrmuadm t`jthrnbgd spgoajk jdf ratujk nhlgots ad t`g Dgnkatào jdf O`jkonkatào ne t`g Dgjr Gjstwgrg tnn sjorgf tn lust faspnsg ne, jdf wgrg t`grgenrg fgkahgrjtgky fgpnsatgf. àrf,nhlgots ijy `jvg hggd ratujkky ‐bakkgf‑ jdf t`gd fgpnsatgf. `g rgjsnds enr tàsprjotaog adokufg egjr ne pnkkutand, rgkuotjdog ne rgusg, jdf jvnafjdog ne jssnoajtandwat` nhlgots ne t`g fgogjsgf (Mradsgkk :153). Enurt`, at `js hggd jrmugf hy snigt`jt nhlgots wgrg hrnbgd ad nrfgr tn faspgrsg egrtakaty ad t`g sgttkgigdt jdf atssurrnudfadms (g.m . Ljpjdgsg Lnind eamuradgs).

Jktgrdjtavgky, O`jpijd (8333) prnpnsgs t`jt fgkahgrjtgky hrnbgd nhlgots wgrg

praijraky usgf ad sn-ojkkgf gdo`jadigdt . Gdo`jadigdt fgdntgs t`g suooggfadmo`jad ne pgrsndjk rgkjtands t`rnum` t`g gxo`jdmg ne nhlgots (O`jpijd 8333, 7).6 Inrg mgdgrjkky, t`g dntand as hjsgf nd t`g hgkage t`jt ad ijdy snoagtags ‟ pjstjdf prgsgdt ‟ pgnpkg jdf nhlgots jrg dnt straotky sgpjrjtgf (js ad infgrd ]gstgrdsnoagty), hut jrg oknsgky rgkjtgf adstgjf. Sgnpkg jfnpt qujkatags ne nhlgots jdf vaogvgrsj . ùs pgnpkg jrg nhlgotaeagf jdf nhlgots jrg pgrsndaeagf. Js kndm js t`g nhlgotrgijads adjkagdjhkg t`gsg kadbs ondtadug, gvgd w`gd nhlgots jrg gxo`jdmgf. Ad tàsrgspgot, jdt`rnpnknmast ]gadgr (:118) wratgs jhnut t`g pjrjfnx ne ‐bggpadm-wàkg-mavadm‑ ad j stufy nd gxo`jdmg ad Nogjdao snoagtags. Igjdt as t`g trjdsegr ne snoajkjdf supgrdjturjk vjkugs, wào` ojd hgdgeat gxo`jdmg pjrtdgrs.

J ijttgr ne iginry

`g prnhkgi wat` gdo`jadigdt as t`jt ad ijdy ojsgs (g.m . pnttgry erjmigdtjtand)at as vartujkky aipnssahkg tn fastadmuas` hgtwggd fgkahgrjtg jdf dnd-fgkahgrjtgerjmigdtjtand. `g afgj, `nwgvgr, fngs ijbg us jwjrg ne t`g oruoajk rnkg neijtgrajk oukturg ad t`g ondstruotand ne iginry.

Okgjrky, iginry jdf rgigihrjdog, wào` ojd hg pgrsndjk nr onkkgotavg, jrgtàdms ne t`g ùijd iadf. At as jksn okgjr erni rgogdt stufags, `nwgvgr, t`jtiginrags jrg gihgffgf jdf suppnrtgf watàd j ijtgrajk erjigwnrb.7 ]`gt`gr

ad t`gnrgtaojk tgris at as ojkkgf `jhatus (Hnurfagu :1==), struoturjtand (Maffgds:1=1), nhlgotaeaojtand (Iakkgr :10=), fwgkkadm (Admnkf 8333) nr gdmjmgigdt jdfijtgrajkaty (Hnavad 83302 FgIjrrjas gt jk. 83362 Igsbgkk gf. 83372 Iakkgr gf.

6 Joonrfadm tn O`jpijd (8333, 5), gdo`jadigdt wnrbs js enkknws< Earst, twn pgnpkg advnkvgf adgstjhkasàdm j snoajk rgkjtandsàp jdf/nr jd gondniao trjdsjotand jmrgg nd jd nhlgot jpprnprajtg tnt`g adtgrjotand jdf hrgjb at ad pjrts, gjo` bggpadm ndg nr inrg pjrts js j tnbgd ne t`g rgkjtandsàp.Vg erjmigdts jrg t`gd bgpt udtak rgondstatutand ne t`g rgkjtandsàp as rgquargf. Eadjkky, pjrts ijy hgfgpnsatgf ad j struoturgf ijddgr. Sjrs prn tntn, t`gd, gjo` pjrt ne j hrnbgd nhlgots stjdfs enr hnt`t`g jrtgejot jdf t`g pgrsnds rgkjtgf ad t`g gxo`jdmg. Ad nt`gr wnrfs, erjmigdts ne nhlgots dnt ndkyrgegr tn t`gar onipkgtg enri, hut jksn tn pjst ijbgrs jdf nwdgrs.

7 Js fgdntgf hy ijtgrajkaty , j tgri dnwjfjys ad vnmug enr t`g wgkk-gstjhkas`gf pnst-prnogssujk dntandt`jt ijtgrajk oukturg as jotavg, sgg g.m . @nffgr :108.



8=

8337), at as okgjr t`jt t`grg as jd jotavg jdf fajkgotaojk rgkjtandsàp hgtwggd nhlgotsjdf pgnpkg. Nhlgots s`jpg pgnpkg js iuo` js pgnpkg s`jpg nhlgots. Hy igjdsne adtgrjotadm wat` nhlgots, a.g . hy snoajk prjotaog jdf hy fwgkkadm jindm t`gi,ùijds kgjrd jhnut t`gar spgoaeao trjfatands jdf oukturg. Mavgd ats aiigfajtg

prgsgdog jdf prntgotavg djturg, t`g `nusg as j pradoapjk knojtand enr gdmgdfgradmsuo` bdnwkgfmg (`jhatus), hut ad ejot wg paob up okugs jhnut gxpgotgf hg`jvanurad ijdy nt`gr ondtgxts. Wktaijtgky t`g trjdsiassand ne adenrijtand hy ijtgrajkoukturg jdf nur kavgs jrg hjsgf nd gxpgragdog jdf rgigihrjdog2 ae wg wnukf enrmgtjkk wg gdonudtgr jdf pgrogavg, wg wnukf dnt kavg vgry kndm nr wgkk (sgg g.m . Hutkgrgf. :1012 Ojsgy :10=2 Onkgijd :1182 Onddgrtnd :1012 Kg Mnee :1182 Ujd Fybgjdf Jkonob gfs. 833? jdf ]akkajis gf. 833?).

Gspgoajkky ad dnd-katgrjtg prgàstnrao snoagtags, ad wào` wratadm js j hjsaoadenrijtand systgi wjs kjobadm, ijtgrajk oukturg iust `jvg hggd ne t`g utinstaipnrtjdog enr t`g ondstatutand ne pgrsnds jdf snoagty. Induigdts, enr adstjdog,

js j ijtgrajk prgsgdog ne t`g pjst, rgojkk àstnrags jdf gvnbg iginrags. Js Jkonob dntgs, induigdts jrg j enri ne adsorahgf iginrajk prjotaog , ejvnuradm jondsgrvjtavg trjdsiassand ne oukturjk adenrijtand (Jkonob 8338, sgg jksn Hrjfkgy:110). Adonrpnrjtgf iginrajk prjotaog , nd t`g nt`gr `jdf, fgdntgs pgrenrijtavgogrgindags, wào` mgdgrjtg sgdsnry jdf gintandjk gxpgragdogs t`jt rgsuktad `jhatujk iginry. Gspgoajkky t`g usg ne spgotjoukjr nr frjijtao sgdsnry jdfgintandjk igfaj rgsukts ad t`g orgjtand jdf trjdsiassand ne iginrags. Joonrfadmtn ]àtg`nusg (8336) tàs as t`g rgsukt ne t`g aijmastao infg ne ratujk , o`jrjotgrazgfhy j knw ergqugdoy jdf àm` jrnusjk. Fnotradjk ratujks , nd t`g nt`gr `jdf, jrgijrbgf hy j àm` ergqugdoy jdf knw jrnusjk.

`g jppjrgdtky fgkahgrjtg ondekjmrjtand ne j Snttgry Dgnkatào sgttkgigdt (o .71=3 ojk HO) jt gkk _jha Jhyjf A ad dnrt`grd _yraj js pjrt ne jd gxtgdfgf eudgrjryjdf jhjdfndigdt ratujk as j mnnf gxjipkg ne t`g aijmastao infg. `g prnhjhkyinst aipnrtjdt geegot ne t`g ratujk wjs t`g aiprgssand ne j vgry frjijtao jot adiginry, js t`g gjt, onknurs jdf sigkk prnfuogf hy j kjrmg earg prnvafgf jd adtgdsavgstaiukjtand ne t`g sgdsgs. às pkurjkaty jdf adtgdsaty ne gxpgragdog prnhjhky jksnpkjygf j rnkg nd j onmdatavg kgvgk, js t`grg wjs j sgdsg ne nrfgr, wat` tàdms t`jtwgrg adtgdtandjkky hrnum`t tn jd gdf, hut jksn j sgdsg ne fasnrfgr, wat` jkk t`go`jns t`jt t`g earg gdmgdfgrgf (Ugr`ngvgd 83:3, ?1). Jd gxjipkg ne fnotradjkratujk prjotaog wnukf hg t`g prnfuotand jdf usg ne sijkk eamuradgs, adokufadm t`g

fgkahgrjtg hrgjbjmg ne t`gsg wào` `js hggd jttgstgf jt ijdy Dgnkatào satgs (g.m .Ugr`ngvgd 833=). `g rgkjtavgky àm` ergqugdoy jdf knw jrnusjk ne suo` prjotaogsfngs dnt igjd t`jt t`gy wgrg adsamdaeaojdt wat` rgmjrf tn t`g trjdsiassand neiginrags. Xjt`gr, t`gy wgrg prnhjhky trammgrs enr gintands jdf gxpgragdogs jt t`gkgvgk ne t`g adfavafujk jdf t`g sijkk mrnup.

Fgkahgrjtgky hrnbgd jdf fgstrnygf nhlgots tùs `jvg t`g ojpjoaty tn jot js‐vgàokgs enr gvnbadm rgigihrjdog‑, tn pjrjp`rjsg Lndgs (8336, :5=, sgg jksn Lndgs833=). At as aipnrtjdt tn rgjkazg t`jt at as dnt dgogssjraky t`g nhlgot atsgke, hutt`g jotand ad wào` t`g nhlgot as advnkvgf t`jt as inst samdaeaojdt. Enr gxjipkg,ijdy ogrjiao jdt`rnpninrpào eamuradgs erni t`g Wppgr Sjkjgnkatào Sjvknvajd

(81,333-87,333 ygjrs jmn) ne Ogdtrjk Gurnpg wgrg kget hrnbgd ad eargpkjogs. At `js



80

hggd jrmugf t`jt at wjs t`gar fgstruotand, a.g . t`gar gxpknsand ad t`g earg, t`jt ijfgt`gi igjdadmeuk, adstgjf ne t`gar p`ysaojk prgsgdog, jdf t`jt t`gy wgrg dnt igjdttn hg vagwgf (Ugrpnnrtg 833:). Ad j saiakjr vgad, wat` rgmjrf tn ùijd eamuradgswat` jppjrgdtky rginvjhkg `gjfs jt Dgnkatào Íjtjk`õyûb (o . =633-5333 ojk HO)5

ad ogdtrjk urbgy, Igsbgkk (8330, ?0:) `js summgstgf t`jt t`g pntgdtajk ne eamuradgstn o`jdmg afgdtaty hy igjds ne ijdapukjtand ne t`gar `gjfs adfaojtgs t`jt t`gywgrg pjrt ne prnogssgs jdf dnt lust stjtao enris. _uo` eamuradgs, jdf adfggf ijdynt`gr nhlgots, prnhjhky jotgf js vgàokgs enr stnry-tgkkadm jdf rgigihrjdog, a.g .àstnry-ijbadm (Igsbgkk 8330, ?=1). Js Lndgs pnadts nut, at as aipnrtjdt tn rgjkazgt`jt ijtgrajk oukturg fngs dnt saipky ‐erggzg‑ nr ‐eax‑ iginry tn hg rgojkkgf kjtgr.Xjt`gr, rgigihrjdog as j fajknmug hgtwggd nhlgot jdf pgrsnd, wào` ojd faeegrjoonrfadm tn oarouistjdogs jdf ondtgxts. Eadjkky, A wnukf kabg tn pnadt nut t`jt,jpjrt erni rgigihrjdog, wg s`nukf pjy jttgdtand tn enrmgttadm. ]g s`jkk sgg t`jt,

lust kabg t`g orgjtand jdf ijadtgdjdog ne iginry, jotavatags enousgf nd enrmgttadm

jdf t`g jot ne enrmgttadm atsgke `jvg aipnrtjdt oukturjk aipkaojtands.

_tndgs jdf hndgs

`g jhnvg fasoussand js adfaojtgf t`jt hrnbgd, jhjdfndgf jdf fgstrnygf jrtgejotsojd ondtadug tn `jvg j rnkg jetgr t`gar adatajk ‐kaeg‑. Ad ejot, ad ijdy adstjdogs at asprgoasgky fug tn t`gar ‐fgjt`‑, hrgjbadm, fgstruotand, jdf sn nd, t`jt t`gy hgonigigjdadmeuk. Ad t`g enkknwadm, tàs wakk hg gxgipkaeagf wat` j duihgr ne gxjipkgsne t`g o`jdmadm syihnkao jdf prnhjhky ratujk jdf rgkamanus samdaeaojdog ne nhlgotsne stndg jdf ne hndgs.

_tndgs

Dgvjka Ínra as j satg knojtgf ad t`g jurus enntàkks ad snut`gjstgrd urbgy jdf fjtadmerni t`g Srg-Snttgry Dgnkatào H (SSDH, o . 0733-=133 ojk HO). Gxojvjtands jt t`gsatg jvg rgvgjkgf kjrmg stndg huakfadms t`jt wgrg ijrbgf hy tgrrjzzn eknnrs, adtgranrhgdo`gs, dao`gs, kjrmg jdt`rnpninrpào -s`jpgf pakkjrs jdf kjrmg stndg soukpturgfgpaotadm hnt` uijds jdf jdaijks. Wdfnuhtgfky, wg grg jvg t`g rgijads ne ratujkhuakfadms (@juptijdd :11?2 :1112 833=2 @juptijdd jdf ÕzfnĞjd 833=). `grgwgrg t`rgg suo` huakfadms, wào` wgrg eattgf tnmgt`gr kabg j Xussajd ijtryns`bjfnkk. `g eadjk huakfadm ? wjs sgt watàd t`g wjkks ne t`g enrigr huakfadm 8, wào`sggis tn jvg hggd huakt nd huakfadm : (@juptijdd :111, eams. =-1). Adtgrgstadmky,inst ne t`g kjrmg stndg soukpturg wjs hrnbgd jdf erni sgondfjry ondtgxts, js atwjs enudf gihgffgf watàd t`g wjkks jdf huragf ad t`g hgdo`gs ne huakfadms 8 jdf? (sgg Kao`tgr 833=, ojtjknmug eamurg drs. 15-11, pjmgs 801-813). Enr adstjdog, t`gejinus ‐sdjbg gjf‑ (pjrt ne j kjrmgr stjtug), fgpaotadm j stykazgf uijd gjf wat`j sdjbg jt t`g hjob, wjs enudf ad j dao`g ad t`g gjst wjkk ne huakfadm ?. Kabgwasg,twn sn-ojkkgf harfigd, rgprgsgdtadm orgjturgs hnt` uijd jdf harf-kabg, jf hggd

5 Íjtjk`õyûb fjtgs erni t`g Kjtg Srg-Snttgry Dgnkatào H (SSDH) jdf Gjrky Snttgry Dgnkatào.



81

adonrpnrjtgf adtn j wjkk ne huakfadm ? (Eamurg 7). Jd jpprnxaijtgky ndg-igtrgàm` sn-ojkkgf tntgi pnkg, jmjad ondsastadm ne j onihadjtand ne j ùijd jdf jharf, wjs enudf gihgffgf ad j hgdo` ne huakfadm 8.

At as vgry kabgky t`jt tàs hrnbgd jdf sgondfjraky-usgf stndg soukpturg stgis erni

gjrkagr p`jsgs ne t`g huakfadm (@juptijdd :111, =6-=5). Vg ejot t`jt huakfadms 8 jdf? wgrg huakt watàd t`g onddgs ne prgfgogssnrs, jdf dnt dgxt tn at nr ad jdnt`gr pkjog,strndmky summgsts t`jt t`gy tjppgf adtn t`g pnwgr ne enrigr struoturgs. Vus, prgogfadmhuakfadms jdf t`gar soukpturg wgrg prnhjhky rgigihgrgf enr t`g pgrenrijdogs jdfratujks ojrragf nut watàd t`gar onddgs. Nkf jdf netgd hrnbgd soukpturg wjs àffgd adpkjstgrgf wjkks jdf ad hgdo`gs ne dgw huakfadms. Js Mjreadbgk `js jrmugf (sgg jhnvg),tàs iam`t `jvg hggd fndg hgojusg t`gsg nhlgots wgrg tnn samdaeaojdt tn hg igrgkyfaspnsgf. At as js ae t`g dgw struoturgs dggfgf tn hg ‐adlgotgf‑ wat` t`g ratujk pnwgr neenrigr struoturgs. _nig ne t`g soukpturg wjs prgsgdt hut advasahkg. @nwgvgr, ae snigtàdmas advasahkg at fngs dnt enkknw t`jt at as enrmnttgd. Xjt`gr at igjds t`jt ndky pgnpkg w`n

gxpgragdogf t`g nramadjk soukpturg jdf t`nsg w`n adonrpnrjtgf at adtn dgw huakfadmsbdgw jhnut at jdf rgigihgrgf at. Vus, àfadm tàdms jdf jots ne sgorgoy ijy `jvgjffgf tn t`g iytào pnwgr ne nhlgots jdf huakfadms. _nig ne t`g soukpturg jppjrgdtkydggfgf tn hg hnt` rgigihgrgf jdf enrmnttgd. Sgr`jps tn hg enrmnttgd hy t`g puhkao jdftn hg rgigihgrgf hy rgkamanus spgoajkasts>

Js tàs gxjipkg s`nws, iginry jdf enrmgttadm ojd jppky tn t`g sjig ondtgxt.Ad nt`gr wnrfs< faeegrgdt iginrajk prjotaogs ijy hg jt wnrb jt jdy ndg taig.Inrgnvgr, t`g sjig nhlgots ijy `jvg advnbgf faeegrgdt gxpgragdogs jdf iginrags.Ad tàs rgspgot, t`g ratujk huakfadms jt Dgvjka Ínra `jf sgvgrjk jihamunus jspgots.Earst, t`grg wjs t`g igrmadm ne t`g nkf jdf t`g dgw ad jroàtgoturg js wgkk js ad

soukpturg. `gd t`grg wjs snig soukpturg t`jt wjs ne jd jihamunus djturg, hnt`

Eamurg 7. V`g ‐harfijd‑ erni Dgvjka Ínra, wào` wjs gihgffgf ad j stndg hgdo` nd t`g gjst

safg ne t`g inst rgogdt p`jsg (AAA) ne t`g ratujk huakfadm jt t`g satg. V`g twn prntrusands jt t`g

erndt jrg mgdgrjkky adtgrprgtgf js enkfgf wadms. Iaffkg SSDH, o. 0733-=173 ojk HO. @gam`t<

8?.: oi, waft`< ::.5 oi. Xgfrjwd erni murg :8 erni @juptijdd :111.



?3

ùijd jdf jdaijk. Eadjkky, snig ne t`g soukpturg wjs prgsgdt hut advasahkg. `gsgondtrjfaotnry jspgots, sn typaojk ne ratujk prjotaog, jdf gspgoajkky t`gar rgigihgrgfàstnry wnukf `jvg ijfg t`g huakfadms spgoajk jdf pnwgreuk.

Hndgs Jpjrt erni nhlgots ne stndg, ùijd jdf jdaijk hndgs= wgrg usgf ad ijdy faffigrgdtwjys enr syihnkao jdf, vgry kabgky, ratujk purpnsgs. Earst ne jkk, hurajks ne ùijds jdf/nr jdaijks s`nukf hg igdtandgf js noojsands enr jkk badfs ne ogrgindags wào` wgrgprnhjhky praijraky rgkjtgf tn jdogstnrs. Vas dggf dnt hg gkjhnrjtgf upnd `grg.

Jdnt`gr, quatg frjijtao, gxjipkg ne t`g ratujk usg ne hndgs as t`g wafg-sprgjfgvafgdog enr t`g ijdapukjtand ne ùijd sbukks ad t`g Srg-Snttgry jdf noojsandjkky t`gSnttgry Dgnkatào, js j s`nrt-`jdf netgd tgrigf t`g sbukk oukt. `g gvafgdog ondsasts nesbukk rginvjk, sbukk ojoàdm, sbukk fgonrjtand jdf sbukk fgenrijtand. Sgr`jps instadtramuadm jrg t`g fgonrjtgf sbukks< hy igjds ne g.m . pkjstgr, onkkjmgd, pjadt jdfonwrag s`gkks js gygs t`gsg sbukks wgrg prnhjhky igjdt tn pnrtrjy jdf oniiginrjtgt`g fgogjsgf (Hagdgrt :11:2 Hndnmnesby 833:). _bukks wgrg prnhjhky gspgoajkky`ndnurgf hgojusg ne t`gar vatjk pnwgrs nr kaeg enrog, snigtàdm wào` `js hggdfnouigdtgf ad j `nst ne gt`dnmrjpào stufags (Ugr`ngvgd 8338j ). _gg enr gxjipkgw`jt _iaft (:11?, 8:) wratgs nd trjfatandjk adatajtand ratujks ne t`g Jsijt, w`nkavg ad t`g onjstjk swjip enrgsts ne snut`wgst Dgw Muadgj<

‐At wjs aipnssahkg enr hnys tn hgonig igd wat`nut tjbadm j `gjf. J ijd‑s vatjkstrgdmt` as sjaf tn hg pjrtaoukjrky prgsgdt ad t`g sbukk, jdf t`g kaeg enrog ne jdnt`gr

prnvafgf t`g gdgrmy dgogssjry enr j hny tn ijbg t`g luip tn ijd`nnf. Adatajtand

trjfatandjkky tnnb pkjog dnt kndm jetgr t`g hnys `gjf-ùdtadm rjaf. Jt ndg stjmg adt`g mrnup ogrgindy, gjo` ne t`g hnys `gkf j rgogdtky sgvgrgf sbukk ad erndt ne àsornto`, jdf igfatjtgf nd at. Jt tàs stjmg, t`g ynudm ijd wjs mavgd t`g `gjf-ùdtgf gdgiy‑s djig, jdf às vatjk strgdmt` jssaiakjtgf adtn t`g mrnup. n gdsurgt`g afgdtaojtand hgtwggd adatajtg jdf vaotai wjs js oknsg js pnssahkg, t`g hnyigfajtgf nd t`g `gjf enr twn nr t`rgg fjys, jdf wjs jksn ruhhgf wat` t`g vaotai‑shknnf jdf às hurdgf `jar. Vgsg jots wgrg j trahutg tn t`g pnwgr ne t`g gdgiy‑.

`grg as jotujkky dn gvafgdog enr `gjf-ùdtadm ad t`g Dgnkatào Dgjr Gjst2 t`ggxjipkg sgrvgs tn akkustrjtg t`g spgoajk samdaojdog wào` as netgd jttjo`gf tn ùijd`gjfs. Ad ejot, ad tàs pgranf t`grg wjs j prgnooupjtand wat` `gjfs, `gjf rginvjk jdf

oaroukjtand (‐`gjfgfdgss‑, oe . Igsbgkk 8330, sgg jksn @nffgr jdf Igsbgkk 83::) ne hnt`ùijds jdf jdaijks.

Js tn t`g `gjfs ne jdaijks, t`g sbukks jdf/nr `nrds ne ojttkg (huorjdaj ) wgrg netgdbgpt ad Dgnkatào huakfadms. Gspgoajkky Íjtjk`õyûb as ejinus enr tàs prjotaog. Inst net`g ojttkg `nrds jt t`g satg onig erni kjrmg ijkg wakf jdaijks, ne wào` t`g pnstorjdajkrgijads wgrg o`jrjotgrastao ne spgoajk egjstadm fgpnsats. Vas summgsts t`jt ojttkg `nrdswgrg bgpt jdf faspkjygf ad oniiginrjtand ne t`g ùdtadm, skjum`tgr jdf ondsuiptandne kjrmg jdf fjdmgrnus jdaijks, wào` wnukf `jvg gdfnwgf ùdtgrs jdf egjstgrs watòndsafgrjhkg stjtus (wass jdf Xussgkk 8331, ?3). Gspgoajkky hukk `nrds wgrg faspkjygf

= ‐Hndgs‑ fgsamdjtg jkk sbgkgtjk pjrts, adokufadm sbukks jdf nrds.



?:

nd pkjtenris jdf wjkks< sgg murg 5. @nwgvgr, at jppgjrs t`jt ijdy adstjkkgf `nrds wgrgadvasahky adtgmrjtgf adtn t`g jroàtgoturg js wgkk. Jt nt`gr Dgnkatào satgs0 ojttkg `nrds

wgrg jksn ondogjkgf ad nr udfgr wjkks, nnrs jdf hgdo`gs (Xussgkk 8331, 83). Vus, hnt`faspkjy jdf ondogjkigdt pkjygf j rnkg. Sgr`jps faspkjy (oniiginrjtand) praijrakyenousgf nd fargotky jffigotadm pgnpkg (prnintand ne stjtus), wàkg àfadm (enrmgttadm)jdf ‐adtgranrazjtand‑ jaigf jt t`g trjdsiassand ne t`g pnwgr ne `gjfs jdf `nrds tn t`ghuakfadms jdf t`g prnfuotand ne sgorgt bdnwkgfmg ne ratujk spgoajkasts>1 Ojttkg nrds wgrgpjrtaoukjrky ejvnurgf enr syihnkao purpnsgs, hut nrds ne nt`gr jdaijks wgrg noojsandjkkyusgf js wgkk. Jt gkk _jha Jhyjf, enr adstjdog, t`g `nrds ne wakf s`ggp wgrg adokufgf adj sgrags ne kjrmg nvjk nhlgots ne okjy t`jt surrnudfgf twn fgjf hnfags nd t`g rnne ne jhuakfadm. Vgsg ‐indstgrs‑ pkjygf j rnkg ad t`g jkrgjfy igdtandgf ratujk ondjmrjtand nej sgttkgigdt, jppjrgdtky js pjrt ne j fgjt` jdf jhjdfndigdt ratujk.

Eadjkky, A wnukf kabg tn igdtand t`g vjranus jssnoajtands hgtwggd ùijd jdf jdaijkhndgs jt t`g SSDH satg ne Bejr @j`nrgs` (0733-5=73 ojk HO) knojtgf ad dnrt`grdAsrjgk. `g satg wjs prnhjhky j inrtujry ogdtrg, mavgd t`g ejot t`jt ad jkk t`g jrgjs negxojvjtand quatg udusujk jdf spgotjoukjr rgijads ne eudgrjk ogrgindags `jvg hggdgdonudtgrgf. Ad t`g sn-ojkkgf Hns pat t`g hndgs ne gam`t jurno`s wgrg fgpnsatgfjetgr t`gar igjt `jf hggd ondsuigf, prnhjhky js pjrt ne j eudgrjry egjst. `gpat wjs t`gd onvgrgf hy j ùijd hurajk wào` wjs pkjstgrgf nvgr. Jetgr j wàkg,t`g sbukk wjs rginvgf. `g jurno`s sbukks wgrg jksn jhsgdt (Mnradm-Inrras jdf

0 G.m . Iurgyhgt, @jkukj, ‐Jhr ?, Flj‑fg ad _yraj jdf Maddam ad Arjq.

1 Ojttkg `nrds jt Íjtjk`õyûb jdf nt gr satgs wgrg enudf ad faffigrgdt ondtgxts jdf fgpnsats, prnhjhky adfaojtadmt`jt t`gy pkjygf syihnkao bgy rnkgs ad j vjragty ne ratujks (wass jdf Xussgkk 8331, 802 @nffgr, gf. 83::).

Eamurg 5. Sakkjrs wat` `nrd onrgs ne wakf hukks nd t`g dnrt`gjstgrd pkjtenri ad huakfadm == ad

jrgj 6363 jt t`g Gjst inudf jt Íjtjk`õyûb, js gxojvjtgf ad 83:3. Gjrky Ogrjiao Dgnkatào, o.

=633-5333 ojk HO. © Íjtjk`õyûb Xgsgjro` Srnlgot, p`ntn hy Ljsnd Zuadkjd.



?8

@nrwatz 833=). Jppjrgdtky t`grg wjs j spgoajk ondogrd wat` gstjhkasàdm rgkjtandshgtwggd uijds jdf jdaijks, js jksn adfaojtgf hy j wgkk-prgsgrvgf uijd pkjstgrgfsbukk, wào` wjs enudf lust jhnvg j onipkgtg hut `gjfkgss mjzgkkg ojrojss. Jdnt`grsuo` t`grajdt`rnpao ondtgxt as rgprgsgdtgf hy j pat ad wào` instky ùijd kndm

hndgs `jf hggd adtgdtandjkky jrrjdmgf ad suo` j ijddgr t`jt w`gd vagwgf ernijhnvg t`gy fgpaotgf jd jdaijk ad prneakg, pnssahky j wakf hnjr, jd jurno`s, nr jkand (Mnradm-Inrras 83332 8330). `gsg spgoajk jssnoajtands ne ùijd jdf jdaijkhndgs ijy jppgjr vgry strjdmg jt earst sam`t, jdf t`g prgoasg igjdadms gkufg us,hut ad j mgdgrjk sgdsg suo` usg ne hnt` jdaijk jdf ùijd hndgs wjs ndg ne t`ghgst wjys tn syihnkazg t`g kadbs hgtwggd t`g rgkjtgf fnijads ne egjstadm, fgjt`,ùijds jdf jdaijks. Ndg ojtgmnry, hndg, hnt` typaeagf jdf rgkjtgf t`gsg faeegrgdtprnogssgs jdf hgadms.

@gjfs jdf `nrds

Dntwat`stjdfadm t`g iuktatufg ne syihnkao gxprgssands jdf igjdadms, A hgkagvgt`jt t`grg as j mgdgrjk rgjsnd enr t`g syihnkao, ratujk jdf rgkamanus aipnrtjdog nehndgs. Hndgs jrg t`g ijtgrajk rgijads ne ndog kavadm hgadms. às as j vgry hjsaonhsgrvjtand, hut at ijbgs us jwjrg ne t`g pgoukajr stjtus ne hndgs< t`gy jrg pjrt nehnt` t`g kavadm jdf t`g fgjf. `g hndgs ne jdaijks, spgoaeaojkky ijiijks, rgegr tnspgoags t`jt jrg hnt` oknsg tn jdf faeegrgdt erni uijds. Hndgs jrg t`g furjhkg jdfsurvavadm rgijads ne inrtjk hnfags. Inrgnvgr, t`gy rgegr tn ùijds jdf jdaijkst`jt jrg dn kndmgr t`grg, hut wat` w`ni pgnpkg iam`t jvg jf oknsg jdf pgrsndjkgxpgragdogs. Ad nt`gr wnrfs, t`gy pkjy j ijlnr rnkg ad t`g ondstruotand ne pgrsndjk

jdf onkkgotavg iginry. Js wg `jvg sggd, snig sbgkgtjk rgijads wgrg gspgoajkky ejvnurgf, vaz . sbukksjdf `nrds. ]àkg t`g nhlgotavgs enr jdf igjdadms ne tàs prgegrgdtajk trgjtigdtijy `jvg hggd vjragf, t`g wafgsprgjf usg ad faeegrgdt rgmands jdf jt faeegrgdttaigs strndmky summgsts snig udfgrkyadm intavg. A wnukf jrmug t`jt at `jf iuo`tn fn wat` t`g ejot t`jt t`g `gjf as t`g ijad igjds ne pgrogavadm t`g wnrkf jdfne oniiudaojtadm wat` t`g gdvarndigdt. At as jksn t`g knojtand ne t`g gdamijtaohrjad. Ad ejot, js wg jvg sggd, ad ijdy oukturgs t`g gjf as tjbgd tn hg t`g knous net`g vatjk pnwgr nr kaeg enrog ne hgadms. `g `gjf as jksn t`g inst pgrsndjk jspgot nej hnfy jdf t`g ijad knous ne afgdtaty. At as t`g earst jdf inst aiigfajtg gkgigdt ne

gdonudtgr jdf rgonmdatand, ad wào` gspgoajkky t`g gygs pkjy j pavntjk rnkg. _bukks,t`grgenrg, jrg pnwgreuk jdf fniadjdt syihnks2 t`g ejog ne fgjt` wat` kjrmg nkknw‐gygs‑ jdf mraddadm tggt` `js adspargf pgnpkg jkk nvgr t`g wnrkf, erni prgàstnrytn t`g prgsgdt fjy. Kabgwasg, jdaijk `nrds jrg pjrtaoukjrky onipgkkadm syihnks(g.m . Xaog:110). ]gkk-fgvgknpgf `nrds samdaey t`g pnwgr ne jdaijks jdf tn ojpturgt`gsg `nrds, g.m . hy ùdtadm, as j samd ne suoogss jdf onurjmg ad ijdy oukturgs.Inrgnvgr, js nppnsgf tn inst nt`gr ijiijk hndgs, `nrds jrg vgry aondaojk jdfaiigfajtgky samdaey pjrtaoukjr jdaijks (g.m . hukks, s`ggp, mnjts). Enr adstjdog, t`gbakkadm jdf oniiudjk ondsuiptand ne kjrmg hukks ad egjsts jdf pjrtaoukjrky t`gprgstamg ne t`g egjst mavgr(s) as inst geegotavgky syihnkazgf hy faspkjyadm t`g `nrds

ne t`g jdaijks.



??

]g jvg sggd t`jt t`g syihnkao pnwgr ne hndgs wjs jotavgky usgf jdf ijdapukjtgfad t`g Dgnkatào Dgjr Gjst. `g trjdsenrijtands erni (:) kavadm hgadms tn (8) fgjfhnfags tn (?) hndgs tn (6) adonrpnrjtand ad t`g wnrkf ne t`g kavadm igjdt t`jthndgs onukf hg pjrts ne hnt` kaeg jdf fgjt`. Kabg t`g rg-usgf stndg nhlgots, hndgs

kadbgf t`g pjst tn t`g prgsgdt. `gy wgrg jindm t`g inst fargot jdf pnwgreukijtgrajkazjtands ne àstnry jdf ne rgigihrjdog ne rgkjtavgs jdf nt`gr hgadms t`jts`jpgf t`g wnrkf.

Ondokusand

A `npg tn `jvg s`nwd t`jt ‐gdfadms‑ kabg fgjt`, fasojrf, jhjdfndigdt, jdf snnd, s`nukf ad ijdy ojsgs dnt hg pgrogavgf js tgriadjtands nr ejakurgs, hut jstrjdsenrijtands, nr hgmaddadms ne snigtàdm dgw. Dntands ne gdo`jadigdt,adsorahgf iginrajk prjotaog, adonrpnrjtgf ijtgrajk prjotaog, aijmastao infgs ne

ratujk jdf t`g vjranus gxjipkgs ne t`g ‐oukturjk hanmrjpàgs‑ (Bnpytnee :105) ne‟ ratujk ‟ nhlgots ne stndg jdf hndg `jvg ijfg at okgjr t`jt tàdms ojd `jvg ijdykaeg oyokgs jdf t`jt t`gy ad ejot ojd hgonig gxtrj igjdadmeuk jetgr t`gar ‐earst kavgs‑.`gar ijtgrajk prgsgdog, t`gar àstnry jdf t`g aijmgs jdf iginrags t`gy gvnbgjrg jkk pjrt ne t`g onipkgx wgh ne pjst, prgsgdt jdf euturg rgkjtands ne hgadms jdftàdms. Xatujks jrg jindm t`g inst aipnrtjdt igo`jdasis enr mgttadm j mrap nd tàsonipkgxaty, js t`gy prnvafg igjds enr gxpkjadadm, udfgrstjdfadm jdf rgmukjtadmsnoagty jdf onsins (g.m . Mut`rag :11?). Ad nt`gr wnrfs, t`gy joonipjdy t`gpjssjmg ne taig jdf t`g trjdsenrijtand ne ijttgr jdf t`num`t. Ad j wjy, t`rnum`ratujk t`g pjst dgvgr gdfs.

Jobdnwkgfmgigdts

A wnukf kabg tn t`jdb Ujsakaba Bnutrjenura enr advatadm ig tn puhkas` ad tàsvnkuig. Jds Hukkgs onrrgotgf t`g Gdmkas` tgxt. Iabbn Bragb ijfg t`g frjwadm net`g ‐harfijd‑.



?6

Xgegrgdogs

Jkonob, _. 8338. Jro`jgnknmags ne t`g Mrggb pjst< kjdfsojpg, induigdts, jdf iginrags .Ojihrafmg< Ojihrafmg Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Hagdgrt, @.F. :11:. _bukk oukt ad t`g prgàstnrao Dgjr Gjst. Lnurdjk ne Srgàstnrao Xgkamand 7, 1-:?.

Hadenrf, K.X. :10?. Ad pursuat ne t`g pjst< fgonfadm t`g jro`jgnknmaojk rgonrf . Kndfnd<`jigs jdf @ufsnd.

Hndnmnesby, I. 833:. Jd nstgn-jro`jgnknmaojk gxjiadjtand ne t`g jdogstnr oukt furadmt`g Srg-Snttgry Dgnkatào H pgranf ad t`g Kgvjdt . Jdd Jrhnr< Wdavgrsaty IaorneakisAdtgrdjtandjk.

Hrjfkgy, X. :110. `g samdaeaojdog ne induigdts< nd t`g s`jpadm ne ùijd gxpgragdog adDgnkatào jdf Hrndzg Jmg Gurnpg . Kndfnd< Xnutkgmg.

Hnurfagu, S. :1==. Nutkadg ne j t`gnry ne prjotaog . Ojihrafmg< Ojihrafmg WdavgrsatySrgss.

Hutkgr, . :101 (gf). Iginry< àstnry, oukturg jdf t`g iadf . Nxenrf< Hkjobwgkk.

Ojsgy, G._. :10=. Xgigihgradm< j p`gdnigdnknmaojk stufy . Hknniadmtnd< Adfajdj< WdavgrsatySrgss.

O`jpijd, L. 8333. Erjmigdtjtand ad jro`jgnknmy< pgnpkg, pkjogs jdf hrnbgd nhlgots ad t`g prgàstnry ne _nut` Gjstgrd Gurnpg . Kndfnd jdf Dgw Qnrb< Xnutkgfmg.

Onkgijd, L. :118. Jdoagdt jdf igfagvjk iginrags< stufags ad t`g rgondstruotand ne t`g pjst .Ojihrafmg< Ojihrafmg Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Onddgrtnd, S. :101. @nw snoagtags rgigihgr . Ojihrafmg< Ojihrafmg Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

FgIjrrjas, G., O. Mnsfgd, O. jdf Xgdergw, O. 8336 (gfs.). Xgtàdbadm ijtgrajkaty< t`ggdmjmgigdt ne iadf wat` t`g ijtgrajk wnrkf . Ojihrafmg< IoFndjkf Adstatutg enr

Jro`jgnknmaojk Xgsgjro`.

Mjreadbgk, Q. :116. Xatujk hurajk ne ouktao nhlgots< t`g gjrkagst gvafgdog. Ojihrafmg Jro`jgnknmaojk Lnurdjk 6/8, :71-:00.

Maffgds, J. :1=1. Ogdtrjk prnhkgis ad snoajk t`gnry< jotand, struoturg jdf ondtrjfaotand adsnoajk jdjkysas . Hgrbgkgy< Wdavgrsaty ne Ojkaenrdaj Srgss.

Mnkfhgrm, S., Djs`, F.. jdf Sgtrjmkaj, I.F. :11? (gfs.). Enrijtand prnogssgs adjro`jgnknmaojk ondtgxt . Ijfasnd< Srgàstnry Srgss.

Mnradm-Inrras, J.D. 8333. `g quaob jdf t`g fgjf< t`g snoajk ondtgxt ne jogrjiaoDgnkatào inrtujry prjotaogs js sggd erni Bejr @j`nrgs`, ad< Bualt, A. (gf.). Kaeg adDgnkatào ejriadm oniiudatags< snoajk nrmjdazjtand, afgdtaty, jdf faeegrgdtajtand. Dgw

Qnrb< Bkuwgr Jojfgiao/Skgdui Suhkas`grs, :3?-:?7.

Mnradm-Inrras, J.D. 8330. Bgejr @j-@nrgs`, ad< _tgrd, G. (gf.). `g dgw gdoyoknpgfaj nejro`jgnknmaojk gxojvjtands ad t`g @nky Kjdf . Unk. 7. Lgrusjkgi< Asrjgk Gxpknrjtand _noagtyjdf Hahkaojk Jro`jgnknmy _noagty, :13=-:131.

Mnradm-Inrras, J.D. jdf @nrwatz, K.B. 833=. Eudgrjks jdf egjsts furadm t`g Srg-Snttgry

Dgnkatào H ne t`g Dgjr Gjst. Jdtaquaty 0:, 138-1:1.



?7

Mradsgkk, K.U. :153. `g hrgjbadm ne nhlgots js j eudgrjk ratg. Enkbknrg =:, 6=7-61:.

Mut`rag, _. :11?. Ejogs ad t`g oknufs< j dgw t`gnry ne rgkamand. Nxenrf< Nxenrf WdavgrsatySrgss.

@juptijdd, @. :11?. Gad Buktmghæufg ad Dgvjka Ínra, ad< Erjdmapjdg, I., @juptijdd, @.,Kavgrjda, I., Ijttàjg, S. jdf Igkkadb, I. (gfs.). Hgtwggd t`g ravgrs jdf nvgr t`g inudtjads .Xnig< Wdavgrsaty ne Xnig, ?=-51.

@juptijdd, @. :111. `g Wrej rgmand, ad< ÕzfnĞjd, I. jdf HjŞmgkgd, D. (gfs.).Dgnkatào ad urbgy< t`g orjfkg ne oavakazjtand< dgw fasonvgrags . Astjdhuk< Jrbgnknla vg_jdjt Qjyadkjra, 57-05.

@juptijdd, @. 833=. Dgvjka Ínra, ad< Kao`tgr, O. (gf.). Unr :8.333 Lj`rgd ad Jdjtnkagd< fagæktgstgd Induigdtg fgr Igdso``gat . Bjrksru`g< Hjfaso`gs Kjdfgsiusgui, 05-0=.

@juptijdd, @. jdf ÕzfnĞjd, I. 833=. Fag Dgnkataso`g Xgvnkutand ad Jdjtnkagd, adKao`tgr, O. (gf.). Unr :8.333 Lj`rgd ad Jdjtnkagd< Fag æktgstgd Induigdtg fgr Igdso``gat .

Bjrksru`g< Hjfaso`gs Kjdfgsiusgui, 85-?5.

@nffgr, A. :108. _yihnks ad jotand. Ojihrafmg< Ojihrafmg Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

@nffgr, A. jdf Igsbgkk, K. 83::. J ‛ouranus jdf snigtaigs j traekg ijojhrg jrtastry’< snigjspgots ne syihnkasi ad Dgnkatào urbgy. Ourrgdt Jdt`rnpnknmy 78/8, 8?7-85?.

@nffgr, A. 83:: (gf.). Xgkamand ad t`g gigrmgdog ne oavakazjtand< Íjtjk`õyûb js j ojsg stufy .Ojihrafmg< Ojihrafmg Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Admnkf, . 8333. `g pgrogptand ne t`g gdvarndigdt< gssjys ad kavgka`nnf, fwgkkadm jdf sbakk .Kndfnd jdf Dgw Qnrb< Xnutkgfmg.

Lndgs, J. 8336. Ijttgr jdf iginry< onknur, rgigihrjdog jdf t`g Dgnkatào/Hrndzg Jmgtrjdsatand, ad< FgIjrrjas, G., Mnsfgd, O. jdf Xgdergw, O. (gfs.). Xgtàdbadm ijtgrajkaty<t`g gdmjmgigdt ne iadf wat` t`g ijtgrajk wnrkf . Ojihrafmg< IoFndjkf Adstatutg enr

Jro`jgnknmaojk Xgsgjro`, :5=-:=1.

Lndgs, J. 833=. Iginry jdf ijtgrajk oukturg . Ojihrafmg< Ojihrafmg Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Bnpytnee, A. :105. `g oukturjk hanmrjp`y ne tàdms< oniinfatazjtand js prnogss,ad< Jppjfurja, J. (gf.). `g snoajk kaeg ne tàdms< oniinfatags ad oukturjk pgrspgotavg .Ojihrafmg< Ojihrafmg Wdavgrsaty Srgss, 56-1:.

Kg Mnee, L. :118. @astnry jdf iginry . Dgw Qnrb< Onkuihaj Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Kao`tgr, O. 833= (gf.). Unr :8.333 Lj`rgd ad Jdjtnkagd< fag æktgstgd Induigdtg fgr Igdso``gat . Bjrksru`g< Hjfaso`gs Kjdfgsiusgui.

Igsbgkk, K. 8330. `g djturg ne t`g hgjst< ourjtadm jdaijks jdf jdogstnrs jt Íjtjk`õyûb.]nrkf Jro`jgnknmy 63/?, ?=?-?01.

Igsbgkk, K. 8337 (gf.). Jro`jgnknmags ne ijtgrajkaty . Ijkfgd< Hkjobwgkk.

Iakkgr, F. :10=. Ijtgrajk oukturg jdf ijss ondsuiptand. Nxenrf< Hkjobwgkk.

Iakkgr, F. 8337 (gf.). Ijtgrajkaty . Fur`ji< Fubg Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Xjt`lg, ]. jdf Iurp`y, O. :118. Xuhhas`!< t`g jro`jgnknmy ne mjrhjmg . Dgw Qnrb< @jrpgrOnkkads.



?5

Xaog, I. :110. `g pnwgr ne t`g hukk . Kndfnd jdf Dgw Qnrb< Xnutkgfmg.

_oàeegr, I.H. :1=8. Jro`jgnknmaojk ondtgxt jdf systgiao ondtgxt. Jigraojd Jdtaquaty ?=/8, :75-:57.

_oàeegr, I.H. :10=. Enrijtand prnogssgs ne t`g jro`jgnknmaojk rgonrf . Jkhuqugrqug< Wdavgrsatyne Dgw Igxaon Srgss.

_aiinds, J. 833=. `g Dgnkatào Xgvnkutand ad t`g Dgjr Gjst< trjdsenriadm t`g ùijdkjdfsojpg . uosnd< `g Wdavgrsaty ne Jrazndj Srgss.

_iaft, F. :11?. `g Jsijt< kaeg, fgjt` jdf t`g jdogstnrs, ad< _iaft, F. (gf.). Jsijt jrt<wnnfojrvadms ne snut`wgst Dgw Muadgj . Kgafgd< Sgrapkus Gfatands.

wass, B.O. jdf Xussgkk, D. 8331. jbadm t`g hukk hy t`g `nrds< afgnknmy, ijsoukadaty, jdfojttkg `nrds jt Íjtjk`õyûb (urbgy). Sjkánragdt ?7/8, :1-?8.

Ujd Fybg, X. jdf Jkonob, _. 833? (gfs.). Jro`jgnknmags ne iginry . Nxenrf< Hkjobwgkk.

Ugr`ngvgd, I. 8338j . Xatujk jdf afgnknmy ad t`g Srg-Snttgry Dgnkatào H ne t`g Kgvjdtjdf snut`-gjst Jdjtnkaj. Ojihrafmg Jro`jgnknmaojk Lnurdjk :8/8, 8??-870.

Ugr`ngvgd, I. 8338h. rjdsenrijtands ne snoagty< t`g o`jdmadm rnkg ne ratujk jdfsyihnkasi ad t`g Srg-Snttgry Dgnkatào H jdf Snttgry Dgnkatào pgranfs ad t`g Kgvjdtjdf snut`-gjst Jdjtnkaj. Sjkánragdt 80/:, 7-:6.

Ugr`ngvgd, I. 833=. Knnsadm ndg‑s `gjf ad t`g Dgnkatào< nd t`g adtgrprgtjtand ne `gjfkgsseamuradgs. Kgvjdt ?1, :=7-:0?.

Ugr`ngvgd, I. 83:3. Amdatadm trjdsenrijtands< nd t`g snoajk aipjot ne earg, wat` spgoajkrgegrgdog tn t`g Dgnkatào ne t`g Dgjr Gjst, ad< @jdsgd, _. (gf.). Kghgd jue fgi gkk jks

snzajkg Srjxas. Hgatræmg fgs Adtgrdjtandjkgd _yipnsauis ad Hgrkad vni 85.- 8=. Eghrujr 833=. Bnkknquagd zur Unr- udf Erû`mgsoào`tg :6, 87-6?.

Ugrpnnrtg, J. 833:. Skjogs ne jrt, trjogs ne earg< j ondtgxtujk jpprnjo` tn jdt`rnpninrpào eamuradgs ad t`g Sjvknvajd (Ogdtrjk Gurnpg, 81-86 byr HS). Kgafgd< Jro`jgnknmaojk_tufags, Kgafgd Wdavgrsaty, Dn. 0.

]gadgr, J. :118. Adjkagdjhkg pnssgssands< t`g pjrjfnx ne bggpadm-wàkg-mavadm . Hgrbgkgy<Wdavgrsaty ne Ojkaenrdaj Srgss.

]àtg`nusg, @. 8336. Infgs ne rgkamansaty< j onmdatavg t`gnry ne rgkamanus trjdsiassand . ]jkdutOrggb< JktjIarj prgss.

]akkgrskgv, G. 833=. _nuk ùdtgrs< ùdtadm, jdaiasi jdf pgrsnd`nnf jindm t`g _ahgrajdQubjmàrs . Hgrbgky< Wdavgrsaty ne Ojkaenrdaj Srgss.

]akkajis, @. 833? (gf.). Jro`jgnknmags ne rgigihrjdog< fgjt` jdf iginry ad pjst snoagtags .Dgw Qnrb< Bkuwgr Jojfgiao.



?=

O`jptgr 8

`g sby jkinst dgvgr ejkks nd ynur`gjf ‟ w`y ratujk rjrgky ejaks

Lgffi _jdfgrs :

Jhstrjot

às pjpgr gxpknrgs t`g ekgxahkg djturg ne ratujk prjotaog, ats jhakaty tn frjw upndjdf adonrpnrjtg gkgigdts ne hnt` knojk jdf iuo` wafgr trjfatands. Jkt`num`netgd ondsafgrgf tn hg ondsgrvjtavg gkgigdts ne snoagty, ratujk jdf rgkamand jrgmnnf jt adonrpnrjtadm t`g dgw jdf dnvgk, djturjkasadm t`gi watàd jd gstjhkas`gfnrfgr. Afgdtaeyadm w`gd ratujks ejak, `nwgvgr, as o`jkkgdmadm, gspgoajkky enr t`g

jro`jgnknmaojk rgonrf ne _onttas` prgàstnry. `gsg assugs jrg gxpknrgf ad t`g ondtgxtne t`g Hjkkjoùkas` eamurg, jd jrtgejot enudf ad t`g ]gst ne _ontkjdf, orgjtgf jtsnig pnadt hgtwggd t`g Kjtg Hrndzg jdf Arnd Jmgs. às gdamijtao nhlgot `jshggd suhlgot tn j rjdmg ne adtgrprgtjtand wào` sgrvgs tn àm`kam`t t`g o`jkkgdmgsne jttgiptadm tn afgdtaey ejakurg, nr o`jdmg mgdgrjkky, ad ratujk prjotaog.

Bgywnrfs< _ontkjdf, ratujk, Hjkkjoùkas` eamurg.

Vg _nnt`sjygr< ‛Hy Hnrvn, Mnf ne t`g spradms, jdf hy Fjindj t`g `gaegr,jdf dn ijttgr w`jt t`g sbgptaos tàdb, A sgg t`jt t`g sby wakk dnt ejkk nd

ynur `gjfs, jdf t`jt w`gd t`g stnri as nvgr t`g wgjt`gr wakk aiprnvg’(Mnsoaddy jdf Wdfgrzn 8336, ::).

Adtrnfuotand

Ad jro`jgnknmy at as mgdgrjkky t`g gdf ne tàdms t`jt jrg inst vasahkg. Js suo`,pgrsastgdog jdf furjtand jrg netgd fnwdpkjygf ad ejvnur ne djrrjtavgs hjsgf upndo`jdmg. J rgourradm egjturg ne prgàstnrao oniiudatags as t`jt t`gy jrg rgsakagdt,ondstjdtky fgvgknpadm igo`jdasis tn onpg wat` o`jdmadm oarouistjdogs. `guktaijtg geegots ne tàs ojd ndky hg sggd nvgr t`g kndm tgri, js fgoasands ijfg

: ‐Fam at! 83:7‑, _noagty ne Jdtaqujrags ne _ontkjdf, Djtandjk Iusgui ne _ontkjdf, Gfadhurm` G@::LE, lgffiCsnojdtsont.nrm.



?0

mgdgrjtands prgvanusky jrg pkjygf nut, netgd wat` udadtgdfgf ondsgqugdogs. às asjs trug enr ratujk gkgigdts ne snoagty js at as enr nt`gr jspgots. Xatujk as js adtgrtwadgfad snoagty js suhsastgdog, oukturg nr orjet prnfuotand, jdf js suo`, ratujk suoogss nrnt`grwasg as kadbgf tn snoagty inrg hrnjfky. O`jdmg t`grgenrg dggfs tn hg trjogf

nvgr j duihgr ne tgipnrjk jdf spjtajk sojkgs tn hg eukky mrjspgf2 nt`grwasg suffgdjppjrgdt ‐hrgjbs‑ nr ejakurgs wakk ondtadug tn hg afgdtaeagf, hut dnt udfgrstnnf.At wakk hg jrmugf t`jt djrrjtavgs ne ‐suoogss‑ nr ‐ejakurg‑ hjsgf nd jro`jgnknmaojkrgijads jrg hgttgr ondsafgrgf nvgr t`g Kndmug Furág jdf rgojst ad tgris ne o`jdmginrg mgdgrjkky.

Xatujk jppgjrs tn enri jd adtgmrjk gkgigdt ne ùijd kaeg< at as rgsakagdt jdf ojdjfjpt jdf adonrpnrjtg dgw gkgigdts watàd jd jppjrgdtky taigkgss nrfgr (Hgkk,:11=, :67-:73). @nw tn igjsurg ‐suoogss‑ nr ‐ejakurg‑ ad j ratujk ondtgxt as t`grgenrgo`jkkgdmadm js at as hnt` jfjptavg jdf jotavgky ijsbs ejakurg. `gsg o`jkkgdmgs jrgjoogdtujtgf w`gd ndky jro`jgnknmaojk fjtj as jvjakjhkg. @nwgvgr, jro`jgnknmy ojd

suppky t`g taig fgpt`, jdf t`grgenrg t`g udenkfadm ne udadtgdfgf ondsgqugdogs,wào` iam`t jkknw jd gxpknrjtand ne ratujk ejakurg (js wgkk js suoogss) nvgr jsuatjhky kndm o`rndnknmaojk sojkg. às jksn rgquargs t`g wafgr snoajk ondtgxt tn hgeukky udfgrstnnf2 j ondtgxt t`jt strgto`gs nut adtn t`g kjdfsojpg jdf npgrjtgs ndj duihgr ne sojkgs, erni t`g adfavafujk jot, tn wafgr ondtgipnrjry snoajk t`gigst`jt ijy `jvg jd adtgrdjtandjk gkgigdt.

‐Xatujk‑ as ne onursg j ojtgmnry aipnsgf erni jd ‐gtao‑ pgrspgotavg (Byrajbafas833=h, 818-?) jdf ojvgjts iust hg jppkagf tn jdy adtgrprgtjtand. Ae ratujk astjbgd tn hg j eudfjigdtjk gkgigdt ne ùijd snoagty `nwgvgr, t`grg s`nukf hg jrgekgx ratujk gipjt`y t`jt ae dnt prnvafadm j s`jrgf vnojhukjry, jt kgjst gdjhkgs j

hjsao enudfjtand enr udfgrstjdfadm. Xatujk prjotaog `js hggd t`gnrazgf rgkjtavgkyadtgdsavgky erni jd jro`jgnknmaojk pgrspgotavg (sgg Adsnkk, 8336). `g rgondstruotandne nt`gr enris ne pjst jotavaty ‟ suhsastgdog strjtgmags enr gxjipkg ‟ jppgjrs ejr inrgondeafgdtky frjwd, gvgd t`num` t`gy jrg jksn jd gtao ojtgmnry, npgd tn t`gnrgtaojksorutady. `g faeeaouktags ne fgeadadm ‐ratujk‑ `jvg kgf rgsgjro`grs tn mrnup tnmgt`gro`jrjotgrastaos ne ratujk prjotaog t`jt netgd rgour ad vjranus onihadjtands, tùshuakfadm jd gigrmgdt vagw ne ratujk. Ugr`ngvgd (83::) nutkadgs sgvgrjk ne t`gsg, newào` j duihgr jrg pjrtaoukjrky joogssahkg jdf afgdtaeajhkg t`rnum` jro`jgnknmy.às pjpgr wakk praijraky knnb jt ‐rgkamanus ratujk‑ a.g. t`jt wào` jppgjrs tn jppgjktn j supgrdjturjk nr ‐nt`gr‑ hgadm, wào` ijy enri j eudfjigdtjk t`gig ad ratujk

prjotaog (IoOjukgy jdf Kjwsnd 833=). Dntands ne t`g ‐sjorgf‑ jdf t`g ‐prnejdg‑,jdf t`gar jppkaojhakaty ad j prgàstnrao ondtgxt, `jvg hggd fghjtgf (Hrjfkgy 8337).às jut`nr tjbgs t`g vagw t`jt ad pjst (js wgkk js prgsgdt) snoagty at as hgttgr tnvagw tàs js j ondtaduui rjt`gr t`jd j hadjry nppnsatand, joogptadm t`g ‐hkurradm‑t`jt tàs gdtjaks. @nwgvgr, t`grg jrg ondtgxts w`grg praijraky ‐rgkamanus‑ rjt`gr t`jddnd-rgkamanus, ratujk prjotaog ojd hg afgdtaeagf.

Ad tàs pjpgr, ratujk as vagwgf js ondstatutgf hy rgpgtatavg jotand w`grghy t`gjppgjrjdog ne taigkgssdgss jdf suhsgqugdt djturjkazjtand ne t`g ourrgdt nrfgr(‐trjfatandjkasi‑2 Hgkk 833=, :67-:73), as gat`gr j ogdtrjk mnjk, nr hgdgeaoajkondsgqugdog, ne ratujk prjotaog. `g ondogpt ne ‐ratujkasjtand‑ (Hgkk :118, :1=-

88?) as jksn utakasgf js tàs pkjogs gip`jsas nd t`g ondtgxt ne t`g ratujk jot, rjt`gr



?1

t`jd j spgoaeao ‐typg‑ ne ijtgrajk oukturg. `g prnogss ne ratujkasjtand advnkvgs t`gdgmntajtand ne dnris jdf ats suoogss as ondtadmgdt nd t`g jot ne ratujk ‟ tàs sgrvgs tnàm`kam`t t`g ad-huakt ekgxahakaty ne ratujk js jd jrgdj w`grg suoogss nr ejakurg ojd hgdgmntajtgf. Xatujk as prgeamurgf ad t`jt at as jaigf tnwjrf jd nutonig, t`num` t`grg

ojd hg udogrtjadty hnt` ad t`g gxgoutand ne t`g ratujk jdf ats gdf rgsukts. Ejakurg nrsuoogss ne j ratujk pgrenrijdog wakk t`grgenrg hg hjsgf nd jmrggf nutonigs jindmt`nsg nhsgrvadm/pjrtaoapjtadm (Hgkk 833=, =7). Ae j sjoraeaog tn t`g mnfs as adtgdfgftn gdsurg j rao` `jrvgst, t`g yjrfstaob tn igjsurg t`g vjkug ne t`g `jrvgst ojd hgnpgd tn adtgrprgtjtand, jdf t`g fgmrgg tn wào`, jdf ojusgs ne, j ejakurg ad t`ggxgoutand ne j ratujk saiakjrky sn (@ûsbgd 833=h, ?78-?). Xatujkasjtand jksn igjdst`jt jkk ojtgmnrags ne ijtgrajk oukturg ondtjad pntgdtajk ratujk adenrijtand, jdf dntsaipky t`jt ondsafgrgf ‐nff‑ (@nffgr :108, :56). ùs ratujkasjtand prnvafgs t`ghrafmg hgtwggd t`g rgkamanus jdf dnd-rgkamanus ratujks, igjdadm hgadm fgpgdfgdtnd ondtgxt.

Xatujk ondtgxt as t`grgenrg gssgdtajk ad qugstands ne ejakurg, jdf tàs ojd hgjpprnjo`gf nvgr j duihgr ne sojkgs. Ugr`ngvgd‑s (83::, :85-=) afgj ne ratujkondtgxt nr ‐erjiadm‑ npgrjtgs erni adfavafujk tn puhkao sojkgs, hut `nw ejr t`jtojd gxtgdf adtn t`g kjdfsojpg as dnt fasoussgf. Ad t`g gxjipkg ne Hjkkjoùkas` (sgghgknw), t`grg jrg ratujk gkgigdts t`jt ojd hg jdjkysgf ad tgris ne t`g aiigfajtggdvarnds ne t`g satg, wàkst nt`grs jrg hgst udfgrstnnf watàd j knojk, rgmandjk nrgvgd adtgrdjtandjk ondtgxt. `g o`rndnknmaojk sojkg as jksn gssgdtajk js jspgots neratujk jppgjr tn hg jhkg tn rgour nvgr kndm pgranfs ne taig. Hrjfkgy (8338, :6) `jsdntgf t`jt snoajk iginry ad prgàstnrao snoagtags `js hggd gstaijtgf js pntgdtajkkypgrsastadm enr up tn 833 ùdfrgf ygjrs udkgss ‐spgoajk tgo`daqugs‑ jrg gipknygf.

Xatujk prjotaog wnukf ogrtjadky qujkaey js suo` j tgo`daqug, wat` t`g pntgdtajk tngxtgdf snoajk iginry ondsafgrjhky. rjdsatnry nr ondtadmgdt gkgigdts ojd jksnhg afgdtaeagf (gvgd ae t`gsg jrg adtgdfgf tn jppgjr js ‐taigkgss‑), t`num` t`g twnojtgmnrags ojd hg sgpjrjtgf nvgr t`g fggp vagw t`jt jro`jgnknmy jeenrfs ‟ w`jt astruky ad enr t`g Kndmug Furág ojd hg udonvgrgf.

`g ‐igjdadm‑ ne ratujk jdf t`g enri t`jt at tjbgs `js jksn hggd snum`t nvgrfaeegrgdt sojkgs, erni t`g struoturg ne t`g iadf (IoOjukgy jdf Kjwsnd 833=2Káva-_trjuss, :150) tn t`g eudotandadm ne snoagty (Gvjds-Srato`jrf :1?=2 Xjfokaeeg-Hrnwd :1752 Xjppjpnrt :111). Xatujk prjotaog sgrvgs js jd geegotavg igfauienr kgjrdadm, enr gxjipkg, trjdsenriadm t`g snoajk rnkg ne adfavafujks watàd j

oniiudaty t`rnum` ratgs ne pjssjmg (Hgkk :11=, 16-:38) às as netgd geegotavgt`rnum` t`g fgpknyigdt ne fjdmgr (rgjk nr aijmadgf), `gam`tgdadm t`g kgjrdadmgxpgragdog jdf suhsgqugdtky ijbadm at gjsagr tn rgigihgr. IoOjukgy jdfKjwsnd ondsafgr iginry js t`g bgy tn suoogsseuk ratujk (833=, :3) ijbadm t`g‐pgrenrijdog‑ ne ratujk t`g adtgmrjk gkgigdt. Nd j snoagty-wafg sojkg, rgkamand `jshggd o`jrjotgrasgf js snoajkky ondsgrvjtavg (g.m. Oàkfg :168). Xatujk prjotasgf adsuo` j ondtgxt as àm`ky geegotavg js at jttgipts tn ijsb taig jdf o`jdmg jdf tùsjots js j ‐hrjbg‑ nd snoajk trjdsenrijtand. Xatujkasjtand, `nwgvgr, npgds up spjogenr dgmntajtand nr ondtgstjtand, jkt`num` at fngs tàs watàd pjrjigtgrs t`jt jrgprg-fgeadgf, sn t`jt jkt`num` t`grg ijy hg t`g jppgjrjdog ne rasb, nr t`g pnssahakaty

ne o`jdmg, tàs as j ijdjmgf prnogss (@ûsbgd 833=h, ?6:).



63

_upgreaoajkky, tàs ijy jppgjr tn `jvg t`g pntgdtajk tn suhvgrt fniadjdtprjotaogs nr snoajk nrmjdazjtand, hut ijy jotujkky sgrvg tn adorgjsg t`g geeaojoy net`g ratujk hy adonrpnrjtadm pntgdtajkky `jrieuk fgvajtand watàd t`g ratujk onfg(urdgr :151). Xatujk pgrenrijdog ijy gvgd gxjmmgrjtg pntgdtajk snurogs ne

ondekaot js j igo`jdasi tn rgkgjsg snoajk tgdsands (Hgkk :118, =:). Eudfjigdtjko`jdmgs t`rnum` ratujk ejakurg jrg t`grgenrg quatg rjrg, js ratujk as j infg ne fgkavgryfgsamdgf tn ijsb t`g inrg fydjiao, suhvgrsavg gkgigdts ne j snoagty. Xatujk‑sjssnoajtand wat` rgpgtatand jdf jd udo`jdmadm djturg (Hgkk :11=) as pjrt ne w`y atwnrbs geegotavgky js pjrt ne j ijsbadm prnogss. O`jdmg jppgjrs inst netgd furadmtaigs ne ‐orasgs‑gxtgrdjk tn t`g systgi t`jt àm`kam`ts t`g addgr wnrbadms ne t`gsnoajk nrfgr, ergg erni t`g prgfgeadgf pjrjigtgrs t`jt ratujk prnvafgs.

Wktaijtgky, t`g vgry o`jrjotgrastaos ne ratujk prg-eamurg at enr survavjk, jdf t`gadtgmrjk pjrt ratujkasjtand pkjys watàd j snoagty, erni jd adfavafujk tn mrnup kgvgk,igjds t`jt at as adtaijtgky hnudf up ad j snoagty‑s survavjk js j w`nkg. ]`gt`gr nr

dnt ratujks jdf t`g enri t`gy tjbg jrg sgkgotgf erni j prg-fgtgriadgf vnojhukjryad t`g iadf (IoOjukgy jdf Kjwsnd 833=), eukeakk j eudotand ad snoagty (Gvjds-Srato`jrf :1?=2 Xjfokaeeg-Hrnwd :175), nr jrg j wjy ne aipnsadm snig enri nenrfgr nd t`g geegots ne t`g gxtgrdjk gdvarndigdt (Ijkadnwsba :1762 yknr :181),ijtgrajk oukturg `js j knt tn sjy js j ondstatutavg gkgigdt ad gjo` ne t`g jhnvg(Fndjkf :11:, Iat`gd:115 jdf IoOjukgy jdf Kjwsnd 833=). às pjpgrwakk ondogdtrjtg nd ndg gxjipkg erni _onttas` prgàstnry< j sadmkg ratujk jot jtHjkkjoùkas`, ad t`g ]gst ne _ontkjdf, jdf erni t`grg knnb tn gxpknrg wafgr t`gigsad afgdtaeyadm ratujk ejakurg ad prgàstnry.

Xatujk ad _onttas` prgàstnry< Hjkkjoùkas`

Ad t`g wadtgr ne :003 wnrbigd fammadm j frjadjmg trgdo` ad Hjkkjoùkas` Inss, Jrmykk, nd t`g wgst onjst ne _ontkjdf, udonvgrgf j wnnfgd stjtug. às ojig tnhg bdnwd js t`g ‐Hjkkjoùkas` eamurg‑ (Eamurg =). At `jf hggd fgkahgrjtgky huragfjt t`g satg jdf suhsgqugdtky prgsgrvgf hy t`g hnmmy ondfatands. `g eamurg wjsjrnudf :67 oi àm`, ojrvgf erni j sadmkg pagog ne jkfgr, jdf wat` twn qujrtzpgghkgs enr gygs. At `jf hggd pkjogf ejog fnwd surrnudfgf hy twams jdf hrjdo`gsprnhjhky adfaojtadm snig enri ne hjsbgtry, wàkg inrg suhstjdtajk pnkgs ‟ pnssahkyj erjigwnrb enr j ‐wjttkgf ùt‑ ‟ wjs kjaf nd tnp ne tàs (_tgwjrt :00?, 882

O`rastasnd :00:). `g eamurg `js hggd rjfanojrhnd fjtgf tn hgtwggd o. =13-6:3ojk HO (@JX-5?812 Xatoàg :11=, 8=8), pkjoadm at jrnudf t`g trjdsatand erni t`g_onttas` Kjtg Hrndzg Jmg tn Arnd Jmg.

Hjkkjoùkas` Inss as enudf nd t`g dnrt` safg ne j ejst-eknwadm strgto` ne ravgrt`jt eggfs adtn Kno` Kgvgd (Eamurg 0). `g kjdfsojpg as elnrf-kabg, t`num` t`g Inssenris j ekjt jrgj ne kjdf sgpjrjtadm nt`grwasg inudtjadnus tgrrjad. `g hgdgeats net`g jrgj enr trjvgk onihadgf wat` t`g ekjt gkgvjtand ne t`g kjdf wnukf `jvg gdsurgft`jt t`g Inss wnukf `jvg hggd jd jttrjotavg knojtand enr sgttkgigdt. Hrnjfkyondtgipnrjry jotavaty as summgstgf hy eadfs jt t`g dgjrhy satg jt Jd Fudjd, jpntgdtajk enrt satg erni wào` `jvg hggd enudf arnd erjmigdts, j w`gtstndg jdf

oruoahkgs enr igtjk-wnrbadm (S_J_ :1=3, 817). Nt`gr rgijads jppjrgdtky erni



6:

Eamurg = (ram`t). S`ntnmrjp` ne t`g

Hjkkjoùkas` murg snnd jetgr fasonvgry.

V`g jkfgr murg, ‐rufgky hut hnkfky

ojrvgf‑ (_tgwjrt, :00?, 88), stnnf jkinst

kaeg-sazg wat` qujr pghhkgs adsgt adtn

t`g gyg snobgts, wat` t`g ram`t gyg pghhkg

kjrmgr t`jd t`g kget.

© Djtandjk Iusguis _ontkjdf. Kaogdsnr

www.sorjd.jo.ub

Eamurg 0 (hgknw). Uagw ne Hjkkjoùkas` Inss, j jt jrgj ne kjdf, enriadm j

‐pnobgt‑ surrnudfgf hy j àkky kjdfsojpg.

V`g jrgj wnukf `jvg hggd j enrfadm pnadt

jdf prnvafgf t`g nppnrtudaty tn ondtrnk

joogss tn Kno` Kgvgd.

© Hratas` Mgnknmaojk _urvgy / DGXO. Jkk

ram`ts rgsgrvgf.

Kaogdsnr www.sorjd.jo.ub



68

saiakjr kgvgks ne t`g Inss adokufg gvafgdog ne j suhstjdtajk jinudt ne ekadt-wnrbadm(pnssahky jssnoajtgf wat` j oaroukjr wjttkgf huakfadm) js wgkk js wnnfgd hnwks jdfhjsads, nx jdf fggr `nrds jdf j ojsb ne ‐hnm huttgr‑ (_tgwjrt :00?, 86), t`g kjttgrondsafgrgf j vntavg neegradm ne t`g Arnd Jmg jdf Igfagvjk pgranfs ad _ontkjdf jdf

Argkjdf (Gjrwnnf :11=2 sgg hgknw).`grg jrg pjrjkkgks tn hnt` t`g eamurg jdf t`g infg ne fgpnsatand t`jt ojd hgfrjwd nvgr j duihgr ne sojkgs, jdf wào` rgkjtg tn t`g rjdmg ne adtgrprgtjtands new`jt t`g Hjkkjoùkas` eamurg rgprgsgdts. `g ijad adtgrprgtjtands `jvg adokufgft`g eamurg hgadm praijraky usgf js< j) j s`radg tn gdsurg sjeg trjvgk2 h) j `nusg mnf,o) j egrtakaty syihnk, f) j prnxy enr j ratujkky bakkgf vaotai, jdf g) j hnjt prnw/tntgi, jdf t`gsg wakk hg ondsafgrgf ad turd.

Hjkkjoùkas` Inss as jt j enrfadm pnadt enr j fjdmgrnus strgto` ne wjtgr, at as jksnad jd adkgt erni w`grg pgnpkg wnukf `jvg sgt nut tn sgj, jdf wnukf `jvg mjadgfjoogss tn adkjdf wjtgrs erni t`g onjst (pntgdtajkky ondtrnkkgf hy satgs suo` js Jd

Fudjd). `grg jrg fjdmgrs jssnoajtgf wat` jkk ne t`gsg jotavatags, js wgkk js assugs neondtrnk ne ram`ts ne pjssjmg, jdf t`g Inss enris j kaiadjk jrgj (Hrûob 83::, ?01)hgtwggd t`g kjdf jdf t`g sgj, jdf t`g sgj jdf adkjdf wjtgrs. At as tgiptadm t`gdtn adtgrprgt t`g Hjkkjoùkas` eamurg js j trjvgkkgr‑s s`radg ‟ pnssahky j mnf nr nt`grsupgrdjturjk hgadm tn hg pkjojtgf nr advnbgf tn gdsurg sjeg pjssjmg. `g knojtandne t`g eamurg jdf t`g pnkgs jdf wjttkadm enudf ad jssnoajtand wat` at iam`t summgstjd nutfnnr s`radg (O`rastasnd :00:). Adfggf, jd gjrky fgsoraptand rgegrgs tn t`geamurg (ad j skam`tky tndmug-ad-o`ggb ijddgr) js ‐Nur kjfy ne t`g Egrry‑ (_tgwjrt:00?, 86). `g pgfgstjk hjsg `jf j ojrvgf rgogss t`jt iam`t prnvafg t`g knojtandenr neegradms, jdf mrjvgk enudf stakk jttjo`gf tn t`g hnttni ne tàs summgsts at wjs

pkjogf upram`t ad t`g mrnudf.`g adtgrprgtjtand ne t`g eamurg js j `nusg mnf frjws nd saiakjr gvafgdog tn

t`jt ne j trjvgkkgr‑s s`radg, t`num` sggadm t`g jssnoajtgf struoturjk ijtgrajk jshgadm rgekgotavg ne j inrg ‐fnigstao‑ jrrjdmgigdt (Jriat 8337, =0-12 Sammntt jdf@gdfgrsnd :170). `g duihgr ne wnnfgd jdf katào jrtgejots enudf dgjr tn w`grgt`g eamurg wjs enudf jdf t`g pnssahkg wjttkgf ut (_tgwjrt :00?, 86) iam`t summgstj fnigstao orjet prnfuotand rnkg. `g egrtakaty onddgotand wjs frjwd erni t`gnutsgt wat` t`g eamurg afgdtaeagf js j ‐mnffgss (_tgwjrt :00?, 8:). J p`jkkao syihnk`gkf ad t`g eamurg‑s kget `jdf wjs suhsgqugdtky afgdtaeagf (_`grafjd pgrs. onii.)jdf `js sgrvgf tn rgadenrog tàs adtgrprgtjtand, jkndm wat` hrnjfgr pjrjkkgks tn

egrtakaty ratgs jssnoajtgf wat` fgpnsatand ad hnms (Onkgs :1132 Hrjfkgy :110, :=3). J ‐ornss-sjs`‑ `js jksn hggd afgdtaeagf ojrvgf adtn t`g eamurg‑s hnfy, summgstadmpntgdtajk ondogptujk kadbs tn wgjkt` js wgkk js egrtakaty (Onkgs jdf Onkgs :115,=7).

`g oarouistjdogs ne t`g eamurg‑s fgpnsatand `js jksn advatgf pjrjkkgks wat` hnmhnfags, pjrtaoukjrky t`g ondogpt ne ratujk bakkadm (g.m. Mknh :1=?, O`pt :2 Onkgs jdfOnkgs :115, 53-58). `g prgsgrvjtand ne t`g eamurg‑s egjturgs summgsts t`jt at wgdtadtn t`g hnm js j ndg-nee gvgdt jdf t`g prgsgdog ne ùrfkadm rgojkks t`g trjfatand nestrjppadm fnwd nr onvgradm hnm hnfags ad nt`gr onudtrags (Ujd fgr _jdfgd :115,17-11) netgd ad jssnoajtand wat` wnnfgd jrtgejots. Sjrjkkgks `jvg hggd frjwd wat`

adtgrprgtjtands ne Aras` eamurgs ijfg ne jkfgr jdf fgpnsatgf ad hnms, wat` t`g nrjdmg-



6?

rgf onknur ne out jkfgr usgf ad enkbknrao onddgotands wat` fgjt` (_tjdkgy 833=,:13). Eadjkky, t`g summgstand ne t`g eamurg js j hnjt prnw/tntgi rgekgots t`g adatajkadtgrprgtjtand ne t`g jrtgejot js ne Dnrsg nramad (O`rastasnd :00:2 _tgwjrt :00?,87-8=). às sjw t`g eamurg js j hnjt-hjsgf s`radg fasojrfgf hy sjaknrs, jkt`num`

t`g Dnrsg gkgigdt wjs kjtgr fasprnvgd hy rjfanojrhnd fjtadm. @nwgvgr, j ijrataigonddgotand as sggd ad t`g prgsgdog ne nt`gr eamurgs jssnoajtgf wat` j hnjt jt XnnsOjrr, Qnrbsàrg jdf t`g Hjkkjoùkas` jrgj wnukf `jvg hggd jd aipnrtjdt knojtandenr ijrataig trjvgk. Fgpaotands ad pntgdtajkky ondtgipnrjry rnob jrt jdf hrndzgjrtgejots erni _wgfgd (Onkgs :113, ?:7-?:1, jdf ?81-??32 Onkgs jdf Onkgs :115,=7-=5) jksn prnvafg pjrjkkgks summgstadm pnssahkg _ojdfadjvajd adekugdog.

`g rnkg nr igjdadm ne t`g eamurg onukf ne onursg jvg hggd snigtàdm gdtargkyfaeegrgdt, nr gkgigdts ne sgvgrjk ne t`gsg gxpkjdjtands onihadgf< at as pnssahkgt`jt t`g eamurg wjs usgf ad j prnw ne j sàp, ondvgrtgf tn usg ad s`radg js j mnfgihnfyadm hnt` sjeg pjssjmg jdf egrtakaty, hgenrg hgadm ‐ratujkky bakkgf‑. ]àkg dn

ondvadoadm pjrjkkgk gxasts enr t`g Hjkkjoùkas` eamurg tjbgd ad ats gdtargty, gkgigdtsne ats ondstruotand, usg jdf fgpnsatand jrg rgekgotgf ad nt`gr trjfatands (Onkgs:113). `g qujrtz usgf enr t`g eamurg‑s gygs enr gxjipkg `js kndm hggd jssnoajtgfwat` ratujk usjmg ad _onttas` prgàstnry. Fgpnsatand ad wjtgry ondtgxts as jdnt`grrgourradm t`gig t`rnum`nut kjtgr prgàstnry ad Dnrt`grd Gurnpg. Ad Argkjdf, hnmhnfags ijy rgprgsgdt t`g ‐fgoniassandadm‑ ne j badm (Bgkky 83:8) jdf tàs ijy hg jsaiakjr fasijdtkadm ne j s`radg tn jd nkf mnf. Jt tàs taig ad _ontkjdf at as faeeaoukttn afgdtaey j dnri ad eudgrjry ratgs< hnt` fug tn kjob ne gvafgdog, hut jksn vjragtyad w`jt fngs survavg, sn at as faeeaoukt tn afgdtaey ‐spgoajk‑ trgjtigdt (_`jpkjdf jdf

Jriat 83:8, :33). `grg jrg j duihgr ne _onttas` hnm hnfags jdf jkt`num` ijdy

jrg pnst-igfagvjk ad fjtg (urdgr :117, 8:=-8:1), snig rgijad udfjtgf (Onkgsjdf Onkgs :115, 5?) jdf onukf prnvafg hrnjfgr prgàstnrao pjrjkkgks.

Onkgs (:113) frjws onipjrasnds tn t`g Hjkkjoùkas` eamurg wat` nt`gr wnnfgdeamurgs ad Hratjad jdf Argkjdf, jkt`num` at as t`g kjob ne fargot pjrjkkgks t`jt s`geadfs inst strabadm. Dgvgrt`gkgss, s`g summgsts j rgourradm pjttgrd ne adtgdtandjkfjijmg tn t`g kget safg ne t`g ejog, afgdtaeagf nd t`g Hjkkjoùkas` eamurg js wgkk, jdftgdtjtavgky dntadm t`jt tàs rgours ad _ojdfadjvajd iyt`nknmy (Onkgs :113, ??8).`g p`jkkao syihnk jdf jihamunus sgxujk afgdtaty as jdnt`gr t`gig t`jt ojd hgtrjogf t`rnum` prgàstnry ad nt`gr jrgjs (Mknh :1=?, :08-:072 Onkgs jdf Onkgs:115, =7) jdf jkt`num` t`g eamurg wjs ondeafgdtky afgdtaeagf js j ‐mnffgss‑ erni

t`g nutsgt, t`g kjob ne hrgjsts wjs dntgf (_tgwjrt :00?, 8?). `g gjrky joonudts fndnt dntg t`g fjijmg, hut fn ondsafgr t`g ram`t gyg pghhkg js hgadm kjrmgr t`jd t`gkget (_tgwjrt :00?, 8?). `g nt`gr jrtgejots, gspgoajkky ne ekadt, rgtragvgf erni t`gsjig jrgj ne hnm `jvg jksn kgf tn t`g jrgj hgadm adtgrprgtgf js j orjet ogdtrg (_tgwjrt:00?). `grg wjs jksn t`g fasonvgry ne ‐hnm huttgr‑ ‟ t`g jppjrgdt sjoraeaog ne jondsafgrjhkg jinudt ne huttgr (j vgry aipnrtjdt rgsnurog) ‟ jmjad eadfadm pjrjkkgksad Argkjdf jdf hgyndf, jdf rgkjtadm tn fgpnsatand ad wjtgry pkjogs. Hnm huttgras vagwgf js fgvgknpadm furadm t`g iaffkg ne t`g Arnd Jmg, pnssahky rgekgotadm jinvg tn j inrg `gjvaky pjstnrjk gondniy (Gjrwnnf :11=, ?6). `g prnxaiatyne t`gsg eadfs àdts jt t`g aipnrtjdog ne t`g Inss, pntgdtajkky js hnt` j ogdtrg

enr orjet prnfuotand jdf snig enri ne sjorjk fgpnsatand. Eadfs ne 8 df ogdtury



66

JF wnnfgd ‐pgms‑ erni Saot‑s Bdnwg, jd gdoknsurg erni Fuierags ad snut`-wgst_ontkjdf, prnvafg jd gxjipkg ne pntgdtajkky ‐eudotandjk‑ atgis t`jt ijy `jvg `gkfj ratujk samdaeaojdog (Orndg, 833=) jdf ijy go`n t`g ratujkasjtand ne ‐eudotandjk‑nhlgots enudf dgjr tn t`g Hjkkjoùkas` eamurg. _aiakjrky, ad ijdy onudtrags Kjtg

Hrndzg Jmg/ Arnd Jmg `njrfadm jppgjrs tn hg inrg wafgky jssnoajtgf wat` egrtakatyjdf ennf suppky (Hrjfkgy :110, :=3), jmjad àdtadm jt t`g pntgdtajk ornss-nvgrhgtwggd suhsastgdog jotavaty jdf nhlgots suo` js t`g Hjkkjoùkas` eamurg. _urvgy net`g Hjkkjoùkas` Inss `js advgstamjtgf sgvgrjk pntgdtajk Kjtg Hrndzg Jmg egjturgs(Okjrbg gt jk . :1112 Okjrbg jdf _tndgijd, 833:) jdf at sggis kabgky t`jt t`g jrgjjs j w`nkg wjs j enous ne jotavaty ad prgàstnry.

]js tàs t`grgenrg j suoogsseuk ratujk> às as faeeaoukt tn jdswgr ad tgris nejro`jgnknmaojk rgijads mgdgrjkky. Enr ratujk nd ats nwd tgris at as tgiptadm tnvagw t`g Hjkkjoùkas` eamurg js j ejakurg ‟ at sggis kabgky t`jt t`g eamurg rgegrgdogst`g supgrdjturjk, jdf jkk ne t`g adtgrprgtjtands (hjr t`g ratujk bakkadm) rgquarg

snig enri ne p`ysaojk prgsgdog ne t`g eamurg atsgke enr rgpgjtgf ratgs tn tjbg pkjog.‐Fgoniiassandadm‑ tàs ratujk rgsnurog àm`kam`ts t`jt snigtàdm knst geeaojoy jsat advnkvgf prgvgdtadm joogss tn j syihnkao rgsnurog t`jt wnukf `jvg kabgky hggdt`g enous ne ratujk jotavatags. `g knojtand atsgke ijy `jvg hgonig j ‐sjorgf pkjog‑js t`g rgsukt ne tàs fgpnsatand, hut t`grg as dn jro`jgnknmaojk gvafgdog enr rgpgjtjotavaty nr eurt`gr ratujk ne tàs typg. Ae j iginry ne sjorgfdgss wjs orgjtgf, at wjsdnt ijadtjadgf (jdf ratujk as dnrijkky j mnnf igjds tn joàgvg tàs).

Enr t`g Hjkkjoùkas` eamurg, t`g onihadjtand ne ratujk gkgigdts as udaqug ad_ontkjdf, wàkg adfavafujk onipndgdts eat watàd iuo` hrnjfgr sojkgs ne ratujktrjfatands. Jspgots ne t`g eamurg jrg enudf rgourradm nd j _ontkjdf-wafg jdf

gvgd adtgrdjtandjk kgvgk. Ae Hjkkjoùkas` as vagwgf js j knojk gxprgssand ne j iuo`wafgr ratujk vnojhukjry at as `jrfgr tn vagw js ejakurg ‟ at as j knojk gxprgssand, t`gigjdadm ne wào` ijy nr ijy dnt `jvg `jf t`g fgsargf geegot ad t`g rgjk (nr nt`gr)wnrkf. Hy t`g yjrfstaob ne rgpgtatand `nwgvgr, at sggis t`jt ratujk (nr pgr`jpsrjt`gr t`g onsinknmaojk systgi hgàdf tàs) ejakgf< Hjkkjoùkas` as udaqug. Sgr`jpsat wjs adtgdfgf js j hgmaddadm, hut dn suhsgqugdt trjfatand gdsugf. `jt dn nt`grHjkkjoùkas` eamurgs jrg enudf summgsts t`jt tàs wjy ne hnt` onpadm wat` j orasasjdf t`g ratujk gxprgssand ne ojrvadm jdf usadm suo` j eamurg faf dnt ojto` nd. Ndndg kgvgk, t`gd, at as ratujk ejakurg.

Xatujk ejakurg nr suoogss ad Jrmykk

@nw t`gd tn igjsurg ejakurg jdf suoogss inrg hrnjfky> Jdf `nw tn afgdtaey tàsad t`g jro`jgnknmaojk rgonrf> Xatujk jotavaty, spjog enr pgrenrijdog, jotavatags jdfijtgrajks t`jt onukf hg ondsafgrgf ‐nff‑ jdf jppgjk tn j supgrdjturjk ‐nt`gr‑ `jvgjkk hggd afgdtaeagf ad _onttas` prgàstnry wat` vjryadm ondeafgdog. @nw tn paob upratujk ejakurg watàd tàs `nwgvgr pnsgs j o`jkkgdmg. Mraigs (:100, ::5) orgjtgf jusgeuk typnknmy w`gd ondsafgradm ‐adegkaoatnus pgrenrijdog‑ udfgr dadg `gjfadms<iasearg (iasadvnojtand jdf iasgxgoutand), jhusg, adgeegotujkaty, vankjtand,ondtjmand, npjoaty, fgegjt, niassand, jdf iaserjig. Ne t`gsg, ‐adgeegotujkaty‑ as

pgr`jps inst rgjfaky afgdtaeajhkg ae tàs ojd hg gqujtgf wat` t`g oknsadm fnwd nr



67

fgoniiassandadm ne prgvanus ratujk ondtgxts. Js jt Hjkkjoùkas`, ‐oknsadm‑ ratgs ijyad ogrtjad ratujk erjigs hg j ojtgmnry ne ratujk ejakurg ‟ j onpadm igo`jdasi enrw`gd t`g ratujk systgi hrgjbs jdf dggfs onrrgotavg igjsurgs. @nwgvgr, tàs ijydnt hg t`g ojsg ad jkk adstjdogs jdf at as `grg t`jt sojkg as aipnrtjdt ‟ ae oknsurg

as j rgourrgdt pjrt ne ratujk jt saiakjr satgs jornss j kjdfsojpg, t`gd tàs spgjbs tnondtadujtand (jdf t`grgenrg ‐suoogss‑). ùs, oknsadm jotavaty jdf kjob ne pjrjkkgkijy hg t`g hgst adfaojtnrs (t`num` t`g sgondf ojtgmnry rgkags nd hgadm jhkg tnudfgrstjdf t`g hrnjfgr ondtgxt).

Ad _onttas` prgàstnry nt`gr mkaipsgs ne ratujk ejakurg ijy hg jeenrfgf. `gDgnkatào gipkg ]nnf stndg oarokg ad Bakijrtad Ujkkgy, Jrmykk enr gxjipkg jppgjrstn `jvg `jf jd jhnrtavg jttgipt tn ondstruot j wnnfgd (nr pjrtajkky wnnfgd)prgoursnr induigdt (_ontt :101), hgenrg, katgrjkky, j o`jdmg ne pkjd. às satg asadtgrgstadm ad t`jt at as kjtgr ‐oknsgf‑ jdf ondvgrtgf adtn j eudgrjry induigdt, jrjfaojkky faeegrgdt enri tn t`g oarokg jdf ats prgoursnr jdf j ijlnr sàet ne t`g ratujk

‐erjiadm‑. _gvgrjk nt`gr induigdts ad Bakijrtad adonrpnrjtg gkgigdts ne gjrkagr‐ratujk‑ struoturgs, wat` t`g rg-usg ne j ijssavg fgonrjtgf stjdfadm stndg js j onvgrskjh enr j oast jt Dgt`gr Kjrmag Dnrt` (XOJ@I_ :100, 50-=3) nr t`g rgwnrbadmne gjrky intaes nd t`g skjh ne t`g oast hurajk jt Xa Oruad (XOJ@I_ :100, =8-=6). Fngs tàs rgprgsgdt t`g frjwadm-nd ne gjrkagr syihnkao rgsnurogs hy j pgnpkgwat` j faeegrgdt onsinknmy, nr as t`grg ondtaduaty> Fn hrgjbs ad t`g ratujk erjigondstatutg ejakurg, wàkg rgpgtatand ondstatutgs suoogss> `g rgwnrbadm ne gjrkagrfgonrjtavg enris onukf summgst jd jpprnprajtand, nr rgonmdatand ne ejakurg jdf jsuatjhkg onrrgotavg. `grg as j sgdsg ne syihnkao rgsnurogs hgadm ‐fgoniiassandgf‑,tjbgd nut ne gvgryfjy joogss ad j saiakjr ejsànd tn Hjkkjoùkas`. Nt`gr induigdts

enris summgst j ouiukjtavg djturg, suo` js t`g fgonrjtgf rnob s`gkvgs t`rnum`nutBakijrtad Ujkkgy, wat` syihnks jffgf nvgr taig, hnt` rgspgotadm jdf rgwnrbadmgjrkagr ojrvadms (_tgvgdsnd :11=). Fngs suo` j saipkg enriukjtand ne rgpgtatandjs j hjfmg ne ratujk suoogss, wat` t`g udaqug js ejakurg, prnvafg j wjy adtn t`ggvafgdog> Ojd qugstands hg enriukjtgf ad suo` j wjy t`jt t`gy ojd hg tgstgf js`ypnt`gsgs>

Jsbadm t`g qugstand< `nw tn afgdtaey ratujk ejakurg ad _onttas`prgàstnry

@nw t`gd tn invg enrwjrf wat` jdjkysas ne ratujk ejakurg ad _onttas` prgàstnry>Wktaijtgky, tàs rgvnkvgs jrnudf hgadm jhkg tn onddgot o`jdmgs ad ratujk prjotaog tnhrnjfgr o`jdmgs ad snoagty jdf t`g kjdfsojpg. Fjtjsgts enr tàs rjdmg ne o`jdmgsnpgrjtg nvgr faeegrgdt sojkgs, jdf adtgmrjtadm t`gi as o`jkkgdmadm. @nwgvgr, t`rggt`gigs npgrjtadm jt faeegrgdt sojkgs neegr j pntgdtajk rnutg adtn t`g fjtj< gxpknradmkadbs wat` o`jdmadm okaijtg jdf knojk gdvarndigdt2 trjoadm t`g jrravjk jdf faspgrsjkne dgw ijtgrajk2 jdf gxjiadadm o`jdmg jt t`g kgvgk ne ùijd onmdatand.

Kadbadm jdy enri ne snoagtjk o`jdmg tn okaijtao fjtj enr prgàstnry as erjum`twat` faeeaoukty (appadm gt jk. 8330), jdf ojd ndky npgrjtg watàd rao`, knojkasgffjtj-sgts t`jt ojd rgekgot `nw wafgr-sojkg o`jdmgs jeegot spgoaeao gdvarndigdts.

Knnbadm jt t`g pntgdtajk ne, enr gxjipkg, kadbadm t`g ergqugdoy jdf knojtand ne t`g



65

fgpnsatand ne igtjkwnrb, tn gdvarndigdtjk o`jdmgs iam`t prnvg eruateuk (Onwagpgrs. onii.). às orgjtgs jd jpprnjo` t`jt `js j prgfaotavg gkgigdt, jdf t`g typgsne fgpnsatand ojd hg jdjkysgf tn stjrt orgjtadm jd afgj ne w`jt pgnpkg egkt ‐wnrbgf‑jdf w`jt ‐ejakgf‑. At iam`t jksn jkknw j inrg fgtjakgf jro`jgnknmaojk gxpknrjtand

ne ‐ratujkasjtand‑ jdf `nw tàs as sggd tn wnrb (nr dnt), js faeegrgdt ojtgmnragsne ijtgrajk oukturg ijy `jvg hggd fgpnsatgf prgegrgdtajkky. Ae t`g ondogpt neratujkasjtand as joogptgf, t`grg as jksn j dggf tn ojst t`g dgt wafgr enr ratujk jotavaty,ad faeegrgdt ojtgmnrags ne nhlgot, jdf t`gar adtgmrjtand adtn ratujk jotavaty watàdwafgr kjdfsojpgs ne suhsastgdog, invgigdt jdf `jhatjtand ‟ j eukky ‐onsinknmaojk‑kjdfsojpg (Hrûob 83::).

rjoadm t`g jrravjk jdf sprgjf ne dgw ijtgrajk oukturg `js j kndm pgfamrggad _onttas` prgàstnry. Enr Hjkkjoùkas`, t`g trjdsatand erni hrndzg-wnrbadm tnt`g fgvgknpigdt ne arnd-wnrbadm wjs j pgrtadgdt adekugdog, gvafgdogf hy t`geadfs ne arnd jdf arnd prnfuotand jt Jd Fudjd (S_J_ :1=3). Gxpknradm saiakjr

trjdsatands, jdf kadbadm t`gi tn o`jdmgs ad ratujk prjotaog enris j prniasadm jrgjne rgsgjro`, w`gt`gr t`nsg trjdsatands jrg adoniadm pgnpkgs suo` js t`g Xnijds nrDnrsg, ijtgrajk oukturg nr dgw wjys ne nrmjdasadm snoagty nr nhtjadadm ennf. _niggjrkagr adtgrprgtjtands ne t`g Hjkkjoùkas` eamurg vagw ats fgpnsatand js j rgjotandtn adoniadm O`rastajdaty nr j rgspndsg tn iakatjry fgegjt (_tgwjrt :00?, 87). Inrghrnjfky, prnogssgs suo` js t`g jrravjk ne t`g Xnijds ojd hg gxpknrgf ad rgegrgdogtn ratujk jotavaty suo` js `njrfadm (@udtgr :11=, :88-?). Adfggf, t`g ‐oknsadm‑ neXnijd jktjrs hy huryadm t`gi ejog fnwd ‟ t`g eadjk jots ne jd adsgrtgf trjfatandt`jt fngs dnt jppgjr tn `jvg ondtadugf (jt kgjst dnt ad t`g sjig enri), rgojkkst`g Hjkkjoùkas` eamurg atsgke. At ijy rgprgsgdt j rgkjtavgky s`nrt-kavgf jttgipt jt

gstjhkasàdm j dgw trjfatand, nr jd udsuoogsseuk rgspndsg tn j dgw orasas. J w`nkgrjdmg ne trjdsatands jdf o`jdmgs, hnt` gxtgrdjk jdf adtgrdjk, prnvafg t`g orasgs t`jtsnoagty turds tn ratujk prjotaog tn fgjk wat`.

`g wnrbadms ne t`g adfavafujk iadf neegrs jdnt`gr jrgj ne rgsgjro`. Onmdatavgsoagdog `js pntgdtajk ad fgvgknpadm tgstjhkg `ypnt`gsgs nut ne t`g ratujk ne iadf,hgmaddadm wat` t`g t`gnry t`jt ùijd iadfs frjw erni j sadmkg vnojhukjry nepntgdtajk ratujk gxprgssands (IoOjukgy jdf Kjwsnd 833=). às vnojhukjry asfggigf inrg oniprg`gdsahkg w`gd gxjiadadm prgàstnrao oniiudatags, jdf asadtaijtgky onddgotgf tn t`g hrnjfgr snoajk jdf djturjk gdvarndigdt. Js suo`, t`ggxastgdog ne pjrjigtgrs ne rgkamanus t`num`t jdf j prnhjhakastao rjdmg ne ratujk

afgjs jdf ijtgrajk rgsnurogs t`jt ojd hg frjwd nd hy j oniiudaty ne pgnpkg,ojd hg tgstgf jmjadst t`g jro`jgnknmaojk gvafgdog. `g djturg jdf enri t`jt t`nsgpjrjigtgrs tjbg ojd jksn hg gxpknrgf. Infgks ne t`g onsinknmy jdf ratujk jssnoajtgfwat` j rjdmg ne satgs ondtadug tn hg fgvgknpgf< t`gsg onukf hg gvjkujtgf ernij onmdatavg soagdog pgrspgotavg, jdf gxpgotjtands erni j onmdatavg pnadt ne vagwonukf hg tgstgf rgtrnfaotavgky jmjadst t`g jro`jgnknmaojk gvafgdog.

`g _onttas` prgàstnrao rgonrf prnvafgs j strndm fjtj-sgt ne gvafgdog enrratujk hg`jvanur watàd prg- jdf prntn-àstnrao snoagtags nvgr j rjdmg ne spjtajkjdf o`rndnknmaojk sojkgs wat` wào` tn gxpknrg j rjdmg ne qugstands. Oknsurg-kabgfgpnsats, enr gxjipkg, jrg àm`-pntgdtajk jrgjs ad wào` tn stufy ratujk ejakurg

js t`gy netgd rgprgsgdt j inigdt ne o`jdmg afgdtaeajhkg t`rnum` jro`jgnknmy.



6=

]`gt`gr nr dnt t`gy rgprgsgdt ‐ratujk ejakurg‑ as j qugstand tn gxpknrg ‟ kjob nergourradm saiakjratags ad t`g infg jdf ijddgr ne oknsurg ijy hg inrg kabgky tnadfaojtg ejakurg. _aiakjrky, pgrsastgdog jppgjrs jdnt`gr aipnrtjdt oratgrand w`gdjttgiptadm tn gxpknrg ratujk ejakurg. _nig snoagtjk gkgigdts wat` j strndm ratujk

gkgigdt fn sggi tn rgour (nr jt kgjst hg afgdtaeagf jt faeegrgdt pgranfs), suo` jsjdogstnr vgdgrjtand nr tntgiasi. às ojd ijsb t`g rgkjtandsàp hgtwggd gvgdtsjdf kndmgr prnogssgs, `nwgvgr, wat` onddgotands gip`jsasgf jdf taig oniprgssgfjs j rgsukt. Ojtgmnrags ne ijtgrajk t`jt jro`jgnknmasts wnukf onienrtjhky gxpkjad adtgris ne ratujk hg`jvanur trjfatandjkky adokufg suhstjdtajk tàdms kabg o`jihgrgftnihs. Ae ratujkasjtand as joogptgf t`gd tàs iust hg hrnjfgdgf tn gdonipjss‐gvgryfjy‑ ijtgrajk t`jt ojd hg adonrpnrjtgf watàd ratujk. Ijtgrajk suo` js tàs, enrgxjipkg, jdaijk hndg nr onjrsg stndg tnnks, jrg jttgstgf jt ijdy ‐ratujk‑ ondtgxts.

Enr _onttas` prgàstnry, jro`jgnknmasts jvg mgdgrjkky jf tn fgjk ad o`rndnknmaojkhknobs, erni wào` o`jdmg as faeeaoukt tn gkuoafjtg. Afgjs ne o`jdmg jdf ondtaduaty

jrg netgd iuffagf hy tàs kjob ne prgoasand‟ fngs kjtgr jotavaty nd jd gjrkagr satgrgprgsgdt ondtaduaty, j àjtus, onadoafgdog nr jd jttgipt tn jotavgky gvnbg t`gpjst> ]`jt kgdmt`s ne taigsojkg wnukf jotujkky faeegrgdtajtg hgtwggd t`gsg> @nwkndm pjssgs hgenrg pgnpkg jrg jttgiptadm tn gvnbg j pjst t`grg as dn survavadmiginry ne> @nwgvgr, t`g jppkaojtand ne fjtadm tgo`daqugs, sjipkadm strjtgmags,jdf ondtgxtujk jdf stjtastaojk jdjkysas ojd prnvafg t`g kgvgk ne fjtj rgquargf tnfrjw nut tàs fgtjakgf paoturg. Xgogdt wnrb ad Hjygsajd infgkadm, enr gxjipkg,as nvgrturdadm infgrd dntands ne kjrmg Dgnkatào struoturgs js induigdts tn t`ggtgrdjk (Hjykass jdf ]àttkg 833=), jdf as huakfadm j iuo` inrg fydjiao paoturgne prgàstnrao snoagty. Fgvgknpadm wnrb t`jt ojd prnvafg mgdgrjtandjk taigsojkgs

wakk jeegot t`g sojkg ne jdjkysas t`jt djrrjtavgs ojd hg huakt upnd, ad turd, jkknwadmjro`jgnknmy tn hgttgr gxpknrg hrnjfgr qugstands ne o`jdmg jdf ondtaduaty.

Ondokusand

]`jtgvgr t`g igjdadm ne t`g Hjkkjoùkas` eamurg ‟ egrtakaty syihnk, s`radg tn sjegpjssjmg, `nusg afnk, hnjt tntgi, nr prnxy enr ratujk bakkadm ‟ ats oknsurg ojd hgadtgrprgtgf js ratujk ‐ejakurg‑. @nwgvgr, at as aipnrtjdt tn ondsafgr ‐ejakurg‑ watàdhrnjfgr gxpkjdjtands ne o`jdmg ‟ ‐orasgs‑ iam`t hg j hgttgr tgri, js ratujk as t`gigo`jdasi hy wào` ejakurg as rgsnkvgf js wgkk js suoogss joàgvgf. Jro`jgnknmy

ojd prnvafg enssakasgf ratujk ‐inigdts ad taig‑ w`gd t`g addgr wnrbadms ne t`gratujk systgi ojd hg mkaipsgf. Jro`jgnknmy tgdfs tn rgonvgr t`gsg `nwgvgr, ernisnoagtags t`jt `jvg ‐ejakgf‑ js j w`nkg ‟ t`g enssakasgf ‐inigdt ad taig‑ as netgd jsnoagty‑s kjst. At as t`grgenrg faeeaoukt tn sgpjrjtg ratujk ejakurg erni snoagtjk ejakurg.Xatujk as jksn faeeaoukt tn afgdtaey js j ‐tàdm‑ ‟ at as ndky pnssahkg tn afgdtaey ratujkjotavaty t`rnum` t`g ondtgxt ne pgrenrijdog (Ugr`ngvgd 83::, :85).

Wktaijtgky, ejakurg as jd gkgigdt ne o`jdmg, jdf at ijy hg gjsagr tn vagw tàsjkndm j ondtaduui ne o`jdmg, rjt`gr t`jd j hadjry systgi ne ‐suoogss‑ nr ‐ejakurg‑.Ad jdy ojsg, suoogss nr ejakurg wakk hg ondtadmgdt nd pgrspgotavg ‟ adokufadminfgrd pgrspgotavgs w`grg ‐suoogss‑ as netgd sggd js ondtadujdog nr pgrsastgdog

ne j snoagty. Ndg fjdmgr as t`jt jro`jgnknmy netgd enousgs nd o`jdmg rjt`gr t`jd



60

ondtaduaty, jdf hy fnadm sn ijy gip`jsasg t`g gkgigdts w`grg ratujk systgis orgjbnr hrgjb, rjt`gr t`jd t`g ondtadugf eudotandadm wào` as inrg ne j o`jrjotgrastao.Ad tàs sgdsg, ‐ratujk ejakurg‑ as inrg ne jd gtao ojtgmnry t`jd ‐ratujk‑. Jro`jgnknmaojkgxpgotjtands ne suoogss jdf ejakurg t`grgenrg dggf tn hg orataojkky gxjiadgf. Ae ratujk

as j eudfjigdtjk jspgot ne ùijd snoagty, ejakurg ad tàs sp`grg onukf usgeukky hgonipjrgf jdf ondtrjstgf tn nt`gr typgs ne ‐ejakurg‑ (g.m. ijrbgt ejakurg). Js t`g _nnt`sjygr àm`kam`ts jt t`g hgmaddadm ne tàs pjpgr, ratujk ijbgs

at faeeaoukt tn qugstand ats nwd geeaojoy (Hkno` :101). `g Jstgrax hnnbs jrggdtgrtjadadm js adfavafujk puhkaojtands js t`gy tjbg us nd ijdy faeegrgdt stnrags tnijdy faeegrgdt pkjogs. @nwgvgr, t`gy jksn gdtgrtjad js j sgrags ‟ oniind t`gigsjrg afgdtaeagf jdf t`gar rgourradm jppgjrjdog hradms t`g rgjfgr gdlnyigdt jdfvjkug. `g sby dnt ejkkadm nd pgnpkg‑s `gjfs, gvgd w`gd at jppgjrs at iust fn sn, asndg suo` rgourradm t`gig.

Xgegrgdogs

Jriat, A. 8337. Ogktao _ontkjdf , Kndfnd< Hjtsenrf.

Hjykass, J. jdf ]àttkg, J. 833= (gfs.). @astnrags ne t`g fgjf< huakfadm o`rndnknmags enreavg snut`grd Hratas` kndm hjrrnws. Lnurdjk suppkgigdt, Ojihrafmg Jro`jgnknmaojk

Lnurdjk :=/:.

Hgkk, O. :118. Xatujk `gnry, Xatujk Srjotaog , Nxenrf< Nxenrf Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Hgkk, O. :11=. Xatujk< Sgrspgotavgs jdf Faigdsands , Nxenrf< Nxenrf Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Hkno`, I. :101. Xatujk, @astnry jdf Snwgr< _gkgotgf Sjpgrs ad Jdt`rnpnknmy , Kndfnd<

Jt`kndg Srgss.Hrjfkgy, X. :110. `g pjssjmg ne Jris , Nxenrf< Nxenrf Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Hrjfkgy, X. 8338. `g Sjst ad Srgàstnrao _noagtags , Kndfnd, Xnutkgfmg.

Hrjfkgy, X. 8337. Xatujk jdf Fnigstao Kaeg ad Srgàstnrao Gurnpg , Kndfnd< Xnutkgfmg.

Hrûob, L. :111. Xatujk jdf rjtandjkaty< snig prnhkgis ne adtgrprgtjtand ad Gurnpgjdjro`jgnknmy, Lnurdjk ne Gurnpgjd Jro`jgnknmy 8 (?), ?:?-?66.

Hrûob, L. 83::. Earg, Gjrt`, ]jtgr< Jd Gkgigdtjk Onsinmrjp`y ne t`g Gurnpgjd Hrndzg Jmg, ad< Adsnkk, . (gf.). `g Nxenrf @jdfhnnb ne t`g Jro`jgnknmy ne Xatujk jdf Xgkamand,Nxenrf< Nxenrf Wdavgrsaty Srgss, ?0=-636.

Oàkfg, U.M. :168. ]`jt @jppgdgf ad @astnry , @jrindfswnrt`< Sgdmud.

O`rastasnd, X. :00:. Nd jd jdoagdt wnnfgd aijmg, enudf ad Dnvgihgr kjst jt Hjkkjoùkas`pgjt-inss. Srnoggfadms ne t`g _noagty ne Jdtaqujrags ne _ontkjdf :7, :70-:=0.

Okjrbg, O.I. jdf _tndgijd, X. 833:. Jro`jgnknmaojk jdf SjkjgngdvarndigdtjkAdvgstamjtand jt Dnrt` Hjkkjoùkas` Inss, @am`kjdf, _ontkjdf, ad< Xjetgry, H. jdf@aobgy, L. (gfs.). Xgogdt Fgvgknpigdts ad ]gtkjdf Xgsgjro` Fuhkad< _gjdfêkjéno`tIndnmrjp` 8 jdf ]JXS Noojssandjk pjpgr :6, 83:-8:6.

Okjrbg, O.I., Wtsa, G. jdf Wtsa, U. :111. Mrnudf Sgdgtrjtadm Xjfjr Advgstamjtands jt

Dnrt` Hjkkjoùkas` Inss, @am`kjdf, _ontkjdf. Jro`jgnknmaojk Srnspgotand 5, :3=-:8:.



61

Onkgs, H. :113. Jdt`rnpninrpào wnnfgd eamuradgs erni Hratjad jdf Argkjdf. Srnoggfadmsne t`g Srgàstnrao _noagty 75, ?:7-??.

Onkgs, L. jdf Onkgs, H. :115. Gdkjrmadm t`g Sjst< `g Ondtrahutand ne ]gtkjdf Jro`jgnknmy ,Gfadhurm`< _noagty ne Jdtaqujrags ne _ontkjdf Indnmrjp` _grags :: jdf ]gtkjdf

Jro`jgnknmy Xgsgjro` Srnlgot Noojsndjk Sjpgr :3.Orndg, J. 833=. Mnf-fnkkags> Jd Jssgihkjmg ne pgm-kabg Nhlgots erni t`g Saot‑s Bdnwg,

Fuierags, _nut`-wgst _ontkjdf, ad< ]JXS (gfs.). Jro`jgnknmy erni t`g ]gtkjdfs< XgogdtSgrspgotavgs , Gfadhurm`< _noagty ne Jdtaqujrags ne _ontkjdf, ??1-?68.

Gjrwnnf, O. :11=. Hnm huttgr< j twn t`nusjdf ygjr àstnry. Lnurdjk ne Aras` Jro`jgnknmy 0, 87-68.

Gvjds-Srato`jrf, G. G. :1?=. ]atoòrjet, Nrjokgs jdf Ijmao jindm t`g Jzjdfg , Nxenrf<Nxenrf Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Mknh, S.U. :1=?. `g Hnm Sgnpkg Arnd Jmg Ijd Srgsgrvgf . Kndfnd< Ejhgr jdf Ejhgr.

Mnsoaddy, X. jdf Wdfgrzn, J. 8336. Jstgrax jdf t`g _nnt`sjygr . Kndfnd< Nrand Hnnbs.

Mraigs, X.K. :100. Adegkaoatnus Sgrenrijdogs jdf Xatujk Orataoasi. _gigaj 6?< :3?-:88.

@nffgr, A. :108. `g Srgsgdt Sjst , Kndfnd< Hjtsenrf.

@udtgr, E. :11=. Arnd Jmg @njrfadm ad _ontkjdf jdf Dnrt`grd Gdmkjdf, ad< Mwakt, J jdf@jsgkmrnvg, O. (gfs.). Xgondstruotadm Arnd Jmg _noagtags< dgw jpprnjo`gs tn t`g HratasÀrnd Jmg, Nxenrf< Nxhnw Hnnbs, :30-:??.

@ûsbgd, W. 833=j (gf.). ]`gd Xatujks mn ]rndm< Iastjbgs, Ejakurg, jdf t`g Fydjiaos neXatujk , Kgafgd< Hrakk.

@ûsbgd, W. 833=h. Xatujk Fydjiaos jdf Xatujk Ejakurg, ad< @ûsbgd, W (gf.). ]`gd Xatujks mn ]rndm< Iastjbgs, Ejakurg, jdf t`g Fydjiaos ne Xatujk , Kgafgd< Hrakk, ??=-?55.

Adsnkk, . 8336. Jro`jgnknmy, Xatujk, Xgkamand, Kndfnd< Xnutkgfmg.

Bgkky, G.S. 8335. _gorgts ne t`g Hnm Hnfags< `g Gdamij ne t`g Arnd Jmg Gxpkjadgf, Jro`jgnknmy Argkjdf 83/:, 85-?3.

Bgkky, G.S. 83:8. Aras` Arnd Jmg Hnm Hnfags. _noagty ne Jdtaqujrags ne _ontkjdf Kgoturgfgkavgrgf nd 1t` Ljdujry 83:8 `ttp<//www.snojdtsont.nrm/jrtaokg.jsp>jaf9:=05;joogssgf nd :3t` Ijy 83:84.

Byrajbafas, G. 833=j (gf.). `g Jro`jgnknmy ne Xatujk Kns Jdmgkgs2 Wdavgrsaty neOjkaenrdaj.

Byrajbafas, G. 833=h (gf.). Jro`jgnknmags ne Xatujk, ad< Byrajbafas, G (gf.). `g Jro`jgnknmyne Xatujk Kns Jdmgkgs2 Wdavgrsaty ne Ojkaenrdaj, 801-?30.

Káva-_trjuss, O. :150. _truoturjk Jdt`rnpnknmy , Kndfnd< Jkkgd Kjdg, `g Sgdmuad Srgsss.

IoOjukgy, X.D. jdf Kjwsnd, G.. 833=. Onmdatand, Xgkamanus Xatujk, jdf Jro`jgnknmy,ad< Byrajbafas, G. (gf). `g Jro`jgnknmy ne Xatujk . Kns Jdmgkgs< Ontsgd Adstatutg ne

Jro`jgnknmy Suhkaojtands, 831-876.

Ijkadnwsba, H. :176. Ijmao, _oagdog jdf Xgkamand jdf Nt`gr Gssjys , Dgw Qnrb<Fnuhkgfjy.



73

Sammntt, _ jdf @gdfgrsnd, B :170 _ontkjdf Hgenrg Srgàstnry , Gfadhurm`< Dgksnd.

_noagty ne Jdtaqujrags ne _ontkjdf :1=3. Fndjtands tn jdf puro`jsgs enr t`g Iusgui jdfKahrjry. Srnoggfadms ne t`g _noagty ne Jdtaqujrags ne _ontkjdf :38, 817-0.

Xjfokaeeg-Hrnwd, J. X. :175. _truoturg jdf Eudotand ad Sraiatavg _noagty , Kndfnd< On`gdjdf ]gst.

Xjppjpnrt, X. :111. Xatujk jdf Xgkamand ad t`g Ijbadm ne @uijdaty , Ojihrafmg< OjihrafmgWdavgrsaty Srgss.

XOJ@I_ :100. `g Xnyjk Oniiassand nd t`g Jdoagdt jdf @astnraojk Induigdts ne _ontkjdf. Jrmykk< jd advgdtnry ne t`g induigdts vnkuig 5< Iaf-Jrmykk jdf Onwjk, prgàstnrao jdfgjrky àstnrao induigdts , Gfadhurm`< _tjtandgry Neeaog Hnnbs.

Xatoàg, M. :11=. `g Jro`jgnknmy ne Jrmykk , Gfadhurm`< Gfadhurm` Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

_ontt, L.M. :101. `g _tndg Oarokgs jt gipkg ]nnf, Bakijrtad, Jrmykk, `g Mkjsmnw

Jro`jgnknmaojk Lnurdjk :7, 7?-:86._`jpkjdf, E. jdf Jriat, A. 83:8. `g Wsgeuk Fgjf< Hnfags js Nhlgots ad Arnd Jmg jdf

Dnrsg Jtkjdtao _ontkjdf, Gurnpgjd Lnurdjk ne Jro`jgnknmy :7/:, 10-::5.

_tjdkgy, I. 833=. Jdt`rnpninrpào ]nnfgd Eamurgs< Xgogdt Aras` Fasonvgrags, ad< ]JXS (gfs.). Jro`jgnknmy erni t`g ]gtkjdfs< Xgogdt Sgrspgotavgs , Gfadhurm`< _noagty ne Jdtaqujrags ne _ontkjdf, :0?-:13.

_tgvgdsnd, L.H. :11=. `g prgàstnrao rnob ojrvadms ne Jrmykk ad< Xatoàg, M. `g Jro`jgnknmyne Jrmykk , Gfadhurm`< Gfadhurm` Wdavgrsaty Srgss, 17-::=.

_tgwjrt, L. :00?. `g Hjkkjoùkas` Mnffgss, rjdsjotands ne t`g Advgrdgss _oagdog Eagkf Okuh

8, 8:-0.appadm, X., Fjvags, J., IoOukkno`, X. jdf asfjkk, G. 8330. Xgspndsg tn kjtg Hrndzg Jmg

okaijtg o`jdmg ne ejriadm oniiudatags ad dnrt` gjst _ontkjdf, Lnurdjk ne Jro`jgnknmaojk_oagdog ?7, 8?=1-8?05.

urdgr, U. :151. `g Xatujk Srnogss. _truoturg jdf Jdta-_truoturg , Dgw Qnrb< JkfadgSuhkasàdm Onipjdy.

urdgr, X.O. :117. Mjzgtggr ne Hnm Hnfags ad t`g Hratas` Askgs, ad< urdgr, X.O. jdf _ojaeg,X.M. (gfs.). Hnm Hnfags< Dgw Fasonvgrags jdf Dgw Sgrspgotavgs , Kndfnd< Hratas` IusggiSrgss, 837-883.

yknr, G.H. :181. Sraiatavg Oukturg , Kndfnd< Ln`d Iurrjy.Ujd fgr _jdfgd, ]. :115. `rnum` Djturg tn Gtgrdaty< `g Hnm Hnfags ne Dnrt`wgst Gurnpg ,

Jistgrfji< Hjtjvajd Kand Adtgrdjtandjk.

Ugr`ngvgd, I. 83::. `g Ijdy Faigdsands ne Xatujk, ad< Adsnkk, (gf.). `g Nxenrf@jdfhnnb ne t`g Jro`jgnknmy ne Xatujk jdf Xgkamand , Nxenrf< Nxenrf Wdavgrsaty Srgss,::7-:?8.



7:

O`jptgr ?

Xatujk ejakurg ad t`g husadgss rgonrfs neIgsnpntjiajd tgipkgs:

Iao`jgk Bnzu 8

Jhstrjot

às pjpgr jais tn jff tn t`g udfgrstjdfadm ne Igsnpntjiajd ratujk ejakurg hyàm`kam`tadm gvafgdog erni j typg ne oudgaenri rgonrf t`jt, jkt`num` gdlnyadmj rgdjassjdog ne snrts sadog t`g :113s, `js hggd kjrmgky nvgrknnbgf js snurog< t`ghusadgss rgonrfs ne Igsnpntjiajd tgipkgs ad t`g earst iakkgddaui HO. Wsadmt`gsg, ndg ojd rgondstruot, netgd ad mrgjt fgtjak, t`g fastadotavg prnogssgs hy wào`

Hjhykndajd tgipkgs ijdjmgf t`g fjaky ratujks t`jt wgrg eudfjigdtjk tn t`gargxastgdog ‟ djigky, t`g twaog-j-fjy ratujk ne eggfadm ne t`gar mnfs. Favafadm t`gprnogss adtn suppky, stnrjmg, jdf prghgdfjk gxpgdfaturg, A enous nd ratujk ejakurgjs at jppgjrs ad t`nsg t`rgg stgps. Ad t`g gdf, A jrmug t`jt tgipkg husadgss rgonrfsrgvgjk t`g jfiadastrjtavg wgjb pnadts ad t`g Igsnpntjiajd ratujk systgi, ad geegotprgsjmadm w`grg jdf `nw ratujks onukf ejak.

Bgywnrfs< Igsnpntjiaj, ratujk jfiadastrjtand, tgipkg ratujk, fjaky ratujk.

`g Igsnpntjiajd oudgaenri rgonrf ne t`g earst iakkgddaui HO prnvafgs jipkggvafgdog enr t`g stufy ne ratujk ejakurg. Dgw gfatands ne tgxts fnouigdtadm j vjragtyne Igsnpntjiaj‑s ratujk systgis jppgjr rgmukjrky, ijdy ne wào` adokufg so`nkjrkyfasoussands t`jt wnrb tn pkjog vjranus ratujks ad t`gar snoan-gondniao nr ‟pnkataojkondtgxt (Jihns 83362 Hafigjf 83382 Kadssgd 83362 Ijuk :116, 83::2 Sndmrjtz-Kgastgd :1162 ]jkbgr & Faob 833:). Igsnpntjiajd oniigdtjry jhnut ratujksas jksn àm`ky akkuiadjtadm (Onkg & Ijoàdast :1102 Sjrpnkj :11?). Wsadm t`gsgtgxts, Okjus Jihns fasoussgs t`rgg oniind typgs ne ratujk ejakurg ad Igsnpntjiaj<t`g mnfs‑ nutram`t rgeusjk ne t`g ratujk2 t`g favadg adtgrruptand ne j ratujk2 jdfùijd grrnr ad ratujk gxgoutand (Jihns 833=, 87ee.). @as kast as ogrtjadky dnt

: Oudgaenri tgxts jdf puhkaojtand sgrags jrg oatgf wat` t`g systgi ne jhhrgvajtands ne Vg JssyrajdFaotandjry ne t`g Nragdtjk Adstatutg ne t`g Wdavgrsaty ne Oàojmn (OJF), rgprnfuogf (wat` nt`gr

jhhrgvajtands) jt `ttp<//ofka.uokj.gfu/waba/fnbu.p`p/jhhrgvajtandsênr^jssyranknmy.8 Juhurd Wdavgrsaty (W_J), imbnzu`Cisd.oni.



78

gx`justavg. Enr gxjipkg, jt taigs t`g stjtug ne j mnf wgdt iassadm, gat`gr t`rnum`nutram`t ‛mnfdjppadm’ nr js j rgsukt ne j ojkjiaty, wào` ojusgf ratujks tn ejak(Hgjukagu 833:). Snkataojk adstjhakaty, gspgoajkky rgmaig o`jdmg, lgnpjrfazgf tgipkgratujks (Mrjysnd :1=3, :5:ee.), js faf ejiadg, jrfsàps, jdf hjsao amdnrjdog ne t`g

prnpgr ratgs (enr t`gsg, sgg t`g gfatand ne HHst ?5 ad (]nnfs 8336).gipkg husadgss rgonrfs s`nw t`jt ratujk onukf ejak enr iudfjdg rgjsnds jswgkk. _aipky put, gvgry Igsnpntjiajd tgipkg `jf j prnogss, suhlgot tn knojkvjrajtand, hy wào` at turdgf t`g prnfuots ne ats kjdf jdf jdaijks adtn ratujkigjks enr ats mnfs. Ad t`jt prnogss jd jfiadastrjtavg hrgjbfnwd onukf noour jtjdy pnadt, kgjfadm tn jd ‛adtgrruptand’ (Hjhykndajd hjṩku) ad t`g neegradms. `rggsnut`grd Igsnpntjiajd tgipkg jroàvgs ad t`g earst iakkgddaui HO prnvafg jipkg‟ adfggf, nvgrjhudfjdt ‟ adenrijtand nd tàs prnogss< t`g Ghjhhjr tgipkg ne_appjr, t`g Gzafj tgipkg ne Hnrsappj, jdf t`g Gjddj tgipkg ne Wrub. Ondsafgradmt`gi tnmgt`gr, jdf saipkaeyadm t`g prnogss adtn suppky, stnrjmg, jdf prghgdfjk

fastrahutand, wg ojd frjw nd t`g inst gfaeyadm pjrt ne gjo` jroàvg tn fasogrd `nwIgsnpntjiajds fgjkt wat` t`g t`rgjt ne jd jfiadastrjtavg adtgrruptand ad tgipkgratujk. Jkt`num` ratujk adtgrruptand uktaijtgky prnvnbgf t`gnknmaojk ondtgipkjtand,t`g husadgss rgonrfs rgvgjk t`jt, ad t`g gdf, at wjs j fastadotky ùijd prnhkgi. Adejot, hy padpnadtadm wgjbdgssgs ad t`g jfiadastrjtand ne tgipkg ratujk systgiswg ojd t`gd kadb t`nsg vukdgrjhakatags tn t`g àm`-kgvgk ondtgipkjtand ne ratujk adIgsnpntjiaj.

Ad mgdgrjk, A jai tn trgjf kam`tky nvgr t`g tgxtujk ijtgrajk `grg. Jssyranknmaojkkatgrjturg ojd hg adtaiafjtadm jdf npjqug tn dnd-gxpgrts, hut at as iy `npg t`jt,sggadm ats pntgdtajk, àstnrajds, jdt`rnpnknmasts, jdf jro`jgnknmasts spgoajkazadm ad

ratujk wakk turd t`gar jttgdtand tn t`g oudgaenri rgonrf. At as pjrtaoukjrky rao` ndtàs tnpao (Jihns 833=, 87e.) jdf `js iuo` tn neegr tn nutsafg spgoajkasts.

Earst, j egw wnrfs nd t`g tgris ‛ratujk’ jdf ‛prghgdf/prghgdfjry.’ GvgryIgsnpntjiajd tgipkg pgrenrigf jd adfaspgdsjhkg twn-pjrt fjaky ratujk ‟ ojkkgfgat`gr sjttubbu nr madò ‟ ad wào` at egf twn igjks tn t`g stjtug(s) ne ats mnf(s) ad t`ginrdadm jdf jdnt`gr twn igjks jt fusb (kat< jt t`g ‛onnk ne t`g fjy’). (Nppgd`gai:1==, :0?ee2 ]jgrzgmmgrs 83:3, :::ee.) `g hjsao igjk ondsastgf ne hrgjf, hggr,jdf kjih igjt, suppkgigdtgf wat` eruats (kabg fjtgs jdf pnigmrjdjtgs), fjaryprnfuots, gmms, iaog, rjasads, `ndgy, jdf ondegotands. Igjks vjragf dnt ndky ernitgipkg tn tgipkg hut jksn watàd tgipkgs tn iggt jd jddujk ratujk ojkgdfjr, ne

wào` wg ndky `jvg aipgregot bdnwkgfmg gvgd enr t`g hgst-fnouigdtgf tgipkgs(]jgrzgmmgrs 83:3, :::e.). ]g fn bdnw t`jt wggbky, indt`ky, jdf jddujk egstavjkfjys sjw j samdaeaojdt uptaob ad t`g jinudt jdf ergqugdoy ne ennf prgsgdtgf tn t`gmnfs (Xnhhads :115, 50ee.2 ]jgrzgmmgrs 83:3, ::1ee.). A jssuig t`g adtgrruptandsfasoussgf hgknw rgegr tn t`g fjaky ratujk, hut at as pnssahkg t`jt snig tgxts rgegr tnadtgrruptands nd egstavjk fjys. @gdog, t`g enkknwadm usgs t`g tgris ‛ratujk’ jdf‛tgipkg ratujk’ wat`nut spgoaeaojtand.

Enr ‛prghgdf/prghgdfjry’ A enkknw Ojrnkadg ]jgrzgmmgrs‑ `g Gzafj gipkg neHnrsappj . ]atàd t`g tgipkg atsgke, t`g jotujk gxgoutand ne ratujk advnkvgf j vjragtyne pgnpkg. ]jgrzgmmgrs puts t`gi ad twn mrnups< enr ndg t`grg wgrg t`g purvgynrs,

tn w`ni t`g tgipkg mjvg t`g rjw ijtgrajks enr t`gi tn ijduejoturg adtn ratujk



7?

ennfstuees, hy ‛outtadm, orusàdm, prgssadm, iakkadm, oùrdadm, onnbadm, hjbadm,hrgwadm, nr saipky sgkgotadm ‟ jdy typg ne jotavaty t`jt trjdsenrigf nrfadjry rjwprnfuots adtn spgoajk, sjoraeaoajk ennf.’ (]jgrzgmmgrs 83:3, ?38) `g tgipkg mjvgt`g nt`gr mrnup j igjds ne prnfuotand, suo` js fjtg-pjki mrnvgs, eas`pndfs, jdf

nx`grfs (enr iakb), erni wào` igihgrs ne t`jt mrnup frgw prnfuots enr t`g ratujkigjk (ad j ratujkazgf wjy). (]jgrzgmmgrs 83:3, ?38, 801ee. Renr nx`grf sgrvaogY).Igihgrs ne gjo` ne t`gsg mrnups wgrg prghgdfjrags, ad t`jt t`gy nwd j prghgdf(a.g., j s`jrg) ad t`g gxgoutand ne tgipkg ratujk, ad t`g ijdy eudotands kastgf jhnvg(jdf ijdy nt`grs).? Nwdgrsàp ne j prghgdf wjs rgiudgrjtavg, hnt` ad tgris nepjyigdt enr ratujk gxgoutand jdf j pnrtand ne t`g ratujk igjk atsgke. (]jgrzgmmgrs83:3, ?3?ee.)

]`grg tàs iam`t ojusg ondeusand as ad tgipkg suppky, ondsafgrgf dgxt. `ghukb ne t`g suppky ad ogrgjks jdf (kjih) igjt enr ratujk ojig erni nutsafg tgipkgondtrjotnrs2 prghgdfjrags suppkagf nt`gr pjrts ne t`g ratujk igjk, pjrtaoukjrky

prgstamg atgis jdf ennfstuees wat` s`nrt gxparjtand wadfnws (g.m. eas` jdf fjary). ]àkg hnt` tgo`daojkky suppky, ndg faeegrgdtajtand hgtwggd t`g twn ‟ js ejr js Aojd fasogrd ‟ as t`jt t`g ondtrjotnrs pjaf adtn t`g tgipkg‑s stnrg`nusgs jdf stjhkgs,wào` wgrg t`gd put udfgr t`g ondtrnk ne tgipkg jut`nratags, wàkg t`g ratujk tjsbne snig prghgdfjrags advnkvgf hnt` hradmadm ennf prnfuots tn t`g tgipkg jdfprgpjradm t`nsg prnfuots enr t`g igjk ne t`g mnfs. Ad mgdgrjk, ondtrjotnrs prnvafgft`g rjw ijtgrajk enr t`g hjsao igjk (ogrgjks enr hrgjf jdf hggr, kjihs enr igjt)wàkg prghgdfjrags hnt` prnvafgf jdf prgpjrgf suppkgigdtjk ennfs ne vjranussnrts. @gdog, A wakk fasouss prghgdfjk suppky udfgr prghgdfjk fastrahutand, js t`gtwn jrg adgxtraojhkg erni gjo` nt`gr.

Vgipkg _uppky

Adenrijtand nd tgipkg suppky onigs ijadky erni t`g Gjddj tgipkg ne Wrub jdft`g Ghjhhjr ne _appjr. Hnt` tgipkgs ondtrjotgf nut suhstjdtajk pjrts ne t`gar kjdfjdf jdaijks tn nutsafgrs w`n, ad turd, jmrggf tn pjy j stapukjtgf jinudt ne t`gyagkf tn t`g tgipkg gjo` ygjr (Onoqugrakkjt :1502 Lursj :1172 8336, :=0ee.2 Bnzuàd prgss2 vjd Fragk :1112 ]udso` ad prgss). Js j saipkg nhsgrvjtand, t`g kjrmg-sojkgsonpg ne t`g ondtrjots rgvgjks t`jt tgipkgs ondtrnkkgf samdaeaojdtky inrg prnfuotavgojpatjk t`jd wjs dggfgf tn iggt ratujk rgquargigdts.6 Ae dntàdm gksg, aiigdsg

`nkfadms ogrtjadky `gfmgf jmjadst ratujk ejakurg erni kjob ne suppky. Sgr`jps enr tàsrgjsnd fargot onddgotands hgtwggd j tgipkg‑s kjdfs, mjrfgds, nr jdaijk ondtrjotnrsjdf ats ratujk dggfs wgrg rjrg ‟ rjt`gr, ondtrjotnrs pjaf fargotky adtn t`g tgipkg‑sstnrg`nusgs nr stjhkgs, erni wào` tgipkg jfiadastrjtnrs sgkgotgf t`g prnfuots enrfavadg igjks.

? A gdfnrsg t`g jrmuigdt (]jgrzgmmgrs 83:3, ? jdf ?6ffi.) t`jt ‛pragst’ as j inrg jpt trjdskjtand t`jd‛prghgdfjry’ enr t`g pgnpkg jssnoajtgf wat` tàs p`gdnigdnd. @nwgvgr, A usg ‛prghgdfjry’ `grg adnrfgr tn àm`kam`t t`g gondniao jdf jfiadastrjtavg eudotands ne t`g prghgdf-`nkfgrs.

6 A gstaijtg t`jt t`g Gjddj ne Wrub ondtrnkkgf hgtwggd =6,333 jdf 13,333 tntjk s`ggp ad jdy mavgdygjr, wat` sjoraogs rgquaradm jd jddujk tntjk ne 6,?33 ijkg kjihs.



76

Jt taigs, `nwgvgr, gondniao strgssgs enrogf t`g tgipkgs tn kadb suppkagrsfargotky tn t`g pgrpgtujtand tgipkg ratujk. Ad 780 HO, t`g Gjddj ne Wrub, frjwadmerni ats suppkagrs, prnvasandgf j rnyjk hjdqugt ad j knojtand watàd Wrub sp`grg neadekugdog (Bkghgr 8330, 07ee.) Enr rgjsnds A fn dnt eukky udfgrstjdf, tàs udusujk

gvgdt t`rgw t`g tgipkg‑s jdaijk suppkags jdf suppkagrs adtn fasjrrjy, erni wào`t`g tgipkg gondniy tnnb nvgr gam`tggd indt`s tn eukky rgonvgr. (Bnzu` ad prgss)às fasjrrjy, ad turd, t`rgw tgipkg ratujk adtn pntgdtajk lgnpjrfy.

Kgjfadm up tn t`g hjdqugt, tgipkg ondtrjots hgmad tn usg kjdmujmg t`jt rgekgotsj egjr ne jd adtgrruptand ad t`g neegradms. wn udpuhkas`gf fupkaojtg ondtrjots (HI::677= jdf DOH 560) nhkamjtg j supgrvasnr ne t`g tgipkg‑s s`ggp ondtrjotnrstn fgkavgr :73 ijkg kjihs enr sjoraeaogs. `g tgxts jtypaojkky kadb ài fargotky tnt`g neegradms hy stapukjtadm t`jt (enkknwadm HI ::677=< :3ee) pu-ut _Ê.FWM

6

Ūê fMJţJD Ūê WDWM.BA dj-Ūa ˱ba˼-a kj a-tj-jh-bji-ij kj at-tjd-du RàY- ṩu Ūê i mu-hjr-ru KÜ.DJI VAD.VAX.BA u g-har A

= a-zjh-ha-ku, ‛Rt`g `grf supgrvasnrY

tjbgs rgspndsahakaty enr t`g fjaky neegradms ne (t`g mnffgss) t`g Kjfy ne Wrub2 ae `gejaks tn hradm (t`g kjihs) ad jdf mavg t`gi (tn t`g tgipkg), `g wakk hg muakty ne joraig jmjadst Mnhyrjs, t`g mnvgrdnr ne Hjhyknd jdf t`g rjdsgup`rjtajd rgmand.’

`g egjr ne jd adtgrruptand ondtadugf nd jetgr t`g hjdqugt. ]g `jvg j ondtrjot(QN_ = :8=) enr t`g sjig suppkagr tn hradm ad jdnt`gr sgt ne jdaijks, adfgtgriadjtgad duihgr, enr sjoraeaogs kjtgr ad t`g sjig ygjr. `g mujrjdtgg okjusg ne tàs tgxtstjtgs pu-ut ma-da-g Ūê fMJţJD Ūê WDWM.BA dj-Ūa ba-a à- ṩ u adj këh-ha at-tjh-buà- ṩ u Ūê i mu-hj-ru KÜ.DJI AD.AX.BA u g-har A= a-Ūjf-fj-jf , ‛Rt`g supgrvasnrYtjbgs rgspndsahakaty enr t`g fjaky neegradms ne (t`g mnffgss) t`g Kjfy ne Wrub2 ae jiastjbg noours t`grgad, g wakk hg muakty ne j oraig jmjadst Mnhyrjs t`g mnvgrdnr ne

Hjhyknd jdf t`g rjdsgup`rjtajd rgmand.’ Nt`gr tgxts erni tàs strgsseuk taig jrg JdNr 0 5=, HI ::?6:7, MOOA 8 :83, OK :? :58, QN_ = :8?, QN_ = :80, QN_= :?0, QN_ = :53, jdf QN_ = :5?. `g kjttgrinst ndg gdfs jffs t`g stapukjtandt`jt pu-ut hj ṩ -ku Ūê WFW.DAÊ.IG _Ã.FWM6 … dj-Ūa, ‛(t`g ondtrjotnr) tjbgrgspndsahky enr t`g (dnd)-adtgrruptand ne t`g sjoraeaoajk kjihs.’

`g pnadt `grg as t`jt, ad taigs ne gondniao strgss, t`g tgipkg sàetgf t`guktaijtg rgspndsahakaty enr t`g ondtadujtand ne t`g neegradms ndtn ats ondtrjotnrokjss, jffadm j sgdsg ne urmgdoy jdf aipnrtjdog tn t`g fgkavgrags. as jksn summgstst`jt t`g tgipkg‑s uktaijtg ejak-sjeg ne `nkfadm rgsgrvgs t`jt nutstrappgf ats ratujkdggfs wjs ndky js geegotavg js ats jfiadastrjtnrs. Ad tàs ojsg, ratujk wnukf `jvg

ejakgf saipky hgojusg t`g Gjddj onukf dnt joogss ats nwd rgsgrvg prnpgrty, `gkfudfgr ondtrjot hy nutsafgrs, ad j taigky ijddgr. Ad trut`, t`num`, wg jrg ndkyjwjrg ne t`gsg strgssgs hgojusg ne t`g tgipkg‑s rgquargigdt tn frjw up t`nrnumòndtrjots wat` nutsafgrs. ]grg t`g tgipkg tn frjw erni ats nwd fgpgdfgdts, atwnukf advnkvg j kgss gxpkaoat fnouigdtjry rgmaig (ondsafgrgf dgxt) t`jt iam`t dntijbg t`g t`rgjt ne ratujk adtgrruptand sn gvafgdt.



77

Vgipkg stnrjmg

Ndog onkkgotgf jdf stnobgf ad stnrgrnnis jdf stjhkgs, t`g tgipkgs trjobgf t`garmnnfs t`rnum` jfiadastrjtavg tgxts, suo` js iginrjdfj, s`nrt rgogapts, jufats,jdf kgfmgrs, wào` ijrbgf t`g invgigdts ne mnnfs hgtwggd tgipkg fgpjrtigdts.(Lursj 8337) Fgtjaks ad t`gsg tgxts vjry wafgky. Netgd t`gy djig t`g suppkagr jdf/nr t`g rgogavgr ne t`g mnnfs, hut t`gy tgdf dnt tn igdtand tgipkg jut`nratagsadvnkvgf ad trjdsjotands, dnr fn t`gy dntg t`g purpnsg ne jdy trjdsjotand wat`rgmukjraty nr wat` iuo` suppkgigdtjry fgtjak (Bkghgr 83372 Bnzu` 83::). Aeadfggf tgipkg jut`nratags prgoapatnusky sàetgf mnnfs jrnudf t`g tgipkg ad nrfgrtn enrgstjkk jd adtgrruptand ad t`g neegradms, at wnukf dnt dgogssjraky jppgjr js suoàd t`gsg tgxts. Kgttgrs hgtwggd tgipkg jut`nratags ojd hg quatg adenrijtavg, hut at asnetgd aipnssahkg tn afgdtaey t`g sgdfgrs jdf rgogavgrs ne t`g kgttgrs wat` prgoasand.Inrgnvgr, mavgd t`jt t`g kgttgrs jrg udfjtgf jdf rjrgky ondtjad o`rndnknmaojk okugs,at as faeeaoukt ad nur ourrgdt stjtg ne bdnwkgfmg tn pkum t`g jotands jdf rgqugstsrgonrfgf ad t`g kgttgrs adtn t`g tgipkg gondniy ad jdytàdm hut j mgdgrjk wjy. 7

]g ojd, `nwgvgr, eat jfiadastrjtavg tgxts jdf kgttgrs tnmgt`gr ad j wjy t`jt s`gfskam`t nd j rgourradm adstjdog ne ratujk ejakurg. `g rgonrfs ne t`g Gjddj tgipkg neWrub kast mnnfs sgdt tn dgjrhy tgipkgs ‟ inst oniindky t`g tgipkg ne _`jijs`jt Kjrsj jdf t`g tgipkgs ne Dgrmjk jdf Hğkgt Gjddj jt Wfjddu ‟ tn enrgstjkkadtgrruptands ad t`gar neegradms. Sjuk-Jkjad Hgjukagu, dntadm t`g ijdy adstjdogsne suo` fgkavgrags, jrmugs t`jt t`gsg tgipkgs wgrg ad j stjtg ne ‛jfiadastrjtavgfgpgdfgdoy’ nd t`g Gjddj. (Hgjukagu :11:, :11?2 833?, =?ee.) às jfiadastrjtavgfgpgdfgdoy, jkt`num` aipgregotky udfgrstnnf, gdjhkgf neeaoajks tn frjw erni

t`g (prgsuijhky) rao`gr jdf hgttgr-gdfnwgf Gjddj tgipkg gat`gr tn oarouivgdtadtgrruptands nr tn rgstjrt neegradms jetgr jd adtgrruptand.`gsg tgxts ojd hg udaqugky adenrijtavg. Ad ndg ojsg, j kgttgr (QN_ ? 1:) erni

twn nvgrsggrs ne t`g Gjddj, w`n wgrg adspgotadm tgipkg ne Dgrmjk jt Wfjddu jetgrj kam`tgdadm strabg, rgpnrtgf hjob tn t`g Gjddj‑s uppgrinst neeaoajks t`jt t`g stnriojusgf t`g pgrhgdfjry pgrsnddgk tn ekgg (kadgs :=ee< KÜ.BW

6.Á … mjh-ha a`-tg-

kaq-‑ ). às kget dnhnfy tn ojrry nut t`g ratujks, sn t`g wratgrs jsb t`g uppgrinsttgipkg jut`nratags ne t`g Gjddj enr adstruotands enr w`jt tn fn dgxt (bjp-fu ṩ à-g-ig Ūê GD.IGţ-g-da da-aŪ-ig , ‛ijy wg `gjr t`g adstruotands ne nur knrfs ram`tjwjy’). _gg t`g fasoussand ad (Hgjukagu :11:, :3:ee.)

Inrg netgd, neeaoajks erni t`g fgpgdfgdt tgipkgs pkjog t`g hkjig enr adtgrruptgfneegradms squjrgky nd t`g dgmkamgdog ne t`g Gjddj‑s neeaoajks. QN_ ? =7< 0ee., enrgxjipkg, rgjfs< hj ṩ -kj j-dj WFW.DAÊ.IG Ūê-bad ba-a dj-but-ta da-ak- ˱tjp˼-rj !53(>) WFW.DAÊ.IG GD kaŪ-pur-jd-dj-j-Ūü ñ KÜ._ASJ-bj at-ta-Ūü-du kak-ka-buaj-j-du-ü hj ṩ -kj aŪ-Ūjb-bjd, ‛t`grg as jd adtgrruptand ad s`ggp, sn wg wratg nutne ondogrd. `g knrf s`nukf sgdf 53(>) s`ggp tn us jdf às (tgxt< ynur) s`gp`grfonukf onig wat` t`gi. Ae dnt, t`g adtgrruptand wakk ondtadug.’ _nig kgttgrs wjrdt`g Gjddj‑s jut`nratags t`jt suppkags ad Kjrsj nr Wfjddu jrg knw (ij ṩ ò),5 jdf

7 Iao`jgk Lursj‑s dgxt prnlgot (`ttp<//aipgrauinoaui.udavag.jo.jt) wakk o`jdmg iuo` ne tàs.

5 QN_ ? 75< :7 WFW.DAÊ j-dj ma-da-g ij-ṩ u-ü 83 ?3 WFW.DAÊ j-dj ma-dg-g Ūê fWF SD kaŪ-pu-ru (oe. QN_ ? 11). QN_ ? 18 (harfs, wadg), QN_ ? 5: (hjrkgy) HAD : 73 (ojttkg).



75

gdtrags ad kgfmgr tgxts enr suppkags sgdt gat`gr tn Wfjddu nr Kjrsj jdj hj ṩ ka ‛ndjoonudt ne jd adtgrruptand’ jrg duigrnus.=

_jdfwao`gf hgtwggd inrg adenrijtavg suppky jdf gxpgdfaturg, t`g sojdt ygtadtramuadm gvafgdog enr tgipkg stnrjmg summgsts t`jt ratujk ejakurg wjs dnt j ijlnr

ondogrd jt tàs kgvgk. At as faeeaoukt tn lufmg ae tàs as joourjtg. Nd t`g ndg `jdf,ae t`g tgipkg ijdjmgf ats suppkagrs wgkk, t`gd stnrjmg prnhjhky adfggf mgdgrjtgfkattkg ondstgrdjtand. Nd t`g nt`gr `jdf, jkt`num` jfiadastrjtavg tgxts ojd kjoboruoajk fgtjaks, advgstamjtands t`jt ondsafgr t`gi ad hudo`gs nr mrnup t`gitnmgt`gr ad adtgrgstadm wjys ojd afgdtaey udfgrkyadm assugs ad t`g tgipkg‑s gondniynr jfiadastrjtand, ndgs t`jt jrg dnt gvafgdt ad j pkjad rgjfadm ne t`g tgxts. Kgttgrsadfaojtg t`jt egjr ne ratujk ejakurg kurbgf ad t`g hjobmrnudf ‟ ygt gvgd tàs iam`trgekgot t`g `ypgrhnkg udfgrkadms netgd dggf tn put mnjf supgranrs tn jot. Inrgwnrb as dggfgf `grg tn udfgrstjdf tàs kgvgk hgttgr.

Srghgdfjk gxpgdfaturg

`g orux ad t`g ratujk systgi advnkvgs t`g trjdsatand erni stnrjmg tn gxpgdfaturg2suppkagrs onukf eakk t`g tgipkg‑s stnrgs, jdf t`g tgipkg ijdjmg ats rgsgrvgs wat`stgjfejst joourjoy, hut at jkk ojig tn djum`t wat` grrnrs ad gxgoutand jt tàs eadjkstjmg. @grg, t`g fargot onddgotand hgtwggd ùijd jotand jdf ratujk eukeakigdthgojig gxpkaoat. Ejakurg nr adgptatufg jt tàs stjmg ojusgf udgquavnojk adtgrruptandsad ratujk.

Js j rgsukt, ondtrjots hgtwggd tgipkgs jdf t`gar prghgdfjrags stapukjtgf jmjadstratujk ejakurg.0 Enr gxjipkg, ondtrjots hgtwggd t`g Gzafj tgipkg jdf ats prghgdfjry

hrgwgrs tn prnfuog am` qujkaty hggr enr tgipkg ratujk spgoaey t`jt, ad gxo`jdmg enradonig ad pgrenriadm t`g tjsb, t`g hrgwgr (nr às fgputy) pu-ut qu-ur-uh djp-tj-du hj ṩ -ku u ijs-djq-tu

6 … dj-Ūa , ‛tjbgs rgspndsahakaty enr jpprnjoàdm t`g (favadg)

igjk, (jvgrtadm) adtgrruptands, jdf pudotujkaty.’1 Ad jffatand tn t`gsg, j tgxterni t`g Gjddj tgipkg ne Wrub (QN_ = 13< :3ee.) stapukjtgs t`jt t`g eas`grigdprghgdfjrags pu-ut … hu-ud Ūê BW

[email protected] … dj-Ūu-ü, ‛tjbg rgspndsahakaty … enr

t`g mnnf qujkaty ne t`g eas`.’:3 Adtgrgstadmky, tàs kjttgrinst tgxt rgonrfs j pgdjktyenr ejakadm tn kavg up tn t`g tgris ne t`g ondtrjot. At ondtadugs ba-a [email protected] su-us-su-uk !-ku! ad-fj-ṩ u-ü ñ BW

[email protected] ha-a-Ūü adj ijd-zj-jk-ta-Ūü-du uq-tjr-

ra !-ha à-ṩ u Ūê FADMAX ñ KWMJK a-Ūjf-fj-fu, ‛ae t`grg as j s`nrtjmg ne eas` ad t`g

onkkgotand hjsbgt nr ae t`gy hradm knw qujkaty eas` ad t`gar tgipkg sgrvaog, t`gy wakk`jvg oniiattgf jd neeaog jmjadst mnf jdf badm.’ (B Bkghgr 8336, :68) às as ndgne t`g egw tgxts t`jt spgoaeaojkky jttjo`gs j pgdjkty ‟ jihamunus js at as ‟ tn ratujkejakurg.

= QN_ = 0< :0, QN_ = =6< 83, jdf sgg t`g rgegrgdogs ad Xnhhads :115, 0:).0 Vg prghgdfjrags, ad turd, pjssgf nd t`nsg stapukjtands tn t`gar suh-ondtrjotnrs jdf jmgdts, sgg

]jgrzgmmgrs (83:3, :==ffi.).1 Nd t`g vjrajdts tn jdf fasoussands ne t as okjusg enr t`g faffigrgdt prghgdfjrags, sgg ]jgrzgmmgrs

(83:3, :3:, :=6, :=5ffi., 81?, ?3:ffi., ?36ffi).:3 _gg Hgjukagu (833?, :=6e.).



7=

Ad jdnt`gr adtgrgstadm ojsg (QN_ 5 888), j prghgdfjry mjrfgdgr ne t`g Gjddjtgipkg ne Wrub ejakgf tn jpprnjo` t`g favadg igjk nd joonudt ne t`g hjf qujkaty neàs fjtgs jdf pnigmrjdjtgs. `g tgxt ondtadugs hj ṩ -ku aŪ-bu-du-ij , ‛jd adtgrruptandnoourrgf,’ sn t`g uppgrkgvgk tgipkg jut`nratags

\Ü.KWI.IJ ñ ku-ra-ad-fu uk-tu Á.JD.DJ j-dj f MJţJD Ūê WDWM.BA ü-qjr-ra-hu if j-dui-IW._A._Ê sa-ijr-rg-g adj Á.JD.DJ af-fa ñ \Ü.KWI.IJ ñ ku-ra-ad-fu Ūê j-dj djp-tj-du ü-Ūg-kji-ij bu-ui há-g‑-g-Ūü kj aq-ru-hu adjÁ.JD.DJ ab-du-ub

hrnum`t fjtgs jdf pnigmrjdjtgs erni t`g (t`g rgsgrvg stnrgs ne) t`g Gjddj enr t`g (mnffgss)Vg Kjfy ne Wrub. Vgy jrrgstgf (kat. t`rgw ad ijdjokgs) Jdu-Ūuij-kĢŪar jdf put udfgr sgjkad t`g Gjddj t`g fjtgs jdf pnigmrjdjtgs t`jt g hrnum`t enr t`g igjk hut faf dnt jpprnjo`(t`g igjk wat`) nd joonudt ne t`g hjf qujkaty.::

Okgjrky t`g stnppjmg ne neegradms rgsuktgf ad sgranus rgpgroussands, gvgd enr t`g

wgkk-`ggkgf prghgdfjry okjss. Ad jdnt`gr tgxt (OK :? 88:) dadgtggd prghgdfjryhjbgrs ne vjranus snrts jrg `gkf rgspndsahkg enr t`g qujkaty ne t`g favadg igjk.`g tgxt ondtadugs ba-a hj ṩ -ku ak-tj-bjd-RduY ñ djp-tj-du ha-a-Ūü a-tg-pu-ü iu-ka-g ba-a KÜ.AK.KJ.MÉF.FJ.IG Ūê Á.JD.DJ ṯa-hu-ü ud-fjk-ku-ü, ‛ae t`gy ojusg jdadtgrruptand (ad t`g neegradms) nr onnb j hjf igjk, t`gy wakk pjy w`jtgvgr eadg t`gneeaoajks ne t`g Gjddj fgsarg.’:8 Eadjkky, ad j tgxt rgkjtadm tn t`g tgipkgs ne Dappur,t`g prghgdfjry hrgwgrs stjtg (uI 8/?, 8::< 87ee.)<

hj-j ṩ -ku adj ţÃ -ha kj a-Ūjb-bj-du-u‑ u iai-ij Ūê ab-bjŪ-Ūa-fu jdj MAţ.ţWH.HJ KÜ.KWDMÃ -ü-tü IW.IGţ at-ta KÜ.WD.ÉK.IGţ-Ūü-du KÜ.KWDMÃ.

IGţ FWIW.IGţ Ūê SD j-dj u6 -iu WK a-dj-êŪ-Ūu-ü pu-ut pj-kj` MAţ.ţWH.HJ KÜ.KWDMÃ -ü-tü IW.IGţ u kj Ūê-bj-du hj-j ṩ -ku adj Á.BWX.IGţIW.IGţ … j-dj u6 -iu WK dj-Ūu-ü

Vgy wakk dnt ojusg adtgrruptands ad (t`g nffigradms), jdf jdytàdm (gksg) t`jt as nhtjadgfrgmjrfadm t`jt hrgwgr prghgdf, t`gy wakk ojrry (at) nut enrgvgr wat` t`gar onkkgmajk hrgwgrprghgdfjrags ‟ (t`jt as), t`g fgsogdfjdts ne SD. Vgy enrgvgr tjbg rgspndsahakaty enr`ndnradm t`jt hrgwgr‑s prghgdf jdf enr dnt ojusadm adtgrruptands ad t`nsg tgipkgs. (_ggHgjukagu :117, 00e.)

Wdenrtudjtgky, js adtgrgstadm js t`gsg pgdjktags jdf stapukjtands jrg, wg saipky

fn dnt bdnw iuo` jhnut t`gi. Hndmgdjjr jrmugs t`jt prghgdfjrags rasbgf t`garpravjtg wgjkt` ad t`g gvgdt ne j adtgrruptand, hut tàs nhsgrvjtand `js dnt mjadgfmgdgrjk jpprnvjk (Hndmgdjjr, 8333, =5). Inrgnvgr, t`g bdnwd pgdjktags ijbg dnigdtand ne at. Js at stjdfs dnw, ndky tgxts erni Wrub `jvg pgdjkty okjusgs nrigdtand pgdjktags enr ratujk ejakurg ad nt`gr wjys, fgspatg t`g ejot t`jt t`g Gzafjjroàvg ne _appjr ondtjads ijdy inrg prghgdfjry ondtrjots. às iam`t rgekgot t`gejot t`jt Wrub `jf j wgkk fgvgknpgf ‛pravjtg sgotnr.’ (vjd Fragk 8338, 65) `jtsjaf, t`g mujrjdtgg okjusgs jdf egw rgegrgdogs tn ejarky sgvgrg pudasìgdts enradgptatufg jttgst tn t`g ejot t`jt ratujk ejakurg jt t`g kjst stgp wjs j mrjvg ondogrd.

:: Enr eurt`gr fasoussand ne tàs tgxt sgg Hgjukagu (833?, :=7e.).:8 _gg OK :? :0= js wgkk.



70

Xatujk ejakurg jdf tgipkg husadgss rgonrfs

`g husadgss rgonrfs ne Igsnpntjiajd tgipkgs prnvafg udaqug adsam`ts adtn ratujkejakurg. Xgekgotadm t`g iudfjdg trjdsjotands ne jfiadastrjtnrs jdf husadgssigd nevjranus ojpjoatags jdf stjtands, t`g ijlnraty ne tgxts stgi erni j taig ne rgkjtavgprnspgraty jdf gondniao mrnwt` ad Igsnpntjiaj. (Lursj 83:3, =0?ee.) Adfggf, advagw ne t`g t`nusjdfs ne tgxts t`jt wnukf jppgjr tn rgonrf stgps ad t`g suoogsseukonipkgtand ne ratujk, t`g kaiatgf rgegrgdogs tn ratujk adtgrruptand jppgjr jhgrrjdtjdf rjrg.

`gar udusujkdgss dntwat`stjdfadm, husadgss tgxts rgonrf iuktapkg wjys t`jtratujk onukf ejak hgenrg t`g jotujk ratujk tnnb pkjog< suppkagrs egkk hgàdf ad t`garfgkavgrags nr rgdgmgf nd nhkamjtands2 ndog t`g tgipkg onkkgotgf ats suppkags, fgkjysjdf sgt-hjobs ne vjranus snrts jeegotgf t`g adtrj- jdf adtgr-tgipkg prnogssgs, wào`sggis pjrtaoukjrky trug enr t`nsg tgipkgs t`jt rgkagf nd nt`gr tgipkgs tn suhsafazgt`gar ratujks2 jdf t`g invgigdt erni suppky tn ratujk gxpgdfaturg jppgjrs tn `jvghggd gspgoajkky prgojranus. Fasoussadm lust ndg ne t`g ijdy prghgdfjrags jt _appjr‑sGzafj‑s tgipkg, Ojrnkadg ]jgrzgmmgrs ijbgs t`g enkknwadm jstutg nhsgrvjtand<

Vg hjbgrs spgdt inrg taig nd t`g lnh t`jd j oursnry rgjfadm ne t`gar prghgdf tgxtswnukf summgst. Gvgry sadmkg igjk ne Djhò wjs t`g rgsukt ne j o`jad ne jotavatagst`jt tnnb sgvgrjk fjys tn onipkgtg. Erni t`g rst tn t`g kjst stgp, t`gsg tjsbs wgrgbgpt straotky sgpjrjtgf< t`gy ondsastgf ne sijkk, afgdtajhkg wnrb udats t`jt wgrgjssamdgf tn afgdtajhkg pgrsnds stjtandgf jt faffigrgdt knojtands. Vas systgi prnvafgfvasahakaty ad t`g ojsg ne ratujk ejakurg, jdf t`g pnssahakaty enr afgdtaeyadm ojusg jdfoukprat. At jksn mujrjdtggf t`jt gvgry ogrgjk nffigradm enr Djhò wjs jd udiaxgf

prnfuot, t`g rgsukt ne jd adtgrknobadm o`jad ne jotavatags t`jt trjdsenrigf dnrijkhjrkgy adtn sgkgotgf, purg sjoraoajk ennf. (]jgrzgmmgrs 83:3, 8?5)

Adfggf, tàs eadjk stjmg ne tgipkg npgrjtands pat sp`grgs ne tgipkg adekugdogjmjadst gjo` nt`gr ad wjys t`jt wg fn dnt ygt eukky oniprg`gdf. `g egw rgegrgdogswg `jvg tn pudasìgdts enr ratujk ejakurg sggi tn summgst t`jt tgipkg neeaoajks‟ w`n t`gisgkvgs wgrg j iax ne knojk jdf rnyjk adtgrgsts (Hndmgdjjr :11=, ::ee.,?6ee.2 Bkghgr 8330, 7ee.) ‟ `jf jut`nraty nvgr t`g prghgdfjrags. Nd t`g nt`gr `jdf,t`g fggp knojk rnnts jdf am` snoajk stjdfadm ne t`g prghgdfjrags ogrtjadky tgipgrgfjdy pudatavg jotands jmjadst t`gi.

`g wnrbjfjy purvagw ne husadgss tgxts jdf nur stjrb amdnrjdog ne oruoajk

adenrijtand tgipt ndg tn fnwdpkjy t`g samdaeaojdog ne ratujk ejakurg, js t`numàt ondogrdgf j egw uppgr-orust igihgrs ne j Igsnpntjiajd oaty, adtramugf ndkyt`nsg gxpgrts ad Igsnpntjiajd rgkamanus jrojdj, nr wjs saipky jd adtgriattgdtjdf adgvatjhkg jfiadastrjtavg sdjeu. A tàdb tàs as iasmuafgf. Ejakgf ratujk adIgsnpntjiaj kgdt atsgke tn fggp t`gnknmaojk jdf afgnknmaojk ondtgipkjtand.

Jkt`num` tàs ondtgipkjtand pjaf kattkg `ggf tn assugs ne suppky jdf stnrjmg,t`g tgipkg husadgss rgonrfs ijbg at okgjr t`jt, ae dntàdm gksg, ratujk onukf ejakjt iuktapkg kgvgks jdf enr iuktapkg rgjsnds. ]àkg jdy pjrtaoukjr adstjdog ratujkejakurg iam`t adfggf `jvg hggd udrgijrbjhkg, suo` j ejakurg `gkps us udfgrstjdft`g prnogss hy wào` ratujks iam`t ejak adfgeadatgky, nr jt kgjst ejak ad j wjy t`jt atjttrjotgf t`g jttgdtand ne Igsnpntjiajd pngts jdf so`nkjrs.



71

Okjus Jihns prgsgdts gvafgdog enr oniind sbgptaoasi jindm Igsnpntjiajdsnd t`g geeaojoy ne ratujks, ojstadm fnuht nd t`gar nvgrjkk afgnknmaojk nr rgkamanussamdaeaojdog. (Jihns 833=, 68ee.) `g gvafgdog enr sbgptaoasi as jhudfjdtjdf adtgrgstadm, jkt`num` iuo` ne at rgekgots adfavafujk, rjt`gr t`jd onkkgotavg,

ondsoanusdgss. Inst oniindky, Igsnpntjiajds kabgdgf t`g gso`gwadm ne ratujks tnrustao, jdtasnoajk hg`jvanur. Ad kjtg kgmgdfjry joonudts ne badm Djrji-_ad, t`g mnfst`rnum` gxtaspjoy fgdy t`g badm‑s rgqugst tn sgdf às jriy nut tn ondqugr. Jetgrejogtanusky jsbadm w`gt`gr kands nr wnkvgs dggf ratujks tn ondfndg t`gar jotands,t`g badm prnokjais< ‛A wakk mn kabg j hramjdf joonrfadm tn iy nwd adokadjtand,jdf A wakk ojst jsafg t`jt (nrjokg) ne t`g mnf(s)2 A wakk hg ad ondtrnk ne iysgke!’Kabg Djrji-_ad, t`g sbgptao ad t`g Hjhykndajd `gnfaoy hjkbs jt t`g ‛prneatkgsssgrvatufg’ ne Igsnpntjiajd ratujks, jffadm t`jt hy jhjdfndadm ratujks `g wakk‛enrsjbg `nig... mn nd t`g rnjf... rnji jhnut t`g ejr nutfnnrs kabg j hjdfat...RjdfY prnwk t`g strggts, ojstadm jhnut, rjvgdnus...’ (Oatjtands tjbgd erni Jihns

833=, 67ee.) Jihns jrmugs t`jt tàs sbgptaoasi tnwjrf ratujks dgvgr ‛fgvgknpgf adtn

j on`grgdt systgi jdf as ndky bdnwd t`rnum` ats nppnsatg pnsatand. Hntàdfaeegrgdog jdf sbgptaoasi wgrg gxprgssgf ad t`g enri ne j mgdgrjk kjxdgss tnwjrft`g eukeakigdt ne ouktao futags.’ (Jihns 833=, 67) ]àkg pgr`jps trug, A tàdb tàssafgstgps t`g ijad assug. `g katgrjry tgxts ondtrjst t`g pjrtaoapjtand ad ratujk wat`t`g rgpufajtand ne jd nrfgrky, urhjd kaeg, uktaijtgky gqujtadm gso`gwgf ratujks wat`t`g egjr ne hjdfatry ad t`g onudtrysafg, pnvgrty, oraig, fasnrfgr, jdf kaeg wat`nutprntgotand nr pjtrndjmg.

Adfggf, Igsnpntjiajds faf dnt `jvg tn prnhg enr kndm tn ondtgipkjtg j kaeg

ergg erni tgipkg ratujk. Igsnpntjiajd oatags wgrg surrnudfgf hy pgnpkgs, kavadmdnijfao nr sgia-sgfgdtjry kavgs, w`n ‛rgsastgf t`g pnwgr ne jttrjotand ne adfamgdnusHjhykndajd oukturg wat` ats prgstamanus dgtwnrb ne hgkages jdf knrg, gddnhkgf hy jmrgjt jdtaquaty.’ (Ejkgs 833?, 81?) Igsnpntjiajd àstnry atsgke, pudotujtgf wat`pgranfs ne ratujk-kgss (nr ratujk-t`rgjtgdgf) jdjro`y (Onkg :116, 8?6ee.), jksn ijfgt`g jktgrdjtavgs quatg okgjr. At wjs ogrtjadky wat` t`gsg ad iadf t`jt Igsnpntjiajdsfrgw t`g onddgotand hgtwggd j kaeg ergg erni tgipkg ratujks jdf j kaeg wat`nut t`gvjkugs ne nrfgr, stjhakaty, snpàstaojtand, jdf prnspgraty. `jt t`g pnwgreuk tnnbjfvjdtjmg ne ratujks tn gdrao` t`gisgkvgs, nr upstjrts ejakgf tn udfgrstjdf `nw tnwnrb ratujks tn t`gar jfvjdtjmg, igjdt ndky t`jt ratujks wgrg onrruptahkg, jkt`num`

ogrtjadky dnt rgpkjogjhkg2 jt hgst, t`g nhsgrvjtands wgrg j sbgptao‑s Unktjarg-kabgvjkug lufmgigdt nd t`g hgdgeaoajrags ne ratujks, dnt j rgpufajtand ne tgipkg ratujkatsgke.

Oarokadm hjob tn t`g tgipkg husadgss rgonrfs, ndg iam`t jrmug t`jt t`g igdtandsne adtgrruptands jdf ejakurgs ad t`nsg jrg ne j ondogrd jktnmgt`gr faeegrgdt erni ndgst`jt Jihns fasoussgs. A tàdb tàs as adonrrgot, jt kgjst ad pjrt. `g husadgss rgonrfsmavg us pagogigjk adsam`t adtn ne t`g prnogssgs ne ratujk ejakurg ‟ t`g wgjb pnadts adjdy tgipkg‑s gondniy jdf jfiadastrjtand t`jt, w`gd put udfgr prgssurg, wnukfhg t`g earst tn hrgjb fnwd. _uppkagrs iam`t jhsondf wat` tgipkg ojpatjk jdf ejaktn ijbg pjyigdts2 sijkkgr tgipkgs, nvgrknnbgf ad jd jfiadastrjtavg sùeekg, iam`t

`jvg tn hgm t`gar pjtrnd tgipkgs tn rgiat ijtgrajk enr t`g neegradms2 jdf, eadjkky,



53

t`nsg o`jrmgf wat` ojrryadm nut t`g ratujk t`gisgkvgs iam`t fn sn `jke`gjrtgfkynr dnt jt jkk. Ad geegot, ejakurg jt t`g wgjbgst pnadts ne j onipkgx ratujk systgi,ae dnt sueeaoagdtky jttgdfgf tn, iam`t prgsjmg j kjrmgr onkkjpsg. Jdf onkkjpsg wjsfgvjstjtadm. `g ondfatand ne tgipkg ratujk wnrbgf js j `jdfy rgegrgdog ‟ j

hjrnigtgr ne snrts ‟ enr Igsnpntjiajd gondniao `gjt`. Mnnf taigs wgrg t`nsgad wào` neegradms jdf ratujks eknuras`gf nr adorgjsgf, hjf taigs t`nsg ad wào`neegradms ogjsgf. (]jgrzgmmgrs 83:3, 8?5)

Ad s`nrt, t`g husadgss rgonrfs gkuoafjtg enr us w`grg t`g iuktastjmg jdfonipkgx prnogss ne Igsnpntjiajd ratujk wjs inst erjmakg jdf `gdog susogptahkgtn hrgjbfnwds. `g àm`-kgvgk ondtgipkjtand ne ratujk ejakurg, enousadm ndkynd w`gt`gr ratujks noourrgf nr dnt, tgstaeags tn t`g ejot t`jt, ad t`g gdf, mgttadmvjranus pjrts ne tàs adtgrknobadm systgi tn invg tnmgt`gr wjs adfggf j prnfamanusjoonipkasìgdt ‟ jd joonipkasìgdt, ad ejot, w`nsg uktaijtg rgjsnds advatgfspgoukjtand erni pngts jdf pragsts, dnt jfiadastrjtnrs jdf hurgjuorjts. Mavgd

tàs, ndg s`nukf dnt hg surprasgf t`jt t`g ejakurg ne ratujk prnvnbgf egjr ne t`gonkkjpsg ne w`jt faeegrgdtajtgf Igsnpntjiaj erni ats rustao dgam`hnurs jdfnoojsandjk prgfgogssnrs. Ejakurg wjs uktaijtgky gqujtgf tn jd jhjdfndigdt neIgsnpntjiajd vjkugs, jdf at as prgoasgky ad tgipkg husadgss tgxts t`jt wg sgg t`gonipkgx igo`jdasis tn wào` t`nsg vjkugs mjvg gxprgssand.

Xgegrgdogs

Jihns, O. 8336. Igsnpntjiaso`g Hjuratujkg jus fgi :. Lj`rtjusgdf v. O`r . Frgsfgd<Askgt.

Jihns, O. 833=. ypgs ne Xatujk Ejakurg jdf Iastjbgs ad Xatujk ad Oudgaenri _nurogs, ad<@ûsbgd, W (gf.). ]`gd Xatujks Mn ]rndm< Iastjbgs, Ejakurg, jdf t`g Fydjiaos ne Xatujk .Duigd Hnnb _grags< _tufags ad t`g @astnry ne Xgkamand, ::7. Kgafgd, Hrakk, 87-6=.

Hgjukagu, S-J. :11:. WHJXJ (G\GDxBJ_BJK)ba 9 Wfjddu. Jotj _uigrnknmaoj :?,1=-:31.

Hgjukagu, S-J. :11?. Sráhgdfagrs f‑Wrub ã Kjrsj. Xgvug f‑Jssyranknmag 0=, :?=-:78.

Hgjukagu, S-J. :117. `g Hrgwgrs ne Dappur. Lnurdjk ne Oudgaenri _tufags 6=, 07-15.

Hgjukagu, S-J. 833:. `g Jhfuotand ne AŪtjr erni t`g Gjddj gipkg< `g O`jdmadmIginrags ne jd Gvgdt, ad< Jhuso`, , Hgjukagu, S-J. gt jk., Srnoggfadms ne t`g PKUg

Xgdondtrg Jssyranknmaqug Adtgrdjtandjkg, Sjrt A, @jrvjrf Wdavgrsaty< @astnranmrjp`y ad t`g Jdoagdt ]nrkf . Hgt`gsfj< OFK Srgss, 81-63.

Hgjukagu, S-J. 833?. `g Sjdt`gnd ne Wrub furadm t`g Dgn-Hjhykndajd Sgranf . Kgafgd,Hnstnd< Hrakk, _tyx.

Hafigjf, L. 8338. `g Jbatu Egstavjk< Xgkamanus Ondtaduaty jdf Xnyjk Kgmataijtand ad Igsnpntjiaj . Sasojtjwjy, D.L.< Mnrmajs Srgss.

Hndmgdjjr, J.O.U. I. :11=.`g Dgn-Hjhykndajd Ghjhhjr gipkg jt _appjr< Ats Jfiadastrjtandjdf ats Srnsnpnmrjp`y . Watmjvgd vjd `gt Dgfgrkjdfs @astnraso`-Jro`gnknmaso` Adstatuuttg Astjdhuk, 03. Kgafgd< Dgfgrkjdfs Adstatuut vnnr `gt Djhalg Nnstgd.



5:

Hndmgdjjr, J.O.U.I. 8333. Sravjtg Jroàvgs ad Dgn-Hjhykndajd _appjr jdf t`garAdstatutandjk Onddgotands, ad< Hndmgdjjr, J. (gf.). Adtgrfgpgdfgdoy ne Adstatutandsjdf Sravjtg Gdtrgprgdgurs< Srnoggfadms ne t`g _gondf IN_ _yipnsaui (Kgafgd :110 ).Watmjvgd vjd `gt Dgfgrkjdfs @astnraso`-Jro`jgnknmaso` Adstatuut tg Astjdhuk, 0=.Kgafgd< Dgfgrkjdfs @astnraso`-Jro`jgnknmaso` Adstatuut, =?-16.

Onoqugrakkjt, F. :150. Sjkigrjags gt oukturgs fg k‑Gjddj f‑Wrub (771-783 ). Jusmrjhudmgdfgr Fgutso`gd Enrsoùdmsmgigadso`jet ad Wrub-]jrbj, Hf. 0. Hgrkad< Ijdd.

Onkg, _. jdf S. Ijoàdast :110. Kgttgrs erni Sragsts tn t`g Badm Gsjr`jffnd jdf Jssurhjdapjk ._tjtg Jroàvgs ne Jssyraj, :?. @gksadba< Wdavgrsaty ne @gksadba Srgss.

Onkg, _.]. :116. `g Oraigs jdf _jorakgmgs ne Djhò-Ūuij-aŪbud. \gatso`raet eûr Jssyranknmag 06< 883-878.

Fragk, M. vjd. :111. Jmraoukturjk Gdtrgprgdgurs ad Igsnpntjiaj, ad< Bkgdmgk, @ jdfXgdmgr, L. (gfs.). Kjdfwartso`jet ai Jktgd Nragdt (OXXJA 6:, :116 ). Hgrkadgr Hgatræmg

zui Unrfgrgd Nragdt, :0. Hgrkad< Xgaigr, 8:?-88?.Fragk, M. vjd. 8338. Gkusavg _akvgr< Ad _gjro` ne j Xnkg enr j Ijrbgt ad jd Jmrjrajd

Gdvarndigdt. Jspgots ne Igsnpntjiaj‑s _noagty . Watmjvgd vjd `gt Dgfgrkjdfs @astnraso`- Jro`jgnknmaso` Adstatuut tg Astjdhuk, 17. Kgafgd< Dgfgrkjdfs Adstatuut vnnr `gt DjhalgNnstgd.

Ejkgs, E.I. 833?. Jrjigjds jdf O`jkfgjds< Gdvarndigdt jdf _noagty, ad< Kgaob, M. (gf.).`g Hjhykndajds< Jd Adtrnfuotand. Kndfnd2 Dgw Qnrb, Xnutkgfmg, 800-810.

Mrjysnd, J.B. :1=3. O`rndaokgs jdf t`g Jbatu Egstavjk, ad< Eadgt, J. (gf.). Jotgs fg kj PUAAgXgdondtrg jssyranknmaqug adtgrdjtandjkg. @ji-sur-@gurg< Oniatá hgkmg fg rgo`gro`gs gdIásnpntjiag, :53-:=3.

Lursj, I. :117. Fag Kjdfwartso`jet ad _appjr ad dguhjhykndaso`gr \gat . Jroàv eûrNragdtenrsoùdm, Hga`get 87. Uagddj, Adstatut eûr Nragdtjkastab fgr Wdavgrsatæt ]agd.

Lursj, I. 8336. Joonudtadm ad Dgn-Hjhykndajd Adstatutandjk Jroàvgs< _truoturg, Wsjmg,jdf Aipkaojtands, ad< @ufsnd, I. jdf ]udso`, O. (gfs.). Orgjtadm Gondniao Nrfgr<Xgonrf-bggpadm, _tjdfjrfazjtand, jdf Fgvgknpigdt ne Joonudtadm ad t`g Jdoagdt DgjrGjst . Hgt`gsfj< OFK Srgss, :67-:10.

Lursj, I. 8337. Dgn-Hjhykndajd Kgmjk jdf Jfiadastrjtavg Fnouigdts< ypnknm y, Ondtgdts, jdf Jroàvgs . Muafgs tn t`g Igsnpntjiajd gxtujk Xgonrf, :. Iudstgr< Wmjrat-Ugrkjm.

Lursj, I. 83:3. Jspgots ne t`g Gondniao @astnry ne Hjhykndaj ad t`g Earst IakkgddauiHO< Gondniao Mgnmrjp`y, Gondniao Igdtjkatags, Jmraoukturg, `g Wsg ne Indgy, jdft`g Srnhkgi ne Gondniao Mrnwt`. Jktgr Nragdt udf Jktgs gstjigdt, ?==. Iudstgr<Wmjrat-Ugrkjm.

Bkghgr, B. 8336. Fag Easo`grga ad spæthjhykndaso`g \gat. ]agdgr \gatso`raet eûr fag Budfgfgs Inrmgdkjdfgs 16, :??-:57.

Bkghgr, B. 8337. Und Hagrprnfuzgdtgd udf Mgeædmdasjuesg`grd< fgzgdtrjkg Mûtgrvgrwjktudmudf Huo``jktudm ad Gjddj, ad< Hjbgr, @. jdf Lursj, I. (gfs.). Jpprnjoàdm t`gHjhykndajd Gondniy< Srnoggfadms ne t`g _JX Srnlgot _yipnsaui @gkf ad Uagddj, :-?

Luky 8336 . Jktgr Nragdt udf Jktgs gstjigdt, ??3. Iudstgr< Wmjrat-Ugrkjm, 801-?8:.



58

Bkghgr, B. 8330. gipgk udf Sjkjst< fag Hgzagùdmgd zwaso`gd fgi Bõdam udf fgi Gjddj-gipgk ai spæthjhykndaso`gd Wrub . Jktgr Nragdt udf Jktgs gstjigdt, ?70. Iudstgr<Wmjrat-Ugrkjm.

Bnzu`, I. 83::. Nd t`g Mgdgrjtand ne Jfiadastrjtavg gxts jt t`g Gjddj ne Wrub.

Ojdjfajd _noagty enr Igsnpntjiajd _tufags 7, :?-86.Bnzu`, I. (ad prgss ). `g _joraeaoajk Gondniy< Jssgssnrs, Ondtrjotnrs, jdf àgvgs ad t`g

Ijdjmgigdt ne _jorae aoajk _`ggp jt t`g Gjddj gipkg ne Wrub (oj. 587-783 HO) ]adndjKjbg, Adfajdj< Gasgdhrjuds.

Kadssgd, I.L.@. 8336. `g Oukts ne Wrub jdf Hjhyknd< `g gipkg Xatujk gxts js Gvafgdog enr @gkkgdastao Oukt Srjotasgs . Oudgaenri Indnmrjp`s, 87. Hnstnd< Hrakk.

Ijuk, _.I. :116. \ubudetshgwæktamudm< gadg Wdtgrsuoùdm jktnragdtjkaso`gd Fgdbgds jd`jdffgr hjhykndaso`-jssyraso`gd Kõsgratujkg (Djihurha). Hjm`fjfgr Enrsoùdmgd, :0. Ijadzji X`gad< Sàkapp vnd \jhgrd.

Ijuk, _.I. 83::. Xatujkhgso`rgahudmgd udf Mghgtg . ]assgdso`jetkao`g Ugrõeegdtkaoùdmgdfgr Fgutso`gd Nragdt-Mgsgkkso`jet, :??. ]agshjfgd< @jrrjssnwatz.

Nppgd`gai, J.K. :1==. Jdoagdt Igsnpntjiaj< Snrtrjat ne j Fgjf Oavakazjtand. Oàojmn<Wdavgrsaty ne Oàojmn Srgss.

Sjrpnkj, _. :11?. Kgttgrs erni Jssyrajd jdf Hjhykndajd _o`nkjrs . _tjtg Jroàvgs ne Jssyraj,:3. @gksadba< @gksadba Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Sndmrjtz-Kgastgd, H. :116. Adj Ūukia aruh< fag bukttnpnmrjpàso`g udf afgnknmaso`gSrnmrjiijtab fgr jbatu-Srnzgssand ad Hjhykndagd udf Jssyragd ai :. Lj`rtjusgdf v. O`r .Ijadz ji X`gad< vnd \jhgrd.

Xnhhads, G. :115. jhukjr _joraeaog Xgonrfs jdf t`g Ouktao Ojkgdfjr ne Dgn-HjhykndajdWrub. Lnurdjk ne Oudgaenri _tufags 60, 5:-0=.

]jgrzgmmgrs, O. 83:3. `g Gzafj gipkg ne Hnrsappj< Sragst`nnf, Oukt, Jroàvgs . Jo`jgigdaf@astnry, :7. Kgafgd< Dgfgrkjdfs Adsatuut vnnr `gt Djhalg Nnstgd.

]jkbgr, O.H.E. jdf I. Faob 833:. `g Adfuotand ne t`g Oukt Aijmg ad Jdoagdt Igsnpntjiaj<`g Igsnpntjiajd Icas Sä ratujk . _tjtg Jroàvgs ne Jssyraj Katgrjry gxts, :. @gksadba<Wdavgrsaty ne @gksadba Srgss.

]nnfs, O.G. 8336. `g _ud-Mnf jhkgt ne Djhò-jpkj-affadj Xgvasatgf. Lnurdjk neOudgaenri _tufags 75, 8?-:3?.

]udso`, O. (ad prgss ). Dgn-Hjhykndajd Gdtrgprgdgurs, ad< Hjuink, ]. jdf Inbyr, L. (gfs.). `g Advgdtand ne Gdtgrprasg< Gdtrgprgdgursàp erni Jdoagdt Igsnpntjiaj tn Infgrd aigs . Sradogtnd< Sradogtnd Wdavgrsaty Srgss.



5?

O`jptgr 6

Xatujk ejakurg jdf t`g tgipkg onkkjpsgne prgàstnrao Ijktj

Ojrnkadg Ijkndg : jdf _aind _tnffjrt 8

Jhstrjot

`g tgipkg oukturg ne Dgnkatào Ijktj as ijrbgf hy aiprgssavg igmjkatào stndgjroàtgoturg, eamurjtavg jrt jdf onkkgotavg hurajk `ypnmgj. _ustjadgf nvgr dgjrkyndg jdf j `jke iakkgddaj, t`g fastadotavg oukturg jppjrgdtky ejakgf jrnudf 8633 HOwat`nut jppjrgdt ojusg. `g pjpgr qugstands w`gt`gr ratujk prnvafgf igo`jdasist`jt ijadtjadgf oukturjk ondtaduaty ad o`jkkgdmadm askjdf ondfatands, jdf `nw

t`nsg igo`jdasis iam`t `jvg ejakgf. `g pjpgr rgvagws t`gnrgtaojk jpprnjo`gs jdfsummgsts jffatandjk infgks enr gxpkjadadm oukturg o`jdmg t`rnum` ratujk ejakurg.

Bgywnrfs< Ijktj, askjdfs, prgàstnrao tgipkgs, ratujk.

Adtrnfuotand

`rgg bgy gkgigdts o`jrjotgrasg t`g ojsg ne prgàstnrao Ijktj< t`g ogdtrjkaty neratujk, t`g àm`ky gkjhnrjtg ijtgrajkasjtand ne t`jt ratujk enr j prgàstnrao snoagtyt`jt hy fgeadatand kjobgf tgxts, jdf t`g pntgdtajk erjmakaty ne t`g askjdf gdvarndigdtad wào` tàs ratujk fgvgknpgf.

`g bgy qugstand as `nw t`gsg t`rgg gkgigdts adtgrjotgf ad t`g ejakurg neprgàstnrao Ijktj. Hy ondtrjst tn tàs ojsg, inst stufags ne onkkjpsg hy jro`jgnknmasts`jvg ondogdtrjtgf nd kjrmgr sojkg pnkataojk onkkjpsg ne gxpkaoatky àgrjroàojksnoagtags, ad ondtgxts w`grg t`g sgttadm wjs mrgjtgr jdf w`grg erjmakaty wjs inrggjsaky hueegrgf. Ad t`g Ijktgsg ojsg, pnkataojk jmgdoy as gihgffgf ad ratujk jotandjdf tùs iust rgogavg nur earst enous. J fgtjakgf udfgrstjdfadm ne Ijktgsg ratujkmavgs satujtand tn ats gvgdtujk onkkjpsg.

: _o`nnk ne Mgnmrjp`y, Jro`jgnknmy jdf Sjkjgngonknmy, Zuggd‑s Wdavgrsaty Hgkejst.o.ijkndgCquh.jo.ub.

8 Favasand ne Jro`jgnknmy, Fgpjrtigdt ne Jro`jgnknmy jdf Jdt`rnpnknmy, Wdavgrsaty ne Ojihrafmgjdf Ijmfjkgdg Onkkgmg, Ojihrafmg. ss:5Coji.jo.ub.



56

Xatujk jotavaty ad prgàstnrao snoagty enris j kadg ne adquary t`jt jro`jgnknmastsjdf jrt àstnrajds eadf onipgkkadm jdf mrjpào. Induigdts jdf t`gar jrtastaogihgkkasìgdts amdatg nur adtgrgst jdf gdmjmg nur aijmadjtands hy prnvafadmj wadfnw ne snrts adtn jd nt`grwasg knst wnrkf ne ùijd jotavatags, hgkages jdf

orgjtavaty. Hgojusg ratujk advnkvgs rgpgjtgf jotands jdf syihnkasi, t`g p`ysaojkspjogs jdf ijtgrajk nhlgots advnkvgf wat` t`g rgkjtgf ogrgindajk jotavatags jrg netgdstruoturgf jdf prgfaotjhkg. Xgpgtatand (nr rgfudfjdoy) as ndg bgy tn jro`jgnknmaojkrgonmdatand ne jd jdoagdt ratujk pkjog, rao` ad prgfaotjhkg syihnks, struoturjk enris,knojtands, hg`jvanur jdf ondtgdt wào` iam`t aipky j oyokg ne ratujk jotavaty._uo` jssgihkjmgs ojd gdrao` jdf adenri nur spgoukjtand jhnut t`g onsinknmaojkfaigdsands ne prgàstnrao wnrkfs, jdf t`g ratujkaty ne suo` ‛spgoajk’ pkjogs.Inst snoagtags t`jt gjrd t`g tatkg ne ‛sgia-onipkgx’ nr ‛onipkgx’ mgdgrjkky `jvgfastadotavg oukturjk ijrbgrs ad jrtastao nr jroàtgoturjk enri jssnoajtgf wat` ratujk-rgkamanus-ogrgindajk jotavatags jdf afgdtatags. gipkgs, s`radgs, jktjrs, induigdts

jdf hurajks jrg t`g vgry stuee ne tàs gvafgdog, netgd ondtjadadm ondogdtrjtands nergvgjkadm gvafgdog ijrbgf hy sjoraeaoajk jdf egjstadm ijtgrajks, jdf j rgfudfjdoyne syihnks (Xgdergw :107).

`g advgstamjtand ne Xatujk Ejakurg ‟ t`g suhlgot ne tàs pjpgr, js jdjro`jgnknmaojk ondogpt dgogssjraky aipkags t`jt gvafgdog ad t`gsg jrtgejotujk jdfstruoturjk enris onihadgf wat` nt`gr, pntgdtajkky onipgkkadm, jro`jgnknmaojkgvafgdog, suppnrts t`g adtgrprgtjtand ne t`g rglgotand nr jhjdfndigdt ne j ratujktrjfatand, jd afgnknmy nr j ratujk satg. Js wg s`jkk sgg hgknw, rgkajhkg adtgrprgtjtandne jro`jgnknmaojk gvafgdog jkwjys rgijads prnhkgijtao jdf npgd, jdf rgkags `gjvakynd gqujkky rgkajhkg gxojvjtgf jdf rgonrfgf ijtgrajk ‟ snigtàdm t`jt as inrg netgd

t`jd dnt, kjobadm ad nkfgr, trjfatandjk jro`jgnknmaojk wnrb.`g mrgjt sgia-katgrjtg jdf katgrjtg oavakasjtands ‟ t`g gjrky stjtgs ne Gmypt,

Igsnpntjiaj, Ijyj jdf nt`grs dnt ndky fgvgknpgf àm`ky rgonmdasjhkg jrt jdfjroàtgoturg ad jssnoajtand wat` onipkgx ratujk jdf rgkamand, hut jksn rgonrfgft`gar afgnknmy t`rnum` tgxts ne vjranus snrts. `gsg tgxts netgd adfaojtg `nwogdtrjk t`g ratujkasgf jotavatags wgrg ad ijadtjadadm gqujkky onipkgx snoajk jdfgondniao systgis, tnmgt`gr wat` afgnknmaojk pnwgr t`jt trjdsogdfgf jkk jspgotsne kaeg. Ergqugdtky, t`g tgxts rgegr tn ogdtrjkasgf inrjk jdf ratujk jut`nraty, tn t`gsupgrdjturjk, tn t`g rnkg ne kgjfgrs jdf t`gar kgmataiasjtand. Adfggf, kgjfgrs, jdf t`gogrgindajk ratujk jdf rgkamand t`jt kgmataiasgf t`gi jrg adtaijtgky hnudf up wat`

j onipkgx onfg ne syihnks jdf afgnknmy (Gjrkg :11:, 5-:3). _o`nkjrky bdnwkgfmgne t`gsg katgrjtg ‛oavakasjtands’ prgsgdts j wgjkt` ne àstnraojk fgtjak rgmjrfadm t`gargigrmgdog, eknrgsogdog jdf fgokadg nr onkkjpsg. Ad turd, tàs bdnwkgfmg `js hggdsuhlgotgf tn jd gvnkutand ne t`gnrgtaojk tàdbadm, inst dntjhky dgn-gvnkutandjryjpprnjo`gs (sgg Qneegg 8337) enousgf nd t`g rasg, eknrgsogdog, ejkk jdf onkkjpsg ne‛oavakasjtand’. Dgn-gvnkutandjry tàdbadm ondtadugs tn o`jrjotgrasg iuo` rgogdtfasoussand (nydhgg :1??-762 Hgddgtt jdf uiad :1612 _grvaog jdf _j`kads :1532jadtgr :100, 88-?0).

Kgss gxpkaoatky àgrjroàojk dnd-stjtg snoagtags suo` js prgàstnrao Ijktj ad t`gAUt` jdf AAArf iakkgddaj HO nr O`jon Ojdynd jt t`g gdf ne t`g earst iakkgddaui

JF, jdf adfggf prgtty wgkk jkk ‐prgàstnrao‑ snoagtags prnfuogf dn wrattgd tgxts



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tn adenri us jhnut t`gar hgkage nr snoan-pnkataojk systgis. Adstgjf, jro`jgnknmaojkgvafgdog jdf fjtj erni t`g djturjk soagdogs iust sueeaog. `g gigrmgdog,eknrgsogdog jdf fgokadg nr onkkjpsg ne t`gsg kgss àgrjroàojk snoagtags as rjrgky jpnadt ne fasoussand ad jro`jgnknmaojk rgsgjro`, mavgd t`jt t`g rgintgdgss ne taig

nr nt`grdgss ne oukturg tgdf tn rgstraot fasoussand. `g erjmakg rgidjdts prgsgrvgfad induigdts jdf t`gar strjtamrjp`y usujkky rgvgjk t`g eadjk inigdts ne suo` jsnoagty‑s gxastgdog, fnouigdtadm t`g gvafgdog ne onkkjpsg nr ejakurg ne j systgirjt`gr t`jd ats hgmaddadms. às gip`jsas nd t`g eadjk inigdts ijy prnvafg jonddgotand wat` t`g hrnjfgr hnfy ne t`gnry nd onkkjpsg ad inrg àgrjroàojksnoagtags.

Enr Gkijd _grvaog, w`nsg wnrb gpatniasgs t`g Dgn-Gvnkutandjry jpprnjo` tnsnoajk-oukturjk onkkjpsg stufags, t`g ‛Kjw ne Gvnkutandjry Sntgdtajk’ (:153) jdfàs suhsgqugdt :1=7 stufy ne ‛_tjtg jdf Oavakasjtand’, fgsorahgf `nw j snoagtyijy ijdjmg o`jdmg hy adtgrdjkky fgvgknpgf jfjptjtand tn j spgoaeao satujtand nr

gdvarndigdt (_grvaog :1=7, ?8:). Ndog t`jt snoagty `nwgvgr, ogjsgf tn jfjpt tnndmnadm o`jdmg nr t`rgjt, jdf hgojig stjtaojkky spgoajkasgf jdf ‛nvgr-jfjptgf’jdf ramaf (Qneegg 8337, :?6), t`gd onkkjpsg nr ejakurg ne snig badf hgojig jkinstadgvatjhkg ad t`g ejog ne onipgtatand. Advjrajhky, jdt`rnpnknmaojk stufags pgrogavgsuo` onkkjpsg js adstatutandjk ad djturg, jeegotadm ogrtjad gkgigdts, rjt`gr t`jdt`g w`nkg snoajk systgi. Jro`jgnknmaojk jpprnjo`gs rgquarg p`ysaojk gvafgdog t`jtaipky onkkjpsg ‟ gvafgdog t`jt ijy wgkk hg faeeaoukt tn afgdtaey nr adtgrprgt.

Ndg rgourradm ejotnr oatgf enr t`g onkkjpsg ne j snoagty summgsts t`jt suo` j snoagtyas udjhkg tn jfjpt tn faiadasàdm rgturds erni t`g gdvarndigdt, wat` pnpukjtandkgvgks gxoggfadm t`g jhakaty ne tgo`dnknmy nr djturg tn prnfuog sueeaoagdt tn sustjad

t`g gxpgotgf stjdfjrf ne kavadm nr pnpukjtand kgvgks. Ad jffatand tn tàs, jadtgrkasts t`g enkknwadm js samdaeaojdt ejotnrs ad t`g onkkjpsg ad onipkgx snoagtags (jadtgr:100, 68)< t`g fgpkgtand ne rgsnurogs, ojtjstrnp`gs, gondniao jdf/nr gdvarndigdtjko`jdmg, advjsands jdf adekugdog erni nt`gr snoagtags, ondekaot, snoajk hrgjbfnwdjdf ‛iystaojk ejotnrs’. `g kjttgr twn rgjsnds enr onkkjpsg `jvg hggd pjrtaoukjrkypnpukjr jdf `jvg sggd gxtgdsavg fasoussand nvgr t`g fgojfgs (jadtgr :100, =8)ad spatg ne t`g faeeaoukty ne tyadm fnwd suo` inrjkasadm dntands ad jro`jgnknmaojkgvafgdog. @nwgvgr, t`g afgjs ne vartug, fgojfgdog, hanknmaojk mrnwt` jdf fgojy,prnmrgss nr t`g wrjt` ne t`g mnfs, jindmst sgvgrjk dntands, pgrsast jdf `jvg hggdjppkagf tn fghjtgs nd snoajk fgvgknpigdt jdf snoajk o`jdmg, rgmjrfkgss t`jt t`gy

ejak tn fgjk wat` tjdmahkg gvafgdog. Ad dgn-gvnkutandjry infgks ne onkkjpsg, (jsfasoussgf hy jadtgr :100), ‛Xatujk Onkkjpsg’ nr ratujk ejakurg as sggd js ndky ndgonipndgdt ne t`g struoturjk fgokadg ne j onipkgx snoajk nrmjdasjtand. Xatujk jsgvafgdogf t`rnum` t`g igfaui ne induigdts, syihnks, ogrgindags, rgkamanusprjotaog jdf jotand ijy netgd samdjk t`g geegotavgdgss ne t`g ‛adstatutandjk’ pnwgrad j snoagty, ojpjhkg ne inhakasadm kjhnur jdf advgstadm rgsnurogs ad gxpgdsavgjdf dnd-prnfuotavg jotavaty. Ad ijdy sgdsgs, t`num`, t`g s`jrgf jotands jdfhgkages faspkjygf t`rnum` ratujk, w`gd enrijkasgf t`rnum` adstatutands suo` jstgipkgs, oùro`gs nr sgots jdf t`gar gxtrnvgrt ogrgindajk, netgd enri t`g mkug t`jt`nkfs nt`grwasg faspjrjtg mrnups jdf adtgrgsts tnmgt`gr. Xatujk pkjys j vatjk rnkg



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‟ fgindstrjtadm t`g on`gsavgdgss ne s`jrgf vjkugs jdf afgdtatags, hadfadm faeegrgdtkgvgks ne snoagty tnmgt`gr jdf igfajtadm t`rnum` taigs ne `jrfsàp jdf strgss.

Ejakadm snoagtags ijy jffatandjkky gxàhat fgokadg ad gondniao kaeg, jdfsnigtaigs t`gy jppgjr tn mn tn gxtrgig igjsurgs tn gxpjdf prnfuotavaty, rjt`gr

t`jd tn rgmukjtg t`gisgkvgs ad rgspndsg tn faiadasàdm rgsnurogs. _nigtaigs, jsnoagty hgonigs fasgdo`jdtgf wat` t`g nrmjdasjtand t`jt fgijdfs gxogss geenrt tnijadtjad t`g stjtus qun (jadtgr :1002 Gfmgrtnd :118, :=3-=0), rgsuktadm ad vjranusijkjfjptjtands, rgvnkt jdf sgke-fgstruotavg hg`jvanurs. Ndg gxtrgig rgspndsg(summgstgf erni duigrnus jro`jgnknmaojk gxjipkgs) tjbgs t`g enri ne `ypgrjotavgratujk jotavaty jdf rgdgwgf gpasnfgs ne induigdt huakfadm. _uo` jotavaty samdjksudprgogfgdtgf advgstigdt ad t`g sparatujk jdf rgkamanus faigdsand, prgsuijhkyad jd jttgipt tn pgrsujfg ’t`g duiadnus’ pnwgr tn fgjk wat` t`g prnhkgi neejkkadm rgturds, adtgdsg snoajk o`jdmg, nr js Xjppjpnrt ojkks at ‛fasruptand ne t`goyhgrdgtaos ne `nkadgss’ (Xjppjpnrt :111, 660). Js dntgf jt t`g hgmaddadm ne tàs

sgotand, jro`jgnknmy `js hy jooafgdt nr adtgdt, netgd enousgf nd t`g struoturgs jdfpjrjp`grdjkaj ne ratujk jotavaty, t`g induigdtjk rgidjdts t`jt ndog gihnfagfrgkamanus hgkage, t`g jrgdjs ne ratujk prjotaog, jdf t`gar ijtgrajk eurdasàdms. Netgdat as t`g sijs`gf rgidjdts jdf ruhhas` ne t`gsg jotavatags t`jt prnvafg t`g djrrjtavgadtgrprgtjtand ne j ejakgf oavakasjtand nr j ejakgf ratujk trjfatand, jdf jro`jgnknmyas netgd hgst pkjogf tn afgdtaey t`g àdts ne ejakurg, fgokadg jdf onkkjpsg. Hndgs,hurajks, hurdadm jdf fgstruotand iam`t sggi nhvanus onipndgdts, hut sn tnnwnukf hg gdkjrmgigdt, gihgkkasìgdt jdf fgonrjtand ne gxastadm ejoakatags tnmgt`grwat` syihnkao fgpnsats jdf j knt ne ruhhas` jssnoajtgf wat` sjoraeaog jdf neegradm.Sgr`jps, tn gxpknrg jro`jgnknmaojkky _grvaog‑s prnpnsjk dntgf jhnvg ‟ wg ojd afgdtaey

w`gd j snoagty hgojig nvgrky struoturgf, ramaf jdf agrjroàojk t`rnum` jdjkysas neratujk spjogs jdf ejoakatags. Xgstraotgf joogss jdf gxokusavaty tn induigdts onukfsamdjk w`gd ratujk ogjsgf tn hg j snoajk jotavaty jdf hgonig j pgrenrijdog hy t`gondtrnkkadm gkatg. n oatg jadtgr (:100), ondtrnk nvgr hgkage, jotand jdf gondniaoadvgstigdt as taig-kaiatgf jdf gvgdtujkky ejaks.

Askjdfs ad prgàstnry ‟ jd udkabgky sogdjran enr t`g okjssaoinfgks ne oavakasjtand onkkjpsg

Askjdfs prnvafg j usgeukky fgeadgf ondtgxt watàd wào` tn gxjiadg t`g gigrmgdog,

rasg, fgokadg jdf onkkjpsg ne j snoajk systgi. Askjdf oukturgs ojd stakk hg vagwgfjs kjhnrjtnrags ne oukturg o`jdmg, tn oatg Gvjds (:1=?2 :1==), jdf t`gar rgspndsgtn adtgrdjk jdf gxtgrdjk ondfatands pntgdtajkky afgdtaeagf erni jro`jgnknmaojkgvafgdog. Adfggf, t`gar rgkjtavg asnkjtand, spgoaeaoaty jdf vukdgrjhakaty ijbgt`gi gxogkkgdt suhlgots tn gxjiadg t`gigs suo` js onkkjpsg jdf o`jdmg, fug tndjturjk jdf ijd-adfuogf pgrturhjtands. Jt t`g sjig taig, askjdf oukturgs `jvgj tgdfgdoy tn fgvgknp gxtrgig o`jrjotgrastaos, js rgpnrtgf nd duigrnus askjdfs,suo` js Xjpj Dua (@udt gt jk. 83:3), Ijrqugsjs (Baro` :11:) jdf jornss t`gIgfatgrrjdgjd. Xgpgjtgf gxjipkgs ne vgry kjrmg induigdts, addnvjtavg ijtgrajkoukturg, `njrfadm jdf ennf ijdjmgigdt, rgfastrahutand igo`jdasis jdf fgdsg

pnpukjtands sggi typaojk ne sgvgrjk trjfatandjk askjdf oukturgs, erni Iadnjd Orgtg



5=

jdf ijdy ne t`g Oyokjfao-Jgmgjd askjdfs @jwjaa, Arnd Jmg Hratjad jdf Argkjdf.Ijktj‑s gxtrjnrfadjry kjtgr Dgnkatào tgipkg oukturg ijy hg jd gxtrgig gxjipkgne w`jt as pgr`jps j prgfaotjhkg askjdf-enousgf trgdf ‟ t`g fgvgknpigdt ne jonipgkkadm afgnknmy onihadgf wat` gkjhnrjtg ratujk t`jt advnkvgf induigdtjk

ondstruotands, egjstadm jdf ennf.Ijktj gxàhats saiakjr o`jrjotgrastaos enr t`g rasg jdf ejkk ne j ratujkasgf snoajksystgi. Ijktj jdf Mnzn wgrg earst onkndasgf jdf sgttkgf jrnudf 7333 HO,jkinst ogrtjadky erni t`g askjdf ne _aoaky, wào` ad turd `jf hggd adekugdogf hyt`g oukturgs ne snut`grd Atjky. Enr jt kgjst j iakkgddaui, t`g eukky jmraoukturjksgttkgrs ijadtjadgf oknsg oukturjk tags wat` _aoaky ‟ s`jradm gondniao strjtgmags,pnttgry stykgs, huakfadm stykgs jdf hjsao rjw ijtgrajks snurogf erni saiakjr pkjogs(Ijkndg 833?2 Kgam`tnd :1112 ruip 8338). Erni o.6333-?533 HO favgrmgdoghgtwggd Ijktj jdf _aoaky-snut`grd Atjky as gvafgdt ad t`g adorgjsadmky enrijkasgfratujk ne suhtgrrjdgjd rnob out tnihs jdf hurajk ojvgs. Erni t`g gdf ne t`g eaet`

iakkgddaui HO, t`g Ijktgsg \ghhuĪ p`jsg rgprgsgdtgf jd adorgjsadmky fastadotavgaskjdf afgdtaty jssgrtgf t`rnum` fastadot pnttgry jdf jroàtgoturjk struoturgs wàoìnrp`gf erni iukta-o`jihgrgf suhtgrrjdgjd rnob out tnihs (Pgixalj) tn mrnudfkgvgk saipkg nvjk-knhgf stndg-huakt struoturgs (IĪjrr), jdf hgmjd jd gvnkutandne ratujk huakfadms. Hy o.?533-?833 HO t`g ondstruotand ne ijssavg stndg skjh/ruhhkg wjkks jdf gkjhnrjtg knhgf eknnr pkjd ne t`g MĪjdtalj p`jsg samdjks t`g eukkfgvgknpigdt ne t`g igmjkatào tgipkg ne Ijktj. Nvgr taig struoturgs hgojig gvgrinrg onipkgx, wat` j ogdtrjk onrrafnr kgjfadm erni j sadmkg gdtrjdog sgt watàd jdaiprgssavg ondvgx ejíjfg. `g gjrkagst huakfadms wgrg twn jdf t`rgg knhgf (ruip8338) (Eamurg 1) (Bnrfad AAA `js twn-knhgf, jdf _bnrhj, Idjlfrj jdf j @j Īrjt

`jvg t`rgg-knhgf struoturgs). ģmjdtalj‑s mrgjt wgst tgipkg oniprasgf 7 knhgs,jdf kjtgr nd, eurt`gr gkjhnrjtand jt @j Ījr Zai sjw iuktapkg tgipkg struoturgsadonrpnrjtgf tnmgt`gr watàd j sadmkg surrnudfadm nutgr wjkk. Ondtaduaty ad hurajkprjotaog gkjhnrjtgf t`g fastadotand hgtwggd t`g zndg ne t`g fgjf ad suhtgrrjdgjdstruoturgs, jdf t`g zndg ne t`g kavadm ad t`g tgipkgs nd t`g mrnudf surejog.

Ad t`g ogdturags jetgr o.?833 t`grg jppgjrs tn `jvg hggd j ekurry ne gvgrinrg gkjhnrjtg jdf gxtrjvjmjdt induigdt huakfadm, jffadm kjrmgr jpsgs, mrjdfenrgonurts, onrhgkkgf rnnes, ojrvgf pjdgks, pkjstgrgf jdf pjvgf eknnrs jdf ijdyjffatand gkgigdts. `gsg tnnb t`g enri ne jktjrs, àffgd rnnis, ojrvgf eamurgs,stndg hnwks, pjadtgf fgonrjtand, kahjtand nkgs jdf earg pats. ]at` kjrmg enrgonurts,

aiprgssavg gdtrjdogs jdf àffgd adtgranrs t`g tgipkg kjynut enrigf j stjmg enrfrjij jdf pgrenrijdog. `g pntgdtajk enr jotnrs nr ratujk spgoajkasts tn gigrmgerni safg jrgjs nr àffgd rnnis tn pgrenri tn jd jssgihkgf jufagdog jffgftn t`g iystaqug aipkagf hy t`g ojrgeukky fgsamdgf ratujk spjogs (Jdfgrsnd jdf_tnffjrt 833=). Ad pjrjkkgk wat` t`g tgipkg fgvgknpigdt, hut wat` nramads ad t`ggjrkagr rnob out tnihs jrg t`g iukta-spjogf suhtgrrjdgjd hurajk satgs nr `ypnmgj,bdnwd erni @jk _jekagda jdf t`g Hrno`tnree-Pjm`rj oarokg. Onkkgotavg adùijtandhurajk o`jrjotgrasgf t`g tgipkg oukturg, hut wàkst ùdfrgfs, gvgd t`nusjdfs nehurajks wgrg mjt`grgf ad ndg pkjog, sgpjrjtand ne t`gsg spjogs adtn onipjrtigdts,o`jihgrs jdf pats gdjhkgf snig fastadotand hgtwggd ndg mrnup ne pgnpkg jdf

jdnt`gr. Jroàtgoturjk gkjhnrjtand ne t`gsg hurajk pkjogs go`ngf t`g huakt tgipkgs



50

E

a m u r g 1 . I j k t g s g V g i p k g p k j d s , s ` n w

a d m t ` g k j y n u t

n

e i u k t a p k g - k n h g f s t r u o t u r g s j d f i j a d e g j t u r g s .



51

t`rnum` gkgigdts ne struoturjk kjynut, igmjkatào jffatands, fgonrjtand jdfenrijkaty (Ijkndg 833=).

Fastadotavg soukpturg jdf fgonrjtand fgvgknpgf tn gihgkkas` t`g tgipkgs. àsoniprasgf ojrvgf, pgobgf jdf frakkgf stndg surejogs pkjogf ad samdaeaojdt jrgjs ne

t`g tgipkg adtgranrs. Fgonrjtgf pjdgks ne ourvakadgjr pjttgrds summgstavg ne vadg-sornkk-wjvg enris jdf eamurjtavg aijmgs ne eas` nr fnigstao jdaijks gd`jdogf t`gonipjrtigdtjkasgf adtgranr spjogs. jotakg js wgkk js vasujkky jrrgstadm, t`gsg pjdgksgdoknsgf ogdtrjk zndgs enousgf nd earg pats, sjoraeaogs jdf neegradms, netgd vasahkgerni t`g ijad gdtrjdog jdf onrrafnr ne t`g tgipkgs. `g pjdgks sggi tn jvg hggdijto`gf hy eamurjtavg soukpturg, pgr`jps pkjogf tnmgt`gr wat` nhlgots nr neegradmsnd spgoajk s`gkvgs jdf jktjrs. `g pnssahakaty t`jt t`gsg udusujk huakfadms wgrgadtgdfgf enr dnrijk fnigstao, jmraoukturjk nr adfustrajk usg as rgintg, mavgd t`gadtgdsg enous nd pjttgrd, aijmgry jdf advgstigdt, jdf t`g rgpgtatand ne enri jdffgonrjtand. Adstgjf, t`g pnssahakaty t`jt t`g huakfadms eudotandgf js snig typg ne

ratujk ogdtrg enr egjstadm jdf ennf rgfastrahutand as suppnrtgf hy t`g kjrmg qujdtatagsne jdaijk rgijads, hurdt fgpnsats jdf udfrgfs ne ogrjiao neegradm hnwks rgonvgrgf.Gkjhnrjtand ne gxastadm tgipkgs tnnb pkjog nvgr jt kgjst `jke j iakkgddaui, wat`gdkjrmgigdts, suo` js jt jrxagd w`grg twn adfavafujk knhgf huakfadms (snut` jdfwgst tgipkgs) wgrg onihadgf hy t`g adsgrtand ne jd jffatandjk (ogdtrjk) tgipkgtn enri j sgrags ne adtgronddgotgf spjogs (Oakaj 8336, 78-58). Jt @jmjr Zai,j onipkgx jrrjdmgigdt ne sgpjrjtg hut jfljogdt huakfadms wjs gdoknsgf hy jdnutgr wjkk jdf adtgrkadbgf hy onrrafnrs. `g @jk _jekagda @ypnmgui kabgwasg wjsgxpjdfgf, hut fnwdwjrfs adtn t`g rnob tn enri twn jffatandjk kgvgks hgdgjt` jkjrmgr uppgr hurajk jrgj t`jt onddgotgf t`g mrnudf surejog wat` hurajk ojvatags. `g

Hrno`tnree Pjm`rj Oarokg hurajk satg jksn sjw struoturjk gdkjrmgigdt, infaeaojtand,gihgkkasìgdt jdf fgstruotand ad ats suhtgrrjdgjd hurajk ojvg-`ypnmgui. àspjttgrd ne gxpjdsand, pjargf wat` dgw jhsnkutg fjtgs, neegrs aipnrtjdt adsam`tsadtn t`g eadjk ogdturags jdf fgojfgs ne t`g tgipkg oukturg jdf ats snoagty (Ijkndggt jk., 8331). `g iakkgddaj ne ratujk jdf tgipkg gvnkutand rgjo`gf j okaijx nefgonrjtavg gxtrjvjmjdog jrnudf 8=33-8733 HO, hgenrg t`g struoturgs (jdf pgr`jpst`g afgnknmaojk trjfatand t`gy gdojpsukjtgf) wgrg jhjdfndgf (ruip :1=5). Adsgvgrjk adstjdogs, t`g tgipkg satgs wgrg rgnooupagf ogdturags kjtgr, ad t`g Hrndzg

Jmg nr js rgvgjkgf hy ourrgdt Atjkajd gxojvjtand jt js _akĪ, huragf hgdgjt` jS`ngdaoajd ratujk onipkgx.

Fjtadm t`g igmjkatào stndg struoturgs rgijads prnhkgijtao, mavgd t`g kjob nesurvavadm strjtamrjp`y nr rgogdt soagdtaeao gxojvjtand, hut fgpnsats hgknw t`g eknnrsne snig huakfadms (Oakaj 83362 ruip 8338) adfaojtg prgàstnrao gxpjdsand jdfgkjhnrjtand ad pkjogs t`jt `jf kndm sgqugdogs ne nooupjtand. Ijktj‑s prgàstnraojroàtgoturjk fastadotavgdgss wjs udpjrjkkgkgf ad dgam`hnuradm jrgjs ne t`g ogdtrjknr wgstgrd Igfatgrrjdgjd rgmand, jdf iuo` `js hggd wrattgd jhnut ats oukturjkonipkgxaty jdf t`g typg ne snoagty t`jt gdmgdfgrgf induigdtjk huakfadm nd suo`j sojkg (sgg enr gxjipkg Gvjds :1=:2 Ijkndg gt jk., 83312 Xgdergw :1=?2 ruip8338). Mavgd t`g ruadnus stjtg ne jkk t`g prgàstnrao satgs, t`g afgdtaeaojtand nefgkahgrjtg fgstruotand nr jhjdfndigdt as ondtgdtanus. Jt Hrno`tnree Oarokg jdf



=3

jrxagd tgipkg t`grg jrg fgeadatg trjogs ne fgstruotand, rginvjk, aondnokjsi jdffgsgrtand t`jt ondeari snig typg ne ratujk ejakurg ad prgàstnrao Ijktj.

`g tntjk kjdf surejog ne t`g Ijktgsg askjdfs onvgrs hjrgky ?:7 squjrg baknigtrgs.`g kjdfsojpg, ndog trgg onvgrgf jdf gdfnwgf wat` fggpgr snaks t`jd tnfjy, wjs

jkwjys j fry, rnoby kaigstndg pkjog, wat`nut pgrgddajk strgjis nr hnfags ne ergs`wjtgr, jdf eurt`gr kaiatgf hy suatjhkg jquaegrs tn rgtjad ùiafaty. _nig vjkkgysijadtjad rgkjtavgky am` snak egrtakaty jdf inasturg, hut iuo` ne t`g sijkk kjdf jrgjne t`g Ijktgsg askjdfs wjs, jdf rgijads, j o`jkkgdmadm kjdfsojpg enr prnfuotavgjmraoukturg, wat` stggp sknpgs jdf okaees, rnoby nutornps jdf okjy hjfkjdfs. Adonipjrasnd tn gjrky Ijktj, inst Gurnpgjd Dgnkatào snoagtags gxastgf watàdrgkjtavgky gxtgdsavg kjdfsojpgs, w`grg hnudfjrags wgrg ijadky ijrbgf hy p`ysaojknhstruotands suo` js upkjdfs nr ravgrs, `gjvy snaks, tàob enrgsts jdf pgr`jps t`gprgsgdog ne jmmrgssavg dgam`hnurs. go`dnknmy, pnpukjtand kgvgks, snak egrtakaty,fastjdog, sgjsndjkaty jdf knojk rgsnurogs ad suo` satujtands wnukf `jvg hggd t`g

ondtrnkkadm gkgigdts t`jt fgtgriadgf pnpukjtand ojrryadm ojpjoaty ad j mavgd zndg. ]atàd j rgstraotgf askjdf gdvarndigdt, w`grg t`g dgjrgst ùijd dgam`hnurs ad_aoaky wgrg j pgraknus 03 baknigtrgs jornss t`g udprgfaotjhkg Igfatgrrjdgjd _gj,t`g gondniao paoturg enr gjrky Ijktj knnbs ondsafgrjhky inrg faeeaoukt t`jd enronipjrjhkg Dgnkatào oniiudatags watàd ijadkjdf kjdfsojpgs.

Ourrgdt gdvarndigdtjk rgsgjro` nd t`g jdoagdt kjdfsojpg ne Ijktj rgijadsudokgjr jdf inrg wnrb as dggfgf tn udfgrstjdf t`g fgtjaks ne ekuotujtandsad ùiafaty jdf okaijtg t`jt ijy `jvg jeegotgf t`g rgmand furadm t`g pgranfondsafgrgf ad tàs pjpgr. Snkkgd fjtj rgtragvgf erni j fggp onrg tjbgd erni Ijrsj(Ojrrnkk jk 8336) summgst t`jt iuo` ne t`g Ijktgsg kjdfsojpg wjs okgjrgf ne ats

vgmgtjtand erni t`g earst sgttkgigdt, jdf t`jt hy t`g Hrndzg Jmg ad t`g sgondfiakkgddaui HO, t`g djtavg trgg onvgr jdf vgmgtjtand wjs iuo` js wg eadf at tnfjy.@gjvy jutuid rjad t`gd, js dnw, ojd `jvg j fgvjstjtadm geegot nd snak stjhakaty,wjsàdm tnpsnak erni sknpgs adtn vjkkgys nr t`g sgj. grrjog systgis wgrg fgvgknpgf,pnssahky js gjrky js t`g sgondf iakkgddaui HO jdf ogrtjadky ad kjtgr prgàstnrao jdfS`ngdaoajd taigs, js j igjds tn rgtjad t`g prgoanus snak t`jt as t`g eudfjigdtjkrgsnurog ne j sgttkgf gondniao gxastgdog nd j sijkk askjdf jroàpgkjmn. _uo` snakijdjmgigdt tgo`daqugs nr enrwjrf pkjddadm wgrg jhsgdt ad Dgnkatào Ijktj, jdf atijy hg t`jt gjrky ejriadm jdf gxtgdsavg okgjrjdog ne t`g djtavg vgmgtjtand wrnum`taiigdsg fjijmg nvgr j rgkjtavgky s`nrt pgranf ne taig nd j kjdfsojpgs t`jt jkwjys

wnukf `jvg hggd ijrmadjk hgojusg ne ats rgstraotgf sazg jdf erjmakg gonsystgi. Net`g ejriadm ad t`g Dgnkatào, wg bdnw t`jt t`g earst sgttkgrs jdf t`gar suoogssnrsgipknygf t`g typaojk iaxgf jmraoukturg ne t`g rgmand (ruip 8338). Ojttkg, s`ggp-mnjt, j egw pams, w`gjt, hjrkgy jdf prnhjhky puksgs suo` js pgjs jdf hgjds ijfgup t`g fagt, jkt`num` prnpnrtands jdf suh-spgoags rgijad pnnrky bdnwd. _`ggp-mnjt rgijads enri t`g ijlnraty ne t`g hndg ad sjipkgs erni satgs gxojvjtgf ad t`gtwgdtagt` ogdtury. `gsg orgjturgs jrg akkustrjtgf, tnmgt`gr wat` aijmgs ne ojttkgjdf pams ad eragzgs jdf ojrvadms jt jrxagd, jdf js adoasgf fgsamds nr infgkkgf`jdfkgs nd ondtgipnrjry ogrjiao vgssgks. Erni t`g fgdsaty ne induigdts jdfjro`jgnknmaojk jotavaty jornss t`g Ijktgsg kjdfsojpg, at as jssuigf t`jt j kjrmg

pnpukjtand wjs suppnrtgf ad t`g kjtg Dgnkatào tgipkg pgranf. Hut w`jt wjs t`g



=:

5

:

8 ?

6

7

=

Eamurg :3. Jdaijks jdf Egjsts< aijmgs erni Vjrxagd jdf Hu Ī mahj, s`nwadm eragzgs, jktjrs jdf hnwk.

: & 8< Jdaijk eragzgs erni _nut` Vgipkg, Vjrxagd. Ijkg s`ggp, pam, mnjt. ?< Egijkg s`ggp.

6&7< Eragzg s`nwadm s` erni fgstrnygf tgipkg jt HuĪmahj. 5< Jrao`atgoturjk Jktjr ad _nut` Vgipkg,

Vjrxagd, wat` ourvakadgjr rgkage fgonrjtand jdf sgia-oaroukjr pjdgk hgknw, gdoknsadm adt bdavgs jdfjdaijk rgijads nd fasonvgry hy \jiiat. =< Xgstnrgf kjrmg stndg hnwk ad Vjrxagd.



=8

ùijd ojrryadm ojpjoaty enr Ijktj ad t`g kjtgr Dgnkatào> ]g ojd ndky spgoukjtgnd t`g prgàstnrao pnpukjtand fgdsaty, mavgd t`g adondokusavg jdf sojdt trjogs ne`nusgs hgdgjt` tgipkgs nr erjmigdtjry struoturgs (Ijkndg gt jk. 8331h, 6:-78).Ae t`g pnpukjtand fgdsaty wjs js iuo` js ?3 pgnpkg pgr squjrg baknigtrg (:33

`j, nr 86= jorgs), wào` sggis j pkjusahkg kgvgk enr adtgdsavg iaxgf ejriadm adsnut`grd Gurnpg, t`gd t`g pnpukjtand onukf `jvg rgjo`gf 0,333-:3,333 pgnpkg jtogrtjad taigs. Sgranfs ne okaijtao adstjhakaty jeegotadm kgvgks ne rjadejkk jdf mrnudf-wjtgr wnukf wgkk `jvg `jf frjstao aipjot nd j fgdsg jdf gondniaojkky asnkjtgfpnpukjtand fgpgdfgdt nd ornps jdf mrjzadm jdaijks.

Jdjkysas ne t`g gxtgdsavg ùijd hndg sjipkg erni Mnzn adfaojtgs pnssahkgfagtjry jdf p`ysaojk strgss furadm t`g tgipkg pgranf, ad onipjrasnd tn gjrkagr\ghhum p`jsgs (_tnffjrt gt jk. 8331, ?87-?3). _tjhkg Asntnpg fgtgriadjtands ernij sijkk JI_ fjtgf sjipkg ne t`g ùijd hndg erni t`g Hrno`tnree-Pjm`rj Oarokgnd Mnzn (_tnffjrt gt jk. 8331, ??7-63) summgst t`jt t`g ùijd fagt wjs kjrmgky

tgrrgstrajkky snurogf, jdf pnssahky ogrgjk rjt`gr t`jd igjt-hjsgf, ad t`g eadjk stjmgsne t`jt satg‑s usg. Ijradg ennfs sggi, kabg sn ijdy nt`gr Dgnkatào pnpukjtands, tn`jvg hggd adsamdaeaojdt ad t`g Ijktgsg fagt, ad spatg ne j surrnudfadm sgj rao` adsgjennf. as sjipkg ‟ wào` as ejr erni onipkgtg nr ondokusavg, jppgjrs tn s`nwt`jt jdaijk prntgad wjs ad s`nrt suppky (o.8533-8633- HO). às eadjk jrxagdp`jsg ondvgrsgky ogkghrjtgf jdaijks, js gvafgdogf hy fgonrjtand ne spjogs wat`znninrpào eragzgs, ojrvadms, infgks jdf jktjrs fgvntgf tn t`gar skjum`tgr jdft`g faspnsjk ne hndg watàd jktjrs (Eamurg :3) eurt`gr tgstaeags tn tàs. Sgr`jpsjdaijks eamurgf kjrmg ad fagtjry jsparjtand furadm tàs kjtg tgipkg pgranf enr t`gvgry rgjsnd t`jt t`gy `jf hgonig rjrg jdf gspgoajkky vjkugf. ]`y, w`gd iaxgf

ejriadm wjs jppjrgdtky j wgkk gstjhkas`gf gondniy enr gjrky Ijktj, wnukf stnobjdaijks hgonig sojrog jdf ondsgqugdtky ogkghrjtgf ad jrt>

`g pnkkgd sgqugdog erni Ijrsj (sgg jhnvg) iam`t hg ndg pkjog tn sggb jdadtgrai jdswgr tn t`g prnhkgi ne w`jt `jppgdgf tn t`g jmraoukturjk hjsg ne kjtgDgnkatào Ijktj. `g tgipkg oukturg pgranf as rgprgsgdtgf hy skam`t, hut fastadotekuotujtands ad pkjdt typgs, snigtaigs adfaojtadm ogrgjks jdf mrjssgs jdf jt nt`grs,j prnkaegrjtand ne wggfs (@udt pgrs onii.) summgstadm pgr`jps t`jt mrjzadm kjdfas mavgd nvgr tn inrg adtgdsavg ouktavjtand ne ogrgjks jdf nt`gr pkjdt ennfs (Eamurg::). `g wggfs onukf adfaojtg ouktavjtand rgpkjogf mrjsskjdf, pgr`jps hgojusg nenvgrstnobadm nr frnum`t. às ad turd onukf aipky t`jt t`g suppnrt ne fnigstao

jdaijks ijy jvg hggd sgvgrgky oniprniasgf ae uijds jdf stnob wgrg onipgtadmnvgr j kjdfsojpg jeegotgf hy adjfgqujtg rjadejkk jdf wjtgr. Ennf suppkags wnukf snndejkk jdf rgsukt ad s`nrt-tgri gondniao prgssurg nr gvgd ejakurg. Nvgr t`g pgranf nesgvgrjk ygjrs, suo` ejakurg iam`t spgkk ojtjstrnp`g enr jd askjdf oukturg jdf ats vgryspgoaeao ratujk systgi, hjsgf jrnudf jd gqujkky pjrtaoukjr systgi ne prnfuotand adj rgstraotgf jdf p`ysaojkky asnkjtgf gdvarndigdt. Iam`t t`g gdvarndigdt jdf t`ggondniy hjsgf nd at, hg ndg pjrt ne t`g stnry ne ratujk ejakurg t`jt as gdonudtgrgfad t`g wafgr oukturg ne prgàstnrao Ijktj>

_nig jut`nrs `jvg summgstgf t`jt t`g askjdf djturg ne Dgnkatào Ijktj wjs inrgj stjtg ne iadf (rgvagwgf ad Ijkndg jdf _tnffjrt 8336) t`jd j p`ysaojk rgjkaty. ]g

jrmug t`jt t`g 03bi wgrg adfggf samdaeaojdt, pjrtaoukjrky enr t`g suppky ne ennfstuees.



=?

J .

I j r s j O n r g

H

.

E a m u r g : : . S n k k g d o n r g f j t j e r n i I j k t j s ` n w a d m J . f g t j a k s

n e t ` g I j r s j

o n r g ,

j d f H . n t ` g r o n r g s e r n i I j k t j . V ` g

` n r a z n d t j k k a d g i j r b s t ` g g p a s n f g

n e o j t j s t r n p ` a o v g m g t j t a n d j k o k g j r j d o g j d f f g o k a d g o . 6 ? 3 3 y g j r s H S j t t ` g

g d f n e t ` g V g i p k g S g r a n f j d f i j y h g t ` g

r g s p n d s g t n j o k a i j t a o o ` j d m g .

V ` g j d j k y s a s w j s u d f g r t j b g h y E r j d b O j r r n k k ( s g g O j r r n k k g t j k 8 3 : 8 ) .



=6

Ornssadm t`g 03bi ad j sijkk, udijstgf rnwadm hnjt advnkvgf udprgfaotjhakatyjdf rasb t`jt pgr`jps ndky t`g sbakkgf wnukf jttgipt nd j rgmukjr hjsas. At as wnrt`summgstadm t`jt bdnwkgfmg jdf sbakk ad ratujk rjd jkndmsafg bdnwkgfmg jdf sbakk adijradg trjvgk. Adtgrjotand as faeeaoukt tn jssgss, mavgd t`g saiakjr mgnknmy ne snut`

gjstgrd _aoaky tn Ijktj, jdf gvgd inrg faeeaoukt tn fjtg, mavgd t`g pntgdtajk enrourjtand jdf rgsafujkaty, hut aipnrts ne gxntao ijtgrajks wgrg rgkjtavgky kaiatgf.Nhsafajd pradoapjkky oniprasgf sijkk ekjbgs jdf hkjfgs, wào` fgokadgf ad qujdtatyad t`g jrxagd pgranf (Ugkkj 8330, O`jrts :-82 ruip gt jk. 8331, 87:-878). _truobstndg wjs suhstjdtajkky ijfg up ne knojk o`grt. Gxntao mrggdstndgs wgrg rgfuogfjdf sjorjkasgf (netgd pgrenrjtgf enr stradmadm nd dgobkjogs). No`rg erni prgàstnraofgpnsats, nramadjkky ondsafgrgf jd aipnrt, `js hggd s`nwd rgogdtky tn hg gqujkkyjvjakjhkg erni t`g Ijktgsg askjdf systgi (Jttjrf-Indtjktn gt jk., 83:8). Aipnrtgfpnttgry wjs vgry rjrg. Jkk tàs gvafgdog summgsts t`jt j suhstjdtajk prgnooupjtandwat` adtrj- rjt`gr t`jd gxtrj- askjdf jotavaty, sgttadm t`g sogdg enr t`g sogdjran wg

`jvg nutkadgf.

_truoturgs, nhlgots jdf jro`jgnknmy

]àkst t`g adtgranr spjogs ne t`g Ijktgsg tgipkgs wgrg enousgf nd jktjrs jdfàffgd pkjogs t`jt enrijkasgf j pjrtaoukjr typg ne ogrgindajk jotavaty, t`g huakfadmst`gisgkvgs knnbgf nut nvgr j wafgr kjdfsojpg jdf wgrg nragdtjtgf tnwjrfs vagws neaipnrtjdog. Ad t`g ojsg ne Idjlfrj tàs wjs t`g sudrasg jt t`g snkstaog, hut jt nt`grsatgs nragdtjtand ijy `jvg hggd ogrtjad ondstgkkjtands nr snkjr-kudjr invgigdts,jdogstrjk pkjogs ad t`g gjvgds nr t`g nutgr wnrkf ne adtgrjotand. Adtgrdjk adstjkkjtands

suo` js jktjrs jdf hgdo`gs enr sjoraeaog, neegradms jdf pjrtaoapjtand wgrg ijto`gf hyejoakatags enr onnbadm, hurdadm, wjsàdm jdf stnrjmg. @affgd rnnis t`jt ondtjadgfs`gkvgf dao`gs enr stnrjmg ne mnnfs jdf trgjsurgs wgrg sgt fggp watàd t`g huakfadms,onvgrgf hy onrhgkkgf rnnes, joogssgf t`rnum` ‛pnrt`nkg’ fnnrs jdf sgjkgf wat`stndg pjdgks. _gorgoy jdf ondtrnk wjs j eudfjigdtjk pjrt ne t`g prjotaog ne ratujk,adfaojtadm pgr`jps pjrjdnaj tnwjrfs gmjkatjrajd ogrgindy, adstgjf samdjkkadm ratgsne pjssjmg jdf adatajtand enr t`g gkatg. Gdtry enr t`g pravakgmgf igihgrs ne t`goniiudaty rgquargf prnogssand nvgr ijrbgf t`rgs`nkfs adtn rgstraotgf, pgr`jpsfjrb adtgranr spjog. Jt gvgry stjmg ne t`jt prnogssand, neegradms onukf hg ijfg adtnkahjtand `nkgs nd t`rgs`nkfs jdf jt gdtrjdogs, nd jktjrs jdf hgdo`gs sgt jkndm t`g

ijad onrrafnr, jdf ad gvgr inrg affgd onipjrtigdts adsafg t`g huakfadm, pjssadmt`rnum` hjrrgf fnnrs jt gjo` stjmg, invadm up t`rnum` j àgrjro`y ne ondtrnkkgfjoogss (Jdfgrsnd jdf _tnffjrt 833=).

`g kjrmg tgipkg enrgonurts sggi tn `jvg hggd rginfgkkgf jdf gdkjrmgf (jsjt Mmjdtalj), wat` gdtrjdog t`rgs`nkfs ijfg gvgr inrg mrjdfansg, enrijk jdfrgstraotgf. `gy prgsgdtgf stjmg-kabg sgttadms enr j ondtravgf ratujk pgrenrijdogt`jt aipkags ojrgeuk ijdjmgigdt jdf ijdapukjtand ne t`g jotand. _uo` j kgvgk nesnpàstaojtand jdf jufagdog ondtrnk `js gdonurjmgf so`nkjrs tn summgst Ijktgsgsnoagty wjs àgrjroàojkky struoturgf (Xgdergw :1=?2 \jiiat :1?3), pgr`jpsratujkky ijdjmgf hy pragsts nr ratujk spgoajkasts. Iuo` `js hggd wrattgd jhnut

t`g jrrjdmgigdt jdf eudotand ne t`g tgipkgs (sgg Ijkndg 833=2 Ijkndg gt jk.



=7

enrtòniadm 2 ruip 83382 Oakaj 8336), wào` ijy `jvg `nusgf ratujk spgoajkasts(>pragsts nr oàges), t`gar pjrjp`grdjkaj jdf trahutg ad t`g enri ne ennf neegradms. Atas tgiptadm tn sgg t`g tgipkgs js ratujkasgf stnrjmg ogdtrgs enr t`gjtraojk sjoraeaog,egjstadm jdf ennf rgfastrahutand, w`grg t`g knojk pnpukjtand wnukf `jvg mjt`grgf

jt ogrtjad taigs ad t`g enrgonurt tn nhsgrvg t`g ratujks jdf hg egf hy t`g jdf ne t`gondtrnkkadm gkatg. @nwgvgr, inrg t`jd ennf wjs nd neegr ad t`gsg tgipkg huakfadms.`g aijmgry, t`gjtrg jdf pravakgmg prgsuijhky mrjdtgf tn ogrtjad igihgrs ne t`goniiudaty tn gdtgr adsafg t`g tgipkg huakfadms jdf pjrtaoapjtg, iam`t jvg jffgftn t`g jttrjotand jdf gxoatgigdt ne w`jt iust `jvg hggd rgmukjr, oyokaojk gvgdts.

Xatujk pjrjp`grdjkaj jdf adtgrprgtjtand ne ratujk ejakurg

`g sgia-rgjkastao stjtugttgs jdf sijkk eamuradgs jssnoajtgf wat` t`g tgipkg oukturgprnvafg onipgkkadm vasujk jafs ad nur gxpknrjtand ne t`g ratujk wnrkf ne gjrky Ijktj.

`g ùijd, jdaijk jdf aijmadgf eamurgs ijy rgprgsgdt iyt`nknmaojk o`jrjotgrserni j onsinknmy t`jt udfgrpaddgf t`g tgipkg oukturg, jdf ijy adenri nd snoajkondogrds. `g jdt`rnpninrpào eamurgs rjdmg erni udoknt`gf tn sgia-frgssgf,t`gy adokufg djturjkastao tn gxtrgig indstrnus aijmgs, jdf snig eamurgs stjdfwàkst nt`grs jrg sgjtgf/squjttadm. Jdaijk aijmgs rjdmg erni tgrrgstrajk fnigstaoorgjturgs tn harfs jdf suhtgrrjdgjd onkf-hknnfgf rgptakgs-eas`, rgprgsgdtadm jkjygrgf wnrkf ne faeegrgdt jdaijk sparats. Kjrmg stjdfadm jdf sbartgf stjtugttgsiam`t summgst jut`nraty eamurgs, wgjradm syihnks ne stjtus suo` js `gjffrgssgs,hgkts, dgobkjogs jdf gkjhnrjtg jar stykgs, jdf t`gsg fgtjaks iam`t summgst pragstky nroàgeky stjtus. Ad ondtrjst, nhgsg jdf usujkky sijkk sgjtgf/squjttadm eamurgs aipky j

wnrkf ne jipkg ennf jdf kgasurg, jssgihkgf tn rgprgsgdt afgjk ondfatands, pgr`jpsne mnfs, jdogstnrs nr sparats. `g kjrmgr ne t`gsg eamurgs jrg pnrtrjygf wat` sbarts,jdf `jf rginvjhkg `gjfs t`jt wgrg npgrjtgf kabg puppgts wat` stradms (Eamurg:8). _uo` ‛fydjiao’ puppgt-aonds ijy `jvg hggd aipnrtjdt onipndgdts ne ratujkt`gjtrg ad t`g tgipkg spjogs, nd vasahkg kgfmgs enr t`g rgogptand ne neegradms, nr adàffgd rnnis w`grg ‛nrjokg `nkgs’ wgrg usgf tn aipjrt spgoajk bdnwkgfmg (Ijkndg833=2 Hjrrnwoknum` 833=). `gsg stjtugttgs wgrg ijdapukjtgf hy jd npgrjtnr (jratujk spgoajkast>), pgr`jps tn prnvafg prgfaotands, tn favadg nigds nr enr syihnkaofaspkjy tn gdjot iyt`s. `g adtgro`jdmgjhkg `gjfs pgr`jps pnrtrjygf faeegrgdto`jrjotgrs nr syihnkasgf onipndgdts ne t`g onsinknmy. ]`jtgvgr t`g stjtugttgs

rgprgsgdtgf tn t`g jdoagdt Ijktgsg, t`grg as dn fnuht t`jt t`gy samdjkkgf pnwgreukvjkugs jdf bdnwkgfmg. `gy `jvg hggd enudf àffgd fggp ad tgipkgs, adsgrtgfadtn enudfjtands, huragf wat` ùijd rgijads nr pkjogf ad spgoajk prniadgdtknojtands wào` mavg j mrjpào adsam`t adtn pjrts ne t`g jdoagdt onsinknmaojk systgine Dgnkatào Ijktj. `g rnkg jdf samdaeaojdog ne t`gsg jdt`rnpninrpào aijmgsrgijads j tnpao ne `gjtgf fasoussand jdf ndmnadm fghjtg (Ijkndg 83302 UgkkjMrgmnry 83372 Maihutjs :1082 :11:, Maihutjs jdf Fgxtgr :111).

`g jro`jgnknmaojk knojtand ne t`g stjtugttgs ijy prnvafg snig udfgrstjdfadmne t`gar rnkg. `g eadfspnts vjry erni adtgdtandjk dao`gs, pats, mrjvgs jdf nt`grstnrgs tn ruhhas` `gjps. Erni t`g sojdt adenrijtand ne nkf gxojvjtands, at sggis

snig aijmgs rgtjadgf spgoajk pnwgr jdf wgrg ojrgeukky huragf (enr gxjipkg, t`g



=5

Eamurg :8. Kjrmg muradgs erni @jmjr Zai tgipkg, s`nwadm invadm `gjf igo`jdasi.

:< Kjrmg stndg murg erni @jĪjr Zai tgipkg, erndt vagw. 8, ? & 6< Fgtjaks ne stradm`nkgs jdf invgjhkg `gjf snobgt jrrjdmgigdt.

:

8

?

6



==

sgvgd kjrmg stndg eamurgs erni @j Ījr Zai), wàkst nt`gr wgrg ojsujkky t`rnwd jwjyad ruhhas`. wn erjmakg infgkkgf tgrrjonttj stjdfadm sbartgf eamurgs wgrg rgtragvgferni rgogssgs jt jrxagd (Eamurg :?). Ogrtjad jut`nraty eamuradgs wgrg adtgdtandjkkyhrnbgd adtn pagogs nr fgejogf. Ndg kaeg-sazg gxjipkg huakt adtn t`g snut` tgipkg

ne jrxagd wjs fgstrnygf (nstgdsahky t`rnum` jmraoukturjk jotavaty) erni t`g wjastup, wat` ndky pkadt`, kgms jdf sbartgf huttnobs survavadm (Eamurg :?). J rgogdtkyfasonvgrgf àm` rgkage eamurg wjs enudf huragf udfgr kjtgr ondstruotand jt js _akm(Ugkkj :111). At rgprgsgdtgf j saiakjr sbartgf eamurg nd j pkadt`. Ad tàs ojsg, t`gsurejog wjs hjfky fjijmgf jdf prnhjhky adtgdtandjkky fgejogf hy j ergdzagf jttjobnd t`g egjturgs ne t`g aijmg (Eamurg :6). Adtgdtandjk aondnokjsi ne kjrmg jut`nratyeamurgs jksn sggis tn hg j strndm kabgka`nnf ad t`g ojsg ne j prgstamanus eamurgenudf sojttgrgf jornss t`g hurajk fgpnsats ne t`g Hrno`tnree Pjm`rj Oarokg nd Mnzn(Ijkndg gt jk. 8331o , 80?-01). `g vgry eadgky ojrvgf stndg eamurg stnnf jhnut 53-=3 oi am`, jdf rgprgsgdtgf j sbartgf nhgsg adfavafujk, wat` jris ornssgf, t`g kgms

rasadm erni jd nhkndm hjsg, enkknwadm t`g ojdnd enr t`g eamurgs fgsorahgf jhnvg.`g surejog `jf hggd pjadtgf ad ygkknw no`rg, ojrgeukky sinnt`gf, pnkas`gf jdffgonrjtgf wat` eadg frakkgf fnts. `g stjtugttg `jf hggd sijs`gf adtn inrg t`jdtàrty erjmigdts jdf sprgjf jornss jdf orus`gf adtn t`g hurajks ad j pjttgrd t`jtonukf dnt `jvg noourrgf djturjkky, jdf ejr hgyndf t`g pkjog ne hrgjbjmg (Eamurg :6)summgstadm pagogs wgrg adtgdtandjkky t`rnwd adtn vjranus hurajk onipjrtigdts.

Aipnrtjdtky, t`g hurajk satg sggis tn `jvg hggd jhjdfndgf jt t`g sjig taig jst`g vjdfjkasi, jdf pgr`jps t`g hrnbgd erjmigdts rgprgsgdt jd jot ne oknsurg. àsjppjrgdtky ratujk oknsurg wjs joonipjdagf hy t`g p`ysaojk onkkjpsg ne t`g ojvgrnne, wào` ad spatg ne kjrmg stndg prnps pkjogf tn suppnrt t`g tàd ojvg rnne, egkk

ad jdf oknsgf t`g ojvgs tn eurt`gr joogss. `g stndg struoturgs (s`gkvgs, adtgranrwjkks) ne t`g gjstgrdinst ojvg `jf jkrgjfy hggd pjrtajkky fasijdtkgf jdf t`ghurajks kget huragf ad ejkkadm fghras (_tnffjrt gt jk. 8331, :17), jhjdfndgf jkndmwat` rgijadfgr ne t`g hurajk ojvgs. `g tgipkg onipkgxgs jornss Ijktj jdf Mnzn,kabgwasg, sggi tn jvg sueegrgf j vjragty ne fgstruotavg onkkjpsg, ne stndg rginvjk, nergusg, jdf ne jhjdfndigdt nvgr taig. `g o`rndnknmy aipkagf erni rgogdt JI_fjtgs erni Mnzn summgsts t`jt hurajk jotavaty ogjsgf jkndm wat` struoturjk onkkjpsgjdf jhjdfndigdt jetgr 8673 HO. `g jro`jgnknmaojk sgqugdog rgijads iutg ndw`jt jppgdgf dgxt. ]`gt`gr t`g fgokadg jdf jhjdfndigdt ne t`g tgipkg oukturgwjs sknw nr rjpaf as udokgjr, jdf gvafgdog as kjobadm nd jdy ùijd jotavaty nd

Ijktj udtak snigtaig jetgr 8333 HO w`gd j Hrndzg Jmg snoagty wjs sgttkgf ndt`g askjdfs. `g jrxagd Ogigtgry kgvgks fasonvgrgf hy \jiiat (:1?3) aipky jvgry faeegrgdt oukturjk afgnknmy gxprgssgf t`rnum` orgijtand hurajk ratgs tnmgt`grwat` igtjks jdf pnttgry ne vgry faeegrgdt trjfatand. Jd gdtargky faeegrgdt sgdsujkaty(Ijkndg jdf _tnffjrt 8331, ?=5-?03) jdf dgw snoajk ondtgxt enousgf nd t`gadfavafujk rjt`gr t`jd t`g oniiudaty (_tnffjrt jdf Ijkndg 8330, 85). Ourrgdtkydn sgourg jro`jgnknmaojk sgqugdog wat` fjtgf rgijads `js hggd afgdtaeagf tn tgstaeytn jdy nooupjtand jt jkk nd Ijktj enr t`g adtgrvgdadm ogdturags.

Ae wg joogpt t`g oratgraj summgstgf hy jadtgr, t`g ejakurg ne ndg onipndgdtwatàd j snoajk-gondniao-ratujk systgi sggis udkabgky tn `jvg prgoapatjtgf sn

onipkgtg j fgokadg t`jt at rgsuktgf ad jhjdfndigdt ne t`g askjdfs, nr j fgokadg



=0

Vgrrjonttj sbartgf eamurg erni Vjrxagd<fassgihkgf pjrts jdf enrigrrgondstruotand.

: 8

?

Eamurg :?. _tjdfadm jdf sbartgf murgs erni Vjrxagd jdf Vjs _ak Ī , s`nwadm vjdfjkasi.

: & 8< Ujdfjkasgf rgijads ne stndg stjtug erni Vjs _akĪ ‟ nramadjk ad t`g Djtandjk Iusgui

ne Jro`jgnknmy, Ijktj, 1=oi `am`. ? & 6< Vgrrjonj sbartgf murg erni Vjrxagd< fassgihkgf

pjrts jdf enrigr rgondstruotand. 7< o. 53oi `am`. 5< Kaeg-sazgf stndg stjtug jt Vjrxagd

(rgpkaoj) ad-satu ad Vjrxagd _nut` Vgipkg. =< Nramadjk stjtug erjmigdt ad Djtandjk Iusgui ne Jro`jgnknmy, Ijktj jdf sojkg frjwadm.

6

7

5

=



=1

ad oukturjk kaeg t`jt dn rgonmdasjhkg nooupjtand gvafgdog enrigf. `g rnkg net`g gdvarndigdt as netgd trgjtgf wat` ojutand hy jro`jgnknmasts, jwjrg t`jt nvgrrgkajdog nd suo` fgtgriadasi as udjoogptjhkg, hut Ijktj ijy hg ndg ojsg w`grgt`g gdvarndigdt ijy jvg hggd j ijlnr fgtgriadadm gkgigdt jdf jvg adekugdogft`g fgvgknpigdt ne t`g udusujk ratujk nrmjdasjtand. Iyt`s jdf mnfs (suo` jsGmyptajd Xj jdf Nsaras) erni jdoagdt Gmypt, jdf nt`grs erni Igsnpntjiaj,Adfaj jdf Oàdj gxpnsg fggpky egkt ondogrds jhnut t`g okaijtg, t`g gdvarndigdtjdf t`g udogrtjadty ne gondniao suoogss nr gvgd survavjk. _uo` ondogrds wgrgnetgd enrijkasgf adtn gkjhnrjtg sgjsndjk ratujk jdf ogrgindajk t`jt syihnkasgffgjt` jdf rghart` ad pjrtaoukjr. Ad Oàdgsg @jd iyt` t`g udogrtjadtags ne rjad,frnum`t jdf t`g fjdmgrs ne okaijtg o`jdmg wgrg adonrpnrjtgf adtn onsinknmy, jdfjrtaoukjtgf js dntands ne pgdfukui-kabg yad-yjdm fujkasi nr j rntjtadm sgqugdog negkgigdts (@su 8333, 8:8). Inrg t`jd kabgky, prgàstnrao pgnpkg nd Ijktj saiakjrkyrgegrgdogf j iyt`nknmy t`jt gdmjmgf t`gar ondogrds ne sgjsndjk o`jdmg, pgr`jps

gxprgssgf ad snig ne t`g sdjbg, kazjrf, eas` jdf harf aijmgs t`jt ogkghrjtgf t`gijss iamrjtand ne harfs ad spradm, t`g survavjk ne rgptakgs ad frnum`t nr t`g s`njksne eas` ad gjrky jutuid. `g syihnkao usg jdf ratujk ijdapukjtand hy t`g tgipkggkatg ne t`g gkgigdts wjtgr jdf earg, ne onknur, ne iyt`nknmaojk eamurgs, ijy `jvgijfg fgijdfs enr neegradms suo` js ennf jdf maets, iuo` js rgkaos ne Igfagvjksjadts wgrg gipknygf tn fgijdf jkis erni pakmrais.

`grg jrg pjrjkkgks hgtwggd t`g jro`jgnknmaojk o`jrjotgrastaos ne t`g Ijktgsgaskjdfs jdf t`g gt`dnmrjp`y ne t`g Snkydgsajd Ijrqugsj askjdfs. `grg, `grgfatjryoàges `jf hnt` ratujk jdf gondniao pnwgr wrgstgf erni t`gi hy ‛adsparjtandjk’pragsts (tju‑j) (Baro`:11:, :8:) w`n adfuogf jd advgrsand ne t`g gstjhkas`gf snoajk

nrfgr. Ad t`g Ijrqugsjs t`g pragsts ojrgf enr t`g rgijads ne t`g fgjf, ondtrnkkgfogrgindajks ‛jdf kgjrdadm jdf mavadm uttgrjdog tn t`g wakk ne mnf’ (@jdfy quntgf

Eamurg :6. Fastrahutand ne hrnbgd murg erjmigdts erni Hrno`tnr Oarokg, Pjm`rj, Mnzn jdf

rgondstruotand ne murg. :< Xgondstruotand. 8< Hrno`tnr Oarokg, Pjm`rj, Mnzn, gxojvjtand

pkjd s`nwadm fastrahutand ne kjrmg murg erjmigdts, watàd ijrbgf rgf oarokg . ?< Frjwadm jdf

p`ntnmrjp`s ne sgkgotgf erjmigdts ne kjrmg stndg murg, Mnzn.

: 8

?



03

hy Baro` :11:, :87). Frnum`t jdf gonknmaojk prgssurg `jf samdaeaojdt aipjot ndt`g knojk suhsastgdog, hut gkatg stnrjmg hy oàges gdsurgf suo` mrnups survavgf w`gdnt`grs pgras`gf t`rnum` ejiadg. `gsg gkatgs jksn `jf ondtrnk ne t`g igjds neprnfuotand, ne easàdm, kjdf, stnrjmg jdf kjhnur, jdf j ygjrky oyokg ne ratujks t`jt

jssurgf mnnf `jrvgsts, jdf prnvafgf t`g pragst-oàge‑s snurog ne pnwgr. Egjstadmtnn pkjygf j samdaeaojdt jdf onipgtatavg rnkg ad t`g snoagty, rgekgotgf ad sgttkgigdt,induigdts, wjrejrg jdf oukts. Fastjdogf hy mgnmrjp`y jdf iakkgddaj, tàsonipjrjtavg gxjipkg ojd ndky summgst afgjs enr udfgrstjdfadm Ijktj. @nwgvgr,t`g rgkjtavgky rjpaf gsojkjtand ad tgipkg gdkjrmgigdt jdf gkjhnrjtand t`jt noourrgfad t`g kjtg stjmgs ne t`g tgipkg oukturg surgky aipkags j o`jdmg ad snoajk àgrjro`y,w`grg pnwgr nvgr ratujk, suhsastgdog jdf kjhnur wjs adorgjsadmky ad t`g `jdfs neratujk spgoajkasts. Onupkgf wat` ondtrnk ne ogrgindajk jdf ratujk, t`gsg gkatgs ijy`jvg ondtrnkkgf joogss tn t`g hurajk satgs ne jdogstnrs jdf sparats, jffadm pnwgrtn t`gar rnkg. `g jroàtgoturg jssgrts dntands ne pnwgr jdf ondtrnk, wàkst t`g

jro`jgnknmaojk gvafgdog summgsts j pnpuknus jdf strgssgf gdvarndigdt, w`grgnvgrprnfuotand jdf gxpknatjtand wjs rgekgotgf ad pnnr fagt, ejakgf ornps jdfmrjzadm kjdf jdf wggf mrnwt`, onupkgf wat` gxtrjvjmjdt egjstadm ruhhas`. _nndgrnr kjtgr t`g systgi ogjsgf tn hg sgfuotavg nr hgkagvjhkg. Sgr`jps t`g pragst-oàgesad t`gar sbartgf eadgry wgrg tnppkgf, lust js t`g stjtugs wgrg fgstrnygf. _ojttgrgfad pagogs nvgr t`g rgijads ne jdogstnrs, pgr`jps t`g sijs`gf Hrno`tnree stjtugttgs`nwgf `nw j snoagty rglgotgf ats sparatujk ijstgrs. `g oknsurg ne t`g hurajk satgsjdf t`g rglgotand ne t`nsg jdogstrjk pkjogs iam`t jksn aipky t`jt t`g pnpukjtanddn kndmgr egkt t`gar jdogstnrs `jf adekugdog nvgr gondniao prnfuotavaty. Ae t`gstjhkg asntnpg rgjfadms jrg rgadenrogf hy ygt inrg sjipkgs, adfaojtadm j ijrbgf

gondniao fnwdturd ad t`g iaffkg ne t`g AAArf iakkgddaui HO, t`gsg ijy, ad turd,ondeari adfaojtands erni t`g gdvarndigdtjk pnkkgd fjtj t`jt j onihadjtand nesnoajk, gondniao, tgo`dnknmaojk jdf gdvarndigdtjk ondfatands kgf tn t`g onkkjpsgne t`g tgipkg oukturg jdf t`g ratujk ejakurg t`jt tàs fgiasg aipkags. `g rasg jdfejkk ne prgàstnrao Ijktj wgrg o`jrjotgrasgf hy afgnknmy suppnrtgf hy jd adtrj-askjdf gondniy rjt`gr t`jd t`g gondniaos vgstgf ad pnrtjhkg wgjkt` jdf ornssIgfatgrrjdgjd onddgotavaty wào` pgrigjtgf t`g Hrndzg Jmg t`jt enkknwgf.?

Jobdnwkgfmgigdts

Ojrnkadg Ijkndg tnnb t`g kgjf rnkg ad tàs jrtaokg. `jdbs tn t`g enkknwadm enr t`garondtrahutands tn t`g akkustrjtands< _tgvgd Js`kgy, Ljsnd Mahhnds, _aind _tnffjrt,Hgd Skuirafmg jdf Ojrnkadg Ijkndg.

? Vgsg afgjs jrg s`nrtky tn hg advgstamjtgf eurt`gr (`ttp<//www.quh.jo.ub/satgs/EXJM_W_/ t`rnum`t`g suppnrt ne jd Jfvjdog GXO Xgsgjro`grs Mrjdt). Mrgjtgr fgtjak ne ijdy ne t`g jssuiptands ijfg

`grg jhnut sgttkgigdt fgdsaty, gdvarndigdtjk fgmrjfjtand, ùijd fagt jdf strgss jdf gxtrj adsukjronddgotavaty wakk hg ramnrnusky gxjiadgf.



0:

Xgegrgdogs

Jdfgrsnd, I. jdf. _tnffjrt, _. B. E 833=. Ijppadm Oukt Ondtgxt< MA_ jppkaojtands adIjktgsg tgipkgs, ad< Hjrrnwoknum`, F. jdf. Ijkndg O.J. (gfs.). Oukt ad Ondtgxt. Nxenrf< Nxhnw, 6:-6.

Jttjrf-Indtjktn, D., _`nrtkjdf, J. jdf Xnmgrs, B. 83:8. `g prnvgdjdoadm ne no`rgserni t`g Dgnkatào gipkg Sgranf ad Ijktj. Lnurdjk ne Jro`jgnknmaojk _oagdog (?1/6,:316-::38).

Hjrrnwoknum`, F. 833=. Suttadm oukt ad ondtgxt, ad< Hjrrnwoknum`, F. jdf Ijkndg, O.(gfs.). Oukt ad Ondtgxt. Nxenrf< Nxhnw Hnnbs, 67-7?.

Hgddgtt, L.]. jdf uiad, I.I. :161. _noajk kaeg, struoturg jdf eudotand< jd adtrnfuotnry mgdgrjk snoanknmy. Dgw Qnrb< J. J. Bdnpe.

Ojrrnkk, E.J., Egdgo`, B., @udt, O.N., Lndgs, J. jdf _o`gihra, S.L. 8336. `g pjstgdvarndigdt ne t`g Ijktgsg Askjdfs< t`g Ijrsj onrgs, ad< Gxpknradm t`g Ijktgsg

Srgàstnrao gipkg Oukturg 833?, Ondegrgdog ad Ijktj. OF-Xni. Gf Gdgub, _jrjsntj<Ek. GISO.

Ojrrnkk, E.J., @udt, O.N., _o`gihra, S.L. jdf Hndjddn, J. 83:8. @nknogdg okaijtgo`jdmg, vgmgtjtand astnry jdf uijd aipjot nd t`g Ogdtrjk Igfatgrrjdgjd< gvafgdogerni t`g Ijktgsg Askjdfs. Zujtgrdjry _oagdog Xgvagws 78, 86-63.

Oakaj, F. 8336. Ijktj hgenrg àstnry. `g wnrkf‑s nkfgst erggstjdfadm jroàtgoturg. _kagij<Iarjdfj Suhkas`grs.

Gjrkg, . :11:. `g Gvnkutand ne Oàgefnis, ad< Gjrkg, . (gf.). Oàgefnis, Snwgr, Gondniyjdf afgnknmy. Ojihrafmg< Ojihrafmg Wdavgrsaty Srgss.:-:7.

Gfmgrtnd, X.H. :118. _aob _noagtags< o`jkkgdmadm t`g iyt` ne praiatavg `jrindy. Dgw Qnrb<`g Ergg Srgss, IjoIakkjd.

Gvjds. L.F. :1=:. `g Srgàstnrao Jdtaquatags ne t`g Ijktgsg Askjdfs. Kndfnd, Jt`kndgSrgss.

Gvjds. L.F. :1=?. Askjdfs js kjhnrjtnrags enr t`g stufy ne oukturg prnogss, ad< Xgdergw, J.O.(gf.). `g Gxpkjdjtand ne Oukturg O`jdmg. Kndfnd< Fuobwnrt`, 7:=-83.

Gvjds. L.F. :1==. Askjdf jro`jgnknmy ad t`g Igfatgrrjdgjd< prnhkgis jdf nppnrtudatags.]nrkf Jro`jgnknmy 1, :8-85.

Maihutjs, I. :108. `g Mnffgssgs jdf Mnfs ne Nkf Gurnpg 5733- ?733 HO . Iyt`s, Ouktsjdf Aijmgs. Kndfnd< `jigs jdf @ufsnd.

Maihutjs, I. :11:. `g oavakasjtand ne t`g Mnffgss< t`g wnrkf ne Nkf Gurnpg. Dgw Qnrb<@jrpgr Onkkads.

Maihutjs, I. jdf Fgxtgr, I.X. :111. `g Kavadm Mnffgss. Hgrbgkgy (OJ)< Wdavgrsaty neOjkaenrdaj Srgss.



08

@su, O-Q. 8333. Oàdgsg jttatufgs tnwjrf okaijtg, ad< IoAdtno`, X.L., jadtgr, L.J., jdfBggo` IoAdtns`, _. (gfs.). `g wjy t`g wadf hknws< Okaijtg, @astnry, jdf @uijd

Jotand. Dgw Qnrb< Onkuihaj Wdavgrsaty Srgss. 831-8:1.

@udt, .K. jdf Kapn, O.S. 83:3. Gonknmaojk ojtjstrnp`g, Onkkjpsg, jdf t`g Iyt` ne

‛Gonoafg’ nd Xjpj Dua (Gjstgr askjdf), ad< IoJddy, S.J. jdf Qneegg, D. (gfs.).Zugstandadm Onkkjpsg< @uijd rgsakagdog, Gonknmaojk Uukdgrjhakaty, jdf t`g jetgrijt` neGiparg. Ojihrafmg< Ojihrafmg Wdavgrsaty Srgss, 8:-66.

Baro`, S.U. :11:. Oàgesàp jdf onipgtatavg advnkutand< t`g Ijrqugsj Askjdfs ne gjstgrdSnkydgsaj, ad< Gjrkg, . (gf.). Oàgefnis, Snwgr, Gondniy jdf afgnknmy. Ojihrafmg<Ojihrafmg Wdavgrsaty Srgss, ::1-:67.

Brastajdsgd, B. :11:. Oàgefnis, _tjtgs jdf _ystgis ne snoajk gvnkutand, ad< Gjrkg,. (gf.).Oàgefnis, Snwgr, Gondniy jdf afgnknmy. Ojihrafmg< Ojihrafmg Wdavgrsaty Srgss,:5-6?.

Kgam`tnd, X. :111. _aoaky hgenrg @astnry< jd jro`jgnknmaojk survgy erni t`g Sjkjgnkatào tn t`gArnd Jmg . Kndfnd< Fuobwnrt`.

Ijkndg, O. 833?. `g Atjkajd Dgnkatào< j sydt`gsas ne rgsgjro`. Lnurdjk ne ]nrkf Srgàstnry:=/?, 8?7-?:3.

Ijkndg, O. 833=. Xatujk, _pjog jdf _truoturg ‟ t`g ondtgxt ne oukt ad Ijktj jdf Mnzn,ad< Hjrrnwoknum`, F. jdf Ijkndg, O. (gfs.). Oukt ad Ondtgxt. Nxenrf< Nxhnw Hnnbs,8?-?6.

Ijkndg, O. 8330. Igtjp`nr jdf Ijktgsg Jrt< gxpknrjtands ad t`g gipkg Sgranf. Lnurdjkne Igfatgrrjdgjd Jro`jgnknmy 8:/:, 0:-:31.

Ijkndg, O. jdf _tnffjrt, _. 8336. nwjrfs jd askjdf ne iadf> , ad< O`grry, L., _ojrrg, O.jdf _`gddjd, _. (gfs.). Gxpkjadadm snoajk o`jdmg< stufags ad `ndnur ne Onkad Xgdergw. Ojihrafmg< IoFndjkf Adstatutg, 1?-:38.

Ijkndg, O., _tnffjrt, _.,ruip, F., Hndjddn, J., Mnufgr, ., jdf Sjog, J. 8331 (gfs.). Inrtujry Oustnis ad Srgàstnrao Ijktj< gxojvjtands jt t`g Hrno`tnr ee Oarokg Mnzn :10=-16. Ojihrafmg< IoFndjkf Adstatutg Indnmrjp`s.

Ijkndg, O., Mraij, X., Ijmrn-Ondta, L., ruip, F., _tnffjrt, _. jdf @jrfasty, @. 8331.`g fnigstao gdvarndigdt, ad< Ijkndg, O. _tnffjrt, _., ruip, F., Hndjddn, J.,Mnufgr, ., jdf Sjog. J. (gfs.). Inrtujry Oustnis ad Srgàs tnrao Ijktj< gxojvjtandsjt t`g Hrno`tnree Oarokg Mnzn :10=-16. Ojihrafmg< IoFndjkf Adstatutg Indnmrjp`s,

6:-75.Ijkndg, O, Hndjddn, J., ruip, F., Faxnd, L., Kgam`tnd, X., Sgfkgy, I., _tnffjrt, _.

jdf _o`gihra, S.L. 8331. Ijtgrajk oukturg, ad< Ijkndg, O. _tnffjrt, _. ,ruip, F,Hndjddn, J., Mnufgr, ., jdf Sjog. J. (gfs.). Inrtujry Oustnis ad Srgàstnrao Ijktj<gxojvjtands jt t`g Hrno`tnree Oarokg Mnzn :10=-16. Ojihrafmg< IoFndjkf AdstatutgIndnmrjp`s, 8:1-?:?.

Ijkndg, O. jdf _tnffjrt, _. (gfs.). enrtòniadm . `g Jrt ne Xatujk ad Srgàstnrao Ijktj. Ojihrafmg< Ojihrafmg Wdavgrsaty Srgss.



0?

IoJddy, S.J. jdf Qneegg, D. 83:3 (gfs.). Zugstandadm Onkkjpsg< @uijd rgsakagdog, GonknmaojkUukdgrjhakaty, jdf t`g jetgrijt` ne Giparg. Ojihrafmg< Ojihrafmg Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Xjppjpnrt, X.J. :111. Xatujk jdf rgkamand ad t`g ijbadm ne @uijdaty. Ojihrafmg<Ojihrafmg Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Xgdergw, J.O. :1=?. Hgenrg Oavakasjtand. @jrindswnrt`< Sgdmuad Hnnbs.

Xgdergw, J.O. :107. `g Jro`jgnknmy ne Oukt. Kndfnd< `jigs jdf @ufsnd.

_j`kads, I.F. jdf _grvaog, G.X. :153 (gfs.). Gvnkutand jdf Oukturg. Jdd Jrhnr< IaoàmjdWdavgrsaty Srgss.

_grvaog, G.X. :153. `g Kjw ne Gvnkutandjry Sntgdtajk, ad< _j`kads, I.F. jdf _grvaog,G.X. (gfs.). Gvnkutand jdf Oukturg. Jdd Jrhnr< Iaoàmjd Wdavgrsaty Srgss, 1?-:88.

_grvaog, G.X. :1=7. `g Nramads ne t`g _tjtg jdf Oavakasjtand< t`g prnogss ne oukturjk gvnkutand. Dgw Qnrb< Xjdfni @nusg.

_tnffjrt, _. jdf Ijkndg, O. 8330. O`jdmadm hgkages ad t`g ùijd hnfy ad prgàstnraoIjktj 7333-:733 HO, ad< Hnrao, F. jdf Xnhh, L. (gfs.). Sjst Hnfags. Hnfy-OgdtrgfXgsgjro` ad Jro`jgnknmy , Nxenrf< Nxhnw Hnnbs, :1-80.

_tnffjrt, _., Ijkndg, O., Ijsnd, _., ruip, H. jdf ruip, F. 8331. `g jrxagd S`jsgKgvgks, ad< Ijkndg, O., _tnffjrt, _., ruip, F., Hndjddn, J., Mnufgr, ., jdf Sjog. J.8331 (gfs.). Inrtujry Oustnis ad Srgàstnrao Ijktj< gxojvjtands jt t`g Hrno`tnree OarokgMnzn :10=-16. Ojihrafmg< IjoFndjkf Adstatutg Indnmrjp`s, :31-837.

_tnffjrt, _., Hjrhgr, M., Fuàm, O., Ijdd, M., N‑Onddgkk, ., Kja, K., Xgf`nusg, F.,ybnt, X., jdf Ijkndg, O. 8331. `g @uijd jdf Jdaijk rgijads, ad< Ijkndg_tnffjrt, _. ruip, F, Hndjddn, J. Mnufgr, , jdf Sjog. J. (gfs.). Inrtujry Oustnis

ad Srgàstnrao Ijktj< gxojvjtands jt t`g Hrno`tnree Oarokg Mnzn :10=-16. Ojihrafmg<IoFndjkf Adstatutg Indnmrjp`s, ?:7-?63.

jadtgr, L.J. :100. `g Onkkjpsg ne Onipkgx _noagtags. Ojihrafmg< Ojihrafmg WdavgrsatySrgss.

nydhgg, J.L. :158 (:1??-76). J stufy ne @astnry. Nxenrf< Nxenrf Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

ruip, F. :1=5. `g onkkjpsg ne t`g Ijktgsg tgipkgs, ad< _agvgbadm, M., Kndmwnrt`, A. jdf ]aksnd, B.G. (gfs.). Srnhkgis ad Gondniao jdf _noajk Jro`jgnknmy. Kndfnd< Fuobwnrt`,537-1.

ruip, F. 8338. Ijktj< Srgàstnry jdf gipkgs. Ijktj< Iafsgj Hnnbs Ktf.

ruip, F., Ijkndg, O. jdf Hndjddn, J. 8331. Nhsafajd, ad< Ijkndg, O., _tnffjrt, _.,ruip, F., Hndjddn, J., Mnufgr, . jdf Sjog. J. 8331 (gfs.). Inrtujry Oustnisad Srgàstnrao Ijktj< gxojvjtands jt t`g Hrno`tnree Oarokg Mnzn :10=-16. Ojihrafmg<IjoFndjkf Adstatutg Indnmrjp`s, 873-?.

Ugkkj, D.O. :111. rudbkgss kgms ne stndg< fghjtadm ratujk ondtaduaty jt js-_akĪ , Ijktj,ad< Iaesuf, J. jdf _jvndj-Ugdturj, O. (gfs.). Ejogts ne Ijktgsg Srgàstnry. Ijktj, `gprgàstnrao _noagty ne Ijktj, 887-?1.



06

Ugkkj, O. 8330. Xgpnrt nd t`g katào tnnks ne _aoakajd nramad erni t`g prgàstnrao satg ne_bnrhj, Ijktj, ad< Hndjddn, J. (gf.). Ijktj jdf _aoaky< Iasogkkjdgnus Xgsgjro` Srnlgots ,Sjkgrin< Neeaoadj fa _tufa Igfagvjkg, Wdavgrsaty ne Ijktj, dn pjmadjtand.

Ugkkj Mrgmnry, A. 8337. `g ùijd enri ad Dgnkatào Ijktj . Ijktj, Iafsgj Hnnbs Ktf.

Qneegg, D. 8337. Iyt` ne t`g Jro`jao _tjtg< gvnkutand ne t`g Gjrkagst Oatags, _tjtgs jdfOavakasjtands. Ojihrafmg< Ojihrafmg Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Qneegg, D. jdf Onwmakk, M.K. :100 (gfs.). `g Onkkjpsg ne Jdoagdt _tjtgs jdf Oavakasjtands. uosnd< Wdavgrsaty ne Jrazndj Srgss.

\jiiat, . :1?3. Srgàstnrao Ijktj< t`g jrxagd gipkgs . Nxenrf< Nxenrf WdavgrsatySrgss.



07

O`jptgr 7

Erni wgkks tn pakkjrs, jdf erni pakkjrstn…>

Xatujk systgis trjdsenrijtand jdf onkkjpsg ad t`ggjrky prgàstnry ne Oyprus

Ujsakaba M. Bnutrjenura :

Jhstrjot

`g enrijtand ne j ekuaf hut fastadot ratujk systgi ojd hg afgdtaeagf ad t`g earstpjrt ne t`g gjrky prgàstnry ne Oyprus. às as enkknwgf hy j pgranf ne gxogssavgjdf ondsgrvjtavg ratujk prjotaogs nd t`g ndg `jdf, jdf ne dgw jdf àm`ky vjrajhkgprjotaogs nd t`g nt`gr. às ongxastgdog pnssahky iarrnrs t`g ondsgrvjtavg o`jrjotgrne j snoajk rgjkaty t`jt fags, wàkg j dgw pgrogptujk jdf snoajk wnrkf gigrmgs. `gmrjfujk trjdsenrijtand ne t`g ratujk systgi mujrjdtggf j mrgjt fgmrgg ne ondtaduatyne syihnkasi jdf wjs eadjkky rgpkjogf hy j ramaf, wgkk fgeadgf, stjhkg jdf okgjrkystruoturgf systgi ne hgkages, gxprgssgf prjotaogs jdf snoajk rgjkatags. às systgio`jrjotgrazgf j kndm kavgf jdf prnspgrnus oniiudaty nd t`g askjdf, wào` t`gdsuffgdky onkkjpsgf. Sgnpkg faspgrsgf jdf fasjppgjrgf erni t`g jro`jgnknmaojk rgonrf.

]`gd t`gy rgjppgjrgf, ndky sojttgrgf sgmigdts ne t`gar ratujk pjst ojd hg trjogfad t`gar dgw wnrkf. ]`jt as at t`jt jkknws oniiudatags tn mn t`rnum` trjdsatandjkp`jsgs jdf survavg, wàkg nt`grs prnvg udjhkg tn jfjpt tn o`jdmg jdf uktaijtgkyejak> Fngs snoajk survavjk prgsuppnsg mrjfujk trjdsenrijtand ne j oniiudaty‑spgrogptujk wnrkf> Enousadm nd twn trjdsatandjk p`jsgs ne Oyprant gjrky prgàstnry,tàs pjpgr pnsats t`jt t`g earst samds ne rjfaojk o`jdmg ad j oniiudaty‑s wnrkfvagw,vjkugs, onsinknmaojk jdf snoajk nrfgr jrg gvafgdt ad t`gar ratujk prjotaogs.

Bgywnrfs< Oyprus, prgàstnry, wgkks, pakkjrs, ratujk, onkkjpsg.

: _noagty ne Jdtaqujrags ne _ontkjdf, Djtandjk Iusgui ne _ontkjdf, Gfadhurm` G@: :LE,vjsakabaCsnojdtsont.nrm.



05

Adtrnfuotand

Xatujk ejakurg as j t`gig wào` `js hggd gxtgdsavgky gxpknrgf ad jdt`rnpnknmy.Okaeenrf Mggrtz‑ (:17=) Ljvjdgsg Gxjipkg jdf Xndjkf Mraigs‑ (:100) Adegkaoatnus

pgrenrijdogs `jvg gspgoajkky adekugdogf ourrgdt jdt`rnpnknmaojk rgsgjro` nd ratujks`nrtoniadms t`g inst (Brgadjt` gt jk. 83362 Wtg @usbgd gt jk. 833=). Mggrtz(:17=) sjw eudfjigdtjk adondmruaty ad t`g pgrenrijdog ne j Ljvjdgsg hurajk ratujkjetgr t`g knojk snoagty `jf sàetgf ad t`g wjys ad wào` at ‐adtgrjotgf wat` atsgke‑.Oukturg `jf dnt quatg ojum`t up2 ats syihnkao systgis rgijadadm udo`jdmgfonukf dnt sgrvg tn nrfgr t`g o`jdmadm snoajk adtgrjotand (]ykkag :150, ?3). Mraigs(:100, ::3-::5), gdraoàdm Justad‑s (:157) nhsgrvjtands jdf wat` gip`jsas ndpgrenrijdog, nrfgrgf ratujk ejakurg ad t`g wjys ad wào` at ijy noour, ondstruotadmj typnknmy. Brgadjt`‑s (8336) jdf @usbgd‑s (833=) onkkgotands prnvafg j wafg rjdmgne jdt`rnpnknmaojk jpprnjo`gs tn ratujk ejakurg t`rnum` prjotaog, pgrenrijdog,spggo` jdf tgxt, jdf snoan-oukturjk oniiudaojtand t`gnrags. `g gxjipkgs ne ratujkejakurg rjdmg erni sàets jdf vjrajtands, tn trjdsenrijtands ne ratujk prjotaogs, jdfonipkgtg ejakurgs, ad tgris ne udrgonmdasgf nr udjoogptgf prjotaogs ad onipjrasndtn j sgt ne rgonmdasgf ratujk jotands (Bõpadm 8336, 1=-::6). `gsg onkkgotandsjksn adokufg gxjipkgs ne rgvavjks ne nkf trjfatandjk prjotaogs nr adonrpnrjtands neaddnvjtands ad gxastadm prjotaogs hgojusg ne spgoaeao badfs ne fydjiao oukturjk jdfsnoajk adtgrjotands ne snoan-pnkataojk mrnups nr jmgdts. `g fydjiaos ne gigrmadmintaes adonrpnrjtgf ad t`g prnogss ne ratujk o`jdmg jrg netgd s`nwd tn iarrnrondourrgdt snoan-oukturjk dgmntajtands2 jt nt`gr taigs tn ondenri tn t`nsg nrondeari t`gi, nr netgd tn adatajtg nr amdatg snoan-oukturjk o`jdmgs wat` rgmjrf tn

oukturjk syihnks jdf snoajk enris. Jdt`rnpnknmy prnvafgs gvafgdog enr j wafg rjdmg ne vjrajtands ne ratujk ejakurg,dnt jkk ne wào` onukf hg trjogf t`rnum` jro`jgnknmy. Sjrtaoukjrky, prgàstnraojro`jgnknmy iassgs t`g tgstaindags ne spggo` (Mraigs :100), ne snudf / iusao,onknurs, sigkks2 t`g pgrenrijdog (]`ykkag :150), t`g jihagdog, jdf t`g gintands(Mggrtz :17=). At jksn iassgs t`g fgmrgg ne advnkvgigdt ne t`g prjotatandgrs jdfvjranus nt`gr jmgdts2 t`gar jmgdfjs jdf ondogrds jdf t`g prnogssgs ne rgmgdgrjtandjdf rgdgmntajtand (Hgkk :118,:15)2 t`g eknjt ne oniiudaojtand ne t`g snoagtywat` atsgke (Hkno` :1=62 :1==, 8=1, 8072 :101, ?0-67)2 jkk ne wào` jrg sn netgdfgsorahgf hy jdt`rnpnknmasts. ]g iass t`g ‛adsam`t’ vagw (-ad ondtrjst tn t`g gxtgdt

tn wào` tàs ijy hg pnssahkg gvgd ad jdt`rnpnknmy). ryadm tn rgondstruot ratujkpgrenrijdogs erni t`g rgsafugs ne pjttgrdgf prjotaogs, (djigky erni t`g rgijadsne jotands, wào` prnfuogf pjttgrds jdf `jvg jktgrgf t`g p`ysaojk wnrkf (Xgdergw:107, :82 Kgjo` :1=5) ad wjys trjogjhkg hy t`g igt`nfnknmags ne nur fasoapkadg,)jro`jgnknmy, `nwgvgr, ojd prnvafg j kndm-tgri nvgrvagw ne ratujk prjotaogs watàdj mavgd snoanoukturjk systgi. Ad tàs gdfgjvnur, ourrgdt jdt`rnpnknmy sggis tnhg suppnrtavg< R…Y at as t`g furjhkg (kndm-kjstadm) rgprgsgdtjtand wào` s`jpgs nurdntand ne ratujks (jdf nt`gr jotands jdf gvgdts) rjt`gr t`jd ats pgrenrijdog (@ûsbgd833=, ?582 @neeigastgr 833=, 88?-863). `g kndm-kjstadm rgprgsgdtjtands neratujk prjotaogs tn wào` prgàstnrao jro`jgnknmy `js joogss, ojd t`grgenrg prnvafg

adsam`teuk adenrijtand, gspgoajkky ad tgris ne o`jdmg.



0=

Jkt`num` `jvadm pjssgf t`g jro`jgnknmy ne sdjps`nts, jdf advgstamjtadm t`gprnogss, wg dgvgrt`gkgss usujkky gxpknrg ratujk prjotaogs ad t`gar orystjkkazgf enrijt t`gar pgjb, w`gd t`gy jrg usujkky inst gjsaky rgonmdasjhkg. ]g afgdtaey pjttgrdsne pjst ratujk hg`jvanur jdf wg jdjkysg `nw t`gsg adtgrrgkjtg wat` nt`gr snoan-

oukturjk rgjkatags jt j spgoaeao taig-pgranf. `g ijdaegstadm o`jdmadm fydjiaos adj pgrenrijdog, t`g sàets ad t`g typnknmy nr t`g fgojy prnogss ne prjotaogs sggi tn`jvg hggd knst ad taig. Xatujk as j iuktafaigdsandjk p`gdnigdnd, ne wào` jkk neats faigdsands jrg wnrt` stufyadm (Ugr`ngvgd 8338j ). At as jksn j fydjiao struoturgne wào` jkk ne t`g adtgrdjk onipndgdts jrg adtgrkadbgf ad j onipkgx ijddgr, hutjrg jksn kadbgf wat` gxtgrdjk onipndgdts ne nt`gr snoan-oukturjk struoturgs ad jiuktapkg jdf onipkgx wgh (Srguogk 8335). Hnt` p`gdnigdnknmaojk jdf (pnst-)struoturjk jpprnjo`gs, jkt`num` gxogptandjkky `gkpeuk ad t`g jdjkysas ne ratujkprjotaogs ad jro`jgnknmy, neegr j stjtao vagw wào` ojddnt jfgqujtgky joonudt enr t`ggigrmgdog ne o`jdmg (]ykag :150). Ad ondtrjst, vagwgf js systgis nvgr j kndm-tgri

pgrspgotavg, ratujk prjotaogs neegr t`g pnssahakaty enr t`g jro`jgnknmaojk afgdtaeaojtandne vjrajtands, mrjfujk sàets, jdf jksn s`jrp fastadot o`jdmgs. ùs, iy jdjkytaojkojtgmnry enr t`g gxpknrjtand ne ratujk ejakurg wakk hg t`g ‐ratujk systgi‑. J systgi `jsfaigdsands, struoturjk gkgigdts, purpnsgs jdf eudotands. ]`gd systgis ejak, t`gyejak ad ndg nr ijdy ne t`g mnjks jdf purpnsgs ne t`gar eudotands. às ijy nr ijydnt kgjf tn struoturjk o`jdmg jdf/nr onkkjpsg. Xatujk systgis stufagf nvgr j kndm-tgri jro`jgnknmaojk pgrspgotavg ojd hg afgdtaeagf js udfgrmnadm sgvgrg struoturjko`jdmgs, tn t`g gxtgdt ne fasjppgjrjdog jdf/nr onipkgtg trjdsenrijtand. Erni jsystgis pgrspgotavg suo` prnenudf o`jdmgs wnukf ondstatutg ‛systgi ejakurg’. At ast`g kjttgr A wakk sggb tn gxpknrg jdf gxpkjad, js w`gd tàs rgmjrfs t`g pjrtaoukjratags

ne j ratujk systgi, tàs ondstatutgs j pjrjfnx.Xatujk prjotaogs `jvg j prnpgrty ne sgke prgsgrvjtand< jdt`rnpnknmaojk rgsgjro`

s`nws t`jt ae j ratujk prjotaog ejaks, at wnukf hg t`g prjotatandgrs, nr nt`gr jmgdts,gqujkky aipnrtjdt enr t`g suoogss ne t`g ratujk, w`n wnukf hg hkjigf enr dntpgriattadm t`g ratujk pgrenrijdog tn tjbg pkjog suoogsseukky, ad t`g prgsorahgf enrinr nrfgr. `g purpnsg jdf mnjk ne t`g ratujk as `jrfky gvgr qugstandgf sadog tàsas fggpky rnntgf ad t`g hgkage systgi jdf t`grgenrg t`g onrg ne t`g ratujk systgi(Gvjds-Srato`jrf :1?=2 Inrras :10=)< `g favadg as favadg gxjotky hgojusg at fngsdnt ijbg iastjbgs (Snkat 833=, 833). Ae t`g mnjk enr wào` t`g ratujk `jf hggdprjotasgf wjs dnt joàgvgf, jdf t`g nutonig wjs dnt t`g ndg enr wào` t`g ratujk

wjs prjotasgf, t`grg wnukf inst prnhjhky hg jffatandjk ratujks tn prntgot nr prgvgdtjd gvgd wnrsg nutonig (]ykag :150). Jkk ne tàs as jd giao vagw ne t`g eudotand neratujks. Xatujk systgis adonrpnrjtg prjotaogs wào` eggf hjob adtn t`g vjkafaty jdfpgrpgtujtand ne t`g eudotands ne t`g systgi.

Erni jd gtao pgrspgotavg, ndg ne t`g inst aipnrtjdt eudotands ne ratujk prjotaogswnukf hg hradmadm jdf bggpadm j snoagty tnmgt`gr< ndg ne t`g wafgky joogptgf‐purpnsgs‑ ne ratujk prjotaogs as prnintadm snoajk on`gsand jdf t`g oniiudaty‑skndmgvaty jdf prnspgraty (Furb`gai :1:82 Gvjds-Srato`jrf :1?=2 Ijkadnwsba:1762 Xjfokaeeg-Hrnwd :175). Hy hradmadm jdf bggpadm t`g snoagty tnmgt`gr, t`gratujk systgi jksn rgjssurgs snoan-pnkataojk jdf snoan-oukturjk pgrpgtuaty. Jmjad

t`num`, t`g ratujk systgi atsgke dggfs t`g snoajk, pnkataojk jdf oukturjk systgis tn



00

hg eudotandadm ad spgoaeao joonrfjdog ‟ dnt dgogssjraky gdtargky `jrindanus ‟ huthgdgeatadm t`g ratujk systgi enr at tn rgijad ad pkjog2 tn hg jhkg tn rgvjkafjtg,prgsgrvg jdf pgrpgtujtg atsgke, t`rnum` dgogssjry prjotaogs. At as j onipkgx wgh neadtgrfgpgdfgdoags ne systgis jdf suhsystgis eggfadm adtn gjo` nt`gr, sn t`jt t`g

oniiudjk onddgotadm snoajk wgh rgijads adtjot, fgspatg t`g rasbs jdf o`jkkgdmgsne ratujk prjotaogs (]ykag :150). ]`gd j pjrt ne t`gsg systgis o`jdmgs, iadnro`jdmgs nr sàets ad t`g ratujk systgi jrg joogptjhkg jdf usujkky gjsaky adonrpnrjtgf(Nfgdt`jk 8336<8:0)2 t`g systgi as jflustgf jdf ondtadugs tn eudotand wat` iadnradondmruatags. `grg jrg trjdsenrijtand ratujks jdf t`grg jrg ratujks wào` jrg t`grgtn bggp t`g stjtus qun ad pkjog (_tjushgrm 8336, 8??). Hnt` typgs t`num` wnukfhgkndm tn t`g sjig systgi jdf wnukf hg t`grg tn enstgr snoanoukturjk gxprgssandswat` t`g mnjk ne suoogsseuk prjotaog ne jkk typgs ne ratujks js adtgmrjk pjrts ne jmavgd systgi. `gd, t`g ratujk systgi jksn eggfs hjob tn t`g nt`gr snoajk systgishy prnfuoadm nppnrtudatags ne rg-jeearijtand ne snoajk, pnkataojk jdf onsiao nrfgr,

neegradm t`g prnspgot enr t`g snoagty tn onig tnmgt`gr jdf igjdadmeukky gxprgssatsgke, ats afgjks, afgjs jdf gintands, jdf rg-jeeari ats rjasnd-f‑gtrg, js j snoagty earstjdf enrginst. Xatujk systgis jrg js straot jdf js ekuaf js t`g prjotaogs, ne wào`t`gy jrg oniprasgf, jdf t`g snoagtags, w`n prjotasg t`gi. `gar adtradsao prnpgrtagsne rgmgdgrjtand jdf sgke-prgsgrvjtand jrg t`grg tn rgjssurg t`gar suoogss.

@nw as at pnssahkg t`gd t`jt ratujk systgis fn ejak> @nw fngs at `jppgd t`jt jsgrags ne prjotaogs t`jt wg tgstaey jro`jgnknmaojkky tn jvg tjbgd pkjog enr iakkgddaj,suffgdky fasjppgjrs erni t`g jro`jgnknmaojk rgonrf nr o`jdmgs tn suo` jd gxtgdtt`jt as dn kndmgr rgonmdasjhkg> ]at` rgmjrf tn nt`gr jspgots ne snoajk kaeg, suo` jst`g gondniy nr t`g o`naog ne jroàtgoturg jdf t`g ijtgrajk oukturg ad mgdgrjk,

stjmgs ne o`jdmg ojd gjsaky hg afgdtaeagf jdf gxpkjdjtands enr o`jdmg jrg rgkjtavgkygjsaky lustaeagf. Nd t`g hjsas ne jro`jgnknmaojk gvafgdog wg jrg jksn jhkg tn fgsorahgw`jt t`gsg o`jdmgs igjd enr j snoagty udfgr stufy2 `nw t`gar kavgs wnukf `jvghggd o`jdmadm ad tgris ne snoan-gondniao nrmjdasjtand jdf `nw t`gy wnukf `jvginvgf tn t`g enkknwadm stjmg ne t`gar nrmjdasjtand. ]g fn dnt sggi t`num` tn`jvg joàgvgf tàs tn j saiakjr gxtgdt wat` rgmjrf tn ratujk prjotaogs. ]`jt wnukfondstatutg t`g hgmaddadm ne t`g gdf ad j ratujk systgi> Ojd wg trjog t`g hgmaddadmsne t`g gdf jro`jgnknmaojkky> Ojd wg trjog t`g earst jppgjrjdogs ne o`jdmg, nr jrgwg ndky jhkg tn tgstaey t`g jetgrijt`> ]`gd fngs j ratujk systgi ejak, jdf as tàstrjogjhkg ad t`g jro`jgnknmaojk rgonrf> @nw fngs j wgkk nrmjdasgf systgi wào`

adonrpnrjtgs adtgmrjk pjrts wat` trjdsenrijtavg pnwgrs tn rgjssurg ats prgsgrvjtandjdf pgrpgtuaty, gvgr ejak>

@nw jdf w`y tàs `jppgds, jdf `nw t`g ejakadm ne j ratujk systgi jeegots t`gwgh ne adtgrrgkjtgf systgis as j ogdtrjk pnadt ne tàs stufy. Jdt`rnpnknmasts w`n`jvg gxpknrgf prnhkgis ne ratujk ejakurg jvg jksn onderndtgf t`g prnhkgi ne udfgrwào` oratgraj ‐ratujk ejakurg‑ as afgdtaeagf, jdf hy w`ni tàs ojd hg jssgssgf (Mraigs:113, 83=). às as j mgdgrjk prnhkgi enr jdt`rnpnknmy, t`g fastadotand hgtwggdpjrtaoapjdts jdf nhsgrvgrs, hut jd jssgssigdt ojd hg fgkavgrgf jdf fgsorahgf ernigat`gr mrnup‑s pgrspgotavg. Ad jro`jgnknmaojk advgstamjtand t`num`, t`g ejakurg ne jratujk prjotaog ijy hg udrgonmdasjhkg udkgss j ratujk stnps hgadm prjotasgf jdf/nr

j onipkgtgky faeegrgdt prjotaog rgpkjogs at. `g okgjrgst adfaojtand ogrtjadky wnukf



01

hg t`g fasjppgjrjdog ne spgoaeao ratujk prjotaogs erni t`g jro`jgnknmaojk rgonrf2suo` jd adfaojtand wnukf nhvanusky fgdntg t`jt j mavgd ratujk systgi ejakgf. `gdat wnukf hg t`g jro`jgnknmaojk rgonrf wào` wnukf ogrtaey t`g ejakurg. @nwgvgr,vjrajtands nr sàets ad t`g prjotaog ‟ ae t`gy jrg trjogjhkg- onukf jksn ondstatutg

(iadnr>) ejakurg, adfaojtadm snig snrt ne o`jdmg ad t`g systgi. As at pnssahkg tn trjoggkgigdts wào` wnukf samdaey t`jt suo` j o`jdmg wjs jpprnjoàdm jdf jdjkysg t`ggigrmadm snoajk o`jdmgs tn wào` suo` j systgi ejakurg wnukf kgjf tn>

A wakk jttgipt tn prnvafg jdswgrs tn t`gsg qugstands hy fgsorahadm twn ratujkprjotaogs ad t`gar orystjkkazgf enri. `gsg prjotaogs tnnb pkjog ondsastgdtky jdfgxtgdsavgky jt twn faeegrgdt taig-pgranfs ad gjrky prgàstnrao Oyprus. _uhsgqugdtkytn t`g fgsoraptand ne t`g prjotaogs, A wakk enous nd t`g twn suooggfadm trjdsatandjkpgranfs jdf gxjiadg pnssahkg gxpkjdjtands enr t`g o`jdmg wào` noourrgf ad t`gratujk systgi ne t`jt snoagty. J ratujk prjotaog ‟ ‐t`g wgkk ratujk‑ (Bnutrjenura 8331,:51-8?6) ‟ wjs afgdtaeagf enr t`g Oyprant Srg-Snttgry Dgnkatào H (O-SSDH,

`grgjetgr). _truoturjk ratujk gkgigdts ne tàs prjotaog `jvg jksn hggd afgdtaeagf enr‐t`g pakkjr ratujk‑ (Bnutrjenura 8331, 8?7-?6=) wào` tnnb pkjog ad t`g Oyprant

Jogrjiao Dgnkatào ‟ nt`grwasg bdnwd js ‐Bàrnbatajd‑, erni t`g djig ne t`gijad sgttkgigdt ad tàs grj ne Oyprant prgàstnry. `grg jrg aipnrtjdt afgdtaeagfsàets, wào` wakk hg àm`kam`tgf, hut t`g onrg ne t`g prjotaogs sggis tn `jvg hggdvgry saiakjr jdf kadbjmgs hgtwggd t`g twn prjotaogs wakk hg fgindstrjtgf. Gkgigdtsne t`g gjrkagr prjotaog, ‐t`g wgkk ratujk‑, wgrg jhsnrhgf mrjfujkky adtn t`g dgwsnoangondniao ondfatands ne t`g Oyprant Jogrjiao Dgnkatào, mavadm ats pkjog tn jdgw ratujk prjotaog, ‐t`g pakkjr ratujk‑. Jt t`g gdf ne t`g Jogrjiao Dgnkatào t`num`,t`g ratujk systgi ejakgf2 jkndm wat` at, t`g Bàrnbatajd snoagty onkkjpsgf. ‐`g pakkjr

ratujk‑ wjs suffgdky, hrageky jdf udsuoogsseukky rgpkjogf, jdf t`gd fasjppgjrgf ernit`g jro`jgnknmaojk rgonrf jkndm wat` t`g pgnpkg w`n prjotasgf at, orgjtadm t`g earstkjoudj ad Oyprant Srgàstnry. `g snoajk onkkjpsg jt j ogdtrjk satg enr t`g prjotaogne ‐t`g pakkjr ratujk‑ ondstatutgf j trgigdfnus jdf frjijtao o`jdmg wào` iust`jvg s`jbgd t`g w`nkg askjdf (Sgktgdhurm 8336, =7-==). Jetgr `jvadm fgsorahgft`g twn prjotaogs afgdtaeagf enr t`g O-SSDH jdf Jogrjiao Dgnkatào, A wakk jaitn s`nw `nw ad t`g earst p`jsg t`g enojk pnadt ne t`g prjotaog sàetgf mrjfujkkygdjhkadm snoagtjk fgvgknpigdt jdf sinnt` trjdsatand, wàkg furadm t`g suhsgqugdttrjdsatandjk p`jsg at saipky ejakgf tn fn sn. A wakk gxpknrg jdf summgst gkgigdtswào` rgvgjkgf t`g enrtòniadm systgi onkkjpsg, jdf jttgipt tn gxpkjad nw t`gsg

eudotandgf ad j wjy wào` faf dnt ijdjmg tn ijadtjad t`g Bàrnbatajd snoagtytnmgt`gr nr sjegmujrf ats pjssjmg tn t`g enkknwadm stjmg ne snoajk nrmjdasjtand.

V`g Srjotaogs

‐V`g ]gkk Xatujk‑

Hjsgf nd t`g gvafgdog erni sgvgd wgkks gxojvjtgf ad Bassndgrmj-Iyknut`baj(Sgktgdhurm 833?, 83:82 Eknurgdtzns 83::2 Bnutrjenura 8331, 83::j ), j wgkk s`jetwnukf hg npgdgf enr wjtgr tn hg nhtjadgf. Jkk ne t`g Iyknut`baj wgkks suoogsseukky

tjrmgtgf udfgrmrnudf ruddadm wjtgr strgjis. `g wgkk s`jets onukf hg fgsorahgf



13

Eamurg :7. ]gkks ::5 jdf :??, jetgr Sgktgdhurm (833?, 00).



1:

js instky vgrtaojk tuhgs ne fajigtgrs rjdmadm erni 13oi tn :.83i. At as ondstrugft`jt t`g suoogsseuk tjrmgtadm ne udfgrmrnudf wjtgr wnukf hg joonipkas`gft`rnum` t`g usg ne fnwsadm rnfs. ]àkg t`grg as dn okgjr ijtgrajk gvafgdog, at ojdhg spgoukjtgf t`jt snig snrt ne ratujk prjotaog wnukf jvg hggd jssnoajtgf wat` tàs

prnogss. Xatujk jotands pnssahky jksn tnnb pkjog furadm t`g fammadm ne t`g wgkk s`jet,wào` onukf surpjss j fgpt` ne :3i. às kjhnranus prnogss wnukf kabgky `jvgadvnkvgf fammgrs jktgrdjtadm pkjogs jdf s`jradm sàets, jsogdfadm jdf rg-fgsogdfadmt`g wgkk s`jet jt ergqugdt adtgrvjks, ojrryadm wat` t`gi snig enri ne pnrtjhkgkam`t snurog (g.m. ejt nr nak kjips nr tnro`gs) tn akkuiadjtg t`gar wnrb (Bnutrjenura8331, :63). At ojd hg `ypnt`gsasgf t`jt t`g suoogsseuk tjrmgtadm ne wjtgr wnukfjksn `jvg trammgrgf snig snrt ne ratujk rgspndsg. At as dntjhkg t`jt jkk ne t`g bdnwdIyknut`baj wgkks prnfuogf wjtgr wat` t`g gxogptand ne ]gkk ::3. ]gkk ::3 jksntjrmgtgf jd udfgrmrnudf wjtgr strgji hut pjrt ne ats s`jet onkkjpsgf s`nrtky jetgrat wjs npgdgf (Ornet 833?j , 8-62 Bnutrjenura 8331, 8:3-8:8). Ae favadjtand staobs

wgrg usgf jdf ratujk pgrenrijdogs tnnb pkjog furadm t`g fammadm ne t`g s`jet jdfjt t`g pnadt w`gd wjtgr wjs tjrmgtgf, t`g snnd-tn onkkjpsg s`jet ne ]gkk ::3 onukf`jvg hggd pgrogavgf js ejakurg ne t`g prjotasgf ratujks.

Jkk ne t`g Iyknut`baj wgkks wgrg enudf oknsg tn nkf orggb hgfs summgstadm t`jtjdoagdt ruddadm wjtgr snurogs wnukf dnt `jvg hggd knojtgf tnn ejr jwjy. àsjffs j oukturjk pgrspgotavg tn wgkk fammadm jdf nhtjadadm wjtgr erni udfgrmrnudfstrgjis, adstgjf ne nr ad jffatand tn wjtgr tjbgd erni jhnvg-mrnudf wjtgr snurogs.

]jtgr tjbgd erni t`g wgkks onukf jksn `jvg hggd dgogssjry, jindmst nt`gr usgs,enr ratujk prjotaogs (Iakkgr :107, :812 Bnutrjenura 8331, 83:). _gvgrjk t`num`ts`jvg hggd put enrwjrf nd tàs ijttgr< (j) wgkks onukf `jvg hggd suppnrtadm t`g

rao` stndg vgssgk prnfuotand, js wjtgr wnukf snetgd t`g kaigstndg jdf wnukf ijbgvgssgks gjsagr tn wnrb. At as dntjhkg ad tàs rgmjrf t`jt ijdy stndg vgssgk erjmigdtswgrg t`rnwd adtn t`g wgkk s`jets jetgr t`g wgkks `jf fragf up (Sgktgdhurm 833?j , 182833?h, 86)2 (h) t`g wgkks onukf rgekgot àt`grtn udfgrgstaijtgf ondekaot furadm t`gDgnkatào pgranf nvgr wjtgr snurogs. Jd gxquasatg ijog`gjf ne padb ondmknigrjtgwjs enudf ad t`g adtgranr ne ]gkk :??, summgstadm t`g pnssahkg gxastgdog ne ‐oàges‑jdf t`grgenrg sgvgrjk onipgtadm oniiudatags (Sgktgdhurm 833?j , 18,17)2 (o)wgkk fammadm onukf `jvg ondstatutgf jd adtgmrjk pjrt ne j oukturjk trjfatand wào`jksn dgogssatjtgf wgkk wjtgr usg ad ratujk prjotaogs (Bnutrjenura 8331, :51-8?6).@nwgvgr, jkk ne t`gsg pnssahkg rgjsnds jrg dnt dgogssjraky iutujkky gxokusavg.

Gvafgdog enr ratujk prjotaogs as jppjrgdt furadm t`g hjobeakkadm ne jkk t`g wgkks`jets t`rnum` afgdtaeagf pjttgrdgf jotands jdf t`g sgkgotgf jrtgejot jdf gonejots,wào` enrigf t`g ondtgdt ne t`g hjobeakk. Ad jkk adstjdogs tàs jppgjrs tn `jvgtjbgd pkjog jetgr t`g wgkks `jf fragf up jdf/nr ogjsgf tn eudotand js j vajhkg wjtgrsnurog. Ujrajtands ad ratujk prjotaog jrg jksn jppjrgdt, wào` sggi tn rgkjtg tn t`gtaig pgranf w`gd t`g ratujk wjs prjotasgf< a.g. w`gt`gr nr dnt at wjs t`g nutsgt net`g prjotaog, t`g prjotaog jt ats pgjb, jt j fgvgknpigdt nr kjtg stjmg. Jffatandjkky,t`g hjobeakkadm jdf t`g ondtgdt ne t`g s`jet ne t`g onkkjpsgf wgkk (]gkk ::3) prgsgdtfaeegrgdt prnpgrtags erni t`g rgst ne t`g wgkks, s`nwadm jd jspgot ne ‛sydo`rndao’vjrajtand ad t`g prjotaog, ad ondtrjst tn t`g vjrajtand sggd fajo`rndaojkky. At ojd hg

`ypnt`gsasgf t`jt ]gkk ::3 wjs trgjtgf faeegrgdtky ad tàs rgmjrf sadog at rgprgsgdtgf



18

j ejakgf jttgipt jt t`g ondstruotand ne j prnfuotavg wgkk. At ijy jksn hg t`g ojsg,`nwgvgr, t`jt t`g vjrajtands ad t`g ondtgdt ne t`g rgst ne t`g wgkks, jkndm wat` t`gvjrajtands ad t`g prnogss ne hjobeakkadm, ijy `jvg jksn hggd adekugdogf hy nt`gr nrjffatandjk ejotnrs dnt jppjrgdt ad t`g jro`jgnknmaojk rgonrf. `gsg onukf adokufg

djturjk nr oukturjk gvgdts suo` js t`g fgjt` ne j samdaeaojdt oàge (>) nr nt`gr jmgdt,jd gokapsg, nr j (dnd) egrtakg sgjsnd gto ._gkgotgf jrtgejots jdf gonejots wgrg fgpnsatgf ad jkk ne t`g wgkk s`jets. `gsg

fgpnsats gxàhat vjryadm struoturgs jdf fgmrggs ne erjmigdtjtand erni wgkk tn wgkk.`g fgpnsatands ad t`g onkkjpsgf ]gkk ::3 s`nw t`g kgjst vjrajtand ne jrtgejotsjdf gonejots, kaiatgf struoturg, jdf onipkgtg kjob ne ùijd hndgs. Fgkahgrjtgfgpnsatands ad ]gkk ::3 wgrg prgfniadjdtky `gjf jdaijk pjrts s`nwadm fastadotsgkgotand (Ornet 833?h, 75). ]at` t`g gxogptand ne ]gkk ::3, wào` as okgjrky jdjtypaojk ojsg, t`g enkknwadm pjttgrd ojd hg afgdtaeagf enr jkk rgijadadm sax wgkks<Kjrmg duihgrs ne erjmigdts ne kaigstndg/o`jkb vgssgks wgrg t`rnwd adtn t`g wgkk

s`jet js snnd js t`g wgkk wnukf `jvg hggd afgdtaeagf tn `jvg fragf (Bnutrjenura8331, 837)2 Kaigstndg/o`jkb vgssgk erjmigdts wgrg fgpnsatgf t`rnum`nut t`goukturjk gpasnfgs ne hjobeakkadm, hut j fastadot kjrmg ondogdtrjtand wjs jkwjys oknsgrtn t`g hnttni ne t`g wgkk (Bnutrjenura 8331, 837). às ojd hg okgjrky sggd ad t`gsgotands jdf eamurgs ne ]gkks 83?3, 83=3 jdf 8:33 (Sgktgdhurm 83:8, ad prgss ).Ennf prnogssadm gquapigdt (qugrds jdf ruhhgrs) wgrg mgdgrjkky jhsgdt, jkndmwat` sorjps ne mrnudfstndg (Ljobsnd 833?, 63). Onipkgtg stndg vgssgks wàoòjd hg rgondstruotgf erni erjmigdts wgrg gxtrgigky rjrg jdf rgstraotgf tn t`gondtgdt ne ndky twn wgkk s`jets (]gkk 83?3 jdf ]gkk 8633). Hy wjy ne gxjipkg

]gkk :?? prnfuogf jd gxtrgigky àm` duihgr ne kaigstndg vgssgk erjmigdts (633),

ne wào` dndg prgsgdtgf lnadts. Jkndm wat` nr ram`t jetgr t`g vgssgk erjmigdts,spgoaeao jdaijk pjrts wgrg jksn fgpnsatgf ad t`g wgkk s`jets furadm t`g onursg netàs prjotaog. ]`nkg jdaijk ojrojssgs wgrg jksn ergqugdtky fgpnsatgf. `g rao`gstgvafgdog onigs jmjad erni ]gkk :?? wào` onudts 8? w`nkg ojpradg ojrojssgsjindmst nt`gr jdaijk hndg erjmigdts (Ornet 833?, 7:-78). @uijd hnfy pjrtswgrg t`gd fgpnsatgf jetgr nr ondourrgdtky wat` jdaijk rgijads. Jd gxogptand tntàs pjttgrd as ]gkk ::5, w`grg t`g ùijd hndg wjs fgpnsatgf jt t`g hnttni net`g s`jet, jt t`g hgmaddadm ne t`g sgrags ne fgpnsatand gvgdts jkndm wat` t`g vgssgkerjmigdts enkknwgf hy t`g ejudjk rgijads. `g ùijd rgijads jrg jkk sgondfjryfgpnsatands. At ojd hg spgoukjtgf t`jt t`nsg hjobeakkadm t`g wgkks wnukf jvg dggfgf

tn vasat praijry hurajk satgs, ad nrfgr tn rgtragvg kaihs jdf sbukks wào` wnukf t`gd`jvg hggd rgfgpnsatgf ad t`g wgkk s`jets (Bnutrjenura 8331, :1:-:15). Ndky ndgwgkk (]gkk 8633) prgsgdtgf jfgqujtg gvafgdog tn summgst t`jt j onipkgtg adfavafujkijy `jvg hggd pkjogf ad t`g wgkk s`jet. @nwgvgr, t`g udusujk jrtaoukjtand jdfpnnr prgsgrvjtand ne tàs sbgkgtnd (Mjihkg 83::) onukf adfaojtg t`jt at jksnrgprgsgdts j sgondfjry adtgrigdt, trjdspnrtgf tn t`g inut` ne t`g wgkk jdf t`rnwdadtn t`g s`jet (Bnutrjenura 83::j ). Jkk t`g rgijadadm wgkks prgsgdt gvafgdog enrsgkgotgf pjrts ne sgvgrjk adfavafujks jdf/nr ùijd hndg sorjps 8, snig ne wào`

8 :50 ùijd hndg erjmigdts wgrg enudf ad ]gkk :?? rgprgsgdtadm j iadaiui ne enur adfavafujks (Enx833?, 66).



1?

wgrg o`jrrgf pranr tn hgadm t`rnwd nr fgpnsatgf ad t`g wgkk s`jet jkndm wat` nt`grerjmigdtjry fgpnsatands. Ad jffatand tn t`g adstjdogs ne erjmigdtjry jrtgejotujk,ejudjk jdf uijd rgijads nutkadgf jhnvg, sgkgotgf oùdbs ne dnd-wnrbgf stndg nesaiakjr sazg jdf onknur wgrg fgkahgrjtgky fgpnsatgf ad t`g wgkks (Ornet 833?j , ?-=,

02 Sgktgdhurm 833?j , 18). Jd upstjdfadm stndg ondstruotand ne onhhkgs ne saiakjrsazg, onddgotgf wat` iuf inrtjr, wjs ondstruotgf adsafg t`g s`jet ne ]gkk 83?3,63oi jhnvg t`g hnttni ne t`g s`jet (Bnutrjenura 8331, :01-:13). wn fastadotkjygrs ne kjrmg hnukfgrs jdf onhhkgs wgrg enudf ad ]gkk 8633 (Bnutrjenura 83::j ).

J sijkk duihgr ne prgstamg jrtgejots, suo` js t`g padb ondmknigrjtg ijog`gjf, eadgnhsafajd hkjfgs jdf stndg hgjfs wgrg jksn fgpnsatgf ad t`g wgkk s`jets.

_uhsgqugdt tn sadmkg nr iuktapkg gpasnfg(s) ne ondogdtrjtgf ratujk fgpnsatands,t`g wgkk s`jets wgrg kget udjttgdfgf. _nak oniadm fnwd t`g wgkk s`jet, trjdspnrtgfhy rjad wjtgr jdf hradmadm tady pagogs ne nvgrkyadm gonejots jdf jrtgejots watàt, djturjkky hjobeakkgf t`g wgkk s`jets nvgr taig. Jetgr j ondsafgrjhkg jinudt ne

taig `jf pjssgf, prjotaogs ne ratujk fgpnsatand wgrg t`gd rgpgjtgf, jkhgat usujkkynd j sijkkgr sojkg. `g okgjrgst gxjipkg ne tàs as enudf ad ]gkk 8633 w`grg t`ggdtarg kgdmt` ne t`g s`jet as prgsgrvgf. Jetgr j sgrags ne vgry wgkk struoturgf jdffgeadgf fgpnsatands (earst vgssgk erjmigdts, t`gd jdaijk hndg, enkknwgf hy twnkjygrs ne stndg, jdf t`g pnssahky onipkgtg adùijtand), t`g wgkk wjs kget tn hghjobeakkgf djturjkky, udtak jkinst tn t`g vgry tnp. Jetgr tàs prnkndmgf adtgrvjk,j kaigstndg vgssgk erjmigdt wjs t`gd wgfmgf wat` t`g suppnrt ne j sijkk pghhkgjmjadst t`g dnrt` gfmg ne t`g s`jet, jkndm wat` j `jiigr stndg pkjogf dgxt tn at,jhnut j igtrg fnwd erni t`g inut` ne t`g wgkk. às stjmgf fgpnsatand wjs t`gdonvgrgf hy t`rgg kjrmg pagogs ne `jvjrj stndg. Jkt`num` jhsnkutg fjtgs enr ]gkk

8633 jrg ourrgdtky gxpgotgf, at prgsgdts o`jrjotgrastaos wào` ijy adfaojtg t`jt atfjtgs tn j ijturg p`jsg ne t`g prjotaog ne ‐t`g wgkk ratujk‑. ]gkk 8633 gxàhats t`gokgjrgst fgpnsatandjk struoturg erni jkk ne t`g wgkks, wat` fastadot kjygrs ne mrnupgfjrtgejots jdf gonejots ne t`g sjig badf, rjt`gr t`jd t`gi hgadm iaxgf js ad t`gnt`gr wgkks, jdf iuo` knwgr fgmrggs ne erjmigdtjtand (Bnutrjenura 8331, 888-88?2 83::) gspgoajkky ad onipjrasnd tn ]gkk :??, wào` gxàhatgf t`g àm`gstfgmrggs ne erjmigdtjtand ne jkk ne t`g wgkks.

`g sgrags ne ratujk prjotaogs rgkjtadm tn t`g wgkks ojd hg suiijrasgf js stjmgfjdf struoturgf fgpnsatands< ùijd onrpsg fasigihgrigdt, trjdspnrt jdf eadjkfgpnsatand ad t`g wgkk s`jets2 joouiukjtand ne erjmigdtgf jrtgejots jdf eadjk

fgpnsatand ad t`g adtgranr ne t`g wgkks2 jdaijk pjrts jdf w`nkgs fgpnsatgf pnssahky adj vntavg ijddgr2 dnd-wnrbgf stndg hnukfgrs sgkgotgf, trjdspnrtgf jdf struoturjkkyfgpnsatgf. Jkk ne t`gsg gkgigdts ondstatutgf ‐oukturjkky ondtrnkkgf fgpnsatand-jhkgojtgmnrags ne jrtgejots jdf gonejots‑ (Bnutrjenura 8331, 8??) gxàhatadm gxogssavgfgmrggs ne erjmigdtjtand (O`jpijd 8333), jdf prnpgrtags ne pgrijdgdoy jdffurjhakaty (Onndgy 833=). `gsg gkgigdts, trjdspnrtgf tn t`g inut` ne j wgkk jdft`rnwd nr fgpnsatgf ad ats adtgranr, wgrg t`g syihnkao enrog wào` eukeakkgf t`g wgkks`jet jdf trjdsenrigf at adtn j syihnkao ondtjadgr (Mjhkg 8336, ::1-:86). Jetgrt`g wjtgr prnfuotand p`jsg wjs nvgr, t`g wgkks hgojig jutndninus ratujk knojkgs(@jiakjbas 8336, :65) w`grg fg ejotn rgeusg (_oàeegr :117, 81) tnnb pkjog.



16

O`jpijd‑s (8333) erjmigdtjtand jdf gdo`jadigdt prnogss jrg gvafgdt ad t`gjssgihkjmgs oniadm erni jkk ne t`g wgkks. `g ijlnraty ne t`g fgpnsatands wgrgad t`g vgry kjst stjmg ne erjmigdtjtand jdf fasojrf o`jad (O`jpijd 8333, 86)jdf wgrg sgkgotgf t`rnum` j ‐iyt`n-knmaojkky‑ hnudfgf ojtgmnrazjtand prnogss

(Kgjo` :1=5, 51-=32 Bnutrjenura 8331, 61, 5=, 17, 11, :3:), nd t`g hjsas ne t`gardjturjk jdf oukturjkky jsorahgf qujkatags, wào` rgdfgrgf t`gi jpprnprajtg enr t`ghuakfadm up ne t`g fgsarjhkg ondtgdt watàd t`g wgkks. `g sgondfjry hurajks nefasigihgrgf uijds wgrg jksn j pjrt ne j sgrags ne oukturjkky ondtrnkkgf fgpnsatand-jhkg ojtgmnrags. `gsg wgrg syihnkao hurajks, adokufgf ndky enr t`g onipkgtand nej igjdadmeuk ondtgdt enr t`g ondtjadgr. `g gdo`jadigdt ne igjdadmeuk rgkjtandshgtwggd jdaijks, ùijds, pkjdts, stndg jdf jrtgejots wjs gip`jsasgf hy t`g àm`fgmrggs ne t`gar erjmigdtjtand jdf t`gar iaxturg ad t`g wgkks. Gt`dnmrjpàojkgxjipkgs (Hkno` :108) summgst t`jt pjrts ne j w`nkg dnt ndky rgprgsgdt jkk t`g o`jadne igjdadmeuk rgkjtands jdf prnogssgs, wào` t`g w`nkg jdf pjrts ne at pjrtnnb jdf

udfgrwgdt udtak t`gy hgojig erjotjks (O`jpijd 8333), hut jksn `jvg syihnkaoenrog (Mjhkg 8336, 00), hnt` igtjp`nraojk jdf igtndyiaojk vjkug (Lndgs jdfXao`jrfs 833?, 65) jdf gxprgssgf snoajk jdf afgnknmaojk rgkjtandsàps jdf j sgdsgne jeeadaty jdf ne s`jrgf afgdtaty (@gkis 8336, :83, :88). @gdog j pjrt ne j w`nkgwnukf `jvg rgprgsgdtgf t`g w`nkg, hut jksn rgegrrgf tn spgoaeao jttrahutgs t`jt t`gw`nkg wjs ondsafgrgf tn `jvg (Hkno` :1082 O`jpijd 8333, 61-:362 Mjhkg 8336,05-012 Lndgs jdf Xao`jrfs 833?, 652 Iakkgr :107). `g inst furjhkg jdaijk pjrts<s`gkks, sbukks, tggt`, `nrd jdf jdtkgr, jdf t`g inst ijtgrajkky gdfuradm ùijdpnrtands< sbukks jdf kndm hndgs, t`g inst furjhkg djturjk gkgigdts (dnd wnrbgfstndg) wgrg usujkky sgkgotgf enr struoturgf fgpnsatand, gspgoajkky fug tn t`gar qujkaty

ne pgrijdgdoy, furjhakaty jdf stjhakaty (@gkis 8336, :83, :862 Onndgy 833=). àso`naog ojd hg gxpkjadgf js j systgiao ratujk eudotand gxprgssadm t`g gtgrdjk ùijdstrummkg tn orgjtg jdf ijadtjad stjhakaty, nrfgr jdf furjhakaty ad t`g gdvarndigdtjdf tn ondtrnk djturjk jdf onsiao enrogs (@gkis 8336, :83).

J wgh ne snoajk jdf oukturjkky igjdadmeuk rgkjtands ojd hg afgdtaeagf adt`g prnogss ne t`g sgkgotand ne gkgigdts jdf t`gar eadjk fgpnsatand ad t`g wgkks.

Jrtgejotujk hanmrjp`y gdtjaks advnkvgigdt ne jd jrtgejot ad t`g kaeg ne ats ijbgr/usgr jdf t`grgenrg ad t`g snoajk kaeg ne ats ijbgr, usgr, fndnr, hnrrnwgr, rg-usgr, maet-mavgr, maet-tjbgr, ad`gratnr jdf jmgdt w`n eadjkky fgpnsats t`g nhlgot ad j sgkgotgfoknsgf ondtgxt2 erni kaquaf hgjradm vgssgk, tn snkaf hgjradm vgssgk, t`gd tn tnnk,

jdf eadjkky tn oukturjkky jpprnprajtg fgpnsatand-jhkg jrtgejot. Gxogssavg duihgrsne erjotjks (O`jpijd jdf Mjyfjrsbj 833=) summgst strndm mrnup adtgrrgkjtands,prnfuotand jdf rgprnfuotand ne snoajk prjotaogs jdf struoturgs (Igrgfat` 833=2

]akkajis 8336). ]at` t`g pjssjmg ne taig, js t`g adjkagdjhkg jrtgejot (O`jpijd8333, 8?-602 O`jpijd jdf Mjyfjrsbj 833=2 Gjrkg 83362 @nffgr :108j , :108h2

]gadgr :118) hgojig erjmigdtgf, at wjs rgusgf jdf rgoyokgf jdf hgojig gvgdinrg erjmigdtgf, at mrjfujkky joouiukjtgf j oukturjkky spgoaeao vjkug, nr pnssahkyknst jd jspgot ne tàs, wàkg nt`gr vjkugs jdf igjdadms wgrg jsorahgf tn at. Js j wjtgrprnfuoadm jmgdt ad t`g erjigwnrb ne pnssahkg syihnkasi, pgrsnd`nnf jdf jmgdoyne jkk t`jt pjrtnnb t`g gjrky Dgnkatào wnrkf (Onndgy 833=2 Fnrhgs 83332 @gkis

83362 Xgdergw 83362 Ugr`ngvgd 8338h2 83362 ]jtbads 83362 8337), wgkks iust



17

jksn `jvg hggd sggd js tjbadm pjrt ad t`g enrijtand ne snoanoukturjk pgrogptandsjdf rgkjtands rgmjrfadm wjtgr prnfuotand. `g prnfuotavg jdf dnd prnfuotavgsgjsnds/pgranfs ne j wgkk onukf dnt `jvg hggd jttrahutgf tn gdvarndigdtjk rgjsndsnr gxpkjadgf hy t`g kjws ne p`ysaos. At s`nukf hg `ypnt`gsasgf t`jt at wjs ‐t`g

wgkk‑ nr snig nt`gr rgkjtgf ‐iyt`n-knmaojkky‑ udfgrstnnf gdtaty w`n neegrgf t`gwjtgr tn t`g oniiudaty hgadm t`g earst jdf inst aipnrtjdt kadb ad j o`jad newjtgr trjdsegr, neegradm, s`jradm (>) jdf usg, wat` onrrgspndfadm snoanoukturjkaipnrtjdog. `grgenrg, t`g ‐wgkk‑ pjrtaoapjtgf ad t`g snoajk rgkjtands kadbgf wat`t`g prnfuotand jdf usg ne t`g wjtgr, js j snoajk jmgdt jdf iust `jvg jotgf upndjdf adtgrjotgf wat` t`g oniiudaty js ogdtrjk jmgdt ne ‐t`g wgkk ratujk‑. ‐`g wgkkratujk‑ js adstjdogs ad t`g ondtaduui ne syihnkao oniiudaojtand (Hkno` :1=62:101, ?0-67) wjs ogdtrjk tn t`g rgprnfuotand ne snoajk rgkjtands hgtwggd ùijdjdf dnd-ùijd jmgdts (O`jpijd jdf Mjyfjrsbj 833=, 51).

‐`g wgkk ratujk‑ wjs onkkgotavg, oniiudjk jdf pnssahky puhkao, usadm syihnks ne

j oniind afgdtaty, s`jrgf wnrkfvagw jdf bdnwkgfmg. ‐`g wgkk ratujk‑ trjdsenrigft`g wgkks adtn kaiadjk ondtjadgrs wat` syihnkao enrog erni jmgdts rgprgsgdtgf ijadkyhy t`gar inst gdfuradm erjmigdtgf pjrts. J kaeg-mavgr (wgkk prnfuoadm wjtgr) wjsjksn trjdsenrigf adtn j kaeg-rgogavgr. Fgjf ùijds, jdaijks jdf jrtgejots wgrgusgf enr t`g ratujk tn hg prjotasgf. Fgjf wgrg huragf, gxùigf (nr onkkgotgf),fasgihnfagf (jyknr 8338) jdf rg-huragf. Ondogrds rgkjtadm tn jdogstnrs (w`nhuakt t`g wgkk>), jpprnprajtg fgsogdfjdts‑ jotands, t`g igjdadm ne kaeg jdf fgjt`jdf djturjk jdf oukturjk rgmgdgrjtand iust `jvg hggd ogdtrjk tn t`g samdaeaojdogjdf igtjp`nraojk vjkug ne t`g ùijd rgijads. `gar gxùijtand (nr onkkgotand),t`gar trjdspnrt jdf t`gar sgondfjry hurajk t`rnum` t`gar fgpnsatand ad t`g adtgranr

ne prgvanusky eudotandadm wgkks, jkndm wat` t`gar jssnoajtand wat` nt`gr ojtgmnragsne ijtgrajk adsafg t`g wgkks (g.m. stndg, spgoaeao jdaijk rgijads, spgoaeao okjssgs jdfondfatands ne jrtgejots) s`nw j ogrtjad prgnooupjtand wat` fgjt`2 fgjf ùijds,fgjf jdaijks, fgjf jrtgejots adsafg j fgjf wgkk. `g sgrags ne struoturgf fgpnsatandsne fgjf gdfuradm erjotjks rgkjtg tn pnssahky fgjt` ratujk, rgmgdgrjtand ratujk, vntavgjdf/nr sjoraeaoajk ratujk. ‐`g wgkk ratujk‑ gxàhats ondogrds strndmky rgkjtgf tn fgjt`-jssnoajtgf ratujk jksn t`rnum` t`g gdonudtgr jdf ondearijtand ne t`g ‛fgjt`’ ne t`gwgkk jt t`g gdf ne t`g wjtgr-prnfuotand p`jsg2 rgonmdatand ne t`g hrgjbjmg ne jsnoan-oukturjk o`jad ne rgkjtands2 ondearijtand ne jd gdf jdf t`g ‐ratujk rgjotand‑ tnt`g gvgdt wat` t`g syihnkao fgpnsatands ne nt`gr fgjf ( erjotjks < uijd, jdaijk jdf

nhlgots)2 t`g oukturjk gipnwgrigdt ne t`g ondtjadgr wat` syihnkao enrog , jdf eadjkkyratujk oknsurg jdf jhjdfndigdt. Jindmst t`g faigdsands t`jt tàs ratujk prjotaogprgsgdts, at as wnrt` gip`jsasadm ats eudotands< orgjtand ne j kndm-kjstadm trjfatandnd t`g askjdf ne pat fammadm2 struoturgf fgpnsatand ad udfgrmrnudf struoturgs2 rg-jeearijtand ne onsinknmaojk jdf snoajk nrfgr2 eukeakigdt ne nhkamjtands tnwjrfsfasgihnfagf snuks (jyknr 8333)2 orgjtand, gstjhkasìgdt jdf rg-gstjhkasìgdtne iyt`n-knmaojk ojtgmnrags2 jpprnprajtand ne oukturjk ojtgmnrags2 rgjeearijtand nesnoanoukturjk kadbs jdf prnfuotand ne snoajk on`gsand. Gintandjk eudotands onukfgdtjak rgjssurjdog t`jt wnrkf nrfgr wnukf hg ijadtjadgf (fgspatg t`g gdf ne t`gprnfuotavg p`jsg ne j wgkk) jdf t`g snoagty wnukf ondtadug tn prnspgr t`rnum`

t`g struoturgf hjobeakkadm ne j fgogjsgf wgkk jdf t`g ondstruotand ne j dgw wgkkdgjrhy.



15

‐V`g Sakkjr Xatujk‑

`g snoagty wào` prjotasgf ‐t`g wgkk ratujk‑ ondtadugf tn eadf wjys tn ijadtjadstrndm hndfs jdf prnspgraty t`rnum` t`g oniiudaojtand ne saiakjr afgjtandjkondogrds, t`g dgmntajtand jdf rgdgmntajtand ne t`gar vjkugs, jdf t`g ijtgrajk

gxprgssands ne t`gsg ad dgw struoturgs jdf jssnoajtgf prjotaogs. ]atàd t`g wjkks net`g Oyprant igmj-satgs ne t`g Jogrjiao Dgnkatào, ‐t`g wgkk ratujk‑ wjs arrgkgvjdt jdf`jf mavgd ats pkjog tn ‐t`g pakkjr ratujk‑, prjotasgf dnw hy wgkk sgttkgf oniiudatags,wat` wgkk enudfgf snoanoukturjk kadbs jdf tam`t snoajk nrfgr jdf on`gsand.

‐`g pakkjr ratujk‑ tnnb pkjog jt Bjkjvjsns-gdtj pgranfs 6-? jdf t`rnum`nutt`g kaeg-taig ne Bàrnbataj. At wjs ondfuotgf adsafg t`g Oaroukjr Sakkjr Huakfadms(`gdogenrt` ‐OSHs‑, jetgr Sgktgdhurm 8336). OSHs ondtjadgf ndg, twn, nr t`rggdnd-struoturjk jdf ergg stjdfadm pakkjrs ad t`gar adtgranr (Sgktgdhurm 8336, =7-==2Bnutrjenura 8331, 858-856). Bjkjvjsns-gdtj `jf gkgvgd OSHs< sgvgd fjtadm tn jtaig pgranf (6-?) w`gd ‐t`g pakkjr ratujk‑ wjs prjotasgf. `g rgijadadm enur, fjtadm

tn pgranf 8, wgrg huakt js sjtgkkatgs tn j dgw ‐Oaroukjr Xjfajk-Sakkjr‑ huakfadm-typg,wào` wjs ogdtrjk tn t`g sgttkgigdt jt Bjkjvjsns-gdtj. `g inst rgprgsgdtjtavgsatg enr t`g eudotand ne OSHs jdf ‐t`g pakkjr ratujk‑ as Bàrnbataj, hut gvafgdogerni Bjkjvjsns-gdtj as oruoajk enr t`g udfgrstjdfadm ne t`g gigrmadm o`jdmg jdft`g enrtòniadm Bàrnbatajd-snoagty onkkjpsg. Gkgvgd OSHs wgrg jksn enudf jtBàrnbataj jdf fjtg erni t`g gjrkagst nooupjtand kgvgks tn t`g inst rgogdt (Fabjans:17?2 Kg Hrud :1062 :1072 :10112 :1162 _tjdkgy Sraog jdf O`rastnu :1=?,Bnutrjenura 8331, 858-?31). ]`gd j OSH wjs huakt, at wjs ojrgeukky ijadtjadgfjdf rgijadgf ad usg enr j vgry kndm taig. `g gxtgdsavg kndmgvaty furadm wàoÒSHs wgrg ad usg jt Bàrnbataj as adonipjrjhkg tn jdy nt`gr struoturg ad Oyprant

prgàstnry (Bnutrjenura 8331, 857-855). Jt Bàrnbataj, OSHs wgrg sprgjf ad t`g

Eamurg :5. Bjkjvjsns-Vgdtj< Oaroukjr Sakkjr Huakfadm, _truoturg 68 (jetgr Vnff :10=, Skjtg P).



1=

sgttkgigdt jt fastadot dgam`hnur`nnfs (Bnutrjenura 8331, 856-857, 850-851,?66-?65). `gy wgrg jksn fastadot ad spjog wat` onrrafnrs jdf udonvgrgf spjogsjrnudf t`gi jt jd nt`grwasg gxtrgigky fgdsgky ad`jhatgf tnwd. Oniiudjkfgoasand ijbadm, sustjadgf oniiatigdt jdf mgdgrjk snoajk jmrggigdt wnukf dggf

tn `jvg hggd ad pkjog enr t`gsg huakfadms tn hg ondstruotgf jt sgkgotgf spjogs jdfrgmukjrky ijadtjadgf (nr ad j kaiatgf duihgr ne ojsgs rgondstruotgf) nvgr suo` jkndm pgranf.

Jt Bàrnbataj, OSHs joouiukjtgf :/? ne t`g hurajks wào` tnnb pkjog watàdt`g sgttkgigdt wjkks (Bnutrjenura 8331, 878-87?, 87=-870, 850-851). @jkene t`g huakfadms jt Bàrnbataj wgrg jhjdfndgf wat`nut jdy hurajk `jvadm gvgrhggd fgpnsatgf udfgr t`gar eknnrs2 hut t`grg wjs dn OSH wat`nut j hurajk ad atsadtgranr (Bnutrjenura 8331, ???). Gspgoajkky jt Bàrnbataj, at ojd hg dntaogf t`jtoustnijraky t`g hurajks wgrg pkjogf hnt` ad jssnoajtand wat` t`g ondstruotand jdft`g gxastgdog ne t`g pakkjrs ad j stjmgf ijddgr watàd t`g OSHs. J sgkgotgf hurajk

wnukf hg fgpnsatgf jt t`g ndg npgdadm ne t`g pakkjrs, eurt`gr nee at, tnwjrfs t`gfnnrwjy (OSHs `. AJ, `. PKUAA, `. PP, _ :88). J sgondf hurajk wnukf hgusujkky fgpnsatgf ad t`g nppnsatg npgdadm ne t`g pakkjrs oknsgr tn t`g oaroukjr wjkk adt`g adtgranr, ad t`g hjob, nr ad hgtwggd t`g pakkjrs. Ae inrg hurajks wgrg fgpnsatgf,t`gy wnukf usujkky hg pkjogf jkndm t`g adtgranr ne t`g oaroukjr wjkks. Inrg hurajkst`gd wnukf hg pkjogf oknsg tn t`g pakkjrs, jt ndg ne t`gar gfmgs nr safgs. Gxjiadadmtàs gvafgdog eknnr jetgr eknnr watàd j OSH, at hgonigs gvafgdt t`jt adtgdtandjkatyo`jrmgf t`g hurajk pkjogigdt ad rgkjtand tn t`g pakkjr(s). `g sgqugdog ne t`genkknwadm jpprnprajtg fgpnsatandjk pkjog ne j hurajk wjs fargotgf hy t`g prgvanushurajk pkjogigdts. J s`jkknw pat wnukf hg npgdgf ad j eknnr enr j praijry hurajk nr

hurajks tn hg adtgrrgf, jdf j dgw eknnr wnukf hg ondstruotgf tn onvgr t`jt hurajk nrhurajks (Dabkjssnd :11:, 8?32 Bnutrjenura 8331, 806). Hurajks wào` s`nw snigsnrt ne pnst-inrtgi ijdapukjtand nr wgrg enudf ad gxtrgigky hjfky prgsgrvgfondfatand ijy summgst sgondfjry hurajk usg ad j iadnraty ne ojsgs (Bnutrjenura8331, ?81). `g sgkgotand ne t`g fgjf tn hg huragf ad OSHs fngs dnt sggi tn `jvghggd hjsgf nd mgdfgr, jmg nr stjtus jdf jeearis pjttgrds afgdtaeagf enr hrnjfkyondtgipnrjry dgam`hnur`nnf huakfadms enr Íjtjk @õyûb (Fûradm 833=).

OSHs wgrg mgdgrjkky gjvaky eurdas`gf. Hurajks wgrg enudf adsafg pkjtenris jdfgkjhnrjtgky pjvgf jrgjs. Hurdgf suhstjdogs jdf nooupjtandjk surejogs tnmgt`gr wat`sijkk `njrfs ne pghhkgs, s`gkks, nr hndg jdf adstjkkgf hjsads eurdas`gf t`g OSHs

jdf sggigf tn jvg hggd prgsgdt ad jssnoajtand wat` t`g pakkjrs jdf t`g hurajks. Eargrgijads wgrg enudf nvgr pkjtenris jhnvg hurajks, ad jrgjs ne t`g eknnr js j ijrbgrjdf watàd hurajk eakks. At ojd hg spgoukjtgf t`jt hurdadm wjs rgpgjtgfky prjotasgfad OSHs, enr puraeaojtand, ratujkazjtand jdf/nr orgjtand ne j iystaeyadm jihajdog(>) nr js j ijrbgr. Gkjhnrjtg pkjtenris jdf sgjts wgrg jksn j rgnoourradm typg neondstruotand watàd OSHs. `g mrgjt ijlnraty ne pkjtenris wgrg ondstruotgf adnrfgr tn onvgr fgjf ùijd hnfags jdf earg wjs snigtaigs kat nd tnp. J egw net`gsg pkjtenris wgrg induigdtjkky ondstruotgf jdf rgstraotgf t`g spjog ad OSHsonvgradm j ondsafgrjhkg jrgj. Adstjkkgf, gihgffgf jdf huakt-ad stndg hjsads wgrgenudf ad t`g adtgranr ne ijdy OSHs jt Bàrnbataj (_ ?7, _ :37, _ ::5, _ ::=, _

:88), summgstadm usg ne kaquaf (wjtgr> hknnf> nt`gr>). J kjrmg huakt-ad pkjstgrgf



10

hjsad wjs enudf dgxt tn t`g pakkjrs ad OSH _ :: jt Bjkjvjsns-gdtj (nff :10=,=5-==2 Bnutrjenura 8331, ?::-?:7). Sats ondtjadadm ndky js`gs, pghhkgs jdf/nrsijkk sazgf sgkgotgf stndg wgrg enudf rgpgjtgfky ad jssnoajtand wat` t`g pakkjrs adsgvgrjk OSHs (Bàrnbataj `. PKU (A), `. PKUAA, _ ::5). Sghhkgs wgrg jksn usgf

tn surrnudf j hurajk pat jdf jrgjs nr pkjtenris enr hurdadm suhstjdogs. _gj s`gkkswgrg trjdspnrtgf jdf fgpnsatgf watàd hurajks, nvgr hurajks nr fgpnsatgf ad sijkk`njrfs (Bàrnbataj OSHs `. PKUAA, jdf `. PP gdoknsurg). Dgxt-tn-t`g-fnnrwjysyihnkao fgpnsatands ne jdaijk rgijads tnnb pkjog ad OSHs (Bàrnbataj< OSHs`.UAA jdf `. PKUAA). _giaoaroukjr gdoknsurgs wgrg enudf nutsafg j egw OSHs(Bàrnbataj< `. PP, _ :?:), stndg ‛tjhkgs’ (jktjrs>) wgrg enudf nutsafg nt`grs(Bàrnbataj< `. PP jdf `. AJ), surrnudfgf hy sijkk pats wat` jdaijk hndgfgpnsatands jdf nt`grs wat` js` jdf jdaijk hndg. Adsafg t`g OSHs hgdo`gs nrsgjts pkjogf oknsg tn t`g wjkk prnvafgf t`g sgjtgf wat` eukk survgakkjdog ne t`g gdtargadtgranr oaroukjr spjog ne pakkjr huakfadm jdf ondtrnk nvgr t`g gdtrjdog. Jkk jotands

watàd t`g oarokg onukf hg okgjrky nhsgrvgf jdf dnhnfy onukf gdtgr wat`nut hgadmdntaogf. Ad jffatand tn w`grg sgjts wgrg pkjogf watàd t`g OSHs, t`g pgrijdgdoyjdf gkjhnrjtand t`jt o`jrjotgrasgf t`gar ondstruotand trjdsenrigf t`gi adtn j badfne pravakgmgf sgjtadm sgttadm jdf t`g adtgranr ne t`g OSH adtn j stjmg (jihaj`:1=1). _gjts, `gjrt`s, hjsads, tjhkgs, wgrg jkk adstruigdts enr ratujkazgf jotandssuo` js hurdadm suhstjdogs, usadm kaquafs, huryadm nr rg-huryadm t`g fgjf ad jstjmg enr ratujk pgrenrijdog prjotasgf jrnudf t`g pakkjrs adsafg t`g OSHs. Xatujkoknsurg jdf ratujk sgjkadm wjs jttgstgf watàd inst jdf enr inst ne t`g OSHs._trabadm gxjipkgs jrg OSHs `. PKUAA, _ ::5, _ ::=, _ :88, jt Bàrnbataj, w`grgdnt ndky t`g prjotaog ne ratujk-sgjkadm ne hurajks wjs pjrtaoukjrky gvafgdt, wat`

t`g ondstruotand ne j dgw eknnr jhnvg t`gi, hut jksn t`gsg OSHs wgrg huragf hyfgpnsats, sgjkadm jdf trjdsenriadm t`gi adtn ondtjadgrs wat` syihnkao ondtgdt(Mjhkg 8336).

At wnukf dnt hg sjeg tn fgsorahg ‐t`g pakkjr ratujk‑ sgqugdog jdf struoturg watàdOSHs jdf jssnoajtgf huakfadms, ad t`g sjig wjy js enr ‐t`g wgkk ratujk‑ hjsgf nd t`gjvjakjhkg ondtgxtujk joonudts. `g sgqugdog ne jotands erni adenrijtand nhtjadgferni j `nrazndtjk spjog ‟ sjig kgvgk ‟ ojddnt hg rgondstruotgf js sjegky js enrj vgrtaojk oykadfraojk spjog suo` js j wgkk, w`grg t`g sgqugdog ne fgpnsatands asad`grgdtky okgjrgr. Hrnjfky ‐t`g pakkjr ratujk‑ wnukf gdtjak t`g enkknwadm jotands<j pkjog enr j OSH tn hg grgotgf jdf ijadtjadgf wnukf `jvg tn hg o`nsgd watàd

t`g sgttkgigdt2 ondstruotand ne t`g OSH jdf t`g pakkjrs2 ondstruotand ne sgjts enrt`g pgrenrijdog wnukf pnssahky `jppgd ondourrgdtky nr ram`t jetgr2 js snnd js t`gpakkjrs wnukf jvg hggd grgotgf, j hurajk nr hurajks wnukf hg trjdspnrtgf jdf wnukfhg adtgrrgf watàd t`g OSH, ad snig jssnoajtand wat` t`g pakkjrs. Ondourrgdtkywat` t`g hurajks, nr jetgrwjrfs, hurdadm suhstjdogs, fgpnsatadm `njrfs struoturjkkyad rgkjtand tn t`g hurajks, oknsurg, okgjdadm, jdf sgjkadm ne t`g eknnr, wào` wjssuhsgqugdtky enkknwgf hy t`g ondstruotand ne j dgw eknnr. ‐`g pakkjr ratujk‑advnkvgf t`g usg ne fgjf hnfags enr at tn hg prjotasgf. `g gvgdt ne t`g hurajk fngsdnt t`num` sggi tn `jvg hggd t`g enous ne t`g ratujk jotavaty. Hurajks wgrg usgfenr ratujkazjtand, syihnkao gipnwgrigdt ne t`g spjog, enr orgjtand ne kaiadjkaty,

enr ‐t`g pakkjr ratujk‑ tn hg prjotasgf, jdf enr t`g OSH tn hg trjdsenrigf adtn j



11

ondtjadgr. `g hurajk js syihnk ne prgvanusky wgkk-gstjhkas`gf ratujk prjotaogs jdfne t`g sjig snoan-oukturjk systgi wjs adtrnfuogf adtn t`g upstjdfadm struoturgs,jdf adtn t`g ‐`jhatjt‑ / t`g ‐fnius‑ (Hnurfagu :1=82 @nffgr :10=), wào` wjs t`gdgw ratujk knojkg (@jiakjbas 8336). Sakkjrs hgojig t`g ijtgrajkazjtand (]jtbads

8336) ne afgjs jdf hgkages, jdf hurajks wgrg pnssahky t`g syihnk ne t`g kaiadjknr t`g udbdnwd / t`g djturjk t`jt `jf tn hg ondtrnkkgf. Fgjt` wjs usgf jdfijdapukjtgf, jdf adtrnfuogf adtn t`g `jhatjt jdf t`g fnius, jdf t`grgenrg wjstjigf jdf ‛fnigstaojtgf’.

Vrjdsatand jdf Onkkjpsg

‐`g pakkjr ratujk‑ adsafg t`g kaiatgf spjog ne OSHs onukf dnt jvg hggd puhkao, ad t`gsjig wjy js ‐t`g wgkk ratujk‑ wnukf jvg hggd, hut hnt` ojd ogrtjadky hg o`jrjotgrasgfjs oniiudjk. At wjs inst prnhjhky prjotasgf hy snoajk mrnups ad dgam`hnur`nnfs

jt Bàrnbataj, jdf sgrvgf tn rgadenrog t`g oniiudaty‑s hndfs jdf snoajk on`gsandnvgr j kndm pgranf. Hnt` wgkks jdf pakkjrs gxprgssgf t`gar oniiudatags‑ s`jrgfondogrds jdf snoajk hndfs2 t`gy wgrg hnt` suhtgrrjdgjd jdf ergg stjdfadm struoturgsne s`jrgf afgdtaty. `g sàet ad t`g prjotaog as gvafgdt< erni wgkks tn pakkjrs2 ernit`g nutsafg tn t`g adsafg2 erni t`g djturjk jdf udondtrnkkgf tn t`g ondstruotgf jdfondtrnkkgf2 erni kaiadjkaty ondstruotgf t`rnum` j djturjk igfaui tn kaiadjkatyfgvgknpgf t`rnum` ondstruotgf spjog. @nwgvgr, adtgrdjk struoturjk ojtgmnrags nejotands s`nw j ondtadujtand ad t`g onrg ne t`g ratujk gxprgssands. _tndg jdf pghhkgsijadtjadgf t`g samdaeaojdog, wào` t`gy `jf oukturjkky jdf ratujkky joouiukjtgfad t`g prgvanus pgranf (O-SSDH) jdf wgrg rgpgjtgfky fgpnsatgf ad pats oknsg tn

hurajks, ad t`g ondtgxt ne t`g hurajk pat, gihgffgf jrnudf pkjtenris jdf mrjvg-pats,jdf ad `njrfs. ]jtgr nr nt`gr kaquafs iust `jvg hggd usgf ad t`g ratujk sgqugdog,sadog huakt jdf adstjkkgf hjsads wgrg afgdtaeagf ad t`g ratujk ondtgxt. `g usg neearg, ndky iadaijkky gvafgdogf nd o`jrrgf uijd jdf jdaijk hndgs jt Bassndgrmj-Iyknut`baj wgkks, hgojig j dgogssjry kadb ad t`g ratujk sgqugdog jt Bàrnbatajjdf Bjkjvjsns-gdtj. Earg, tjigf jdf fnigstaojtgf, ijy `jvg syihnkasgf ondtrnknvgr t`g djturjk jdf j `npg enr t`g supgrdjturjk jdf fgjt` (>) jksn tn hg tjigf.Fgjf hnfags wgrg usgf enr j ratujk faeegrgdt erni t`jt ne t`g hurajk pgr sg tnhg pgrenrigf enr hnt` prjotaogs. jiadm, ondtrnkkadm jdf fnigstaojtadm, wàoìust `jvg hggd ogdtrjk dntands tn t`g psyo`nknmy jdf afgdtaty hnt` ne t`g earst

onkndasts jdf t`g earst sgttkgrs ad mgdgrjk, wjs gxprgssgf ad t`g ratujk prjotaogs hntàd t`g Oyprant SSDH jdf Jogrjiao Dgnkatào. Srjotaogs jt Bassndgrmj-Iyknut`bajgxàhatgf gxogssavg ejiakajraty wat` t`g fgjf jdf t`g enojk jspgot ne tàs trjfatandondtadugf jt Bàrnbataj jdf Bjkjvjsns-gdtj. `g pgrenrijtavg jspgot ne t`gprjotaog (nihaj` :1=1) iust `jvg hggd ogdtrjk hnt` tn ‐t`g wgkk ratujk‑ jdf ‐t`gpakkjr ratujk‑. _yihnkao jdf struoturgf fgpnsatands tnnb pkjog rgpgjtgfky ad enrijkkynrmjdasgf jrgjs, wàkg t`g OSHs t`gisgkvgs jksn hgojig ondtjadgrs ne struoturgffgpnsatands (Mjhkg 8336) knjfgf wat` sjorjkaty.

`g trjdsatand erni t`g O-SSDH tn t`g Jogrjiao Dgnkatào jppgdgf sinnt`ky2t`g ratujk prjotaog sàetgf geeaoagdtky jkndm wat` t`g sàetadm pranratags jdf ondogrds

ne t`g sgttkadm oniiudatags. Oniindky s`jrgf ondogrds wgrg gxprgssgf ad saiakjr



:33

wjys watàd wjkks jdf jhnvg wgkks (Bnutrjenura 8331, ?6?-?67). Bgy gvafgdog tntàs sàet onigs erni Bjkjvjsns-gdtj pgranf 7 tn 6. J sgttkgf oniiudaty, wàkgondenriadm tn t`g ratujk systgi ne t`g prgvanus pgranf, w`grg fgjf hnfags wgrg dntadtgrrgf jt t`g sgttkgigdt (O-SSDH, Bjkjvjsns-gdtj pgranf 7, IoOjrtdgy 8337),

enkknwgf t`g gigrmadm sàet ad t`g ratujk prjotaogs, wào` jpprnprajtgf hurajkwatàd t`g sgttkgigdt wjkks, ad rgkjtand tn spgoaeao sjorjk syihnks jdf struoturgs2t`gy stjrtgf ondstruotadm t`nsg ad t`g nutsgt ne pgranf 6, w`gd t`gy jksn enrtaeagft`gar sgttkgigdt (Jogrjiao Dgnkatào). Jt Bjkjvjsns-gdtj (pgranfs 6-?) hurajkswgrg usgf js syihnks enr t`g enudfjtand ne t`g dgw wnrkf nrfgr ne j snoagty, wào``jf tn eudotand watàd wjkks, jdf `jf tn gstjhkas` ats afgdtaty jdf j trjfatandupnd wào` at onukf hg hjsgf jdf eknuras`. `g dgam`hnuradm dgwky enudfgfvakkjmg, Bàrnbataj, prjotasgf t`g sjig ratujk. `nsg sgttkgrs jdf sgttkadm onkndastshrnum`t t`gar oukturjk ojtgmnrags ne udfgrstjdfadm ne t`gar wnrkf (@gkis 8336)tn t`g snoagtags t`gy nrmjdasgf watàd t`g wjkks ne t`gar dgwky enudfgf vakkjmgs.

Jt Bàrnbataj, t`g snoagty suooggfgf ad gstjhkasàdm tàs trjfatand jdf eknurasàdm,hjsadm ats snoan-ratujk nrmjdasjtand ad fasorgtg dgam`hnur`nnfs nd t`g hjsas ne ratujkhuakfadms. Bàrnbataj sgourgky enudfgf tàs trjfatand, wào` wjs earstky adtrnfuogfjt Bjkjvjsns-gdtj (pgranf 6). Jt Bàrnbataj t`g gstjhkas`gf ratujk hrnum`t pgnpkgoknsgr tnmgt`gr jdf jkknwgf t`gi tn kavg pgjogeukky ad tàs wjy. At gip`jsasgf t`gigjdadmeuk tàdms t`jt `gkf t`gar snoagty tnmgt`gr. At tnnb ondsoanus snoajk fgoasandtn ijadtjad t`gsg huakfadms wat` t`gar pakkjrs, tn oustnijraky hury sgkgotgf fgjfadsafg t`gi, tn enrhaf jdy nt`gr ondstruotand dgjrhy t`gi jdf tùs tn ijadtjadnpgd spjogs jdf fastadmuas` t`gsg huakfadms ad spjog jdf taig. Mgdgrjtand jetgrmgdgrjtand aipkgigdtgf t`nsg rukgs jdf trjfatand wjs orgjtgf2 t`g sjig ratujk

wjs prjotasgf enr jkinst 8,333 ygjrs. At wnukf jppgjr t`jt ratujk `gkf suoogssavgmgdgrjtands jt Bàrnbataj tnmgt`gr enr kndmgr t`jd jdy nt`gr afgdtaeagf sgttkgigdtad t`g prgàstnry ne Oyprus.

Ad gxtrgig ondtrjst t`g trjdsatand erni t`g Jogrjiao Dgnkatào tn t`g OgrjiaoDgnkatào samdjkkgf fnwdejkk, faspgrsg, jdf jkinst fasjppgjrjdog ne prgàstnraoOyprants erni t`g jro`jgnknmaojk rgonrf. J kjoudj, wào` udtak rgogdtky wjs t`num`ttn hg ne j t`nusjdf ygjrs wjs enrigf (Okjrbg 833=). Xgogdt rgondsafgrjtand net`g gvafgdog (Kg`jvy :1=6, :1012 Okjrbg 833=) jdf dgwky gxojvjtgf gvafgdog(IoOjrt`y 8331, Bnutrjenura 83::h) adfaojtgs dnw j s`nrtgr kjoudj ne 633-?33 ygjrs. às gvafgdog, oniadm erni pgrijdgdt, hut s`nrt kavgf adstjkkjtands

ne sgjsndjk usg jdf ùdtadm hjsgs, s`nws invgigdt ne faspgrsgf mrnups adkjdfjdf àm`kjdf. ]`gd t`g prgàstnrao Oyprants jppgjrgf jmjad sgttkgf ad nrmjdasgfpgrijdgdt vakkjmgs, j t`nusjdf ygjrs jetgr t`g Bàrnbatajd onkkjpsg (Fabjans :15:2Sgktgdhurm :108), t`g prnenudf o`jdmgs ad t`gar jroàtgoturg, t`g adtrnfuotand nepnttgry, t`g iadaijkastao gxprgssands ne t`gar ratujks jdf t`g pravjtasjtand ne t`garprjotaogs, jkknw `jrfky jdytàdm tn rgiadf ne t`g mknry jdf gxogss ne t`g ratujkprjotaogs ne t`g O-SSDH, nr Jogrjiao Dgnkatào.

]`jt `jf `jppgdgf tn t`jt wgkk rgmukjtgf, gxogkkgdtky nrmjdasgf Bàrnbatajdsnoagty wat` ats oukturjk-ratujk rnnts oniadm erni ejr ad t`g pjst> @nw faf j wgkkenudfgf ratujk systgi, ad pkjog tn pgrpgtujtg t`jt snoagty‑s kndmgvaty jdf jdogstrjk

rukgs jdf vjkugs, onig tn onkkjpsg jdf fasjppgjr> ]`y faf at dnt nkf t`gi tnmgt`gr



:3:

t`rnum` t`g dgw trjdsatand> `g jdswgr sggis tn onig jmjad hgttgr enriukjtgferni t`g fgvgknpigdts jt Bjkjvjsns-gdtj. ]àkg Bàrnbatajds ondtadugf usadmt`g fgjt`-rgkjtgf ‐pakkjr ratujk‑ tn gxprgss t`gar hgkages jdf afgnknmy, tn ijdjmg t`garegjrs jdf egrtakasg t`gar gvgr-kjstadm eknurasàdm snoagtjk prnspgraty, jt Bjkjvjsns-

gdtj, pgranf 8, fgjt` wjs gxakgf erni t`g vakkjmg wjkks. Ondourrgdtky, j dgwhuakfadm syihnk jppgjrgf nd t`g tnp ne t`g àkk, ogdtrjkky ad t`g sgttkgigdt. At wjst`g kjrmgst huakfadm ad t`g w`nkg vakkjmg< t`g Oaroukjr Xjfajk-Sakkjr Huakfadm (OXH`grgjetgr, jetgr Sgktgdhurm 8336), _truoturg :62 j typg ne jroàtgoturg jppgjradm adOyprus enr t`g earst taig. Dgw OHSs wgrg ondstruotgf jrnudf t`g OXH, hut ae jratujk wjs prjotasgf ad t`gar adtgranr, dn fgjf wgrg usgf ad ats pgrenrijdog. Ae ratujkwjs prjotasgf watàd t`g sjtgkkatg OSHs ne t`g OXH onipkgx _ :6, at wjs dnt rgkjtgftn t`g rg-gstjhkasìgdt ne jdogstrjk trjfatands jssnoajtgf wat` hart`, fgjt` jdfrghart` ne j pgrpgtujk snoan-oukturjk ratujk systgi. `g jhsgdog ne hurajk erni t`gsgttkgigdt iust `jvg hggd kadbgf wat` j dgw afgnknmy, wào` faf dnt jpprnprajtg

hurajk usg enr t`g ratujk prjotaog. às dgw afgnknmy wjs gxprgssgf hy t`g jfnptandne tàs dgw (enr t`g askjdf) jroàtgoturjk trgdf, ad j sadmkg huakfadm< t`g OXH, kjrmgrt`jd jdy nt`gr sggd nd t`g askjdf udtak t`jt pnadt, wat` gkjhnrjtg, spgotjoukjrfgonrjtand jdf strjtgmaojkky pnsatandgf nd t`g tnp ne t`g sgttkgigdt àkk. `g dgwratujk pradoapjks jdf t`g dgw jroàtgoturjk trgdf wgrg inst prnhjhky jssnoajtgfwat` t`g rasg ne j pjrtaoukjr mrnup ad pnwgr. `g pjrtaoukjr ondogdtrjtand ne OSHsjrnudf OXH _ :6 pnssahky gxprgssgf t`g gxpknatjtand ne pnpukjr jdf prgvanuskywgkk-eudotandadm ratujk syihnks hy j pjrtaoukjr mrnup ad nrfgr tn gstjhkas` t`garjut`nraty. `g sjtgkkatg OSHs fn ondeari j ondtaduaty ne ratujk-oukturjk syihnks.@nwgvgr, j eudfjigdtjk pjrt ne t`gar ratujk jssnoajtand, t`g fgjf, wjs suffgdky jdf

strabadmky iassadm. _uo` oruoajk ratujk trjfatands onukf dnt jvg saipky fasjppgjrgf.At wnukf sggi inst prnhjhkg t`jt snig enri ne pnkataojk adekugdog wjs advnkvgf.

Jt Bjkjvjsns-gdtj t`g ondogdtrjtand ne OSHs wat` hurajks ad pgranf 6 ad t`gsnut`grd sknpg ne t`g àkk, jdf t`g suhsgqugdt ondogdtrjtand ne OSHs wat`nuthurajks jrnudf t`g kjrmg OXH onipkgx _ :6 nd t`g tnp ne t`g àkk ad pgranf 8,ijy iarrnr j pjrtaoukjr snoajk mrnup gipnwgrigdt. ]àkg hurajks wgrg dn kndmgradtgrrgf jt Bjkjvjsns-gdtj furadm pgranf 8 t`g samdaeaojdog, syihnkasi jdf stjtusne ratujk huakfadms suo` js OSHs wnukf vgry kabgky `jvg hggd usgf tn gd`jdog t`gjut`nraty t`jt tàs dgw huakfadm-typg `gkf ad Oyprus. Dgw jut`nratags netgd usgnkfgr jdf jkrgjfy gstjhkas`gf syihnks ad nrfgr tn sgourg t`gar kgmataijoy (Fnumkjs

:1=3, 76-0:). ]àkg t`g OXH typg jppgjrgf ad Oyprus suffgdky jt Bjkjvjsns-gdtj ad pgranf 8, jt Bàrnbataj at jppgjrgf jt t`g vgry tnp kgvgk ne t`g sgttkgigdt(Ao), s`nrtky pranr tn t`g satg jhjdfndigdt. Jt Bàrnbataj, t`g OXH wjs gxtrgigkys`nrt-kavgf, dgvgr wgkk gstjhkas`gf, jdf pntgdtajkky rgekgots j dgw trgdf ad t`g askjdft`jt j pjrtaoukjr mrnup ijy `jvg fgoafgf tn jfnpt. Jt Bjkjvjsns-gdtj, at sggigftn `jvg suooggfgf ad strndmky enudfadm tàs dgw trgdf enr t`g vgry kjst pgranf net`g sgttkgigdt. Jt Bàrnbataj, w`grg t`g OSHs sggigf tn mjt`gr jkk t`g oniiudjkjttgdtand jdf t`g trjfatand t`gy rgprgsgdtgf wjs hgttgr enudfgf jdf suppnrtgfudtak t`g vgry gdf, t`g OXH jppgjrgf hrageky ad t`g ]gst safg ne t`g sgttkgigdt jtj vgry tnp kgvgk jdf s`nrtky jetgr, at fasjppgjrgf wat` t`g rgst ne t`g snoagty jdf

snoagtjk tags t`jt `jf `gkf Bàrnbataj tnmgt`gr enr sn kndm (Sgktgdhurm 8336, 07).



:38

`gsg rjfaojk o`jdmgs jt Bjkjvjsns-gdtj iust `jvg tjbgd pkjog wat`nut ijlnrsnoajk fasruptand jdf inst prnhjhky `jppgdgf mrjfujkky watàd t`g qugstandjhkg`nraznd ne pgranf ? (kjtg). At s`nukf hg dntgf, nwgvgr, t`jt dn ijlnr fgstruotands nradfaojtands ne vankgdog `jvg hggd gvafgdogf enr tàs ludoturg jt Bjkjvjsns-gdtj. Jt

t`gar vgry gdf, hnt` Bàrnbataj jdf Bjkjvjsns-gdtj jppgjr tn `jvg hggd pgjogeukkyjhjdfndgf. ]at` t`g ondtadujk prgsgdog ne OSHs wat` hurajks jt t`g vgry kjst kgvgksne Bàrnbataj, jdf t`grgenrg t`g pgrpgtujk prjotaog ne ‐t`g pakkjr ratujk‑, at wnukf hgfaeeaoukt tn gdojpsukjtg t`g gigrmadm o`jdmg. Adfggf, samds ne o`jdmg wgrg jrmujhkyjkrgjfy jppjrgdt, wat` udogrtjadty jdf snoajk tgdsand kgjfadm j mrnup jt Bàrnbatajtn gxpgraigdt udsuoogsseukky wat` j faeegrgdt onsint`gnry, gxprgssgf t`rnum` t`gOXH typg ne huakfadm. às onukf `jvg rgprgsgdtgf j okuisy, mrnudfkgss jttgipttn sjvg Bàrnbataj erni fgokadadm. `g `npgkgssdgss ne tàs jttgipt wjs gvafgdogfhy t`g adtrnfuotand ne hurajks adtn t`g OXH jt Bàrnbataj jdf ats gxtrgig s`nrtnooupjtand t`grgjetgr. às s`nws j snoagty tryadm tn sàet ad wjys wào` jrg dnt

suppnrtgf hy t`gar struoturjk oukturjk syihnks jdf psyo`nsydt`gsgs (Mggrtz :17=).`g ratg ijy `jvg hggd pgrenrigf hut at stnppgf prnfuoadm t`g ‛mnnfs’ enr wào`t`g snoagty pgrenrigf t`g ratg2 tùs t`g ratg `jf hgonig adgeegotujk (Mraigs :100,::?). Nt`gr igjds wgrg snum`t wào` adonrpnrjtgf dgw syihnks, jdf pnssahkyfgijdfadm faeegrgdt ratgs. `g kaeg-mavadm, durturadm prnpgrtags ne ‐t`g pakkjr ratujk‑jt Bàrnbataj iust `jvg stjrtgf dn kndmgr jfgqujtgky gxprgssadm t`g Bàrnbatajdst`gisgkvgs nr gxpkjadadm t`g wnrkf jrnudf t`gi.

Sgktgdhurm (8336, 07) pnsatgf t`g fgokadg ne Bàrnbataj js j rgsukt ne atsgxogssavg sazg dnt pgriattadm snoan-gondniao ijdjmgigdt ad j trjfatandjkkygmjkatjrajd Dgnkatào wjy. `g ratujk gvafgdog rgvagwgf jhnvg jeearis t`jt

`ypnt`gsas. Fgspatg t`g ejot t`jt snoajk nrmjdasjtand jt Bàrnbataj wjs kabgky hjsgfnd mrnups ad dgam`hnur`nnfs wào` surrnudfgf ratujk huakfadms, t`gsg iust `jvgeudotandgf nd j mrnup-gmjkatjrajd hjsas, sadog samdaeaojdt faeegrgdogs ad syihnks,sazg nr jroàtgoturg jrg dnt jppjrgdt. `g nrmjdasjtandjk enudfjtand ne ratujk watàts t`gnrgtaojk ‛pakkjrs’ eudotandgf pgregotky jdf prnvafgf jd gxpkjdjtand enr t`gwnrkf nd t`g hjsas ne dgam`hnur`nnfs. ]`gd tàs hjsg wjs s`jbgd hy ats adjhakatytn rgmgdgrjtg atsgke ad j kjrmgr sazg, ratujk ejakgf tn gxpkjad jdf suppnrt t`g on`gsandne suo` j wnrkf. `g pgrogptand ne t`g wnrkf jf stjrtgf o`jdmadm jdf j dgw ratujkkjdmujmg wjs rgquargf tn gxpkjad jdf gxprgss t`g dgw wnrkf jdf t`g gigrmadmsnoajk nrfgr jdf oukturjk rgjkaty. `g nkf prjotaogs ejakgf tn adonrpnrjtg jdf `nst

t`g dgogssjry gquavjkgdt sàets enr t`gi tn sgourgky kgjf t`g snoagty tn j dgw stjmgne snoan-ratujk nrjmdasjtand.

‐`g wgkk ratujk‑ pgriattgf kndm tgri vjrajtands adonrpnrjtadm sàets ad t`gprjotaog. At jhsnrhgf snoajk tgdsands jdf suoogsseukky rgdgmntajtgf jdf gxprgssgfsnoajk rgjkatags ad t`g ratujk. Ad ondtrjst ‐t`g pakkjr ratujk‑ jkknwgf adtgrdjk vjrajtandndky watàd t`g kaiats ne t`g ratujk pgrenrijdog, jdf wjs prjotasgf straotky t`rnumìakkgddaj, gvgdtujkky neegradm ndky j supgreaoajk pgriassand enr rg-dgmntajtand nesnoagtjk vjkugs jdf hgkages. ‐`g pakkjr ratujk‑ sggiadmky inrg ekuaf t`jd ‐t`g wgkkratujk‑, ad ejot wjs inrg ramaf, straotgr jdf iuo` kgss ekgxahkg. At wjs j mrnup-hjsgfoniiudjk ratujk ne on-ad`jhatadm gmjkatjrajd mrnups ondeadgf hgàdf sgttkgigdt

wjkks, wat` t`gar gxpjdsand àm`ky adondvgdagdt jdf t`gar igihgrsàp ekuafaty



:3?

àm`ky qugstandjhkg. ‐`g pakkjr-ratujk‑ sueenojtgf jd gxpjdfadm jdf sàetadmBàrnbatajd snoagty. Snkataojk adtgrvgdtand dnt lustaeagf nr suppnrtgf hy t`g ratujksystgi ejakgf tn sjvg Bjkjvjsns-gdtj jksn. Bàrnbatajds wat` t`gar adekgxahkgpgrsastgdog ad t`gar trjfatands, hgkages, afgnknmy jdf onsiao nrfgr faf dnt ijdjmg

tn oniprg`gdf jdf nrmjdasg t`gar o`jdmadm wnrkf ad j faeegrgdt wjy t`jt wnukf`jvg mujrjdtggf t`gar snoagtjk survavjk2 t`g struoturg ne Bàrnbatajd snoagty egkkjpjrt onipkgtgky.

R…Y t`g snoajk mrnup as jdo`nrgf, dnt lust hy pnkataojk pnwgr, hut hy snig ne t`gfggpgst gintands, hgkages jdf egjrs ne pgnpkg gvgryw`grg. _noagty as ijfg hnt`gintandjkky jdf adtgkkgotujkky udjssjakjhkg hy igjds ne t`jt jko`giy wào`trjdsenris fgjt` adtn egrtakaty. (Hkno` jdf Sjrry :108, 6:)

]`gd ratujk systgis ejak tn durturg jdf jkknw gxprgssands ne t`nsg gintands,t`gd syihnks jdf prjotaogs jrg fg-ratujkazgf (Bnutrjenura 8331, 7=-71), knsg

igjdadm, hgonig adgeeaojoanus, ejak tn `jvg faigdsands, eudotands jdf joàgvjhkgpurpnsgs2 jdf snoagtags saipky ejak.

Jobdnwkgfmgigdts

A ji mrjtgeuk tn Gffag L. Sgktgdhurm jdf Ajd nff enr t`gar pgriassands tn usgakkustrjtands ne wgkks jdf pakkjrs2 tn Lgee _jdfgrs, Iao`jgk Hrnwd jdf Hgd Okjrbsndenr t`gar prnne-rgjfadm jdf adsam`teuk oniigdts. Jkk grrnrs jdf niassands rgijadiadg. A‑i eurt`gr mrjtgeuk tn Lgee _jdfgrs enr bggpadm inrjkg àm`, t`rnum`nut t`gpuhkaojtand prnogss jdf Bjrstgd ]gdtadb enr às prgoanus suppnrt jdf jfvaog.

Xgegrgdogs

Justad, L.K. :157. @nw tn fn àdms wat` ]nrfs. Dgw Qnrb< Nxenrf.

Hgkk, O. :118. Xatujk `gnry Xatujk Srjotaog. Nxenrf< Nxenrf Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Hkno`, I. :1=6. _yihnk, sndm jdf fjdog jdf egjturgs ne jrtaoukjtand< As rgkamand jd gxtrgigenri ne trjfatandjk jut`nraty> Gurnpgjd Lnurdjk ne _noanknmy, Unk. :7, Dn. :, 77-0:.

Hkno`, I. :1==. `g Sjst jdf t`g Srgsgdt ad t`g Srgsgdt . Ijd, Dgw _grags, Unk. :8, Dn.8, 8=0-818.

Hkno`, I. :101. Xatujk @astnry jdf Snwgr< _gkgotgf Sjpgrs ad Jdt`rnpnknmy. Kndfnd _o`nnkne Gondniaos. Indnmrjp`s nd _noajk Jdt`rnpnknmy Dn 70. Kndfnd jdf Jtkjdtao@am`kjdfs< `g Jt`kndg Srgss.

Hkno`, I. jdf Sjrry, L. :108 R:111Y (gfs.). Fgjt` jdf t`g rgmgdgrjtand ne kaeg. Ojihrafmg<Ojihrafmg Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Hnurfagu, S. :1=8 R833=Y. Nutkadg ne j `gnry ne Srjotaog. Ojihrafmg< Ojihrafmg WdavgrsatySrgss.

O`jpijd, L. 8333. Erjmigdtjtand ad jro`jgnknmy< pgnpkg, pkjogs jdf hrnbgd nhlgots ad t`g prgàstnry ne _nut`-gjstgrd Gurnpg. Kndfnd< Xnutkgfmg.



:36

O`jpijd, L. jdf Mjyfjrsbj, H. 833=. Sjrts jdf ]`nkgs. Erjmigdtjtand ad prgàstnraoondtgxt. Nxenrf< Nxhnw Hnnbs

Okjrbg, L. wat` IoOjrtdgy, O. jdf ]jssg, J. 833=. Nd t`g Ijrmads ne _nut`wgst Jsaj.Oyprus furadm t`g 5 t` tn 6 t` Iakkgddaj HO. Nxenrf< Nxhnw Hnnbs.

Onndgy, M. 833=. Kavadm ad jd Jmg ne _tndg. Dgnkatào Sgnpkg jdf t`gar ]nrkfs. XàdfKgoturgs, 8=-81 Jprak 833=, _noagty ne Jdtaqujrags ne _ontkjdf, Djtandjk Iusgui ne_ontkjdf, Gfadhurm`.

Ornet, S. 833?j . `g ]gkks jdf Nt`gr Ugstamgs, ad Sgktgdhurm G.L. gt jk. `g onkndasjtandjdf sgttkgigdt ne Oyprus< advgstamjtands jt Bassndgrmj-Iyknut`baj, :1=5-:115, Kgihj

Jro`jgnknmaojk Srnlgot Oyprus, Unk. AAA. :. _tufags ad Igfatgrrjdgjd Jro`jgnknmy Unk.KPP<6. _ævgfjkgd< S. Çstrõis, ?-1.

Ornet, S. 833?h. `g Jdaijk Hndgs, ad Sgktgdhurm G.L. gt jk. `g onkndasjtand jdf sgttkgigdtne Oyprus< advgstamjtands jt Bassndgrmj-Iyknut`baj, :1=5-:115, Kgihj Jro`jgnknmaojk

Srnlgot Oyprus, Unk. AAA. :. _tufags ad Igfatgrrjdgjd Jro`jgnknmy Unk. KPP<6._ævgfjkgd< S. Çstrõis, 61-70.

Fabjans, S. :17?. Bàrnbataj. Eadjk rgpnrt nd t`g gxojvjtand ne j Dgnkatào _gttkgigdt ad Oyprusnd hg`jke ne t`g Fgpjrtigdt ne Jdtaquatags :1?5-:165. Suhkas`gf enr t`g mnvgrdigdt neOyprus hy Mgneergy Ouihgrkgmg. Nxenrf< Nxenrf Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Fabjans, S. :15:. _ntarj. Iusgui Indnmrjp`s. `g Wdavgrsaty Iusgui. Sàkjfgkpàj<Wdavgrsaty ne Sgddsykvjdaj.

Fnrhgs, J.I. jdf Xnhh, L. 8333 R8337Y. Jmgdoy ad Jro`jgnknmy . Kndfnd jdf Dgw Qnrb<Xnutkgfmg.

Fnumkjs, I. :1=3. Djturjk _yihnks< Gxpknrjtands ne Onsinknmy. Dgw Qnrb< Xjdfni@nusg.

Furb`gai, G. :1:8 R833:Y. `g Gkgigdtjry Enris ne Xgkamanus Kaeg . J dgw trjdskjtand hyOjrnk Onsijd. Nxenrf ]nrkf‑s okjssaos. Nxenrf< Nxenrf Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Fûradm, H._. 833=. Xgondsafgradm t`g Íjtjk`õyûb Oniiudaty< Erni @nusg`nkfs tn_gttkgigdt _ystgis. Lnurdjk ne Igfatgrrjdgjd Jro`jgnknmy Unk. 83, Dn. 8< :77-:08.

Gjrkg, . 8336. Oukturg ijttgrs< ]`y _yihnkao Nhlgots O`jdmg, ad< FgIjrrjas, G. gtjk. (gfs.). Xgtàdbadm ijtgrajkaty. `g gdmjmgigdt ne iadf wat` t`g ijtgrajk wnrkf.IoFndjkf Adstatutg Indnmrjp`s. Nxenrf< Nxhnw Hnnbs, :7?-:57.

Gvjds-Srato`jrf, G.G. :1?=. ]atoòrjet, Nrjokgs jdf Ijmao jindm t`g Jzjdfg , Nxenrf<Nxenrf Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Eknurgdtzns, S. gt jk. 83::. `g Dgnkatào ]gkk 8633 ad Bassndgrmj. Xgpnrts ne t`g Fgpjrtigdtne Jdtaquatags ne Oyprus 83::, ad prgss.

Mjhkg, O. 8336. Ijtgrajkaty jdf _yihnkao Enrog< j Sjkjgnkatào Uagw ne _gfgdtasi, adFgIjrrjas, G. gt jk. (gfs.). Xgtàdbadm ijtgrajkaty. `g gdmjmgigdt ne iadf wat` t`gijtgrajk wnrkf. IoFndjkf Adstatutg Indnmrjp`s. Nxenrf< Nxhnw Hnnbs, 07-17.

Mjihkg, I. 83::. `g @uijd Xgijads , ad `g Dgnkatào ]gkk 8633 ad Bassndgrmj, ad S.Eknurgdtzns, S. gt jk. Xgpnrts ne t`g Fgpjrtigdt ne Jdtaquatags ne Oyprus 83::, ad prgss.

Mggrtz, O. :17=. Xatujk jdf _noajk O`jdmg< J Ljvjdgsg Gxjipkg. Jigraojd Jdt`rnpnknmast,Dgw _grags, Unk. 71, Dn. :, ?8-76.



:37

Mraigs, X.K. :100. Adegkaoatnus Sgrenrijdogs jdf Xatujk Orataoasi. _gigaj 6?, :3?-:88.

Mraigs, X.K. :113. Xatujk Orataoasi< Ojsg _tufags ad ats Srjotaog, Gssjys nd ats `gnry.Onkuihaj< Wdavgrsaty ne _nut` Ojrnkadj Srgss.

@jiakjbas, Q. 8336. Sams enr t`g Mnfs< Hurdt jdaijk sjoraeaogs js gihnfagf ratujks jt jIyogdjgjd sjdotujry. Nxenrf Lnurdjk ne Jro`jgnknmy 8?/8, :?7-:7:.

@gkis, I.]. 8336. jdmahkg Ijtgrajkaty jdf Onsinknmaojk Nt`grs ad t`g Fgvgknpigdt ne_gfgdtasi, ad FgIjrrjas, G. gt jk.(gfs.). Xgtàdbadm Ijtgrajkaty.`g gdmjmgigdt ne iadfwat` t`g ijtgrajk wnrkf. IoFndjkf Adstatutg Indnmrjp`s. Nxenrf< Nxhnw Hnnbs,::=-:8=.

@ûsbgd, W. 833= (gf.). ]`gd Xatujks Mn ]rndm< Iastjbgs, Ejakurg, jdf t`g Fydjiaos neXatujk. Kgafgd, Hnstnd< Hrakk.

@nffgr, A. :108j. `g Srgsgdt Sjst. Kndfnd< Hjtsenrf.

@nffgr, A. :108h. _yihnks ad Jotand. Gt`dnjro`jgnknmaojk _tufags ne Ijtgrajk Oukturg. Ojihrafmg< Ojihrafmg Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

@nffgr, A. :108o (gf.). _yihnkao jdf _truoturjk Jro`jgnknmy. `g Ojihrafmg _giadjr nd_yihnkao jdf _truoturjk Jro`jgnknmy. Ojihrafmg< Ojihrafmg Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

@nffgr, A. :10= R:113Y. `g Fnigstaojtand ne Gurnpg< struoturg jdf ondtadmgdoy ad Dgnkatào_noagtags. Nxenrf< Hkjobwgkk.

@neeigastgr, I. 833=. O`jdmg ne Uagw< t`g Xatujk _afg ne _grajk Bakk adm jdf t`g Ondfatandsenr Enrtudjtg Ejakurg, ad Wtg @ûsbgd (gf.). ]`gd Xatujks Mn ]rndm< Iastjbgs, Ejakurg,jdf t`g Fydjiaos ne Xatujk. Kgafgd, Hnstnd< Hrakk, 88?-863.

@ûsbgd, W. 833=. Xatujk Fydjiaos jdf Xatujk Ejakurg, ad @ûsbgd, W. (gf.). ]`gdXatujks Mn ]rndm< Iastjbgs, Ejakurg, jdf t`g Fydjiaos ne Xatujk. Kgafgd, Hnstnd< Hrakk,??=-?55.

Ljobsnd, J. 833?. `g Mrnudf _tndg Adfustry, ad Sgktgdhurm G.L. gt jk. `g onkndasjtandjdf sgttkgigdt ne Oyprus< advgstamjtands jt Bassndgrmj-Iyknut`baj, :1=5-:115, Kgihj

Jro`jgnknmaojk Srnlgot Oyprus, Unk. AAA. :. _tufags ad Igfatgrrjdgjd Jro`jgnknmy Unk.KPP<6. _ævgfjkgd< S. Çstrõis, ?7-63.

Lndgs, J. jdf Xao`jrfs, O. 833?. Jdaijks adtn jdogstnrs< fnigstaojtand, ennf jdf afgdtatyad Kjtg Dgnkatào Nrbdgy, ad Sjrbgr Sgjrsnd I. (gf.). Ennf, Oukturg jdf Afgdtaty adt`g Dgnkatào jdf Gjrky Hrndzg Jmg, gfatgf hy. HJX Adtgrdjtandjk _grags :::=. Nxenrf<

@jfrajd Hnnbs, 67-7:.Bõppadm, B-S. 8336. Ejakurg ne Sgrenrijdog nr Sjssjmg tn Jotadm _gke> Iasàij‑s _uaoafg

hgtwggd Xatujk jdf `gjtrg , ad< Brgadjt`, L., @jrtudm, O. jdf Fgso`dgr, J. (gfs.).`g Fydjiaos ne O`jdmadm Xatujks. `g rjdsenrijtand ne Xgkamanus Xatujks watàd `gar_noajk jdf Oukturjk Ondtgxt , nrndtn _tufags ad Xgkamand 81. Dgw Qnrb< Sgtgr KjdmSuhkasàdm, 1=-::6.

Bõppadm, B-S. gt jk. 8335. Xatujk jdf Afgdtaty. Sgrenrijdog Srjotaogs js Geegotavgrjdsenrijtands ne _noajk Xgjkaty. Sgrenrijdogs Unkuig 0. Hgrkad< Kat Ugrkjm.



:35

Bnutrjenura, U.M. 8331. Xatujk ad Srgàstnry2 Fgeadatand jdf Afgdtaeaojtand. XgkamanusAdsam`ts ad Gjrky Srgàstnrao Oyprus. Wdpuhkas`gf S`F `gsas, Wdavgrsaty ne Gfadhurm`,jksn joogssahkg erni t`g Gfadhurm` Xgsgjro` Jroàvg< `ttp<//www.grj.kah.gf.jo.ub/`jdfkg/:068/?800.

Bnutrjenura, U.M. 83::j. Kat`nknmy jdf Ondtgxtujk Jdjkysas, ad Eknurgdtzns, S. gt jk. `gDgnkatào ]gkk 8633 ad Bassndgrmj, Xgpnrts ne t`g Fgpjrtigdt ne Jdtaquatags ne Oyprus

83::, ad prgss.

Bnutrjenura, U.M. 83::h. Djrrnwadm t`g Mjp> `g Jogrjiao jdf Ogrjiao Dgnkatào neSrjstan-Igsnrntsns, Oyprus, Sjpgr prgsgdtgf jt t`g Jigraojd _o`nnks ne NragdtjkXgsgjro` Jddujk Iggtadm, :5-:1 Dnvgihgr 83::, _jd Erjdoason.

Brgadjt`, L., @jrtudm, O. jdf Fgso`dgr, J. 8336 (gfs.). `g Fydjiaos ne O`jdmadm Xatujks.`g rjdsenrijtand ne Xgkamanus Xatujks watàd `gar _noajk jdf Oukturjk Ondtgxt. nrndtn_tufags ad Xgkamand 81, Dgw Qnrb< Kjdm Suhkasàdm.

Kgjo`, G. :1=5. Oukturg jdf oniiudaojtand< t`g knmao hy wào` syihnks jrg onddgotgf. Ojihrafmg< Ojihrafmg Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Kg Hrud, J. gt jk. :106. Enuakkgs Xgogdts ã Bàrnbataj, O`yprg, :1==-:10:. GtufgsDánkatàqugs. Gfatands Xgo`gro`gs sur kgs Oavakasjtands. Iginar dn 6:. Sjras.

Kg Hrud, J. gt jk. :107. Kgs enuakkgs rgogdtgs fg Bàrnbataj. Zugkqug Xgsuktjs. :-? ad SrjotaojAdtgrdjtandjk Ondmrgss ne Oyprant _tufags . _noagty ne Oyprant _tufags, :. Daonsaj< \jvjkkasSrgss.

Kg Hrud, J. gt jk. :101. Enuakkgs Xgogdts ã Bàrnbataj, O`yprg, :10?-:105. GtufgsDánkatàqugs. Gfatands Xgo`gro`gs sur kgs Oavakasjtands. Sjras.

Kg Hrud J. gt jk. :116. Enuakkgs Xgogdts ã Bàrnbataj, O`yprg, :100-:11:. GtufgsDánkatàqugs. Gfatands Xgo`gro`gs sur kgs Oavakasjtands. Sjras.

Kg Hrud J. gt jk. 833?. Afánknmag gt syihnkgs ã Bàrnbataj< Kj ‛egrigturg’ f‑ud hètaigdtgt sj iasg gd sogdg, ad Muakjadg, L. jdf Kg Hrud, J. Kg Dánkatàqug fg O`yprg. Jotfu onknqug Adtgrdjtandjk nrmjdasg pjr kg Fápjrtigdt fgs Jdtaquatás fg O`yprg gt k‑áonkgErjdíjasg f‑Jt`àdgs. Daonsag :=-:1 Ija 833:, Hukkgtad fg onrrgspndfgdog @gkkádaqug,_uppkgigdt 6?. Áonkg Erjdíjasg f‑ Jt`àdgs, ?6:-?61.

Kg`jvy, J.L. :1=6. Gxojvjtands jt Dgnkatào F`jka-Jmrafà, Sjrt :< gxojvjtand rgpnrt,ad _tjmgr, K. G., ]jkbgr, J. jdf ]ram`ts M.G. (gfs.). Jigraojd Gxpgfatand tn Afjkand,Oyprus< Earst Srgkaiadjry Xgpnrt< _gjsnds ne :1=: jdf :1=8, Ojihrafmg, Ijssjoùsgtts<

Jigraojd _o`nnk ne Nragdtjk Xgsgjro`, 17-:38.Kg`jvy, J.L. :101. Gxojvjtands jt Dgnkatào F`jka-Jmrafà, :1=8, :1=6, :1=5, ad _tjmgr K.

G. jdf ]jkbgr, J. (gfs.). Jigraojd Gxpgfatand tn Afjkand, Oyprus<:1=?-:103, Oàojmn,Nragdtjk Adstatutg, 83?-8?8.

Knwg, L.].M. jdf Hjrt`, X.L. :103. _ystgis ad Jro`jgnknmy< J Oniigdt nd _jkind. Jigraojd Jdtaquaty, Unk. 67, Dn ?, 750-7=7.

IoOjrt`y, J.S. gt jk. 8331. `g Srjstan-Igsnrntsns Jro`jgnknmaojk Gxpgfatand< EarstSrgkaiadjry Xgpnrt ne t`g 8330 _urvgy. Xgpnrts ne t`g Fgpjrtigdt ne Jdtaquatags neOyprus 8331, 53-00.



:3=

IoOjrtdgy, O. jdf nff, A. 8337. Oàppgf stndg, ad nff, A. (gf.). Gxojvjtands jt Bjkjvjsns-gdtj. Unk AA, _tufags ad t`g Igfatgrrjdgjd Jro`jgnknmy Unk.KPPA<=. _ævgfjkgd< S.

Çstrõis, :==-856.

Ijkadnwsba, H. :176. Ijmao, _oagdog jdf Xgkamand jdf Nt`gr Gssjys , Dgw Qnrb<

Fnuhkgfjy.Igrgfat`, _.O. 833=. Xgigihgradm jdf Enrmgttadm ad Gjrky Hrndzg Jmg Inrtujry

Srjotaogs nd t`g _nut`gjstgrd Fgjf _gj pkjad, Lnrfjd, ad Kjdgra, D. Sgrenriadm Fgjt`._noajk Jdjkysgs ne Eudgrjry rjfatands ad t`g Jdoagdt Dgjr Gjst jdf Igfatgrrjdgjd. `gNragdtjk Adstatutg ne t`g Wdavgrsaty ne Oàojmn. Nragdtjk Adstatutg _giadjrs. Duihgr?. Oàojmn< Akkadnas, :31-:8?.

Iakkgr, F. :107. Jrtgejots js ojtgmnrags. J stufy ne ogrjiao vjrajhakaty ad Ogdtrjk Adfaj. Ojihrafmg< Ojihrafmg Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Inrras, H. :10=. Jdt`rnpnknmaojk _tufags ne Xgkamand< Jd Adtrnfuotnry gxt. Ojihrafmg<

Ojihrafmg Wdavgrsaty Srgss.Dabkjssnd, B. :11:. Gjrky Srgàstnrao Hurajks ad Oyprus. _tufags ad Igfatgrrjdgjd

Jro`jgnknmy Unk. POUA. Sjuk Çstrõis Eõrkjm. Lndsgrgf.

Nfgdt`jk, J. 8336. Xatujk hgtwggd rjfatand jdf O`jdmg< `g Sjrjfami _àet ne t`g_gondf Ujtaojd Onudoak‑s Katurmaojk Xgenri, ad< Brgadjt`, L., @jrtudm, O. jdfFgso`dgr, J. (gfs.). `g Fydjiaos ne O`jdmadm Xatujks. `g rjdsenrijtand ne XgkamanusXatujks watàd `gar _noajk jdf Oukturjk Ondtgxt , nrndtn _tufags ad Xgkamand 81, Dgw

Qnrb< Sgtgr Kjdm Suhkasàdm, 8::-8:1.

Sgktgdhurm, G.L. :108. Urysa. J suhtgrrjdgjd _gttkgigdt ad Oyprus. Gxojvjtands jt Srgàstnrao Jyans Gpabtatns Urysa :151-:1=?. Gdmkjdf< Jras jdf Sàkaps Ktf. ]jriadstgr.

Sgktgdhurm, G.L. gt jk. 833?j. `g onkndasjtand jdf sgttkgigdt ne Oyprus< advgstamjtands jtBassndgrmj-Iyknut`baj, :1=5-:115. Kgihj Jro`jgnknmaojk Srnlgot Oyprus, Unk. AAA. :._tufags ad Igfatgrrjdgjd Jro`jgnknmy Unk. KPP<6. _ævgfjkgd< S. Çstrõis.

Sgktgdhurm, G.L. 833?h. Afgdtaeyadm _gttkgigdt ne t`g Pt`-APt` iakkgddaui HS ad Oypruserni t`g ondtgdts ne Bassndgrmj-Iyknut`baj wgkks, ad< Muakjadg, L. jdf Kg Hrud J.(gfs.) Kg Dánkatàqug fg O`yprg. Jot fu onknqug Adtgrdjtandjk nrmjdasg pjr kg Fápjrtigdtfgs Jdtaquatás fg O`yprg gt k‑áonkg Erjdíjasg f‑Jt`àdgs. Daonsag :=-:1 Ija 833:, Hukkgtadfg onrrgspndfgdog @gkkádaqug, _uppkgigdt 6?. Áonkg Erjdíjasg f‑ Jt`àdgs, :7-??.

Sgktgdhurm, G.L. 8336. _noajk _pjog ad gjrky sgfgdtjry oniiudatags ne _nut`wgst Jsaj

jdf Oyprus, ad< Sgktgdhurm G.L. jdf ]jssg, J. Dgnkatào Xgvnkutand. Dgw Sgrspgotavgsnd _nut`wgst Jsaj, ad kam`t ne rgogdt fasonvgrags nd Oyprus . Kgvjdt _uppkgigdtjry _gragsUnkuig :. Nxenrf< Nxhnw Hnnbs, =:-01.

Sgktgdhurm, G.L. gt jk. 83:8. Gxojvjtands ne Dgnkatào Bassndgrmj-Iyknut`baj, 8333-8335<Adtgrai Xgpnrt. Xgpnrts ne t`g Fgpjrtigdt ne Jdtaquatags Oyprus 83:8, ad prgss .

Snkat, B. 833=. _noajk Ondsgqugdogs ne Xatujk Ejakurg< j Mjr`wjka Ojsg _tufy , ad< @ûsbgd,W. (gf.). ]`gd Xatujks Mn ]rndm< Iastjbgs, Ejakurg, jdf t`g Fydjiaos ne Xatujk. Kgafgd,Hnstnd< Hrakk, :11-83=.

Srguogk, X.]. 8335. Jro`jgnknmaojk _giantaos. Nxenrf< Hkjobwgkk Suhkasàdm.

Xjfokaeeg-Hrnwd, J.X. :175. _truoturg jdf Eudotand ad Sraiatavg _noagty , Kndfnd< On`gdjdf ]gst.



:30

_tjdkgy Sraog D.G. jdf O`rastnu F. :1=? Gxojvjtands jt Bàrnbataj, :1=8. XFJO :1=?,:-??.

Xgdergw, O. :107. `g jro`jgnknmy ne oukt< t`g sjdotujry jt S`ykjonpa. Kndfnd< Hratas`_o`nnk ne Jro`jgnknmy jt Jt`gds.

Xgdergw, O. 8336. nwjrfs j t`gnry ne ijtgrajk gdmjmgigdt, ad< FgIjrrjas, G. gt jk. Xgtàdbadm ijtgrajkaty. `g gdmjmgigdt ne iadf wat` t`g ijtgrajk wnrkf, IoFndjkfAdstatutg Indnmrjp`s. Nxenrf< Nxhnw Hnnbs, 8?-?:.

_oàeegr, I.H. :117. Hg`jvanrjk Jro`jgnknmy. Earst Sradoapkgs. Enudfjtands ne Jro`jgnknmaojkGdquary. _jkt Kjbg Oaty< Wdavgrsaty ne Wtj` Srgss.

_tjushgrm, I. 8336. Sjttgrds ne Xatujk O`jdmg jindm Sjrsa-\nrnjstrajds ad Xgogdt aigs, ad< Brgadjt`, L., @jrtudm, O. jdf Fgso`dgr, J. (gfs.). `g Fydjiaos ne O`jdmadmXatujks. `g rjdsenrijtand ne Xgkamanus Xatujks watàd `gar _noajk jdf Oukturjk Ondtgxt .nrndtn _tufags ad Xgkamand 81, Dgw Qnrb< Sgtgr Kjdm Suhkasàdm, 8??-868.

jihaj`, _.L. :1=1. J pgrenrijtavg jpprnjo` tn ratujk . Nxenrf< Nxenrf Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

jyknr, . 8338. `g Huragf _nuk< @nw @uijds Advgdtgf Fgjt`. Mrgjt Hratjad< Enurt`Gstjtg.

nff, A. :10=. Gxojvjtands jt Bjkjvjssns- gdtj. Unk.A. _tufags ad t`g Igfatgrrjdgjd Jro`jgnknmy Unk. KPPA< 5. Mõtgdhnrm< Sjuk Çstrõis Eõrkjm.

Ugr`ngvgd, I. 8338j . Xatujk jdf ats Advgstamjtand ad Srgàstnry. ad< Mghgk, @.M.B. gt jk. Ijmao Srjotaogs jdf Xatujk ad t`g Dgjr Gjstgrd Dgnkatào, Srnoggfadms ne j ]nrbs`np`gkf jt t`g 8df Adtgrdjtandjk Ondmrgss nd t`g Jro`jgnknmy ne t`g Jdoagdt DgjrGjst (AOJJDG), Onpgd`jmgd Wdavgrsaty, Ijy 8333. _tufags ad Gjrky Dgjr Gjstgrd

Srnfuotand, _uhsastgdog, jdf Gdvarndigdt 0. Hgrkad< Hgrkad gx nragdtg , 7-63.Ugr`ngvgd, I. 8338h. Xatujk jdf Afgnknmy ad t`g Srg-pnttgry Dgnkatào H ne t`g Kgvjdt

jdf _nut`gjst Jdjtnkaj. Ojihrafmg Jro`jgnknmaojk Lnurdjk :8<8, 8??-870.

Ugr`ngvgd, I. 8336. Hgyndf Hnudfjrags< Djturg, Oukturg jdf j @nkastao Jpprnjo` tnFnigstaojtand ad t`g Kgvjdt. Lnurdjk ne ]nrkf Srgàstnry, Unk.:0, Dn.?, :=1-808.

]jtbads, . 8336. Jroàtgoturg jdf ‛`gjtrgs ne Iginry’ ad t`g Dgnkatào ne _nut`wgst Jsaj, ad< FgIjrrjas, G. gt jk. Xgtàdbadm ijtgrajkaty. `g gdmjmgigdt ne iadf wat` t`gijtgrajk wnrkf. IoFndjkf Adstatutg Indnmrjp`s. Nxhnw Hnnbs. Nxenrf, 1=-:35.

]jtbads, . 8337. `g Dgnkatào rgvnkutand jdf t`g gigrmgdog ne ùijdaty< j onmdatavg

jpprnjo` tn t`g earst oniprg`gdsavg wnrkf-vagw, ad< Okjrbg, L. Jro`jgnknmaojk Sgrspgotavgsnd t`g trjdsiassand jdf trjdsenrijtand ne oukturg ad t`g gjstgrd Igfatgrrjdgjd , Kgvjdt_uppkgigdtjry _grags 8. Nxenrf< Nxhnw hnnbs, 06-00.

]gadgr, J. :118. Adjkagdjhkg Snssgssands. `g pjrjfnx ne Bggpadm-]àkg-Mavadm. Hgrbkgy<Wdavgrsaty ne Ojkaenrdaj Srgss.

]akkajis, @. 833?. Jro`jgnknmags ne Xgigihrjdog. Fgjt` jdf Iginry ad Sjst _noagtags. Dgw Qnrb< Bkuwgr Jojfgiao/ Skgdui Suhkas`grs.

]ykag, X.]. :150. Xatujk jdf _noajk O`jdmg< J M`jdjajd Gxjipkg. Jigraojd Jdt`rnpnknmast,Dgw _grags, Unk. =3, Dn.:, 8:-??.



:31

O`jptgr 5

]`gd jdogstnrs hgonig Mnfs

`g trjdsenrijtand ne Oyprantg ratujk jdf rgkamandad t`g Kjtg Hrndzg Jmg

Fjvaf Onkkjrf :

Jhstrjot

Furadm t`g onursg ne t`g Kjtg Hrndzg Jmg (o.:=33-:373 HOG), t`g praijrygxprgssand ne Oyprantg ratujk prjotaog o`jdmgf erni tnih-ogdtrgf inrtujry ratujkstn kjrmgr sojkg ogrgindags ondfuotgf watàd induigdtjk puhkao huakfadms. `gsgo`jdmgs jppgjr ad ondogrt wat` j duihgr ne samdaeaojdt snoan-gondniao o`jdmgsad Oyprantg snoagty, gxàhatgf hy kjrmg-sojkg pnpukjtand invgigdt jdf sgttkgigdt

gxpjdsand, t`g adtrnfuotand ne orjet spgoajkasjtand, t`g gstjhkasìgdt ne onjstjktrjfadm gipnraj jdf t`g ondstruotand ne induigdtjk jroàtgoturg. Jt t`g sjig taig,`nwgvgr, ogrtjad jspgots ne Oyprantg ratujk hg`jvanur jppgjr tn rgijad ondstjdt,pjrtaoukjrky t`g prjotaog ne egjstadm jdf t`g ondsuiptand ne psyo`njotavgs, suo`js jkon`nk jdf npaui. às summgsts t`jt gjrkagr ratujk prjotaogs, jdf t`g rgkamanushgkages t`jt intavjtgf t`gi, wgrg snig`nw jpprnprajtgf jdf jfjptgf tn suat inrgadstatutand-fargotgf rnkgs.

Wsadm tàs Oyprantg ondtgxt js j ojsg stufy, tàs pjpgr gxpknrgs t`gnrgtaojkqugstands rgkjtadm tn t`g nhsgrvjtand ne o`jdmgs ad ratujk prjotaog jdf t`g pnssahakatyne adtgrprgtadm onrrgspndfadm rgkamanus hgkages. Ad pjrtaoukjr, tàs pjpgr fasoussgst`g wjy jppjrgdt o`jdmgs ad ratujk ijy jvg rgkjtgf tn wafgr snoan-pnkataojk o`jdmgsjdf w`gt`gr at as pnssahkg tn adegr jdy onrrgspndfadm o`jdmgs ad igtjp`ysaojkhgkages, ae at as adfggf pnssahkg tn adegr t`gsg ad t`g earst pkjog.

Bgywnrfs< kjtg Oyprantg pgranf, ratujk Orjdmg, snoan-gondniao o`jdmg, psyo`njotavgondsuiptand, igtjp`ysaojk hgkages.

: Fgpjrtigdt ne Jro`jgnknmy, Wdavgrsaty ne Dnttadm`ji, Wdavgrsaty Sjrb, DM= 8XF, WB,joxfo:Cdnttadm`ji.jo.ub.



::3

Adtrnfuotand

Nvgr `jke j ogdtury jmn O`rastnp`gr @jwbgs (:176) jrmugf t`jt ndg ne t`g instfaeeaoukt adtgrprgtavg o`jkkgdmgs ad jro`jgnknmy as tn adegr rgkamanus hgkages erni t`grgidjdts ne ratujks wào` ijy nr ijy dnt `jvg hggd t`g p`ysaojk gxprgssand ne jpjrtaoukjr jspgot ne t`nsg hgkages. Wdenrtudjtgky, tàs dntand js kgjf tn samdaeaojdtpgssaiasi nvgr w`gt`gr ratujk jdf pjrtaoukjrky rgkamanus hgkages jrg vajhkg tnpaosne jro`jgnknmaojk rgsgjro` (g.m . ]jsakgwjsbj :116). Eurt`grinrg, j kjob ne gxpkaoatt`gnrgtaojk ondogrd enr t`gsg tnpaos js netgd kgf tn nvgr-aijmadjtavg adtgrprgtjtandsne ratujk prjotaog nr rgkamanus hgkages, fasonurjmadm t`gar stufy hy nt`gr so`nkjrs(Byrajbafas 833=, 82 enr gxjipkgs sgg Adsnkk 8336, 7?-71). Igtjp`nraojkky,jro`jgnknmasts netgd okaihgf tnn àm` up @jwbgs‑ ‐Kjffgr ne Adegrgdog‑ wat`nutjd jfgqujtg enntadm.

Mavgd t`jt ratujk jdf rgkamand jrg uhaquatnus jdf adtgmrjk onipndgdts ne ùijdsnoajk kaeg (Mkjzagr :11=, ?), `nwgvgr, fasrgmjrfadm t`gsg tnpaos surgky kaiats nurjhakaty tn fgvgknp pkjusahkg udfgrstjdfadms ne pjst snoagtags. Eurt`grinrg ratujkjdf rgkamand jrg adorgjsadmky hgadm joonrfgf j ogdtrjk rnkg ad t`g fgvgknpigdtne onipkgx snoagtags t`rnum`nut t`g jdoagdt wnrkf, pjrtaoukjrky ad rgkjtand tnnur udfgrstjdfadm ne `nw snoajk jdf pnkataojk jut`nraty wgrg gstjhkas`gf jdfkgmataiasgf (Jkfgdfgregr :11?2 @jyfgd 833?, ?6=-?=12 Ijrous jdf Ekjddgry 83362_o`jo`dgr 833:2 rammgr 833?, =1-1:). Enrtudjtgky, adtgrgst ad t`g jro`jgnknmy neratujk jdf rgkamand jppgjrs tn hg gxpgragdoadm snigw`jt ne j rgvavjk (@nffgr (gf.)83:32 Enmgkad (gf.) 83302 Adsnkk 83362 Byrajbafas (gf.) 833=2 ]àtkgy jdf @jys-Makpad (gfs.) 8330), t`jdbs pjrtky tn t`g adtrnfuotand ne inrg gxpkaoat t`gnrgtaojk

erjigwnrbs praijraky fgravgf erni jdt`rnpnknmy.às pjpgr ondsafgrs rgkamanus ratujk ad t`g ondtgxt ne Kjtg Hrndzg Jmg Oyprus(o . :=33-:373 HOG) jdf jttgipts tn fgindstrjtg t`jt at as pnssahkg tn ijbgdujdogf adegrgdogs jhnut ratujk hg`jvanur jdf rgkamanus hgkages w`gd sueeaoagdtondtgxtujk jro`jgnknmaojk gvafgdog as jvjakjhkg. Ne pjrtaoukjr rgkgvjdog tn t`gt`gig ne tàs vnkuig, samdaeaojdt o`jdmgs ad Oyprantg oukt prjotaog jrg gxàhatgffuradm tàs pgranf jdf jppgjr tn pjrjkkgk ijlnr fgvgknpigdts ad ijdy nt`grjspgots ne Oyprantg snoagty. Js suo`, tàs ondtgxt jksn prgsgdts jd afgjk nppnrtudatytn gxjiadg t`g pnssahkg rgkjtandsàps hgtwggd ratujk jdf snoajk trjdsenrijtand.

V`gnrgtaojk OndogrdsHgenrg ondsafgradm t`g Oyprantg fjtj, at as earst dgogssjry tn fasouss ogrtjadt`gnrgtaojk ondogpts wào` ijy jssast ad fgvgknpadm jd udfgrstjdfadm t`g wjy adwào` ratujk jdf rgkamand ojd hg trjdsenrigf, hgmaddadm wat` j fgeadatand ne t`gtwn tgris.

Jt j vgry mgdgrjk kgvgk, rgkamand ojd hg fgeadgf js, ‐jd adstatutand ondsastadm neoukturjkky pjttgrdgf adtgrjotands wat` oukturjkky pnstukjtgf supgrùijd hgadms‑ (_parn :10=,:1=).

Xatujk, nd t`g nt`gr jdf, js prnvgd pjrtaoukjrky faeeaoukt enr hnt` jro`jgnknmastsjdf so`nkjrs erni nt`gr fasoapkadgs tn fgeadg. ]àkg at as netgd fgsorahgf js jotand

o`jrjotgrasgf hy enrijkasi, trjfatandjkasi, advjrajdog, rukg-mnvgrdjdog jdf



:::

pgrenrijdog (Hgkk :11=, :?0-:51), snig so`nkjrs ondsafgr ratujk tn ndky pgrtjadtn prjotaogs wat` jd nvgrt rgkamanus intavjtand, fastadmuasàdm t`gi erni gvgryfjy,‐sgoukjr‑ prjotaogs (@jvakjdf 8338, ?5?2 @akk :117, 102 ]ghh :111, ::). Ad tàsojsg, ratujk ojd tùs hg fgeadgf js p`ysaojk jttgipts tn adtgrjot snig`nw wat`

t`g supgrdjturjk enrogs fgsorahgf ad j pjrtaoukjr rgkamand2 tn adtgrprgt, ijdapukjtgnr jppgjk tn t`gi (@jvakjdf 8338, ?5?). Nt`gr so`nkjrs, `nwgvgr, jksn fgeadgprgsorahgf ‐sgoukjr‑ prjotaogs, suo` js t`g adstjkkjtands ne t`g neeaog ne j oavaofamdatjry, js ratujks, prgegrradm tn usg t`g gxprgssand ‐oukt‑ enr nvgrtky rgkamanusratujk (Xgdergw 833=, ::3). Js t`g Oyprantg gvafgdog ondsafgrgf ad tàs pjpgrwjs jkinst ogrtjadky jssnoajtgf wat` nvgrtky rgkamanus ratujk, `nwgvgr, eurt`grfasoussand ne t`g snigw`jt fghjtjhkg ondogpt ne prg-gdkam`tgdigdt sgoukjr ratujksad uddgogssjry `grg (enr eurt`gr fasoussand, sgg Hgkk :11=, :102 Hrjfkgy 83372 @akk:117, 1=2 Adsnkk 8336, :8-:0).

]atàd jro`jgnknmy, ratujk jotand as mgdgrjkky pravakgmgf nvgr rgkamanus t`num`t,

js iam`t hg gxpgotgf mavgd t`jt t`g kjttgr as ejr kgss kabgky tn kgjvg p`ysaojk trjogs.às trgdf, `nwgvgr, sggis tn `jvg orgjtgf j saipkastao fao`ntniy watàd t`gfasoapkadg hgtwggd ratujk jotand jdf rgkamanus hgkage (Enmgkad 833=, 752 Adsnkk 8336,=0), fnwdpkjyadm t`g strndm fajkgotao rgkjtandsàp hgtwggd t`g twn. Jdt`rnpnknmy,nd t`g nt`gr jdf, js kndm rgonmdasgf tàs rgkjtandsàp jdf, js j rgsukt, oniindkyondsafgrs hnt` tnpaos tnmgt`gr. Jro`jgnknmaojk trgjtigdts ne ratujk, t`grgenrg, dggftn saiakjrky rgonmdasg t`jt t`g rjdmg ne onmdatavg prnogssgs t`jt muafg jdf mavgigjdadm tn ratujk jotand jrg adtgmrjk gkgigdts ne tàs hg`jvanur, rgmjrfkgss ne nurjhakaty tn gkuoafjtg t`gi.

Gjrky, gxpkaoatky t`gnrgtaojk jpprnjo`gs tn jd jro`jgnknmy ne ratujk ojd hrnjfky

hg fgeadgf js struoturjkast (g.m. Eratz :1=02 Xgdergw :107) nr dgn-Ijrxast (g.m.Bdjpp :1052 _`jdbs jdf akkgy :108). _uo` jpprnjo`gs vagw rgkamand jdf ratujkjs j enri ne oniiudaojtand, netgd jd afgnknmy kadbgf tn pnkataojk jut`nraty. `gygip`jsasgf t`g rgkjtandsàp hgtwggd t`g afgjs, vjkugs, t`gnknmags jdf syihnksgxprgssgf ad ratujk jdf t`g snoajk nrmjdasjtand ne t`g mrnups ondfuotadm t`gi (Hgkk:11=, 67-65). _uo` jpprnjo`gs netgd enous upnd t`g snoajk ‐eudotands‑ ne ratujk,suo` js< enriadm jdf ijadtjadadm snoajk hndfs2 snoajkasadm adfavafujks vaj t`gudondsoanus jpprnprajtand ne oniiudaty vjkugs jdf ojtgmnrags ne bdnwkgfmg jdfgxpgragdog jdf o`jddgkkadm jdf rgsnkvadm ondekaot (Hgkk :11=, 71). _truoturjkastjpprnjo`gs, `nwgvgr, netgd vagw rgkamand js j pjrtaoukjrky stjhkg, kndm-kjstadm jdf

stjtao oukturjk p`gdnigdnd (Enmgkad 833=, 7=), ijbadm t`gi akk-suatgf tn t`gondsafgrjtand ne fajo`rndao o`jdmg. `gy `jvg saiakjrky hggd orataoasgf enr hgadmjàstnraojk jdf jssuiadm j rgkjtavgky pjssavg rnkg enr ratujk pjrtaoapjdts, nvgrknnbadmt`gar jhakaty tn geegot o`jdmg (Hgkk :11=, =52 Inrras 8335, 6).

_yihnkao jdf, ad pjrtaoukjr, prjotaog-hjsgf jpprnjo`gs tn ratujk jdf rgkamand,nd t`g nt`gr jdf, sgg t`gsg js inrg fydjiao snoajk p`gdnigdj2 orgjtavg strjtgmagshy wào` uijd hgadms ondtadujkky rgprnfuog jdf rgs`jpg t`gar snoajk jdf oukturjkgdvarndigdts (Hgkk :11=, =5-0?2 oe . Mggrtz :1=?). ]àkg prjotaog t`gnrags rgtjadj enous upnd t`g pnkataojk faigdsands ne snoajk rgkjtandsàps, t`gsg jrg ondsafgrgfad rgkjtand tn t`g wjy ad wào` pnsatands ne fniadjdog jdf suhnrfadjtand jrg

vjranusky ondstatutgf, ijdapukjtgf jdf rgsastgf. Xjt`gr t`jd igrgky hgadm j



::8

pjssavg gxprgssand ne jut`nraty, ratujk as sggd js jd jotavg pjrt ne j àstnraojk prnogssad wào` pjst pjttgrds jrg rgprnfuogf, hut jksn rgadtgrprgtgf nr trjdsenrigf. Hgkk(:11=, 0:-08) gdojpsukjtgs tàs ‐ratujk jmgdoy‑ udfgr t`g tgri ratujkasjtand, wào`fgsorahgs t`g wjy ad wào` jmgdts jssnoajtg ogrtjad jotands wat` enrogs sggd tn

fgravg erni hgyndf t`g aiigfajtg (t`g supgrdjturjk) js pjrt ne t`g dgmntajtand neratujk jut`nraty.Mavgd t`jt prjotaog jpprnjo`gs vagw ratujk js fggpky gihgffgf watàd ùijd

snoagty, at enkknws t`jt ratujk s`nukf hg jdjkysgf ad ats oukturjk ondtgxt, dnt lust jsj ojtgmnry ne jotand udrgkjtgf tn nt`gr enris ne hg`jvanur (Hgkk :11=, 0:). Js Hgkk(:11=, :=:) rgijrbs, ‐enr gjo` jdf gvgry ratujk, t`grg as j tàob ondtgxt ne snoajk oustnis,àstnraojk prjotaogs jdf fjy-tn-fjy rnutadgs t`jt … adugdog w`gt`gr jdf nw j ratujk jotandas pgrenrigf.‑

`gsg jssnoajtands jrg oniindky rgekgotgf ad rgpkaojtgf syihnks jdf mgsturgst`jt orgjtg `ninknmags nr struoturjk rgsndjdogs hgtwggd faeegrgdt ratujk ondtgxts.

Enr gxjipkg, syihnks ne hart` ojd ijrb dnt ndky ratgs enr j dgwhnrd, hut ojd jksnhg sggd ad nt`gr ratgs ne pjssjmg jdf gvgd ad jdogstrjk ogrgindags t`jt kadb t`g fgjftn t`g egrtakaty ne suoogssavg mgdgrjtands (Hgkk :11=, :=?-:=6). Js t`gsg systgijtaokadbjmgs jrg ne ogdtrjk aipnrtjdog enr udfgrstjdfadm t`g samdaeaojdog ne j sadmkgratujk jot (Hgkk :11=, :=6), at as vatjk tn ondsafgr t`g wafgr snoan-oukturjk ondtgxtw`gd sggbadm tn adtgrprgt jro`jgnknmaojk gvafgdog enr j spgoaeao ratujk ondtgxt. àsenous upnd ondtgxt jksn summgsts t`jt prjotaog jpprnjo`gs tn t`g stufy ne ratujk jrgwgkk suatgf enr usg ad onihadjtand wat` ondtgxtujk jpprnjo`gs tn jro`jgnknmaojkadtgrprgtjtand.

Ondsafgrjtand ne t`g wafgr snoan-oukturjk ondtgxt jksn jppgjrs tn hg ne

samdaeaojdt aipnrtjdog ad udfgrstjdfadm o`jdmgs ad ratujk prjotaog jdf rgkamanushgkage. Hgkk (:11=, :13) jksn jrmugs t`jt w`gd j snoagty pjssgs t`rnum` snoajk jdfàstnraojk o`jdmgs, jeegotadm ats wnrkfvagw, nrmjdasjtand nr gondniy, nr adtrnfuogsat tn onipgtadm afgjs, at wakk prnhjhky watdgss ondoniatjdt o`jdmgs ad ats ratujksystgi. Dnt ndky ojd t`g struoturg ne ogrtjad ratujks o`jdmg, hut inrg netgdt`g igjdadm jssnoajtgf wat` t`gi as jksn jktgrgf js pgnpkg knnb tn t`gi wat`faeegrgdt ondogrds jdf qugstands (Hgkk :11=, 88?). Jt t`g sjig taig, `nwgvgr, t`genrijkasi, trjfatandjkasi jdf advjrajdog t`jt oniindky o`jrjotgrasg ratujk jrg jksnpjrtaoukjrky rgsastjdt tn o`jdmg jdf netgd fn sn inrg geegotavgky t`jd nt`gr enris nesnoajk oustni (Hgkk :11=, 8::). às t`grgenrg summgsts t`jt ratujk as j pjrtaoukjrky

geegotavg igjds ne igfajtadm trjfatand jdf o`jdmg, js j wjy ne jpprnprajtadm snigo`jdmgs wàkg ijadtjadadm j sgdsg ne oukturjk ondtaduaty (Hgkk :11=, 87:).

Mavgd t`gsg t`gnrgtaojk nhsgrvjtands, t`g wafgr snoan-oukturjk ondtgxt ne KjtgHrndzg Jmg Oyprus wakk dnw hg hrageky rgvagwgf hgenrg ondsafgradm gvafgdogsummgstadm trjdsenrijtands ad rgkamanus hgkage jdf ratujk prjotaog ad tàs pgranf.

V`g Kjtg Oyprantg Ondtgxt

Furadm t`g Kjtg Hrndzg Jmg, Oyprus gxpgragdogf samdaeaojdt snoajk, oukturjk jdfpnkataojk trjdsenrijtands wào` sggi tn `jvg praijraky hggd fravgd hy adorgjsadm

gxpknatjtand ne t`g askjdf‑s jhudfjdt onppgr rgsnurogs ad nrfgr tn iggt j hurmgndadmadtgrdjtandjk ijrbgt (Bdjpp :1002 :1132 :1152 Iu`ky :1012 Sgktgdhurm :115).



::?

`g dggf tn nrmjdasg t`g jfiadastrjtand ne onppgr prnfuotand jdf trjfg jppgjrstn `jvg rgsuktgf ad samdaeaojdt adorgjsgs ad snoajk onipkgxaty nd Oyprus, adokufadmt`g gstjhkasìgdt ne j sgttkgigdt àgrjro`y jaigf jt joogssadm, ondtrnkkadm jdfsuppnrtadm onppgr prnfuotand (Sgktgdhurm :115, 81-?=).

`gsg o`jdmgs rgsuktgf ad samdaeaojdt fasturhjdog tn t`g rgkjtavgky udstrjtaeagf,bad-hjsgf jmraoukturjk oniiudatags t`jt o`jrjotgrasgf Oyprus furadm t`g Gjrkyjdf Iaffkg Hrndzg Jmgs. Gjrky ad t`g Kjtg Oyprantg pgranf (o . :=33-:633 HOG)t`grg wjs j suhstjdtajk adorgjsg ad pnpukjtand jdf gxpjdsand ne sgttkgigdt, wat`dgw sgttkgigdts adonrpnrjtadm induigdtjk jroàtgoturg fgvgknpadm ad onjstjkrgmands ad nrfgr tn gdmjmg ad adtgrdjtandjk trjfg (Ojtkadm :1582 Bdjpp :1002 :1152Igrrakkggs :1=:2 Dgmha :1052 Sgktgdhurm :115). O`jdmgs tn inrtujry pjttgrdssummgst t`g pjrtajk erjmigdtjtand ne trjfatandjk bad-hjsgf oniiudatags jdf t`gfgvgknpigdt ne dgw snoajk mrnups, wat` wgjkt`y hurajks ondtjadadm mnkf, lgwgkkgryjdf aipnrtgf Kgvjdtadg jdf Gmyptajd gxntaoj summgstadm gkatg onipgtatand t`rnum`

ondspaounus ondsuiptand jdf eudgrjry ratujk (Bgswjda :101, 55-512 8336, ::1-:85, :7=-:712 ]ghh :118, 13-1:). Dgw Oyprantg pnttgry stykgs suo` js Hjsg-radm,

]àtg _kap jdf Skjad ]àtg ]`ggk-ijfg wjrgs, jksn jppgjr furadm tàs pgranf jdfsummgst j o`jdmg tn spgoajkasgf jdf stjdfjrfasgf prnfuotand (Orgwg 83362 833=2Bkadm :10=2 :1012 _tggk 83:3).

Furadm t`g :6t` jdf :?t` ogdturags HOG, Oyprus hgojig pavntjk ad t`gfassgiadjtand ne Jgmgjd pnttgry t`rnum`nut t`g Gjst Igfatgrrjdgjd (_tggk:110). às gxpjdsand ne Oyprus‑ adtgrdjtandjk trjfadm dgtwnrbs kgf tn eurt`grfgvgknpigdt ne t`g askjdf‑s onppgr prnfuoadm adfustry, tn ats jppjrgdt pgjb ad t`g:?t` jdf :8t` ogdturags, wat` onrrgspndfadm fgvgknpigdts ad urhjdasjtand. `grg

wjs j eurt`gr adorgjsg ad pnpukjtand jdf gxpjdsand ne sgttkgigdt, pjrtaoukjrkyjkndm t`g onjst, oukiadjtadm wat` t`g rasg ne j duihgr ne urhjd ogdtrgs jkndm t`gsnut` onjst ad t`g :?t` ogdtury HOG (Ojtkadm :1582 Bgswjda :1152 Bdjpp :1152Dgmha :105). Ondstruotand gpasnfgs jt j duihgr ne satgs rgekgot j prnmrjiig netnwd pkjddadm jdf satg-wafg rgstruoturadm wào` summgst adorgjsadm snoan-pnkataojknrmjdasjtand (Orgwg 8336, :71).

Fgspatg j duihgr ne fasruptands tn Kjtg Oyprantg snoagty jrnudf :833 HOG8 t`g ijlnraty ne t`gsg urhjd ogdtrgs eknuras`gf enr jrnudf jdnt`gr ogdtury, jt wào`pnadt inst wgrg jhjdfndgf pranr tn t`g gstjhkasìgdt ne t`g oaty badmfnis ne t`gOyprantg Arnd Jmg (Ojtkadm :1162 Ajonvnu :1012 :116).

Inrtujry Xatujk

Enr t`g ijlnraty ne t`g Hrndzg Jmg (o . 8733-:373 HOG) t`g praijry gxprgssandne ratujk hg`jvanur nd Oyprus jppgjrs tn `jvg hggd inrtujry ratujk.? `gsginrtujry prjotaogs mgdgrjkky ondsastgf ne t`g usg ne rnob-out o`jihgr tnihs

8 Adokufadm t`g wafgsprgjf jfnptand ne Jgmgjd-stykg pnttgry ad pkjog ne adfamgdnus wjrg typgs.? Jkt`num` at as pnssahkg t`jt Gjrky Oyprantg ‐s`radg‑ infgks suo` js t`nsg erni Unudnus jdf Bnto`jta

(Erjdbgk jdf jivjba :1=?) ijy fgpaot satgs ne dnd-inrtujry ratujk, t`grg as j onipkgtg jhsgdog

ne onrrgspndfadm jroàtgoturjk gvafgdog, wat` t`g pnssahkg gxogptand ne j pntgdtajk Iaffkg Oyprantgratujk struoturg erni _ntarj-Bjiadnufàj (_wady 8330).



::6

knojtgf watàd enrijkasgf gxtrjiurjk ogigtgrags2 iuktapkg hurajk jdf t`g gkjhnrjtgjdf prntrjotgf trgjtigdt ne hnfags, pnssahky advnkvadm praijry adùijtand,gxùijtand, sgondfjry trgjtigdt jdf rghurajk2 t`g rgusg ne tnihs nvgr kndmpgranfs ne taig jdf t`g fgpnsat ne j stgjfaky adorgjsadm wgjkt` ne mrjvg mnnfs,

praijraky igtjkwnrb (adokufadm kjrmg jinudts ne mnkf lgwgkkgry ad t`g KOJ) jdfpnttgry (Bgswjda 8336, ?=-08). Jt dgwky gstjhkas`gf Kjtg Oyprantg satgs, `nwgvgr,tnihs wgrg adonrpnrjtgf adtn t`g sgttkgigdt, netgd hgdgjt` npgd spjogs jfljogdttn huakfadms, suo` js strggts nr squjrgs, adstgjf ne onkkgotavgky knojtgf watàd t`ggxtrjiurjk oniiudjk spjogs ejvnurgf ad t`g prgogfadm pgranfs (Bgswjda :101,7:2 Ijddadm :110, 6=). às summgsts t`jt t`nsg invadm erni t`gar jdogstrjkvakkjmgs adtn t`gsg dgw knojkatags o`nsg tn hury t`gar fgjf ad j dgw sgttadm. Bgswjda(8336, 0=) summgsts t`jt watàd oniiudatags onipnsgf ne faspjrjtg bad-mrnups,oknsgky rgkjtgf adfavafujks jdf/nr fgsogdt mrnups wnukf jvg ijadtjadgf t`gar nwdhurajks dgjr t`gar `nusgs jdf wnrbs`nps, sgpjrjtgf erni t`nsg ne inrg fastjdt nr

udrgkjtgf mrnups watàd t`g oniiudaty. às o`jdmg ijy rgekgot t`g rgdgmntajtandne snoajk stjtus enkknwadm pnpukjtand invgigdt, wat` sijkkgr onipgtadm mrnupstryadm tn jssgrt t`gar pnsatand jdf gondniao ram`ts t`rnum` àm`ky vasahkg eudgrjryratujk watàd t`g kaiats ne dgw sgttkgigdts (_tggk 8336j , :=8). `g prnxaiaty nendg‑s jdogstnrs jdf ondtadugf usg ne t`gsg tnihs wnukf `jvg `gkpgf tn jeeari badmrnup afgdtaty, wàkst jksn prnvafadm jd aipnrtjdt syihnkao vjkafjtand ne ram`tsne nwdgrsàp nr ondtrnk nvgr surrnudfadm rgsafgdtajk jdf prnfuotavg onipkgxgs(Bgswjda 8336, 00, :3=2 Ijddadm :110, 6=).

]at` rgmjrf tn t`g ogrjiao jssgihkjmgs ne t`gsg tnihs, at sggis t`jt instvgssgks jrg jotujkky rgsafugs ne inrtujry egjstadm hy t`g kavadm rjt`gr t`jd mrjvg

neegradms nr t`g pnssgssands ne t`g fgogjsgf (@grso`gr :11=, ?:-?72 Ijddadm :110,6=2 _tggk :110, 8132 8338, :31-::32 8336h, :502 ]ghh jdf Erjdbgk 8330, 800).6

Js hnwks, lums jdf lumkgts joonudt enr nvgr =7 pgr ogdt ne t`g pnttgry jssgihkjmgne jkk tnihs enr inst ne t`g Hrndzg Jmg (]ghh :118, 01), at jppgjrs t`jt t`gondsuiptand ne kaquafs, pjrtaoukjrky jkon`nk, wjs j samdaeaojdt onipndgdt ne t`gjotavatags ondfuotgf ad nr jrnudf t`g tnihs. Ad Kjtg Oyprantg tnihs, hnwks enudfadsafg orjtgrs summgst j oniind Oyprantg prjotaog ne sgrvadm wadg erni t`gsgorjtgrs (_nut` 8330, ?:?2 _tggk 8336j , :=6). Js t`g Kjtg Hrndzg Jmg prnmrgssgf,t`g adorgjsgf gkjhnrjtand ne fradbadm jdf sgrvadm vgssgks, adokufadm t`g rgpkjogigdtne fradbadm sgts ad adfamgdnus wjrgs hy inrg gxntao Iyogdjgjd-stykg sgts, summgsts

t`jt ratujk jkon`nk ondsuiptand wjs jd aipnrtjdt gkgigdt ne t`g Kjtg Hrndzg Jmgprjotaog ne inrtujry faspkjy (_tggk :110, 813-81:). Ergqugdt jdaijk hndg eurt`graipkags t`jt t`g sjoraeaog jdf ondsuiptand ne jfukt ojttkg wjs jdnt`gr oniindonipndgdt ne Oyprantg inrtujry egjstadm (Bgswjda 8336, 5=-50).

_uo` egjstadm jotavatags wgrg kabgky tn `jvg hggd usgf tn gxprgss stjtus jdfdgmntajtg joogss tn rgsnurogs watàd Hrndzg Jmg Oyprantg snoagty, wat` t`garadonrpnrjtand adtn inrtujry ratujk eurt`gr summgstadm t`jt jdogstrjk rgkjtandsàpswgrg ogdtrjk tn t`g enrijtand jdf kgmataiasjtand ne adfavafujk jdf suh-mrnup

6 Ojkoukjtands hy t`g prgsgdt jut`nr hjsgf nd fjtj erni adtjot Kjtg Oyprantg o`jihgr tnihsondsgrvjtavgky gstaijtgs =.: vgssgks pgr hurajk, prnvafadm eurt`gr suppnrt tn tàs `ypnt`gsas.



::7

afgdtaty (_tggk 8338, ::?2 ]ghh jdf Erjdbgk 8330, 818). Oyprantg inrtujryegjstadm `js jksn hggd kabgdgf tn t`g ijrzğj` (@grso`gr :11=, ?82 _tggk 8338,:31), jd gkatg jdogstnr vgdgrjtand ratujk advnkvadm t`g gxogss ondsuiptand ne

jkon`nk, fgsorahgf watàd Kjtg Hrndzg Jmg tgxts erni dgjrhy Wmjrat (Jristrndm:110, 18-1?2 IoKjum`kad 833:, 552 Snpg :1=8, :13-:1?).

_amdaeaojdtky, at jppgjrs t`jt npaui wjs jksn ondsuigf ad jssnoajtand wat`Kjtg Oyprantg inrtujry ratujk. Hjsg Xadm lumkgts `jvg kndm hggd jssnoajtgf wat`npaui hy Igrrakkggs :158) w`n jrmugs t`jt t`g s`jpg jdf fgonrjtand ne t`gsg

lumkgts iaiaobgf jd npaui pnppy ojpsukg ( pjpjvgr snidaegrui) adoasgf tn rgtragvgt`g psyo`njotavg kjtgx (Eamurg :=), t`grghy jfvgrtasadm t`g vgssgk‑s ondtgdts js jkaquaf snkutand ondtjadadm npaui. às adtgrprgtjtand js rgogdtky hggd ondearigft`rnum` t`g afgdtaeaojtand ne npaui jkbjknaf rgsafugs watàd hnt` gjrky jdf kjtggxjipkgs (Bnso`gk :1152 _tjogy 8330). Snppy-s`jpgf Hjsg Xadm lumkgts noourwatàd Kjtg Oyprantg o`jihgr tnihs ad samdaeaojdt duihgrs. `gy jrg enudfwatàd jrnudf 7? pgr ogdt ne adtjot, ourrgdtky puhkas`gf tnihs, wat` ogrtjadtnihs ondtjadadm fnzgds nr gvgd ùdfrgfs ne gxjipkgs.7 At t`grgenrg jppgjrs t`jtsamdaeaojdt qujdtatags ne npaui wgrg ondsuigf, nr jt kgjst fgpnsatgf, furadm t`gogrgindags ondfuotgf ad jssnoajtand wat` ijdy Kjtg Oyprantg tnihs.

Mavgd t`g gvafgdog enr t`g ondsuiptand ne jt kgjst twn faeegrgdt psyo`njotavgsuhstjdogs furadm Kjtg Oyprantg inrtujry ratujk, at sggis kabgky t`jt at wjs adejot t`g psyo`njotavg djturg ne suo` suhstjdogs, nr inrg prgoasgky, t`gar jhakaty tnadfuog jktgrgf stjtgs ne ondsoanusdgss (J_Os), t`jt prniptgf t`gar ondsuiptand

7 nih 8 jt Bjzjp`jda-Jyans Jdfrndabns ondtjadgf 8:0 gxjipkgs hgtwggd twn tnih o`jihgrs.

Eamurg :=. Onipjrasnd ne jd npaui pnppy ojpsukg jdf j HXA lumkgt (Igrrakkggs :158, Sk.PKAA).



::5

ad tàs ondtgxt. Js pnadtgf nut hy Hnurmuamdnd :1=?, ?, 1-::), t`g gxpgragdtajko`jrjotgrastaos ne J_Os oniindky joonrf t`gsg p`gdnigdj jd aipnrtjdtrnkg ad t`g ratujk prjotaogs ne j wafg rjdmg ne gt`dnmrjpàojkky jdf àstnraojkkyfnouigdtgf oukturgs. `gsg adokufg eggkadms ne adtgdsg gintand2 o`jdmgs ad hnfy

aijmg2 fassnkutand ne hnudfjrags hgtwggd sgke jdf nt`grs, netgd adtgrprgtgf js jdgxpgragdog ne onsiao ‐ndgdgss‑2 pgrogptujk fastnrtands jdf `jkkuoadjtands jdf t`gjsoraptand ne adorgjsgf igjdadm nr samdaeaojdog tn suo` gxpgragdogs. At js jksn hggdnhsgrvgf t`jt t`g wnrkfvagws ne ijdy oukturgs netgd advnkvg j fujkastao igtjp`ysao,w`grghy j fastadotand as ijfg hgtwggd jd ‐gvgryfjy‑ wnrkf jdf j ‐sparat‑ nr ‐nt`grwnrkf‑, w`grg sparatujk hgadms rgsafg (Inrras 8335, ?:?). Ad tàs ondtgxt, gdtgradmjd J_O as oniindky sggd js j wjy tn gdtgr nr adtgrjot wat` t`g supgrdjturjkwnrkf jdf ats ad`jhatjdts (Hnurmuamdnd :1=?, ?). às ijy pjrtaoukjrky hg t`g ojsgad prg-infgrd ondtgxts, w`grg dgurn-psyo`nknmaojk gxpkjdjtands enr J_Os wgrgudjvjakjhkg. Mavgd t`jt t`g hgkages hgàdf inrtujry prjotaogs oniindky ondogrd

t`g snuk jdf ats lnurdgy tn t`g wnrkf w`grg jdogstrjk sparats jrg t`num`t tn rgsafg(Sjrbgr Sgjrsnd :111, ?:), suo` igtjp`ysaojk hgkages jrg okgjrky rgkgvjdt tn jdyondsafgrjtand ne inrtujry ratujk.

]àkg udorataojkky jppkyadm suo` ornss-oukturjk mgdgrjkasjtands as gxtrgigkyprnhkgijtao (]ykag :107), gvafgdog enr t`g ondsuiptand ne psyo`njotavg suhstjdogsfngs prnvafg j rgkjtavgky rjrg nppnrtudaty tn jro`jgnknmaojkky advgstamjtg jdoagdtonmdatavg prnogssgs. Adfggf, js jkk ùijds s`jrg jd afgdtaojk dgrvnus systgi, t`gdgurn-p`ysanknmaojk jspgots ne J_Os gxpgragdogf hy jdoagdt pgnpkg, adfuogf vajt`g ondsuiptand ne j spgoaeao suhstjdog, enr adstjdog, wgrg oknsgky jdjknmnus tnt`nsg fgsorahgf ad infgrd snurogs (Oe . Kgwas-]akkajis :111). Eurt`grinrg, Kjtg

Hrndzg Jmg tgxtujk rgegrgdogs tn inrtujry hgkages erni dgjrhy Wmjrat prnvafgsgvafgdog erni wào` gxtrgigky oknsg rgkjtandjk jdjknmags (]ykag :107) ojd hgfgravgf. Onihadgf wat` j rao` onrpus ne tnih jssgihkjmgs, suo` gvafgdog ijyjssast ad gkuoafjtadm snig ne t`g hgkages wào` kjy hgàdf t`g ondsuiptand nepsyo`njotavgs furadm Hrndzg Jmg Oyprant ratujk prjotaogs.

Npaui, enr gxjipkg, as oniindky fgsorahgf js adfuoadm j eggkadm nenvgrw`gkiadm lny, hkass nr gup`nraj jdf rgkjxadm jdy tgdsand nr jdxagty (@jytgr:150, 682 Xætso` 8337, 6:3). `g sgdsjtand ne ekyadm nr eknjtadm as oniind, wat`t`g onihadjtand ne t`gsg twn jspgots oniindky adtgrprgtgf js jd ‐jfiassand tnpjrjfasg‑ (@jytgr :150, 68, 60). `gsg gxpgragdtajk geegots ijbg npaui jd gxtrgigky

strndm sgfjtavg jdf snpnraeao. Uasujk `jkkuoadjtands erni npaui ondsuiptand ojdgxjmmgrjtg, iuktapky, onknur nr mavadm ejdtjstao s`jpg tn nhsgrvgf nhlgots (@jytgr:150, 66). `g pnssahkg jp`rnfasajo geegots ne npaui ondsuiptand, `nwgvgr, jrgsnigw`jt jihamunus (Igygr jdf Zugdzgr 8337, 8602 Xætso` 8337, 6:3).

Jt knw tn infgrjtg fnsgs, jkon`nk mgdgrjkky prnfuogs eggkadms ne rgkjxjtand jdfo`ggreukdgss, rgfuogs adàhatands jdf skam`tky aipjars lufmgigdt jdf intnr sbakks(Igygr jdf Zugdzgr 8337, 866). Jt àm`gr fnsgs jkon`nk ojd adfuog kgt`jrmy jdfondeusand jdf rgfuog iginry, sgvgrgky aipjar intnr sbakks jdf `gam`tgd j rjdmgne gintands adokufadm jeegotand jdf jmmrgssand (Lukagd 8330, :3=-:312 Igygrjdf Zugdzgr 8337, 866). Gxtrgig fnsgs ojd ojusg j knss ne hnfaky eudotands,

udondsoanusdgss jdf gvgd fgjt` (Igygr jdf Zugdzgr 8337, 865).



::=

Js j duihgr ne t`gsg gxpgragdtajk o`jrjotgrastaos onrrgspndf tn t`nsg prgvanuskysummgstgf tn ondtrahutg tn rgkamanus adtgrprgtjtands ne J_Os, at as pnssahkg t`jtjkon`nk jdf npaui adfuogf J_Os wgrg snig`nw adtgrprgtgf js gdonudtgrs wat`t`g supgrdjturjk wnrkf. At as, t`grgenrg, udsurprasadm t`jt suo` jd jssnoajtand as jksn

summgstgf ad t`g prgvanusky igdtandgf Wmujratao tgxtujk rgegrgdogs tn t`g ijrzğj`.Ad ndg iyt`nknmaojk tgxt (BW:.::6), t`g mnf Gk as fgsorahgf tn onkkjpsg, ‐kabgt`nsg w`n fgsogdf adtn t`g udfgrwnrkf‑ jetgr ondsuiadm j kjrmg qujdtaty newadg (IoKjum`kad 833:, 86-85). Fug tn t`g jssnoajtand hgtwggd t`g ijrzğj` jdf jdogstnr vgdgrjtand ratujk, tàs pjrtaoukjr pjssjmg `js hggd adtgrprgtgf js Gkjoogssadm t`g udfgrwnrkf vaj às frudbgddgss (Jristrndm :110, :36, ::32 ]yjtt8338<6362 6:8, Dntg 6?). Adtgrgstadmky, at as t`g jhakaty ne jkon`nk tn prnvafg jdadfavafujk wat` joogss tn t`g udfgrwnrkf t`jt as igjdadmeuk `grg, rjt`gr t`jd atsrnkg ad staiukjtadm snoajk adtgrjotand js usujkky gip`jsasgf ad ondsafgrjtands neinrtujry egjstadm (@jiakjbas :1102 _tggk 83382 8336j 2 ]ghh jdf Erjdbgk 8330).

Ad kam`t ne tàs adtgrprgtjtand, at as pnssahkg t`jt t`g wafgsprgjf gvafgdog enr t`gondsuiptand ne jkon`nk jdf npaui ad Oyprantg inrtujry ratujk rgekgots j saiakjrjttgipt tn joogss t`g wnrkf ne t`g fgjf. às ijy `jvg pjrtaoukjrky hggd t`g ojsgwat` npaui, w`nsg snpnraeao geegots ijy `jvg hggd vagwgf js j igjds ne joogssadmt`g udfgrwnrkf, mavgd t`g strndm syihnkao kadbs hgtwggd skggp jdf fgjt` ad t`gGjst Igfatgrrjdgjd.5 Js t`g jttgipt tn ondtjot t`g udfgrwnrkf summgstgf ad t`gondsuiptand ne psyo`njotavgs jppjrgdtky onadoafgs wat` t`g eadjk adtgrigdt ne t`ghnfy, at as pnssahkg t`jt t`g Hrndzg Jmg Oyprantgs ondsafgrgf fargot ondtjot wat`t`g wnrkf ne t`g fgjf tn hg j dgogssjry pjrt ne t`g inrtujry ratgs ad nrfgr tn gdsurgt`jt t`g sparat ne t`g fgogjsgf wjs eadjkky joogptgf adtn tàs rgjki. Ad tàs rgmjrf,

at as pjrtaoukjrky adtgrgstadm tn dntg t`jt enr ogrtjad adtjot hurajks, Hjsg Xadm lumkgtswgrg enudf aiigfajtgky dgxt tn t`g `gjf ne t`g fgogjsgf.= às ijy adfaojtg t`gprnvasandadm ne t`g fgogjsgf wat` npaui js j igjds ne joogssadm t`g wnrkf ne t`gfgjf enr t`gisgkvgs.

Js t`g jdogstnrs jppgjr tn `jvg hggd t`g praijry rgoapagdts ne Gjrky jdf IaffkgHrndzg Jmg ratujk nhsgrvjdog, jdogstrjk sparats jppgjr tn hg t`g inst aipnrtjdt,ae dnt t`g ndky, supgrdjturjk enrogs rgonmdasgf hy t`g Oyprantgs jt tàs taig. `gonipkgx trgjtigdt ne sbgkgtjk rgijads, fgpnsatand ne vjkujhkgs suo` js lgwgkkgryjdf hrndzg wgjpnds ad tnihs jdf jppjrgdt jttgipts tn adtgrjot wat` t`g wnrkfne t`g fgjf rgadenrog t`g summgstand t`jt t`g jdogstnrs `jf samdaeaojdt pnwgr

jdf adekugdog. Eurt`grinrg, suo` hgkages jksn onrrgspndf wgkk wat` t`g afgj t`jtjdogstrjk kadgjmg jdf ejiaky àstnry wgrg bgy tn ijadtjadadm stjtus jdf pravakgmgwatàd t`g rgkjtavgky udstrjtaeagf, bad-hjsgf jmraoukturjk oniiudatags ne Gjrky jdfIaffkg Hrndzg Jmg Oyprus.

5 Hgst gxgipkagf hy t`g twad Mrggb Mnfs @ypdns (skggp) jdf Vjdjtns (fgjt`).= Ad Jyaj Arada nih 83 enr gxjipkg.



::0

Dnd-inrtujry Xatujk

_nnd jetgr t`g stjrt ne t`g Kjtg Hrndzg Jmg, `nwgvgr, satgs afgdtaeagf js ratujkad o`jrjotgr hgmad tn jppgjr ad ondtgxts dnt nhvanusky jssnoajtgf wat` inrtujryprjotaog. Gvafgdog enr t`g gjrkagst ne t`gsg as udenrtudjtgky quatg igjmrg, wat`pnssahkg IOAAA/KOAJ (o . :=33-:533 HOG) gxtrjiurjk sjdotujrags afgdtaeagf jtS`kjinufà-Unudjra (Jk-Xjfa :10?2 @nrnwatz 83302 Oe . ]ghh :111, :?7-:63)jdf Jtàgdnu-Hjihnukjra tas Bnubnuddadjs (Fnt`jd jdf Hgd-nr :10?). Jt t`gKOA-AAJ (o . :533-:?=7 HOG) satg ne Bjknpsaf`j Bnuens (Çstrõi :1552 Orgwg83:3), jkt`num` dn jroàtgoturg wjs udonvgrgf, trajk trgdo`gs udonvgrgf j kjrmgduihgr ne iadajturg oups jdf lums rgijrbjhky saiakjr tn t`nsg enudf ad skam`tkykjtgr kgvgks jt Jtàgdnu, wào` as fasoussgf eurt`gr hgknw.

Fjtadm tn t`g KOAAJ pgranf (o . :673-:?=7 HOG), t`g gjrkagst okgjr gxjipkgne j dnd-inrtujry ratujk satg as Jyans-Ajbnvns Fàij (Mlgrstjf gt jk. :1?6, ?75-?5:). às jppgjrs tn hg jd asnkjtgf gxtrjiurjk sjdotujry oniprasgf ne j rnum`kyoaroukjr pkjstgr eknnr kjygr jrnudf :3i ad fajigtgr, spkat hy j knw stndg wjkk jdfprnhjhky surrnudfgf hy j wnnfgd egdog. `g gjstgrd jrgj ondtjadgf twn oaroukjrstndg pnfaj, adtgrprgtgf js jktjrs jdf j okjy hjt`tuh wjs sgt adtn t`g eknnr ne t`gwgstgrd pjrt ne t`g sjdotujry. Eadfs erni t`g satg kjy ad nr jrnudf t`g hjt`tuh jdfadokufgf mnkf jdf sakvgr lgwgkkgry jdf nt`gr igtjk nhlgots, knojk jdf aipnrtgf eadg-wjrg pnttgry jdf, adtgrgstadmky, j ejîgdog aiatjtand ne j Hjsg Xadm lumkgt. Jdaijkhndgs enudf watàd t`g hjt`tuh summgst igjt ondsuiptand. `g pnrtjhkg jrtgejotsiarrnr t`nsg erni ondtgipnrjry tnih fgpnsats, jkt`num` tnihs `jvg dnt hggdfasonvgrgf ad t`g aiigfajtg vaoadaty. ]àkg at as pnssahkg t`jt t`g ratujks nhsgrvgf

jt t`g satg wgrg fargotgf tnwjrfs jdogstrjk sparats, t`grg as dn gvafgdog wào` okgjrkyjssnoajtgs at wat` inrtujry ratujk, summgstadm t`jt nt`gr supgrdjturjk enrogs onukfgqujkky `jvg hggd t`g enous ne jttgdtand.

`g skam`tky kjtgr Kgvgk AAA ne t`g gxtrjiurjk sjdotujry jt Jtàgdnu-Hjihnukjratas Bnubnuddadjs :6t` tn :?t` ogdturags HOG) ondsastgf ne j o.:0i squjrg npgdonurt hnrfgrgf tn t`g dnrt` jdf gjst hy rgotjdmukjr rnnis (Fnt`jd jdf Hgd-nr :10?). ]atàd t`g onurtyjrf wgrg nvgr :3,333 iadajturg vgssgks (Eamurg :0),fgsorahgf hy t`g gxojvjtnrs js vntavg. `gsg adokufgf iadajturg vgrsands ne oniindKjtg Oyprantg jdf Jgmgjd wjrgs, jkt`num` t`g ijlnraty wgrg orufgky `jdf-ijfgiadajturg hnwks jdf lums. Jksn enudf ad jdf jrnudf pats ad t`g onurtyjrf wgrg dadg

Hjsg Xadm lumkgts, tgd Huoo`grn lumkgts jdf sonrgs ne ]àtg _`jvgf lumkgts. Jmjadt`grg jrg pjrjkkgks wat` inrtujry ratujk, pjrtaoukjrky ad t`g jppjrgdt ondsuiptand nenpaui, hut t`g jroàtgoturjk sgttadm watàd jd npgd onurt jdf ijssavg jinudts neiadajturg vgssgks summgsts j iuo` mrgjtgr duihgr ne pjrtaoapjdts, prnhjhky hgyndft`g gxtgdt ne j sadmkg bad mrnup. Eurt`grinrg, kjrmg qujdtatags ne igtjkkurmaojkfghras wgrg jksn enudf, jkt`num` at as stakk udogrtjad w`gt`gr sigktadm jotujkkynoourrgf jt t`g satg (Ijffad gt jk. :10?, :?52 oe . Iu`ky :107, ??).

`gsg dgw gkgigdts ne Oyprantg ratujk prjotaog, jppjrgdtky adtrnfuogf furadmt`g earst `jke ne t`g Kjtg Hrndzg Jmg, surgky rgkjtg tn t`g fasturhjdog ne prgvanusbad-hjsgf oniiudatags hrnum`t jhnut hy t`g invgigdt ne pgnpkg nut ne t`gar

jdogstrjk rurjk sgttkgigdts adtn dgwky gstjhkas`gf onjstjk satgs. `gsg sgttkgrsdggfgf tn rg-gstjhkas` okjais tn jut`nraty ad j onipgtatavg gdvarndigdt w`grg t`g



::1

faspkjy ne wgjkt` wjs hgoniadm jd aipnrtjdt wjy tn mjad stjtus. Eurt`grinrg,js t`g fgvgknpigdt ne t`g Oyprantg gondniy wnukf `jvg rgquargf inhakasjtandsne kjhnur gxtgdfadm hgyndf t`g ojpjhakatags ne jd adfavafujk bad-mrnup, enris nesupgrdjturjk jut`nraty t`jt saiakjrky gxtgdfgf hgyndf jd adfavafujk bad-mrnup‑sjdogstnrs wgrg jksn kabgky tn hgonig t`g enous ne ratujk nhsgrvjdog. ]àkg t`grg asadsueeaoagdt aondnmrjpào gvafgdog erni tàs gjrky stjmg ne t`g Kjtg Hrndzg Jmg tn

summgst t`g djturg ne t`g rgoapagdt ne t`g dgw ratujks sggd jt t`gsg sjdotujrags, atas udkabgky t`jt t`gy `jf j fargot bad jssnoajtand wat` t`g prjotatandgrs ad t`g wjyt`jt t`g rgoapagdts ne inrtujry nhsgrvjdog prnhjhky faf. J dgw snoajk nrfgr dntogdtrgf nd badsàp tags wnukf `jvg prniptgf t`g rgonmdatand ne dgw supgrdjturjkgdtatags ne j inrg puhkao djturg.

Jt t`g sjig taig, t`g prgsgdog ne Hjsg-radm lumkgts (jdf pgr`jps jksn Huoo`grnjdf ]àtg _`jvgf lumkgts)0 jt Jtàgdnu summgsts t`jt gjrkagr igt`nfs ne adtgrjotadmwat` t`g supgrdjturjk vaj t`g ondsuiptand ne psyo`njotavgs ijy `jvg ondtadugf.Adfggf, t`g rgkjtavgky kjrmg qujdtaty ne suo` vgssgks summgsts t`jt npaui wjsondsuigf `grg hy duigrnus ratujk pjrtaoapjdts. Ae sn, suo` j mrnup sgttadm enr t`g

pgrsndjk supgrdjturjk gxpgragdog gdjhkgf t`rnum` npaui ondsuiptand ijy `jvghggd j pjrtaoukjrky geegotavg wjy ne strgdmt`gdadm oniind rgkamanus hgkages jdfafgnknmy.

0 Js t`g Huoo`grn lum jppgjrs tn rgpkjog t`g Hjsg Xadm lumkgt ad t`g Oyprantg ogrjiao rgpgrtnargsnig taig furadm t`g :?t` Ogdtury HOG, tàs vgssgk `js jksn hggd jssnoajtgf wat` npaui (Igrrakkggs:1=1, :51). Vg fastadotavg ]àtg _`jvgf lumkgt jksn jppgjrs ad pkjog t`g Hjsg Xadm lumkgt ad ogrtjadratujk ondtgxts, summgstadm t`jt tàs vgssgk ijy jksn `jvg hggd jssnoajtgf wat` j strndm psyo`njotavg.

]at`nut jdy onrrnhnrjtadm rgsafug jdjkysas gvafgdog, `nwgvgr, t`gsg `ypnt`gsgs wa kk rgijad tgdtjtavgjt hgst.

Eamurg :0.Jtàgdnu-Hjihnukjra tas Bnubnuddadjs, ‐vntavg‑ vgssgks ad satu nd t`g _trjtui AAA

onurtyjrf surejog (Fnt`jd jdf Hgd Vnr :10?, Sk.86/:).



:83

Mavgd t`g aipnrtjdog ne suo` pgrsndjk gxpgragdogs tn t`g enrijtand jdfijadtgdjdog ne hgkage systgis (Fnrdjd 8336), suo` jotavaty ijy `jvg pkjygf jogdtrjk rnkg ad gstjhkasàdm hgkages rgkjtadm tn t`gsg rgkjtavgky dgw puhkao fgatags.Dnd-inrtujry ratujk prjotaog jppgjrs tn hgonig adorgjsadmky oniind ad t`g :?t`

ogdtury HOG, fgindstrjtgf hy gxjipkgs ne adtrjiurjk ratujk jroàtgoturg erni Jyaj Arada (Mlgrstjf gt jk. :1?6, 568-086), Batand-Bjt`jra (Bjrjmgnrmàs :1072Bjrjmgnrmàs jdf Fgijs :107) jdf Iyrtnu-Sam`jfgs (fu Skjt jyknr :17=). JtIyrtnu-Sam`jfgs , j kjrmg stgppgf jktjr ad t`g onurtyjrf wjs prnhjhky ornwdgf wat`t`g sn-ojkkgf nrds ne ondsgorjtand, wàkst kjrmg jinudts ne jdaijk hndg adokufadmfggr jdtkgr jdf nx sojpukj summgst jdaijk sjoraeaog. Adtgrdjk egjturgs suo` js gjrt`s,hgdo`gs jdf jktjrs wgrg jksn enudf jt jkk t`rgg satgs. Eadfs erni t`gsg satgs adokufgratujk pjrjp`grdjkaj prgvanusky ndky sggd ad dgjrhy rgmands suo` js t`g Jgmgjd jdfKgvjdt, suo` js ogrjiao neegradm stjdfs, hrndzg trapnfs, hukk eamuradgs (wào` fnjppgjr noojsandjkky ad tnihs) jdf ondaojk r`ytj. Gkgigdts ne prgvanus Oyprantg

ratujk prjotaogs fn ondtadug, `nwgvgr, wat` pnttgry kadbgf tn kaquaf ondsuiptand,suo` js hnwks, lums jdf lumkgts, jhudfjdt. Ugssgks pnssahky jssnoajtgf wat` npaui,suo` js Hjsg Xadm lumkgts jt Batand jdf Jyaj Arada jdf Huoo`grn lums jt Iyrtnu,wgrg jksn prgsgdt, jkt`num` ad iuo` sijkkgr duihgrs. Igtjkkurmaojk fghras wjsjmjad enudf jt Batand jdf Iyrtnu, wàkg jt Jyaj Arada, jd jssnoajtgf huakfadm wjseukk ne pat`na, aipkyadm t`g stnrjmg ne jmraoukturjk prnfuog.

nwjrfs t`g gdf ne t`g :?t` jdf adtn t`g :8t` ogdtury HOG, t`g ondstruotand neinduigdtjk tgipkgs usadm js`kjr ijsndry, oniindky egjturadm j pakkjrgf jkk jdfjssnoajtgf onurtyjrf, summgsts t`g fgvgknpigdt ne pnwgreuk rgkamanus adstatutands.`gsg adokufg t`g _jdotujry ne Jp`rnfatg jt Bnubkaj-Sjkjgpj`ns (Ijagr :1=72

Ijagr jdf Bjrjmgnrmàs :106), dgw tgipkgs ondstruotgf ad t`g tgipkg prgoadotjt Batand-Bjt`jra (Bjrjmgnrmàs :1072 Bjrjmgnrmàs jdf Fgijs :107) jdf t`g_jdotujrags ne t`g @nrdgf jdf Admnt Mnfs jt Gdbnia (Onurtnas :1=:, :1=?2Fabjans :151-:1=:2 ]ghh :111, :38-::?, 833:).

Ogrtjad jrtgejots erni t`g Batand tgipkg prgoadot jmjad summgst jd jssnoajtandwat` npaui. Ad jffatand tn t`g Hjsg Xadm lumkgt igdtandgf jhnvg (fasonvgrgf adj pat watàd t`g jfytnd ne gipkg 6) jd avnry sogptrg-`gjf rgprgsgdtadm jd npauipnppy ojpsukg (Eamurg :1) wjs fasonvgrgf ad j onurtyjrf jssnoajtgf wat` gipkg :(Bjrjmgnrmàs :107,::3, Sk.OPAA, OPOA2 Bjrjmgnrmàs jdf Fgijs :107, 61). Adrgkjtand tn t`g pnssahkg ondsuiptand ne npaui `grg, _iat` (8331, :53-:58) pnadts

nut t`jt j duihgr ne t`g nt`gr jrtgejots erni t`g prgoadot ojd hg kadbgf tn favadjtandratujks, adokufadm mjiadm pagogs (okjy hjkks jdf jstrjmjka), j pnssahkg mjiadm hnjrfjdf duigrnus dnto`gf nx sojpukjg. Js suo`, npaui ijy `jvg hggd ondsuigf tnadfuog t`g ‐kaiadjk iadfsgt‑ rgquargf enr t`g rgjfadm jdf adtgrprgtadm ne sojpukj 1 (_iat` 8331, :53) nr tn adfuog skggp ad nrfgr tn sggb favadg rgvgkjtand t`rnum`frgjiadm (Sgjteagkf :10:). às pnssahkg rnkg ijy jksn gxpkjad t`g gvafgdog enr t`gjppjrgdt rgstraotand ne npaui ondsuiptand jt Batand. Ae tàs suhstjdog wjs usgf tnadsparg favadg rgvgkjtand ats usg as kabgky tn `jvg hggd rgstraotgf tn adfavafujks w`n`gkf j spgoaeao, jdf prnhjhky pravakgmgf, ratujk rnkg js nrjokgs. Js suo`, t`g avnry

1 Xgegrrgf tn js sojpuknijdoy. _gg ]ghh :107.



:8:

sogptrg-`gjf ijy `jvg hggd hnrdg hy lust suo` jd adfavafujk, gip`jsasadm ratujkjut`nraty jdf j pravakgmgf rgkjtandsàp wat` t`g supgrdjturjk, adspargf t`rnum`npaui ondsuiptand.

Eadfs erni t`g twn Gdbnia sjdotujrags jrg jksn ne pjrtaoukjr adtgrgst. ]atàdt`g _jdotujry ne t`g @nrdgf Mnf (Fabjans :151-:1=:) wgrg duigrnus jdaijkhndgs adokufadm sgvgrjk nx sbukks, mnkf kgje nx `nrds jdf nhlgots ne hrndzgadokufadm j hukk eamuradg. ]atàd ndg ne t`g rnnis npgdadm nee t`g ijad `jkk,8=5 hnwks wgrg enudf stjobgf ad ? pakgs wàkg t`g hrndzg eamuradg ne t`g @nrdgfMnf wjs jksn huragf ad tàs rnni. `g s`ggr qujdtaty ne hnwks enudf summgstst`g ondsuiptand ne kaquafs hy kjrmg duihgrs ne ratujk pjrtaoapjdts, wàkg npauiondsuiptand as àdtgf jt hy t`g fasonvgry ne j Hjsg Xadm lumkgt ad ndg ne t`g hnwkstjobs, sgvgrjk Huoo`grn lumkgts jdf j rjrg Huoo`grn wjrg jip`nrj erni j dgjrhywgkk. J onipjrjhkg jssgihkjmg, adokufadm jdnt`gr Huoo`grn lum, sonrgs ne huorjdajjdf dnto`gf sojpukjg jdf sgvgrjk ogrjiao wadg-iaxadm orjtgrs, wjs enudf ad t`g_jdotujry ne t`g Admnt Mnf (Onurtnas :1=:, :1=?2 ]ghh :111, :38-::?), wào`wjs knojtgf ad jd jfljogdt qujrtgr ne t`g tnwd. Favadjtand jdf t`g ondsuiptandne jkon`nk jdf pnssahky npaui jmjad jppgjr tn jvg hggd aipnrtjdt onipndgdts net`g ratujks ondfuotgf ad tàs sjdotujry.

`g Hrndzg eamuradg ne t`g Admnt Mnf (Eamurg 83), djigf jetgr t`g nxàfg-s`jpgf admnt upnd wào` `g stjdfs, wjs jksn fasonvgrgf ad tàs Gdbnia sjdotujry,watàd t`g dnrt`gjst jfytnd. `g strndm jssnoajtand hgtwggd oukt jdf igtjkkurmysummgstgf hy tàs eamuradg as jksn gxàhatgf jt Batand, w`grg j onppgr wnrbs`np

npgdgf fargotky ndtn t`g kjrmgst ne t`g :8t` ogdtury tgipkgs (Bjrjmgnrmàs :1072Bjrjmgnrmàs jdf Fgijs :107). _uo` jssnoajtands jdf eurt`gr aondnmrjpào

Eamurg :1. Snppy-s`jpgf avnry sogptrg-

`gjf. Batand-Bjt`jra, Eknnr AAAJ (_iat`

8331, Eam.AAA.::j).

Eamurg 83. Hrndzg muradg ne t`g ‐Admnt

Mnf‑ (?6.7oi àm`) (Bdjpp 8330< Eam.71).



:88

rgegrgdogs tn igtjkwnrbadm `jvg kgjf Bdjpp (:1052 :1002 :11?) tn summgst t`jtafgnknmy (prgsuijhky rgkamanus) wjs usgf tn kgmataiazg jdf ijadtjad gkatg ondtrnkne t`g Kjtg Oyprantg onppgr adfustry nd Oyprus. `g fasonvgry ne j pnssahkg tgxtakgwnrbs`np watàd t`g Batand gipkg prgoadot (_iat` 8331, ?6-6:), `nwgvgr,

summgsts t`jt nt`gr adfustrags ijy `jvg jksn hggd suhlgot tn afgnknmaojk ondtrnk.Eurt`grinrg, t`g fasonvgry ne jdo`nrs jdf sàp mrjeeata ad t`g Batand tgipkgssummgst t`jt ijrataig trjfg jksn `jf ats nwd oukt onddgotands (]ghh :111, 66,?38).

`g favgrsg rjdmg ne rgkamanus adstatutands summgstgf hy tàs :8t` ogdtury HOGgvafgdog aipkags ondtadugf onipgtatand enr stjtus, dnw hgtwggd ejotands w`nsgafgdtaty as tagf tn gondniao rnkgs rjt`gr t`jd bad rgkjtands. Eurt`grinrg, tàspgranf jksn sggs t`g jhjdfndigdt ne jdogstrjk o`jihgr tnihs ad ejvnur ne saipkg,adfavafujk s`jet hurajks, summgstadm t`g rgfuogf aipnrtjdog ne jdogstnr wnrsàp.

Js suo`, at jppgjrs t`jt tgipkg hjsgf rgkamanus adstatutands `jf hgonig t`g

praijry snurog ne snoajk jdf supgrdjturjk jut`nraty. Jt t`g sjig taig, t`g sjorgfaondnmrjp`y ne t`g pgranf gxàhats j onihadjtand ne adekugdogs erni hnt` t`g

Jgmgjd jdf Dgjr Gjst (]ghh :111, 80:). às summgsts t`jt t`g eukk adonrpnrjtandne Oyprus adtn t`g adtgrdjtandjk trjfadm dgtwnrbs ne t`g Kjtg Hrndzg Jmg rgsuktgfad t`g jfnptand ne enrgamd fgravgf fgatags hy jd adorgjsadmky iuktaoukturjk gkatg(]ghh :111, ?3=-?30).

Fgspatg t`g samdaeaojdt trjdsenrijtand ne Oyprantg ratujk prjotaog furadm t`g KjtgHrndzg Jmg, t`g rgpgjtgf fasonvgry ne vgssgks jssnoajtgf wat` npaui jdf jkon`nkondsuiptand jdf t`g rgidjdts ne sjoraeaog jdf suhsgqugdt igjt ondsuiptand jtOyprantg oukt satgs summgsts t`jt knojk jspgots ne ratujk prjotaog ondtadugf tn hg usgf

furadm ratujks fgfaojtgf tn t`gsg dgw mnfs. Ad pjrtaoukjr, t`g ondtadugf jssnoajtandne pnppy-s`jpgf vgssgks wat` oukt satgs nd Oyprus aipkags t`jt trjfatandjk igt`nfsne pgrsndjkky adtgrjotadm wat` t`g supgrdjturjk wnrkf rgijadgf ad usg.

Ondokusand

O`jdmgs ad Oyprantg rgkamanus ratujk furadm t`g Kjtg Hrndzg Jmg jppgjr tn hg jrgspndsg tn, rjt`gr t`jd j ojusg ne, o`jdmgs tn nt`gr jspgots ne snoajk kaeg, wào` ojduktaijtgky hg jttrahutgf tn adtgdsaeyadm Oyprantg ondtjot wat` t`g prg-gstjhkas`gfstjtgs ne t`g gjstgrd Igfatgrrjdgjd. Fgspatg t`g samdaeaojdt o`jdmgs tn t`g snoajk,

gondniao, pnkataojk jdf rgkamanus kavgs ne Oyprantg furadm tàs pgranf, `nwgvgr, atjppgjrs t`jt ogrtjad jspgots ne ratujk hg`jvanur pgrsast. Ad pjrtaoukjr, psyo`njotavgsuhstjdogs suo` js jkon`nk jdf npaui ondtadugf tn hg ondsuigf furadm ratujkprjotaog, wat` t`g J_Os t`gy adfuogf kabgky tn `jvg hggd ondsastgdtky vagwgfjs fargot pgrsndjk adtgrjotand wat` t`g supgrdjturjk. ]àkg t`g snoan-pnkataojkigjdadms ne suo` prjotaogs jdf t`g prgoasg djturg ne t`g supgrdjturjk t`gy wgrgjssnoajtgf wat` ijy `jvg o`jdmgf t`rnum`nut t`g Kjtg Oyprantg pgranf, jt tàsmgdgrjk kgvgk, t`gar syihnkao igjdadm t`grgenrg sggis tn `jvg rgijadgf rgkjtavgkyondstjdt.



:8?

às sgrvgs tn gip`jsasg t`g ondsgrvjtavg djturg ne ratujk, gvgd ad t`g ejog nesamdaeaojdt o`jdmgs tn nt`gr jspgots ne snoajk kaeg (Hgkk :11=, 8::, 87:). Adfggf, t`gKjtg Oyprantg gvafgdog rgvagwgf `grg eurt`gr summgsts t`jt oukturjkky gihgffgfratujk prjotaogs ojd jotujkky hg inrg rgsastjdt tn o`jdmg t`jd t`g rgkamanus hgkages

wat` wào` t`gy wgrg jssnoajtgf. Ae ratujk prjotaog as adsorahgf ndtn jdf muafgf hyijtgrajk oukturg, t`gd at ijy ad ejot hg inrg gdfuradm t`jd hgkages t`jt rgky ndaipgregot ùijd iginry enr t`gar rgprnfuotand ad prgàstnrao pgranfs.

Ad jffatand tn jdjkysadm inrg trjfatandjk enris ne jro`jgnknmaojk gvafgdog enrratujk hg`jvanur, tàs pjpgr `js ondsafgrgf j hrnjf rjdmg ne gvafgdog t`jt gdjhkgfadsam`ts adtn snig ne t`g onmdatavg prnogssgs t`jt muafgf jdf mavg igjdadm tn t`gsgratujk prjotaogs. `gsg adokufgf jro`jgnknmaojk gvafgdog summgstadm t`g ondsuiptandne psyo`njotavg suhstjdogs, aondnmrjp`y, ondtgipnrjry tgxtujk snurogs jdfgt`dnmrjpào gvafgdog. ]àkg adegrgdogs ondogrdadm rgkamanus hgkages wakk dgvgr hgjs sgourg nr fgtjakgf js t`nsg ijfg jhnut inst nt`gr jspgots ne t`g ùijd pjst,

tàs pjpgr js fgindstrjtgf nw suo` adegrgdogs ojd jaf t`g fgvgknpigdt ne rao`grjdf inrg dujdogf adtgrprgtjtands ne jdoagdt ratujk prjotaogs.

Jobdnwkgfmgigdts

às pjpgr as jd gxtrjot erni iy S`F t`gsas suhiattgf tn t`g Wdavgrsaty neDnttadm`ji ad 83::. às rgsgjro` prnlgot wjs eudfgf hy j Xjy jdf Gfat`Hgddgtt rjvgkkadm _o`nkjrsàp erni t`g Wdavgrsaty ne Igkhnurdg, j Wdavgrsatyne Dnttadm`ji _o`nkjrsàp enr t`g Jrts, Wdavgrsatjs 8:, t`g Dgjr Gjstgrd

Jro`jgnknmaojk Enudfjtand jdf t`g Fgpjrtigdt ne Jro`jgnknmy jt t`g Wdavgrsaty

ne Dnttadm`ji. A wnukf kabg tn mavg pjrtaoukjr t`jdbs tn iy supgrvasnr, SrnegssnrHakk Ojvjdjm`, enr às advjkujhkg jfvaog jdf muafjdog t`rnum`nut t`g onursg netàs rgsgjro` prnlgot. _pgoajk t`jdbs jksn tn Fr Jddj Fruiindf enr `gr oniigdtsjdf jfvaog nd tàs pjpgr.

Xgegrgdogs

Jkfgdfgregr, I. :11?. Xatujk, @agrjro`y, jdf O`jdmg ad Enrjmadm _noagtags. Lnurdjk ne Jdt`rnpnknmaojk Jro`jgnknmy :8, :-63.

Jk-Xjfa, _.I._. :10?. S`kjinufà Unudjra< J _jdotujry _atg ad Oyprus . _tufags ad

Igfatgrrjdgjd Jro`jgnknmy 57. Mõtghnrm< Sjuk Çstrõis Eõrkjm. Jristrndm, F.G. :110. Jkon`nk jdf Jktgrgf _tjtgs ad Jdogs tnr Ugdgrjtand Xatujks ne \`nu

Fydjsty Oàdj jdf Arnd Jmg Sjkgstadg . Kgwadstnd, Zuggdstnd jdf Kjipgtgr< `gGfwad Igkkgd Srgss.

Çstrõi, S. :155. Gxojvjtands jt Bjknpsaf`j jdf Jyans Ajbnvns ad Oyprus . _tufags adIgfatgrrjdgjd Jro`jgnknmy 8. Kudf< Sjuk Çstrõi.

Hgkk, O. :11=. Xatujk< Sgrspgotavgs jdf Faigdsands . Nxenrf< Nxenrf Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Hnurmuamdnd, G. :1=?. Adtrnfuotand< J Erjigwnrb enr t`g Onipjrjtavg _tufy ne Jktgrgf _tjtgs ne Ondsoanusdgss, ad< Hnurmuamdnd, G. (gf.). Xgkamand, Jktgrgf _tjtgs ne

Ondsoanusdgss, jdf _noajk O`jdmg . Onkuihus< Nàn _tjtg Wdavgrsaty Srgss, ?-?7.



:86

Hrjfkgy, X. 8337. Xatujk jdf Fnigstao Kaeg ad Srgàsntrao Gurnpg . Kndfnd jdf Dgw Qnrb,Xnutkgfmg.

Ojtkadm, @.]. :158. Sjttgrds ne _gttkgigdt ad Hrndzg Jmg Oyprus. Npusoukj Jt`gdagdsaj 6, :81-:51.

Ojtkadm, @.]. :116. Oyprus ad t`g ::t` Ogdtury H.O.- Jd Gdf nr j Hgmaddadm>, ad<Bjrjmgnrmàs, U. (gf.). Oyprus ad t`g ::t` Ogdtury H.O. Daonsaj< J.M. KgvgdtasEnudfjtand, :??-:6:.

Onurtnas, L.-O. :1=:. Kg _jdotujarg fu Fagu ju Kadmnt f‑Gdbnia-Jkjsaj, ad< _o`jgeegr, O.E. J. (gf.). Jkjsaj A . Sjras< Bkado`sagob , :7:-?58.

Onurtnas, L.-O. :1=?. Kg _jdotujarg fu Fagu ju Kadmnt f‑Gdbnia-Jkjsaj (O`yprg) gt kgsKagux fg Ouktg Ondtgipnrjads gd Iáfatgrrjdág Nragdtjkg. Oniptgs-Xgdfus fgs _ájdogsfg k‑Jddág ‟ Jojfáiag fgs Adsoraptands gt Hgkkgs-Kgttrgs ::=/8, 88?-865.

Orgwg, K. 8336. _noajk Onipkgxaty jdf Ogrjiao go`dnknmy nd Kjtg Hrndzg Jmg Oyprus< `g

Dgw Gvafgdog erni Gdbnia , Wdpuhkas`gf S`.F t`gsas, t`g Wdavgrsaty ne Gfadhurm`.

Orgwg, K. 833=. Gjrky Gdbnia< Xgmandjkasi, rjfg jdf _noagty jt t`g Hgmaddadm ne t`g KjtgHrndzg Jmg nd Oyprus . Hratas` Jro`jgnknmaojk Xgvagw Adtgrdjtandjk _grags :=35. Nxenrf<

Jro`jgnprgss.

Orgwg, K. 83:3. Xgtàdbadm Bjknpsaf`j< Erni _pgoajkasjtand tn _tjtg Ijrmadjkasjtand, adHnkmgr, F. jdf Ijmuarg, K.O. (gfs.). `g Fgvgknpigdt ne Srg-_tjtg Oniiudatags ad t`g

Jdoagdt Dgjr Gjst . Nxenrf jdf Njbvakkg< Nxhnw Hnnbs, 5?-=:.

Fabjans, S. :151-:1=:. Gdbnia Gxojvjtands :160-:170 A-AA . Ijadz ji X`gad< UgrkjmSàkapp vnd \jhgrd.

Fnrdjd, L.K. 8336. Hgyndf Hgkage< Xgkamanus Gxpgragdog, Xatujk, jdf Oukturjk Dgurn-p`gdnigdnknmy ad t`g Adtgrprgtjtand ne Sjst Xgkamanus _ystgis. Ojihrafmg

Jro`jgnknmaojk Lnurdjk :6/:, 87-?5.

Fnt`jd, . jdf Hgd-nr, J. :10?. Gxojvjtands jt Jtàgdnu, Oyprus :1=:-:1=8 . Zgfgi :5. Lgrusjkgi< `g @ghrgw Wdavgrsaty ne Lgrusjkgi.

fu Skjt jyknr, L. :17=. Iyrtnu Sam`jfgs< J Kjtg Hrndzg Jmg _jdotujry ad Oyprus . Nxenrf< Jsìnkgjd Iusgui.

Enmgkad, K. 833=. `g Jro`jgnknmy ne Xgkamanus Xatujk. Jddujk Xgvagw ne Jdt`rnpnknmy ?5,77-=:.

Enmgkad, K. 8330 (gf.). Xgkamand, Jro`jgnknmy, jdf t`g Ijtgrajk ]nrkf . Ojrhndfjkg, Akkadnas<Ogdtgr enr Jro`jgnknmaojk Advgstamjtands, _nut`grd Akkadnas Wdavgrsaty Ojrhndfjkg.

Erjdbgk, F. jdf jivjba :1=?. Oyprant _`radg Infgks jdf Fgonrjtgf nihs. `g Justrjkajd Lnurdjk ne Hahkaojk Jro`jgnknmy 8, ?1-66.

Eratz, L. :1=0. Sjkgnpsyo`nknmy nfjy< Afgjtandjk _ystgis jdf @uijd Jfjptjtand adSrgàstnry, ad< Xgfijd O. (gf.). _noajk Jro`jgnknmy< Hgyndf _uhsastgdog jdf Fjtadm .Dgw Qnrb< Jojfgiao Srgss, ?=-53.

Mggrtz, O. :1=?. `g Adtgrprgtjtand ne Oukturgs . Kndfnd< @utoàsnd jdf On.



:87

Mlgrstjf, G., Kadfrns, L., _lõqvast, G. jdf ]gst`nki, J. :1?6. `g _wgfas` OyprusGxpgfatand A. Eadfs jdf Xgsukts ne t`g Gxojvjtands ad Oyprus :18=-:1?:. _tnob`nki<`g _wgfas` Oyprus Gxpgfatand.

Mkjzagr, _.F. :11=. Adtrnfuotand, ad< Mkjzagr, _.F. (gf.). Jdt`rnpnknm y ne Xgkamand< J

@jdfhnnb . ]gspnrt, Onddgotaout jdf Kndfnd< Mrggdwnnf Srgss, :-:7.@jiakjbas, Q. :110. Gjtadm t`g Fgjf< Inrtujry Egjstadm jdf t`g Snkataos ne Iginry ad t`g

Jgmgjd Hrndzg Jmg _noagtags, ad< Hrjdamjd, B. (gf.). Ogigtgry jdf _noagty ad t`g JgmgjdHrndzg Jmg . _`geeagkf< _`geeagkf Jojfgiao Srgss, ::7-:?8.

@jvakjdf, ].J. 8338. Oukturg jdf t`g _upgrdjturjk, ad< @jvakjdf, ].J., ]jkrjt`, F.,IoHrafg, H. jdf Srads, @.G.K (gfs.). Oukturjk Jdt`rnpnknmy, :3t` Gfatand. Nrkjdfn<@jronurt Hrjog jdf Onipjdy , ?53-?03.

@jwbgs, O. :176. Jro`jgnknmaojk `gnry jdf Igt`nf< _nig _ummgstands erni t`g Nkf ]nrkf. Jigraojd Jdt`rnpnknmast 75, :77-:50.

@jyfgd, H. 833?. _`jijds, _nrogrgrs jdf _jadts . ]jsàdmtnd< _iat`sndajd Hnnbs.

@jytgr, J. :150. Npaui jdf t`g Xnijdtao Aijmadjtand. Kndfnd< Ejhgr jdf Ejhgr.

@grso`gr, G. :11=. Xgprgsgdtjtandjk Xgkage nd Gjrky jdf Iaffkg Oyprant Snttgry, ad<Bjrjmgnrmàs, U., Kjeeadgur X. jdf Ujdfgdjhggkg, E. (gfs.). Enur `nusjdf Qgjrs neAijmgs nd Oyprantg Snttgry, Srnoggfadms en t`g àrf Adtgrdjtandjk Ondegrgdog ne Oyprantg_tufags, Daonsaj, ?-6 Ijy, :115 . Hrussgks, Kaàmg jdf Daonsaj< Kgvgdtas Enudfjtand,

87-?5.

@akk, L.F. :117. Xatujk jdf Xuhhas` ad t`g Arnd Jmg ne ]gssgx< J _tufy nd t`g Enrijtand ne j_pgoaeao Jro`jgnknmaojk Xgonrf . Nxenrf< gipus Xgpjrjtui.

@nffgr, A. 83:3 (gf.). Xgkamand ad t`g Gigrmgdog ne Oavakazjtand< Íjtjk`õyûb js j Ojsg _tufy .Ojihrafmg< Ojihrafmg Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

@nrnwatz, I. 8330. S`kjinufà-Unudjra< J Iukta-Eudotand _atg ad Oyprus, ad< L. _._iat` (gf.). Uagws erni S`kjinufà, Oyprus . Hnstnd< Jigraojd _o`nnks ne NragdtjkXgsgjro`, 51-07.

Ajonvnu, I. :101. _noagty jdf _gttkgigdts ad Kjtg Oyprant AAA, ad< Sgktgdhurm, G. L. (gf.).Gjrky _noagty ad Oyprus . Gfadhurm`< Gfadhurm` Wdavgrsaty Srgss, 78-70.

Ajonvnu, I. :116. `g npnmrjp`y ne ::t` Ogdtury H.O. Oyprus, ad< Bjrjmgnrmàs, U.(gf.). Oyprus ad t`g ::t` Ogdtury H.O. Daonsaj< Kgvgdtas Enudfjtand, :61-:57.

Adsnkk, . 8336. Jro`jgnknmy, Xatujk, Xgkamand. Kndfnd jdf Dgw Qnrb< Xnutkgfmg.

Lukagd, X.I. 8330. J Sraigr ne Frum Jotand< J Oniprg`gdsavg Muafg tn t`g Jotands, Wsgs,jdf _afg Geegots ne Ssyo`njotavg Frums . Dgw Qnrb< ]nrt` Suhkas`grs.

Bjrjmgnrmàs, U. :107. Gxojvjtands jt Batand 7. `g Srg-S`ngdaoajd Kgvgks, Sjrt AA . Daonsaj<Fgpjrtigdt ne Jdtaquatags, Oyprus.

Bjrjmgnrmàs, U. jdf Fgijs, I. :107. Gxojvjtands jt Batand 7. `g Srg-S`ngdaoajd Kgvgks,Sjrt A . Daonsaj< Fgpjrtigdt ne Jdtaquatags, Oyprus.

Bgswjda, S._. :101. Faigdsands ne _noajk @agrjro`y ad Kjtg Hrndzg Jmg Oyprus< Jd

Jdjkysas ne t`g Inrtujry Fjtj erni Gdbnia. Lnurdjk ne Igfatgrrjdgjd Jro`jgnknmy 8:, 61-05.



:85

Bgswjda, S._. :115. @agrjroàgs, @gtgrjroàgs, jdf Wrhjdazjtand Srnogssgs< `g Uagw erniHrndzg Jmg Oyprus. Lnurdjk ne Igfatgrrjdgjd Jro`jgnknmy 1/8, 8::-873.

Bgswjda, S._. 8336. Inrtujry Xatujk jdf _noagty ad Hrndzg Jmg Oyprus . Kndfnd< Gquadnx.

Bkadm, H. :10=. Snttgry Okjssaeaojtand jdf Xgkjtavg O`rndnknmy ne t`g KO AAO ‟ KO AAAJSgranfs, ad< Xupp, F. ]. (gf.). ]gstgrd Oyprus< Onddgotands . _tufags ad Igfatgrrjdgjd

Jro`jgnknmy ==. Mõtghnrm< Sjuk Çstrõis Eõrkjm. 1=-:::.

Bkadm, H. :101. Iyogdjgjd AAAO<:h jdf Xgkjtgf Snttgry ad Oyprus . _tufags ad Igfatgrrjdgjd Jro`jgnknmy 0=. Mõtghnrm< Sjuk Çstrõis Eõrkjm.

Bdjpp, J.H. :105. Onppgr Srnfuotand jdf Favadg Srntgotand< Jro`jgnknmy, Afgnknmy jdf_noajk Onipkgxaty nd Hrndzg Jmg Oyprus . _tufags ad Igfatgrrjdgjd Jro`jgnknmy SnobgtHnnb 68. Mõtghnrm< Sjuk Çstrõis Eõrkjm.

Bdjpp, J.H. :100. Afgnknmy, Jro`jgnknmy jdf Snkaty. Ijd 8?, :??-:5?.

Bdjpp, J.H. :113. Srnfuotand, Knojtand jdf Adtgmrjtand ad Hrndzg Jmg Oyprus. Ourrgdt Jdt`rnpnknmy ?:, :6=-=5.

Bdjpp, J.H. :11?. Snwgr jdf Afgnknmy nd Srgàstnrao Oyprus, ad< @gkkstrõi, S. jdf Jkrnt`,H. (gf.). Xgkamand jdf Snwgr ad t`g Jdoagdt Mrggb wnrkf< Srnoggfadms ne t`g Wppsjkj_yipnsaui :11?. Wppsjkj< Whjkagdsas _. Jojfgiajg, 1-87.

Bdjpp, J.H. :115. _gttkgigdt jdf _noagty nd Kjtg Hrndzg Jmg Oyprus< Fydjiaos jdfFgvgknpigdt, ad< Çstrõi, S. jdf @grso`gr, G. (gfs.). Kjtg Hrndzg Jmg _gttkgigdt adOyprus< Eudotand jdf Xgkjtandsàp. _tufags ad Igfatgrrjdgjd Jro`jgnknmy Snobgt Hnnb:85. Lndsgrgf< Sjuk Çstrõis Eõrkjm.

Bdjpp, J.H. 8330. Srgàstnrao jdf Srntnàstnrao Oyprus< Afgdtaty, Adsukjraty, jdf Onddgotavaty .

Nxenrf< Nxenrf Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Bnso`gk, B. :115. Npaui Jkbjknafs ad j Oyprantg Hjsg Xadm A Ugssgk (Hakhak) ne t`g IaffkgHrndzg Jmg erni Gmypt. Æmyptgd udf Kgvjdtg 5, :71-:55.

Byrajbafas, G. 833=. Ad _gjro` ne Xatujk, ad< Byrajbafas G. (gf.). `g Jro`jgnknmy ne Xatujk .Kns Jdmgkgs< Ontsgd Adstatutg ne Jro`jgnknmy, Wdavgrsaty ne Ojkaenrdaj, Kns Jdmgkgs,:-0.

Byrajbafas, G. 833= (gf.). `g Jro`jgnknmy ne Xatujk . Kns Jdmgkgs< Ontsgd Adstatutg ne Jro`jgnknmy, Wdavgrsaty ne Ojkaenrdaj, Kns Jdmgkgs.

Kgwas-]akkajis, L.F. :111. ]rgstkadm wat` Jdjknmy< J Igt`nfnknmaojk Fakgiij ad WppgrSjkjgnkatào Jrt Xgsgjro`, ad< ]àtkgy, F._. (gf.). Xgjfgr ad Jro`jgnknmaojk `gnry< Snst-

prnogssujk jdf Onmdatavg Jpprnjo`gs . Kndfnd jdf Dgw Qnrb, Xnutkgfmg, :7=-:=7.

Ijffad, X., Iu`ky, L.F. jdf ]`ggkgr, ._. :10?. Igtjk ]nrbadm, ad< Fnt`jd . jdf Hgd-nr, J. (gfs.). Gxojvjtands jt Jtàgdnu, Oyprus :1=:-:1=8 . Zgfgi :5. Lgrusjkgi< `g@ghrgw Wdavgrsaty ne Lgrusjkgi, :?8-:?0.

Ijagr, E.M. :1=7. `g gipkg ne Jp`rnfatg jt Nkf Sjp`ns. Xgpnrt ne t`g Fgpjrtigdt ne Jdtaquatags, Oyprus , 51-03.

Ijagr, E.M. jdf Bjrjmgnrmàs, U. :106. Sjp`ns. @astnry jdf Jro`jgnknmy . Daonsaj< KgvgdtasEnudfjtand.



:8=

Ijddadm, _. :110. O`jdmadm Sjsts jdf _noan-pnkataojk Onmdatand ad Kjtg Hrndzg JmgOyprus. ]nrkf Jro`jgnknmy ?3/:, ?1-70.

Ijrous, L. jdf Ekjddgry, B.U. 8336. `g Ongvnkutand ne Xatujk jdf _noagty< Dgw :6OFjtgs erni Jdoagdt Igxaon. Jdt`rnpnknm y :3:/78, :087=-:085:.

IoKjum`kad, L.K. 833:. `g Ijrzgj` ad t`g Srnp`gtao Katgrjturg, Xgegrgdogs jdf Jkkusands adKam`t ne t`g Gxtrj-Hahkaojk Gvafgdog . Kgafgd< Hrakk.

Igrrakkggs, X._. :158. Npaui rjfg ad t`g Hrndzg Jmg Kgvjdt. Jdtaquaty ?5, 80=-818.

Igrrakkggs, X._. :1=:. `g Gjrky @astnry ne Kjtg Oyprantg A. Kgvjdt ?, 75-=1.

Igrrakkggs, X._. :1=1. Npaui Jmjad ad Jdtaquaty. Kgvjdt ::, :5=-:=:.

Igygr, L._. jdf Zugdzgr, K.E. 8337. Ssyo`np`jrijonknmy< Frums, t`g Hrjad, jdf Hg`jvanr ._udfgrkjdf, Ijssjoùsgtts< _adjugr Jssnoajtgs.

Inrras, H. 8335. Xgkamand jdf Jdt`rnpnknmy< J Orataojk Adtrnfuotand. Ojihrafmg< Ojihrafmg

Wdavgrsaty Srgss.Iu`ky, L.F. :107. `g Kjtg Hrndzg Jmg ad Oyprus< J 87 Qgjr Xgtrnspgot, ad< Bjrjmgnrmàs,

U. (gf.). Jro`jgnknmy ad Oyprus :153-:107 . Daonsaj< Kgvgdtas Enudfjtand, 83-65.

Iu`ky, L.F. :101. `g Nrmjdasjtand ne t`g Onppgr Adfustry ad Kjtg Hrndzg Jmg Oyprus,ad< Sgktgdhurm, G.L. (gf.). Gjrky _noagty ad Oyprus . Gfadhurm`< Gfadhurm` WdavgrsatySrgss, 810-?:6.

Dgmha, N. :105. `g Okaijx ne Wrhjd Fgvgknpigdt ad Hrndzg Jmg Oyprus. Xgpnrt ne t`gFgpjrtigdt ne Jdtaquatags, Oyprus , 1=-:8:.

Sjrbgr Sgjrsnd, I. :111. `g Jro`jgnknmy ne Fgjt` jdf Hurajk . Onkkgmg _tjtand< gxjs

JjdfI Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Sgjteagkf, J. :10:. Xgvagw ne Bjrjmgnrmàs, L. :11=. Kj mrjdfg fágssg fg O`yprg gt sndouktg, ã trjvgrs k‑aondnmrjpàg, fg k‑ápnqug dánkatàqugju Uaàig s. j.O. Lnurdjk ne@gkkgdao _tufags :3:, :07.

Sgktgdhurm, G.L. :115. Erni Asnkjtand tn _tjtg Enrijtand ad Oyprus, o. ?733-:733 H.O.,ad< Bjrjmgnrmàs, U. jdf Iao`jgkafgs, F. (gfs.). `g Fgvgknpigdt ne t`g Oyprant Gondniy

erni t`g Srgàstnrao Sgranf tn t`g Srgsgdt Fjy . Daonsaj< Wdavgrsaty ne Oyprus, :=-6?.

Snpg, I.@. :1=8. J Favadg Hjdqugt jt Wmjrat, ad< Gearf, L. I. (gf.). `g Wsg ne t`gNkf gstjigdt ad t`g Dgw jdf Nt`gr Gssjys. _tufags ad @ndnur ne Erjdbkad _tadgspradm .

Fur`ji< Fubg Wdavgrsaty Srgss, :=3-83?.Xætso`, O. 8337. `g Gdoyoknpgfaj ne Ssyo`njotavg Skjdts< Gt`dnp`jrijonknmy jdf ats

Jppkaojtands . Xno`gstgr< Sjrb _trggt Srgss.

Xgdergw, O. :107. `g Jro`jgnknmy ne Oukt< `g _jdotujry jt S`ykjbnpa . Jt`gds< `g Hratas`_o`nnk ne Jro`jgnknmy jt Jt`gds.

Xgdergw, O. 833=. `g Jro`jgnknmy ne Xatujk, ne Oukt, jdf ne Xgkamand, ad< Byrajbafas, G.833=(gf.). `g Jro`jgnknmy ne Xatujk . Kns Jdmgkgs, Ontsgd Adstatutg ne Jro`jgnknmy,Wdavgrsaty ne Ojkaenrdaj< Kns Jdmgkgs, :31-:88.



:80

_o`jo`dgr, M. 833:. Xatujk Ondtrnk jdf rjdsenrijtand ad Iaffkg-Xjdmg _noagtags< JdGxjipkg erni t`g Jigraojd _nut`wgst. Lnurdjk ne Jdt`rnpnknmaojk Jro`jgnknmy 83,:50-:16.

_`jdbs, I. jdf akkgy, O. :108. Afgnknmy, _yihnkao Snwgr jdf Xatujk Oniiudaojtand,

ad< @nffgr, A. (gf.). _yihnkao jdf _truoturjk Jro`jgnknmy . Ojihrafmg< OjihrafmgWdavgrsaty Srgss, :81-:76.

_iat`, L._. 8331. Jrt jdf _noagty ad Oyprus erni t`g Hrndzg Jmg adtn t`g Arnd Jmg . Ojihrafmg<Ojihrafmg Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

_nut`, J.B. 8330. Egjstadm ad Oyprus< J Uagw erni Bjkjvjsns, ad< @atoònob, K.J.,Kjeeadgur, X. jdf Ornwkgy, L. (gfs.). FJA_, `g Jgmgjd Egjst, Srnoggfadms ne t`g :8tÀdtgrdjtandjk Jgmgjd Ondegrgdog, 87-81 Ijro` 8330, `g Wdavgrsaty ne Igkhnurdg .

Jgmjgui 81. Kaàmg< Wdavgrsatá fg Kaàmg, ?31-?:7.

_parn, I.G. :10=. Oukturg jdf @uijd Djturg . Oàojmn< Oàojmn Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

_tjogy, X. 8330. Gijak sgdt tn F. Onkkjrf ? Fgogihgr 8330 .

_tggk, K. :110. `g _noajk Aipjot ne Iyogdjgjd Aipnrtgf Snttgry ad Oyprus. Jddujk ne t`gHratas` _o`nnk jt Jt`gds 1?, 807-815.

_tggk, K. 8338. ]adg, ]nigd jdf _ndm< Fradbadm Xatujk ad Oyprus ad t`g Kjtg Hrndzgjdf Gjrky Arnd Jmgs, ad< Hnkmgr, F. jdf _grwadt, D. (gfs.). Gdmgdfgradm Jp`rnfatg<]nigd jdf _noagty ad Jdoagdt Oyprus, Hnstnd< Jigraojd _o`nnks ne Nragdtjk Xgsgjro`,

:37-::1.

_tggk, K. 8336j . J Mnnfky Egjst... J Oup ne Igkknw ]adg< Egjstadm ad Hrndzg Jmg Oyprus,ad< ]ram`t, L.O. (gf.). `g Iyogdjgjd Egjst . Sradogtnd< Jigraojd _o`nnk ne Okjssaojk

_tufags jt Jt`gds, :5:-:03._tggk, K. 8336h. Oyprus Hgenrg @astnry . Kndfnd< Fuobwnrt`.

_tggk, K. 83:3. Kjtg Oyprantg Ogrjiao Srnfuotand< @gtgrjro`y nr @agrjro`y, ad< Hnkmgr,F. jdf Ijmuarg, K.O. (gfs.). `g Fgvgknpigdt ne Srg-_tjtg Oniiudatags ad t`g JdoagdtDgjr Gjst . Nxenrf jdf Njbvakkg< Nxhnw Hnnbs, :35-::5.

_wady, _. 8330. Ne Onws, Onppgr, Onigrs, jdf Oukt< `g Gigrmgdog net`g OyprantHrndzg Jmg. Dgjr Gjstgrd Jro`jgnknmy =:/:-8, 6:-7:.

rammgr, H. 833?. Wdfgrstjdfadm Gjrky Oavakazjtands< J Onipjrjtavg _tufy . Ojihrafmg<Ojihrafmg Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

]jsakgwjsbj, G. :116. `g _gjro` enr t`g Aipnssahkg< `g Jro`jgnknmy ne Xgkamand neSrgàstnrao _noagtags js jd Jdt`rnpnknmaojk Fasoapkadg. Lnurdjk ne Srgàstnrao Xgkamand 0, 58-=7.

]ghh, L.I. :107. `g Adoasgf _ojpukjg, ad< Bjrjmgnrmàs, U. jdf Fgijs, I. (gfs.).Gxojvjtands jt Batand 7. `g Srg-S`ngdaoajd Kgvgks, Sjrt A . Daonsaj< Fgpjrtigdt ne

Jdtaquatags, Oyprus, ?:6-?80.

]ghh, L.I. :118. Eudgrjry Afgnknmy ad Hrndzg Jmg Oyprus< nwjrf t`g Xgonmdatand jdf Jdjkysas ne Oyprantg Xatujk Fjtj, ad< Anjddafgs, J.M. (gf.). _tufags ad @ndnur ne UjssnsBjrjmgnrmàs . Daonsaj< Kgvgdtas Enudfjtand, 0=-11.



:81

]ghh, L.I. :111. Xatujk Jroàtgoturg, Aondnmrjp`y jdf Srjotaog ad t`g Kjtg Oyprant Hrndzg Jmg. _tufags ad Igfatgrrjdgjd Jro`jgnknmy Snobgt Hnnb =7. Lndsgrgf< Sjuk ÇstrõisEõrkjm.

]ghh, L.I. 833:. `g _jdotujry ne t`g Admnt Mnf jt Gdbnia< J Dgw Xgjfadm ne ats

Ondstruotand, Wsg jdf Jhjdfndigdt, ad< Easo`gr, S.I. (gf.). Ondtrahutands tn t`g Jro`jgnknmy jdf @astnry ne t`g Hrndzg jdf Arnd Jmgs ad t`g Gjstgrd Igfatgrrjdgjd. _tufagsad @ndnur ne Sjuk Çstrõi. Uagddj< Õstgrrgaoàs`gs Jro`ænknmaso`gs Adstatut, 51-08.

]ghh, L.I. jdf Erjdbgk, F. 8330. Eadg ]jrg Ogrjiaos, Ondsuiptand jdf Oniigdsjkaty<Igo`jdasis ne @nrazndtjk jdf Ugrtaojk Adtgmrjtand ad Gjrky Hrndzg Jmg Oyprus,ad< @atoònob, K.J., Kjeeadgur, X. jdf Ornwkgy, L. (gfs.). FJA_, `g Jgmgjd Egjst,Srnoggfadms ne t`g :8t` Adtgrdjtandjk Jgmgjd Ondegrgdog, 87-81 Ijro` 8330, `gWdavgrsaty ne Igkhnurdg . Jgmjgui 81. Kaàmg< Wdavgrsatá fg Kaàmg, 80=-817.

]àtkgy, F._. jdf @jys-Makpad, B. (gfs.). 8330. Hgkage ad t`g Sjst< `gnrgtaojk Jpprnjo`gs tnt`g Jro`jgnknmy ne Xgkamand. ]jkdut Orggb, Ojkaenrdaj< Kget Onjst Srgss.

]yjtt, D. 8338. Xgkamanus gxts erni Wmjrat, 8df Gfatand. Kndfnd< _`geeagkf JojfgiaoSrgss.

]ykag, J. :107. `g Xgjotand Jmjadst Jdjknmy, ad< _oàeegr, I. (gf.). Jfvjdogs ad Jro`jgnknmaojk Igt`nf jdf `gnry. Unk.0 . Nrkjdfn< Jojfgiao Srgss, 5?-:::.



:?:

O`jptgr =

Onkndajk gdtjdmkgigdts jdf ouktao`gtgrnmgdgaty nd Xnig‑s Mgrijdaoerndtagr

Bjrai Ijtj :

Jhstrjot

Xnijd gxpjdsand adtn t`g Xàdgkjdf wjs enkknwgf hy ogdturags ne rgkamanusgdtjdmkgigdts t`jt advnkvgf t`g adtgrjotands ne adfavafujks jdf oniiudatagswat` j vjragty ne hjobmrnudfs, adtgrgsts jdf jmgdfjs, jdf, nvgr taig, jd jrrjy neouktao djrrjtavgs jdf prjotaogs wjs ijadtjadgf, trjdsenrigf jdf jhjdfndgf. `gdntand ne ouktao gtgrnmgdgaty usgf ad tàs fasoussand as adenrigf hy t`g pgrogptandt`jt jkk snoajk ondstruots jrg rgprnfuogf t`rnum` ondtadunus jeearijtand vas-ã-vas gxtgdt jktgrdjtavgs. Ouktao fasonursg as ad`grgdtky `gtgrnmgdgnus fug tn t`gfasorgpjdt jttatufgs, jhakatags jdf jotands ne satujtgf jmgdts. às wakk hg gxpknrgfhy ondsafgradm t`g syihnkao djrrjtavgs jdf ratujk prjotaogs jssnoajtgf wat` t`g@groukgs Ijmusjdus oukt nd Xnig‑s Mgrijdao erndtagr.

Bgywnrfs< oukt, ratujk, fasonursg, `gtgrnmgdgaty, @groukgs, Xnijd, onkndajkasi.

Adtrnfuotand

Ad t`g gam`t` ogdtury JF, t`g Futo` ogdtrjk ravgr jrgj enrigf j ondtgstgf hnrfgrzndg hgtwggd j O`rastajdazgf _nut` jdf pjmjd Dnrt`. At wjs j taig w`gd ejatèuksgrvjdts ne t`g O`rastajd Mnf trjvgrsgf nstakg kjdfs wat` t`g jai ne ondvgrtadm t`gErasajd pgnpkg (jkhnt :1762 @gafadmj :111). Wdfgr t`g kgjfgrsàp ne ]akkahrnrf,jd Jdmkn-_jxnd indb erni Dnrtùihraj w`n wnukf hgonig bdnwd js t`g ‐jpnstkgtn t`g Erasajds‑, suo` geenrts advnkvgf t`g fgstruotand ne pjmjd ratujk spjogs jdf t`gorgjtand ne O`rastajd satgs ne wnrsàp. `gsg adoursands faf dnt mn udondtgstgfne onursg, jdf, dnt adergqugdtky, iassandjrags wgrg bakkgf jdf oùro`gs fgstrnygf.

: Fgpjrtigdt ne Jdt`rnpnknmy, Wdavgrsaty ne Oàojmn, ::85 Gjst 71t` _trggt Oàojmn, AK 535?= W_JbijtjCuoàojmn.gfu.



:?8

Jpjrt erni `jrhnradm jd udfgrstjdfjhkg `gsatjdog enr jhjdfndadm kndm-`gkfhgkages, t`g Erasajds udfnuhtgfky udfgrstnnf t`jt t`g gvjdmgkazadm iassands adtnt`gar tgrratnry wgrg pjrt ne j wafgr geenrt hy t`g O`rastajd Erjdbs tn mjad pnkataojkfniadjdog nvgr t`g rgmand. _uo` iassandjry wnrb wjs fndg hy ndg ne ]akkahrnrf‑s

fasoapkgs, jd Aras` Hgdgfaotadg indb hy t`g djig ne ]grgderagf, w`n wnukf onigtn hg jssnoajtgf wat` jd 0t` ogdtury oùro` jt prgsgdt-fjy Gkst. Ats knojtand neegrgfj strjtgmao pnadt ne joogss adtn Erasajd tgrratnry. Wpnd às fgjt`, t`g indb wjshuragf t`grg, jdf t`g tnih ne _t. ]grgderagf wnukf hgonig j pkjog ne pakmraijmgenr t`nsg knnbadm tn rgkagvg jrt`ratao pjads nr aiprnvg `nrtaoukturjk geenrts. Ad t`grnkg ne pjtrnd sjadt, ]grgderagf wnukf onig tn pkjy jd aipnrtjdt pjrt ad t`gàstnraojk djrrjtavgs prnfuogf hy oniiudatags t`rnum`nut t`g rgmand.

às hrage aiprgssand ne Gjrky Igfagvjk rgkamanus gdtjdmkgigdts rgvgjkst`g adtgrjotand ne adfavafujks jdf oniiudatags wat` faeegrgdt afgdtatags jdfhjobmrnudfs, t`g pnkataoazjtand jdf ondtgstjtand ne rgkamanus djrrjtavgs, ratujks jdf

spjogs, js wgkk js t`g advnkvgigdt ne pgrsndjk ondvaotands jdf puhkao aijmadjrags. ]g ojd gxpgot gqujkky onipkgx satujtands tn `jvg jrasgd ad Xnijd taigs. Xnijdgxpjdsand adtn t`g Xàdgkjdf wjs enkknwgf hy ogdturags ne rgkamanus gdtjdmkgigdtst`jt advnkvgf t`g adtgrjotands ne adfavafujks jdf oniiudatags wat` j vjragty nehjobmrnudfs, adtgrgsts jdf jmgdfjs, jdf, nvgr taig, j rjdmg ne ouktao fasonursgs wjsprnfuogf, trjdsenrigf jdf jhjdfndgf. Iy ondtrahutand tn tàs onkkgotand ne pjpgrsnd t`g jro`jgnknmy ne ratujk ejakurg advnkvgs jd gxpknrjtand ne t`g `gtgrnmgdgaty nesyihnkao djrrjtavgs jdf ratujk prjotaogs js tàs pgrtjads tn t`g @groukgs Ijmusjdus oukt nd Xnig‑s Mgrijdao erndtagr.

Ad tàs fasoussand, oukt rgegrs tn j rgkamanus oniiudaty w`nsg igihgrs

gdmjmg wat` j ogrtjad sgt ne rgprgsgdtjtandjk ratujks, hgkages, nhlgots jdf spjogs enrt`g eukeakigdt ne sparatujk jdf sgoukjr dggfs. Oukts jrg snoajkky rgprnfuogf jdfàstnraojkky satujtgf oniiudatags t`jt npgrjtg watàd j kjrmgr systgi ne s`jrgfinrjkatags jdf wnrkfvagws. ]`gd gdigs`gf ad pnkataojk strummkgs, oukts ijy hgusgf enr t`g gxpkaoat oniiudaojtand ne fniadjdt afgnknmags jdf t`g aipkaoatrgprnfuotand ne gxastadm rgkjtands ne pnwgr. Jt t`g sjig taig, iyrajf nppnrtudatagsjrasg enr suhnrfadjtg adfavafujks jdf mrnups tn rgprnfuog, trjdsenri nr jhjdfnd t`genri, ondtgdt jdf igjdadm ne t`gsg snoajk ondstruots. _uo` fajkgotao adtgrjotandshgtwggd fniadjdt jdf suhnrfadjtg fasonursgs prnfuog hnt` fajo`rndao o`jdmgjdf sydo`rndao vjrajhakaty, nr, ad nt`gr wnrfs, ouktao `gtgrnmgdgaty. às dntand

ne ouktao `gtgrnmgdgaty as ijadky adenrigf t`gd hy t`g rgjkazjtand t`jt jdy snoajkfasonursg, w`gt`gr udfgrstnnf js fniadjdt nr suhnrfadjtg, as rgprnfuogf t`rnumòndtadunus jeearijtand vas-ã-vas rgjk nr aijmadgf jktgrdjtavgs, jdf t`grgenrg jkwjys‐jt rasb‑ ne hgadm trjdsenrigf hy t`g struoturgf aiprnvasjtand ne satujtgf jmgdts(Hnurfagu :1==2 Onijrnee jdf Onijrnee :11:).8 _uo` `gtgrnmgdgaty tgdfs tnerustrjtg t`g rgfuotavg tgdfgdoags ne jro`jgnknmasts sggbadm tn udfgrstjdf snoajkfasonursgs, jdf t`g oarouistjdogs t`jt mjvg rasg tn t`gi. Nur fasoapkadjry adtgrgstsjdf prjotaogs fravg t`g sgjro` enr pjttgrds, jdf wg jrg quaob tn dnrijkazg t`g

8 Okjais ne fasoursavg `ninmgdgaty jrg oniindky ijfg ad snoajk fasonursgs, hut amdnradm t`gar jotujk`gtgrnmgdgaty rasbs o`jddgkkadm t`g pnkataojk prnmrjis ne nur àstnraojk suhlgots.



:??

nhsgrvjhkg jdf saipkaey t`g onipkgx. Jro`jgnknmaojk djrrjtavgs jrg prnfuogf wat`j hnfy ne gvafgdog t`jt as js hajsgf js nur sàetadm adtgrgsts, jdf t`g tgdfgdoy tnamdnrg nr rgfuog pjst onipkgxatags `js prnvgd tgdjoanus (rnuakknt :117, :12 Adsnkk8336, :82 Ln`dsnd 8335, :8?).

At sn `jppgds t`jt ]grgderagf‑s oùro` wjs huakt nd t`g gxjot spnt w`grg jtgipkg ne @groukgs Ijmusjdus stnnf ogdturags hgenrg (Hnmjgrs :1772 Fgrbs 8338).`g fastrahutand ne instky jro`jgnknmaojk jdf gpamrjpào gvafgdog enr às ouktgxtgdfs t`rnum`nut t`g Knwgr Xàdgkjdf w`grg jd gjrkagst jssnoajtand hgtwggdj djtavg Ijmusjdus jdf Xnijd @groukgs sggis tn `jvg hggd ijfg ad t`g gjrkyearst ogdtury JF (Fgrbs :11:, 87:). _n ejr, t`rgg ratujk satgs `jvg hggd jssnoajtgfwat` tàs fgaty, jdf jkk jrg knojtgf ad t`g tgrratnry ne t`g Hjtjvajds (Eamurg 8:), jdafgdtaty t`jt jrnsg furadm t`g trahjk rgsùeekadm ne t`g Xàdgkjdf ad t`g fgojfgsenkknwadm Ojgsjr‑s Mjkkao wjrs (70-73 HO). `g Ijmusjdus oukt `js hggd mavgd jdaipnrtjdt rnkg ad s`jpadm t`g wjys tàs oniiudaty enrmgf j pkjog enr atsgke ad t`g

Xnijd Giparg (Xnyijds 8336). Ats sjdotujrags jrg jssuigf tn `jvg hggd satgsw`grg oniiudjk egjsts wgrg stjmgf tn oniiginrjtg oniiudjk nramads, w`grggkatgs onipgtgf enr snoajk stjdfadm, jdf w`grg igd gdmjmgf ad ijrtajk ratgs-ne-pjssjmg jdf pgrsndjk vntavg ratujks (Fgrbs :110, 102 Xnyijds 8331, 8?8).?

Xgogdt rgsgjro` nd @groukgs Ijmusjdus (Fgrbs :1102 Xnyijds 8331) `jshggd o`jrjotgrastaojkky Ijrxast-struoturjkast ad nutknnb, suo` t`jt at gip`jsazgs t`gaipnrtjdog ne gdfuradm vjkug-systgis mrnudfgf ad gondniao infgs ne gxastgdog.Erni tàs pgrspgotavg, jro`jgnknmaojk fastrahutands ne oukt prjotaog `jvg hggdjssnoajtgf wat` inrg-nr-kgss fastadot kjdfsojpgs6, w`grghy t`g jppgjk ne @groukgsad t`g knwkjdfs ne t`g Xnijd-Mgrijdao erndtagr zndg as gxpkjadgf hy t`gigs

oniindky jssnoajtgf wat` tàs pjrtaoukjr fgaty ‟ ijrtajkaty, ijsoukadg prnwgss,pjstnrjk kaegwjys jdf jfvgdturnus gxpknrjtand. @groukgs sggis tn `jvg hggd afgjkkysuatgf tn sgrvg js t`g pjtrnd ne djtavg snkfagrs jdf pjstnrjkasts, jdf js igfajtnrhgtwggd Xnijd oavakazjtand jdf Mgrijdao hjrhjraty (Xnyijds 8331, 8??).

Enudfjtand iyt`s jrg jksn vagwgf js aipnrtjdt gkgigdts ad t`g ondstruotandne aijmadgf àstnrags t`jt sgrvgf tn fgeadg t`g onkkgotavg afgdtatags jdf sgke-aijmgne knojk mrnups. J ‐iyt`nknmaojk jdo`nradm ne Ogktn-Mgrijdao mrnups ad t`g Xnijdwnrkf ‑ noourrgf t`rnum` j sydorgtao prnogss w`grghy knojk fgatags wgrg afgdtaeagf

? Jro`jgnknmaojk advgstamjtand ad t`g Hjtjvajd `nigkjdf pjadts j paoturg ne j snoagty kjrmgky fniadjtgfhy t`g iakatjry sp`grg, w`grghy t`g rnkg ne prg-Xnijd ijrtajk jdf pjstnrjk afgnknmags, jdf t`g‐suatjhakaty‑ ne t`g Hjtjvajd oniiudaty enr Xnijd iakatjry rgoruatigdt, `js egjturgf aipnrtjdtky(Xnyijds 8336).

6 Fgrbs (:110), enr gxjipkg, nhsgrvgs t`jt t`g fastrahutand ne sydorgtao Ijrs fgfaojtands as praijraky

rgstraotgf tn j snut`grd jmraoukturjk zndg wàkg t`nsg tn @groukgs Ijmusjdus jrg ijadky enudf jornsst`g pjstnrjk knwkjdfs ne t`g dnrt`grd ravgr jdf onjstjk jrgjs.



:?6

wat` t`nsg erni t`g Mrgon-Xnijd pjdt`gnd (Xnyijds 8331, 8?7).7 ]àkg jdjssnoajtand wat` Xnig‑s enudfjtand iyt` `js dnt hggd ondsafgrgf ad t`g ojsg ne

Ijmusjdus , t`g Hjtjvajds ijy wgkk `jvg okjaigf fgsogdt erni @groukgs àisgke(Fgrbs :110, :::). At as eurt`grinrg `gkf t`jt fgsogdt iyt`s wgrg dnt aipnsgf hyXnig, hut wgrg wakkadmky jdf jotavgky jpprnprajtgf hy knojk jrastnorjts w`n wgrg adt`g hgst pnsatand tn kgjrd jhnut Mrgon-Xnijd iyt`nknmy (Xnyijds 8331, 887).

7 Vg usg ne sydorgtasi `grg faffigrs kattkg erni iaf 83t` ogdtury jdt`rnpnknmaojk enriukjtands.@grsbnvats, enr gxjipkg, jrmugs nw sydorgtasi noours jt taigs ne oukturjk adtgrjotand jdf rgsukts erni‐t`g tgdfgdoy tn afgdtaey t`nsg gkgigdts ad t`g dgw oukturg wat` saiakjr gkgigdts ad t`g nkf ndg, gdjhkadmt`g pgrsnds gxpgragdoadm t`g ondtjot tn invg erni ndg tn t`g nt`gr, jdf hjob jmjad, wat` psyo`nknmaojk gjsg ‑(@grsbnvats :155, 7=2 sgg Jptgr 8336 enr j fasoussand). Xnijd jro`jgnknmasts `jvg onig tn gihrjogt`g ondogpt gvgr sadog djtavasts `jvg urmgf enr j rgjssgssigdt ne t`g wafgky usgf adtgrprgtjtan Xnijdj

ondogpt (t`g rgonmdatand ne favadg rgspndsahakaty jdf ojpjhakaty ad knojk fgatags hy Xnijd nutsafgrs)wào` amdnrgs adfamgdnus pgrogptands.

Eamurg 8:. Sjkgnmgnmrjpào rgondstruotand ne t`g Dgt`grkjdfs ad t`g rst ogdtury JF, wat`

satgs jdf trahjk mrnups igdtandgf ad t`g tgxt.



:?7

Ad nt`gr wnrfs, djtavg gkatgs jrg trgjtgf js t`g praijry prnintgrs ne t`g fniadjdtfasonursg, jdf t`g oniiudaty-wafg jfnptand ne dgw djrrjtavgs jdf ratujks.5

`g pnst-onkndajk pgrspgotavgs t`jt adekugdogf Xnijd jro`jgnknmy furadmt`g :103s jdf :113s `jvg s`jpgf adtgrprgtjtands ad t`g Knwgr Xàdgkjdf js wgkk

(Hrjdft jdf _knestrj :10?2 Hkjmm jdf Iakkgtt :1132 Iakkgtt :1132 Fgrbs :11:2Xnyijds :117). Jro`jgnknmasts wnrbadm erni j djtavast pnadt-ne-vagw typaojkkyudfgrsonrg Xnijd kjassgz-ejar jttatufgs wàkg gip`jsazadm t`g rnkg ne djtavg gkatgsad jooukturjtand prnogssgs. Ad t`g Knwgr Xàdgkjdf spgoaeaojkky, j fastadotand tgdfstn hg ijfg hgtwggd dnd-adtgrvgdtand ad afgnknmaojk jdf gondniao fnijads ndt`g ndg `jdf jdf pnkataojk jdf iakatjry aipnsatand nd t`g nt`gr (Fgrbs :111,?77). Fgspatg tàs jffgf dujdog, gkatgs jdf djtavg snkfagrs ondtadug tn frjwso`nkjrky jttgdtand enr t`gar pgrogavgf ogdtrjkaty ad Xnijdn-Hjtjvajd rgkjtandsjdf t`g prnfuotand ne gt`dao fasonursg. ]àkg tàs ogdtrjkaty ne gkatgs ad knojktrjdsenrijtand prnogssgs ad t`g rgmand as prnhkgijtao fug tn t`gar dgjr jhsgdog

ad t`g jro`jgnknmaojk rgonrf (Ujd Fragk-Iurrjy 8338, 833), j rgstraotavg enousnd t`g jssgrtavg rnkg ne pjrtaoukjr snoajk mrnups (g.m. iakatjry igd) rgijadsprnhkgijtao erni j t`gnrgtaojk pnadt-ne-vagw js wgkk (Ijtj 83:8, ?5). Hy pkjoadmt`g rgspndsahakaty ne sydorgtao afgdtaeaojtands squjrgky ad t`g `jdfs ne jssgrtavg knojkgkatgs, djtavasts jvg fnwdpkjygf t`g adtgrgsts ne onkndajk jut`nratags jdf dgmkgotgft`g `gtgrnmgdgaty ne snoajk ondstruots.

Ad ondsafgradm t`g ondtrahutands ne adfamgdnus pnpukjtands tn onkndajkgdtjdmkgigdts, pnst-onkndajk jro`jgnknmasts `jvg jrmugf t`jt t`g jrravjk ne ‐onkndajk‑ijtgrajks ad knojk ondtgxts ojddnt saipky hg gxpkjadgf ad tgris ne t`g jfnptand nejssnoajtgf vjkugs jdf hg`jvanurs (Ijttadmky :11=2 ]ghstgr :11=). Ad nt`gr wnrfs,

t`g prgsgdog ne ‐Xnijd‑ ijtgrajks jdf prjotaogs ojddnt spgjb tn t`gar snoajk rnkgad knojk ondtgxts ad jdy okgjr-out wjy. ]àkg tàs as j oruoajk pnadt, at as jksn trugt`jt knojk trjdsenrijtands noourrgf udfgr aipnsgf ondfatands, jdf, gspgoajkky ad jiakatjry erndtagr zndg, iust hg gxjiadgf wat` Xnijd pnkataon-iakatjry strjtgmagsjdf afgnknmaojk fasonursgs ad iadf. Jt t`g sjig taig, onkndajk jut`nratags jdf t`garjmgdts jrg rjrgky jhkg tn gdsurg t`g joogptjdog ne fniadjdt fasonursgs hy snoajksuhnrfadjtgs, gvgd udfgr ondfatands ne gxtrgig aipnsatand. às onipkgxaty `jshggd rgonmdazgf hy t`nsg jro`jgnknmasts w`n trgjt onkndajk gdonudtgrs js adtraojtggdtjdmkgigdts ne gihgffgf adtgrgsts jdf strjtgmags pursugf hy j wafg vjragty neadfavafujks jdf mrnups (Ujd Fniigkgd 83382 _tgad 83372 Fagtkgr 83:3).

Wdfgr onkndajk ondfatands, ouktao, gt`dao jdf nt`gr snoajk fasonursgs jrgrgprnfuogf ad `gtgrnmgdgnus wjys fug tn t`g udfgrstjdfadms, ojpjoatags jdfjotands ne knojk jmgdts wat` faeegrgdt snoan-oukturjk hjobmrnudfs jdf faspnsatands(_`gddjd :1012 Lndgs :11=). `nsg wat` t`g àm`gst jro`jgnknmaojk jdf àstnraojk

5 Jd ‐afgnknmaojk onrg‑ as t`num`t tn `jvg pgrsastgf jetgr j enrijtavg pgranf ne Hjtjvajd gt`dnmgdgsasfgspatg t`g snoajk jdf gondniao trjdsenrijtands t`jt enkknwgf (Fgrbs 8331, 850). _uo` ondtaduatyas jrmugf enr hgojusg kjrmg-sojkg sgttkgigdt ne enrgamd vgtgrjds dgvgr sggi tn `jvg tjbgd pkjog ad t`grgmand w`grg t`g ndky sjdotujrags ne @groukgs Ijmusjdus wgrg knojtgf, wàkg t`g induigdtjkazjtandne t`g sjdotujrags jrnudf :33 JF as tjbgd js j tgstjigdt tn t`gar ondtadugf aipnrtjdog enr t`gHjtjvajd oniiudaty. Ad ondtrjst, t`g enudfjtand ne Xnijd onkndags, t`g adux ne enrgamdgrs, jdf

t`g gstjhkasìgdt ne j puhkao Ijrs oukt ad t`g Mgrijd Xàdgkjdf jrg t`num`t tn `jvg ojusgf t`gijrmadjkazjtand ne @groukgs t`grg (Xnyijds 8331, 8?3).



:?5

vasahakaty jrg onkndajk jut`nratags, knojk gkatgs, jdf t`g jrtasts jdf adtgkkgotujks t`gygipkny. às vasahakaty rgsukts erni t`g suoogsseuk aipnsatand jdf dnrijkazjtandne t`gar jut`nraty jdf t`gar fniadjdog nvgr pnkataojk, iakatjry jdf rgkamanusadstatutands. @nwgvgr, t`gar ondstruots jrg jkwjys npgd tn wafgr adtgrprgtjtand

jdf jpprnprajtand hgojusg t`gsg jrg ouktavjtgf ad t`g puhkao fnijad (_trggts 8336,:67). _uhjktgrds amdnrg, jfnpt, nr trjdsenri fniadjdt fasonursgs enr t`gar nwdhgdgeat, wat` t`gar ondtgdt adtgrprgtgf jdf jpprnprajtgf ad joonrfjdog wat` knojkknmaos. _uo` fydjiaos jkknw enr t`gar survavjk hgyndf t`g enrijtavg oarouistjdogsudfgr wào` t`gy wgrg enrmgf, wàkg saiuktjdgnusky jssastadm t`g prnfuotand nejktgrdjtavgs. Ad rgspndsg tn suo` o`jkkgdmgs, fniadjdt fasonursgs jrg ondtadunuskyrgenriukjtgf ad nrfgr tn rgijad pnkataojkky geegotavg. At as t`rnum` suo` fajkgotaost`jt wg ijy gxpgot syihnkao djrrjtavgs jdf ratujk prjotaogs tn pgrsast, ejak nrtrjdsenri.

@groukgjd Iuktavjkgdog

Iuktavjkgdog wjs jd ad`grgdt jspgot ne Xnijd rgkamand. às as okgjrky s`nwd hyt`g wafg vjragty ne pjrtaoapjdts ad jdy sadmkg oukt, hut jksn ad t`g wjy syihnkaodjrrjtavgs jdf ratujk prjotaogs jf dn rgjk ondstjdoy2 js satujtandjk ondstruots, t`gywgrg gvgr-jflustgf tn knojk jdf astnraojk oarouistjdogs. @groukgs wjs ondtadunuskyjpprnprajtgf jdf rgadvgdtgf, wat` fasonursgs hgoniadm adorgjsadmky pnkataoazgffug tn t`g pnwgr strummkgs jdf aipgrajkast gdfgjvnrs ne t`g Kjtg Xgpuhkao pgranf(Mjkgdsby :1=82 Xattgr :117).= Faeegrgdt t`gijtao jssnoajtands wgrg ijfg hy jwafg vjragty ne mrnups jdf adfavafujks. Enr Xnijds, @groukgs enr j kndm taig `jf

praijraky hggd j prntgotnr ne oniigroajk jotavatags. At sggis t`g favadg `grn w`ngpatniazgf t`g sgjro` enr rgwjrfs erni pgraknus kjhnr wjs gjsaky jssnoajtgf wat` t`gudogrtjadtags ad`grgdt ad oniigrog jdf trjvgk, jdf às sjdotujrags jrg oniindkyenudf jkndm trjfg jdf trjdsùijdog rnutgs, jdf dgjr gipnraj, ijrbgts jdf ejars(Hnwfgd jdf Xjwkadms 8337). Ouktao ratujks advnkvgf igro`jdts fgfaojtadm jpnrtand ne t`gar prneats (fgouij ) tn @groukgs, tn gdsurg às prntgotand.

Js Xnig‑s iakatjry gdtgrprasgs gxpjdfgf furadm t`g Xgpuhkaojd pgranf,@groukgs adorgjsadmky hgojig jssnoajtgf wat` t`g ijrtajk sp`grg, suo` t`jt t`goukts ne @groukgs Advaotus (Wdondqugrgf @groukgs) jdf @groukgs Uaotnr (@groukgst`g Ondqugrnr), hnt` knojtgf ad t`g enrui Hnjraui, rnsg tn prniadgdog. Js Xnig‑s

inst jdoagdt enrui, tàs sjorgf spjog adorgjsadmky watdgssgf t`g nrmjdazjtand nepuhkao trauip`s jdf kjvas` hjdqugts (gpukui) stjmgf hy prniadgdt Xnijd kgjfgrsw`n onipgtgf enr prgstamg jdf pnpukjr suppnrt (Skutjro` Orjssus :8.82 Bndfnkgnd

= Vg t`gijtao rgpgrtnarg enudf t`rnum`nut t`g ]gstgrd Igfatgrrjdgjd as am`ky vjragf. @groukgs wjsjssnoajtgf wat` j hrnjf rjdmg ne t`gigs, adokufadm `gjkt`, spradms, ynut`, strgdmt`, aiinrtjkaty,oniigrog, ojttkg-hrggfadm, trjvgk, gvgd gknqugdog (Hnwfgd jdf Xjwkadms 8337). Eurt`grinrg,sydorgtao ondstruots ne t`g Okjssaojk @groukgs jdf knojk favadatags ojd hg enudf t`rnum`nut t`gAtjkao pgdadsukj (Ijrzjdn 8331, 0?), wat` rgegrgdogs ijfg tn j wafg vjragty ne gkgigdts frjwderni @groukgjd iyt`. Enr gxjipkg, trjfgrs ad nkavg nak onukf rgegr tn t`g iytàojk ejot ne @groukgsNkavjraus aipnrtadm t`g nkavg pkjdt erni @ypgrhnraj (Sjusjdaus, Fgsoraptand ne Mrggog 7.=.=), jdf

saiakjr dntands wakk `jvg hggd gdtgrtjadgf hy sjkt trjfgrs (@groukgs _jkjraus ), qujrryigd (@groukgs_jxjdus ) nr hnxgrs (@groukgs Sumakas ).



:?=

jdf Hgrmijd :1112 Hgjrf 833=).0 _uo` gvgdts onukf advnkvg trauip`jdtXnijd mgdgrjks fgfaojtadm j pnrtand ne t`g spnaks ne wjr tn @groukgs (Ijrzjdn8331, 05).

às mrnwadm gip`jsas nd t`g ijrtajk o`jrjotgrastaos ne @groukgs advnkvgf

t`g jpprnprajtand ne @groukgjd iyt` hy t`g `grngs jdf engs ne Kjtg Xgpuhkaojdaipgrajkasi (Xattgr :117, 75).1 Katgrjry jdf duiasijtao snurogs ergqugdtky kadb@groukgs tn adfavafujks suo` js @jddahjk, Ojgsjr, Jdtndaus, jdf Notjvajd, jdf atas okgjr t`jt t`g favadg grn egjturgf aipnrtjdtky ad t`g pgrsndjk kavgs ne prniadgdtpnkataojk eamurgs (Ojssaus Fan Xnijd @astnry ?=.78). Jd aipnrtjdt jspgot ne tàsfgvgknpigdt as t`g ijddgr ad wào` t`gsg adfavafujks hgojig pgrsndjkky advnkvgfwat` knojk oniiudatags2 kabg @groukgs hgenrg t`gi, Xnijd kgjfgrs enudfgf dgwoniiudatags, jdf, dnt adergqugdtky, adsgrtgf t`gisgkvgs adtn knojk kadgjmgs.:3 `ghgdgvnkgdog ne @groukgs wjs puhkaoky vagf nvgr t`gd, jdf, ad tgris ne ratujk, onukfadvnkvg gvnojtan ogrgindags t`jt sgrvgf tn ojkk jwjy às prntgotand nvgr t`g gdgiy

(Iakkgtt :117, 112 Ijrzjdn 8331, 00).`g aipgrajk fniadjtand nvgr rgkamanus jeejars furadm t`g Jumustjd jmg wjs

t`g oukiadjtand ne tàs Kjtg Xgpuhkaojd trgdf w`grghy puhkao fasonursgs jdfadstatutands hgojig adorgjsadmky pnkataoazgf hy pravjtg adfavafujks. Wdfgr Jumustus(5? HO-:1 JF), dgw djrrjtavgs wgrg prnfuogf t`rnum` pngtry jdf aondnmrjp`yad nrfgr tn pnsatand t`g gipgrnr js t`g favadgky- sjdotandgf enudfgr ne j dgw jmgne pgjog jdf prnspgraty joàgvgf t`rnum` às @groukgjd geenrts (Fnhhad :117).

0 Vg pnkataojk aipnrtjdog ne suo` gvgdts hgonigs okgjr w`gd wg ondsafgr t`g kgmaskjtavg rgstraotandspkjogf nd puhkao hjdqugtadm hy pnkataoajds w`n snum`t tn indnpnkazg t`g gpukui (Ijrzjdn 8331,07). ]ratgrs jt t`g taig udfgrstnnf t`gar pnkataojk samdaojdog (Skutjro` Jgiakaus Sjukus 80.7), jsfaf Jumustus, w`n rgstraotgf t`gar noourrgdog tn ogkghrjtands ne t`g gipgrnr jdf às ejiaky, t`grghysatujtadm àisgke js t`g uktaijtg hgdgejotnr ne Xnig.

1 @jddahjk pnrtrjygf àisgke js @groukgs jdf wjs enkknwadm ad t`g favadg `grn‑s enntstgps w`gdornssadm t`g Jkps (Xjwkadms 8337). ]g jksn df ài fgfaojtadm spnaks ne wjr ad Mjfatjdus (Ojfazad snut`grd _pjad), jt j prniadgdt @groukgs sjdotujry (Kavy @astnry ne Xnig 8:.8:.12 Iagrsg 8336).Vg afgj ne @groukgs rgturdadm erni _pjad jdf `jvadm prgpjrgf hjrhjrajd kjdfs enr ondqugst noours

ad jssnoajtand wat` kjtgr murgs suo` js Snipgy, Ojgsjr jdf Jumustus. Okjais tn fargot fgsogdt erni@groukgs wgrg jksn ijfg, hy Jdtndaus, enr gxjipkg, wào` jffigotgf `nw `g prgsgdtgf àisgke tn àsenkknwgrs jdf prnhjhky `gkpgf prnintg às kndm-`gkf pnpukjraty jindm t`g kgmands (Skutjro` Jdtndaus 6.:2 _pgdogr 833:, 858). Jksn adtgrgstadm as t`jt Ojgsjr (kabg às ondqugradm prgfgogssnr Jkgxjdfgrt`g Mrgjt) sggis tn `jvg suffigrgf erni t`g ‐sjorgf fasgjsg‑ (pnssahky gpakgpsy), jksn bdnwd js t`g‐ijfdgss ne @groukgs‑ (`grjbkga dnsns , inrhus `groukgus ). _uo` afgdtaojtands ijy `jvg kgf Ojgsjr js jynudm hny tn wratg j pngi ad `ndnr ne @groukgs (Kjufgs @groukas , Srjasgs ne @groukgs). Vg pgrsndjkadtgrgsts jdf advnkvgigdt ne t`gsg aipnrtjdt adfavafujks ad s`jpadm aipgrajkast fasonursgs jdf puhkaoaijmadjrags s`nukf dnt hg udfgrgstaijtgf.

:3 Dgw oniiudatags jrnsg jrnudf iakatjry satgs jdf w`grgvgr iakatjry vgtgrjds wgrg sgttkgf, hut, jksninrg frjstaojkky, w`gdgvgr ondqugrgf mrnups wgrg uprnntgf jdf pkjogf ad dgw tgrratnrags suo` js wjsoniind jkndm t`g Mgrijdao erndtagr. Skutjro` summgstgf t`jt at wjs Xnig‑s fgstady tn sprgjf dnhkghknnf t`rnum` t`g wnrkf, j ejtg eukkkgf hy Jdtndaus jdf Ojgsjr ad mnnf @groukgjd ejsànd (Skutjro`

Jdtndaus ?5.6). Wdfnuhtgfky, tàs rgsuktgf ad ijdy pnkataojkky intavjtgf okjais ne fgsogdt watàdknojk oniiudatags (joatus Vg @astnrags 6.77).



:?0

@groukgs ojig tn nooupy j ogdtrjk pkjog ad Xnig‑s iytàojk àstnry wat` t`g enruiHnjraui hgoniadm t`g gpaogdtgr ne Xnig‑s iytàojk pjst (Hjrry 83::, :7). ::

`g iakatjrazjtand jdf ijsoukadazjtand ne Xnijd snoagty jksn prnfuogfsnoanpnkataojk ondstruots ne mgdfgr fastadotand t`jt gip`jsazgf ijkg pnkataon-

iakatjry gdmjmgigdt jdf egijkg gxokusand erni t`g puhkao sp`grg (_pgdogr 833:,85:). ]àkg wnigd mgdgrjkky sggi tn `jvg hggd hjrrgf erni jttgdfadm iakatjryogkghrjtands ad t`g enrui Hnjraui, t`gy wgrg dnt udavgrsjkky gxokufgf erni t`g@groukgs oukt (@nkkgijd :1==2 _oùktz 8333). Dnt ndky fn egijkg o`jrjotgrsegjturg strndmky ad @groukgjd iyt`, `g sggis tn `jvg pkjygf jd aipnrtjdt rnkg adt`g kavgs ne Xnijd wnigd js wgkk.:8 Adtgrgstadm ad tgris ne pnkataojk djrrjtavg ast`g rnkg ne egijkg nrjokgs jdf iusgs. Katgrjry snurogs rgegr tn prnp`gtgssgs hjsgfad sjdotujrags fgfaojtgf tn @groukgs:?, wàkg t`g Xnijd oukt ne t`g iusgs ogdtgrgfnd t`g tgipkg ne @groukgs Iusjmgtgs (jgfgs @groukas Iusjrui) ad Xnig. At wjs tàstgipkg Jumustus o`nsg tn rgfgfaojtg ad jd jtinsp`grg ne pnkataojk rgondoakajtand

jetgr t`g hjttkg jt Jotaui, w`grg às trauip` nvgr Jdtndaus jdf Okgnpjtrj ijfgài t`g snkg rukgr ne Xnig. Ad tàs wjy, @groukgs, t`g fgaeagf `grn inst netgdjssnoajtgf wat` ijkg varakaty, jfvgdturg jdf ondqugst, wjs saiuktjdgnusky k adbgf,ad gqujkky mgdfgrgf tgris, tn t`gigs ne oukturg, ondonrf, jdf jrhatrjtand (@jrfag833=).

@groukgs nd t`g Mgrijdao erndtagr

`g gvafgdog enr t`g sydorgtao @groukgs Ijmusjdus onigs praijraky erni vntavgadsoraptands enudf t`rnum`nut t`g Xàdgkjdf jdf t`g ijtgrajks gxojvjtgf jt

t`rgg ratujk satgs ad t`g Hjtjvajd tgrratnry. Gxojvjtands jt Gkst, Gipgk jdf Bgssgk(Eamurg 8:) `jvg prnvafgf adenrijtand jhnut t`g ondtgxts, ijtgrajks jdf prjotaogsjssnoajtgf wat` às oukt. Jkk t`rgg satgs s`nw gvafgdog enr prg-Xnijd jotavaty, jejot t`jt `js hggd usgf tn jrmug enr t`g gxastgdog ne j knojk fgaty t`jt ojig tn hgafgdtaeagf wat` t`g Xnijd @groukgs.:6 `g sjdotujrags jt Gipgk jdf Gkst ojd hg

:: Ad t`g enrui Hnjraui, dn egwgr t`jd sax satgs wgrg fgfaojtgf tn t`g wnrsàp ne @groukgs (_pgdogr833:, 857). Vas wjs t`g knojtand w`grg @groukgs jrravgf wat` Mgrynd‑s ojttkg wào` t`g hrutgOjous jttgiptgf tn stgjk (Fandysaus ne @jkaojrdjssus Xnijd Jdtaquatags :.?1). Ugrmak jttrahutgs t`genudfjtand ne t`g jrj ijxaij tn @groukgs àisgke, jdf prgfjtgs at tn t`g jrravjk ne Jgdgjs ad Kjtaui

(Ugrmak Jgdgaf =-0).:8 Ad Xnig, @groukgs wjs trjfatandjkky vagwgf js t`g mujrfajd ne wgffgf kaeg jdf wnigd tagf t`gar

wgffadm frgss (tudaoj rgotj ) wat` t`g ‐bdnt ne @groukgs‑, wào` syihnkazgf prntgotand, egrtakaty jdfknvg.

:? J rgegrgdog tn ratujks ne favadjtand as ijfg hy Sjusjdaus ad às fgsoraptand ne @groukgs Hurjaous (Fgsoraptand ne Mrggog =.87.:3). Ojgsjr purpnrtgfky ondsuktgf j prnp`gtgss jt t`g tgipkg ne @groukgsMjfatjdus ad _pjad (_gutndaus Ojgsjr =), wàkg Jumustus ondegrrgf wat` t`g ahurtadg sahyk w`nsgsjdotujry ad avnka as jssnoajtgf wat` j tgipkg fgfaojtgf tn @groukgs _jxjdus . Vgrg, jd jssnoajtand(onkkgmaui) bdnwd js t`g @groukjdga Jumustjkgs gdmjmgf ad j oukt ne t`g favadg gipgrnr (Hnurdg :1:5,56).

:6 Vas ijbgs Ijmusjdus t`g ndky noourrgdog ne jd adfamgdnus @groukgs dnrt` ne t`g Jkps (Xnyijds8336, 868). _adog @groukgs sydorgtasis wgrg oniind t`rnum`nut t`g Atjkao pgdadsukj, at as wnrtòndsafgradm `nw @groukgs Ijmusjdus iam`t hg jssnoajtgf wat` t`g jrravjk ne Atjkao mrnups ad t`g

Knwgr Xàdgkjdf. J saiakjr prnogss ijy hg hgàdf t`g prgsgdog ne t`g mrgjt duihgr ne ijtrndjg fgfaojtands ad t`g rgmand (Fgrbs :11:, 8672 Mjrijd 8330).



:?1

kadbgf tn @groukgs fargotky :7, wàkg jkk t`rgg satgs jvg prnvafgf ijtgrajks praijrakyjssnoajtgf wat` ijrtajkaty, vntavg ratujks, jdf oniigdsjk prjotaogs (Xnyijds jdfFgrbs :1162 Fgrbs :1102 Xnyijds 8331).

Srg-Xnijd fgpnsatands jt Gkst, Gipgk jdf Bgssgk ojddnt hg fjtgf gjrkagr t`jd

t`g earst ogdtury HO. Hgojusg ne tàs, t`g rasg ne t`gsg ratujk satgs ojd pgr`jps hgsthg adtgrprgtgf ad kam`t ne Xnijd stjtg gxpjdsand jdf suhsgqugdt Ogktn-Mgrijdaotrahjkazjtand jdf iakatjrazjtand (Egrmusnd jdf ]àtg`gjf :1182 Iakkgtt :117,11). Ndg ojd tàdb `grg ne t`g adorgjsgf pjrtaoapjtand ne Xàdgkjdf oniiudatagsad pnkataojk jdf iakatjry ondekaots jornss Mjkkaj jdf Mgrijdaj. Ad tàs ondtgxt,dgw ouktao prjotaogs wgrg dnt saipky t`g kjtgst ijdaegstjtands ne prg-gxastadm‐oukturjk igdtjkatags‑ hut rgsuktgf erni t`g enrijtand ne dgw mrnup afgdtatags jdft`g wafgsprgjf iakatjrazjtand ne Ogktn-Mgrijdao oniiudatags.:5 Js dntgf jhnvg,t`g @groukgs oukt jt Xnig hgojig adorgjsadmky kadbgf tn trauip`jk ogkghrjtandst`jt advnkvgf t`g sjoraeaog ne spnaks ne wjr. `jt suo` prjotaogs wgrg dnt udaqugky

Xnijd as s`nwd hy wjr hnnty fgpnsatands enudf t`rnum`nut dnrt`grd Gurnpgt`jt rgsuktgf erni saiakjr oniiginrjtavg ratujks (Mrjdg 833=). `g prg-Xnijdfgpnsatands ad t`g Knwgr Xàdgkjdf jrg pgr`jps hgst udfgrstnnf ad suo` tgris jswgkk.:=

Jmjadst j hjobmrnudf ne iakatjry ondqugst jdf tgrratnrajk ondsnkafjtand wgojd gxpgot Xnijd jut`nratags tn `jvg hggd joutgky adtgrgstgf ad t`g enrijtand nesyihnkao kjdfsojpgs. Xnijd pnkataojk jdf afgnknmaojk adtgrgsts wakk `jvg fravgd t`gonkndazjtand ne gxastadm satgs ne syihnkao aipnrtjdog jdf t`g jotavg ondstruotandne sjorgf kjdfsojpgs nd t`g gfmg ne Giparg. J oruoajk jspgot ne t`g Ijmusjdus sjdotujrags as t`gar strjtgmao fastrahutand ad j ravgradg erndtagr kjdfsojpg. `g

sjdotujry jt Gipgk wjs knojtgf nd t`g snut`grd hjdb ne t`g Igusg nd ndg net`g àm`gst kgvggs ad t`g jrgj, dgjr t`g inut` ne t`g Fagzg Xavgr (Xnyijds jdfFgrbs :116). `g sjdotujry jt Bgssgk wjs knojtgf o. :3 bi gjst ne Gipgk dgjr t`gondekugdog ne t`g ravgrs Igusg jdf ]jjk, rgpnrtgfky j satg ne strjtgmao aipnrtjdog

:7 Jt Gipgk, j vntavg adsoraptand tn Ijmusjdus wjs enudf fjtgf tn t`g rjljdao pgranf jdf kget hy jvgtgrjd ne t`g Kgman P . Vg rgijads ne j stjtugttg ne @groukgs (@groukgs Hahjx , ‐t`g fradbgr‑) wgrgjksn enudf t`grg jdf at rgsgihkgs ndg fasonvgrgf jt ojstgkkui Ekgvui (Ugksgd), j enrt huakt dnrt` net`g Xàdg furadm Gjrky Xnijd iakatjry nffigdsavgs (_wadbgks :116, 07). Jt Gkst, jd jktjr fgfaojtgf tn@groukgs wjs enudf, js wgkk js t`g rgijads ne j @groukgs stjtugttg (Xnyijds 8336, 8682 Fgrbs gt jk .8330, :?0).

:5 Onad fastrahutand jdjkysas `js s`nwd `nw t`g gjrkagst onads ad t`g Knwgr Xàdgkjdf jrravgf ad t`giaf sgondf ogdtury HO, adorgjsg samdaojdtky ad duihgr jt t`g taig ne Ojgsjr‑s wjrs, pgjb furadmt`g pgranf ne Jumustjd ojipjamds, jdf fgokadg t`grgjetgr. _aiakjr fastrahutandjk uotujtands `jvghggd dntgf enr t`g ratujk fgpnsatands ne wgjpnds jdf iakatjry mgjr (Xnyijds jdf Jjrts 8337)._uo` pjttgrds rggot t`g ghh jdf nw ne pnkataojk adtgrjotands jdf vankgdt ondaot jornss t`g Ogktn-Mgrijdao wnrkf jdf dnt igrgky t`g ondtadujtand ne prg-Xnijd wjrranr afgnknmags.

:= Vg Kjtg Arnd Jmg ijtgrajks enudf jt Bgssgk jdf Gipgk (Xnyijds 8336) onukf ogrtjadky jksn `jvgrgsuktgf erni j sadmkg iakatjry gvgdt. _uo` j hjttkg-mrnudf t`gsas as ijfg kabgky hy katgrjry rgegrgdogstn Ojgsjr‑s fgegjt ne Mgrijdao mrnups (Wsapgtgs jdf gdotgra) ad t`g vaoadaty (Ojgsjr Mjkkao ]jr 6.6-:7). Vg prgsgdog ne ùijd hndgs jdf fnigstao ijtgrajks ojd hg gxpkjadgf hy t`g rgpnrtgfejot t`jt t`gsg mrnups ondsastgf ne igd, wnigd jdf oàkfrgd adtgdt nd sgttkadm dgw tgrratnry, wàkgt`g wafg rjdmg ne Kjtg Kj àdg wgjpnd typgs gdonudtgrgf t`grg ijy hg gxpkjadgf hy t`g ejot t`jtOgktn-Mgrijdao wjrranrs wgrg dnt udaenriky gquappgf, ojrryadm wgjpnds ne vjrajhkg nramad jdf jmg.

]`gt`gr t`g gvafgdog rgsuktgf erni j sadmkg hjttkg nr rgourradm ratujks jssnoajtgf wat` j ijrtajk oukt,t`gsg wnukf `jvg hggd satgs ne syihnkao samdaojdog.



:63

enr t`g Xnijds (Xnyijds 8336, :?:). `g Gkst sjdotujry wjs knojtgf hgtwggd,jdf jt j s`nrt fastjdog erni, t`g Hjtjvajd ojpatjk (Daligmgd) jdf t`g Xàdgerndtagr. `g dgjrgst erndtagr pnst wjs ojstrj @groukas (Igadgrswalb), j kgmandjry enrtpnsatandgf tn mujrf j onddgotadm wjtgrwjy hgtwggd t`g Xàdg jdf t`g dnrt`grky

eknwadm ALssgk.:0

Induigdtjkazjtand ne t`g t`rgg sjdotujrags wjs kabgky t`g rgsukt ne Xnijdadatajtavgs.:1 Xnijd adtgrgsts enr ondstruotadm j syihnkao erndtagr rgsuktgf adt`g ondstruotand ne ndg ne t`g kjrmgst bdnwd Mjkkn-Xnijd tgipkgs jt Gkst, jinduigdtjk struoturg wnrt`y ne rgdnvjtand hgenrg hgadm pgrijdgdtky jhjdfndgfjrnudf :=3 JF. Xnijd adtgrgsts wakk kabgwasg `jvg gdsurgf t`jt t`g Gipgksjdotujry rgonvgrgf erni j fgstruotavg earg t`jt noourrgf o. 833 JF, jdf enr t`gsatg tn `jvg rgijadgf ad usg udtak t`g earst `jke ne t`g tàrf ogdtury. At as dnt okgjrw`gd t`g sjdotujry jt Bgssgk wjs jhjdfndgf, hut enrtaeaojtands erni t`g sgondf`jke ne t`g enurt` ogdtury (huakt ad pjrt erni ijtgrajks rgonvgrgf erni jd gjrkagr

tgipkg struoturg) tgstaey tn t`g ondtadugf aipnrtjdog ne t`jt knojtand tn Xnijdadtgrgsts. Dnt surprasadmky t`gd, gvafgdog summgsts t`jt t`gsg syihnkao satgs wgrgondtgstgf spjogs, wat` samds ne fgstruotand jt Gkst fjtgf tn t`g Hjtjvajd rgvnkt ne51 JF, jdf katgrjry jdf duiasijtao rgegrgdogs pnadtadm jt aipnrtjdt iakatjrygvgdts dgjr Gipgk jdf Bgssgk.83 `gar jssnoajtand wat` Xnijd aipgrajk pnwgr askabgky t`g ijad rgjsnd w`y t`gsg sjdotujrags wgrg oniindky tjrmgtgf hy Mgrijdaomrnups w`nsg adoursands adorgjsgf nvgr t`g onursg ne t`g kjtg sgondf jdf gjrkytàrf ogdtury.

Jt j taig ne rgourradm Xnijd gxpgfatands adtn Mgrijdaj t`g sjdotujragswakk `jvg hggd usgf enr rgmukjr ojkgdfjr gvgdts ejatèukky nhsgrvgf hy iakatjry

oniiudatags, js wgkk js enr stjmadm t`g noojsandjk trauip`. _uo` gvgdts advnkvgfprnogssands ne iakatjry igd ad pjrjfg jrinr ojrryadm hjdqugtadm aipkgigdts jdft`g sjoraeaoajk spnaks ne wjr. _joraeaoajk ogrgindags wgrg enkknwgf hy oniiudjkegjsts t`jt jkknwgf snkfagrs tn s`jrg ad t`g joàgvgigdts ne t`gar iakatjry kgjfgrs,jdf hg rgiadfgf ne t`g pnwgr jdf mknry ne Xnig jdf `gr favadgky-sjdotandgf

:0 Vas enrt wjs kabgky huakt furadm t`g nffigdsavg ojipjamds ne Mgrijdaous (:6-:5 JF), j pnpukjrXnijd mgdgrjk jdf dgp`gw tn Gipgrnr ahgraus. Ats aipnrtjdog tn Xnig as jksn s`nwd hy t`g ejott`jt t`g enrt wjs rghuakt sgvgrjk taigs up udtak t`g enurt` ogdtury (Jiiajdus Ijrogkkadus XgruiMgstjrui :0.8.6). Vas adtgrgst enr satgs ne strjtgmao aipnrtjdog as jksn s`nwd hy t`g knojtand neojstgkkui Egotan (Ugo`tgd) nd j dnrt`grky hrjdo` ne t`g Xàdg t`jt jkknwgf joogss dnrt` tn t`g ravgr

Ngr-AL w`grg ojstgkkui Ekgvui (Ugksgd) wjs knojtgf.:1 Dnt ndky as t`grg gvafgdog enr t`g advnkvgigdt ne t`g Xnijd iakatjry (Ujd Gdobgvnrt 83372 Ujd

Gdobgvnrt jdf Valssgd 8337), hut t`g kjtg fjtg ne induigdtjkazjtand jksn spgjbs jmjadst at `jvadmrgsuktgf erni djtavg adatajtavg. Vas noourrgf kndm jetgr ijrtajkaty js jd afgnknmaojk enous ne trahjkwjrranrs hgojig iudfjdg fug tn t`g rgmukjrazjtand ne iakatjry sgrvaog, j trgdf summgstgf hy t`gfgokadg ad onad jdf iakatjraj fgpnsatands jt t`g sjdotujrags, jdf t`gar adorgjsgf prgsgdog ad sgttkgigdtondtgxts (Daonkjy 833=). Eurt`grinrg, at rgijads tn hg jfgqujtgky gxpkjadgf w`y t`g sjdotujragsne egijkg fgatags, wào` samdaojdtky nutduihgr t`nsg ne ijkg fgatags ad t`g Xàdgkjdf, faf dntgxpgragdog suo` induigdtjkazjtand (Fgrbs :110, :88)2 ae suo` gffinrts advnkvgf t`g adatajtavgs neXnijdazgf gkatgs, w`y tàs dgmkgot ne t`g enudfadm int`grs ne djtavg oniiudatags>

83 Ojgsjr fgegjtgf Mgrijdao jriags dgjr Bgssgk w`grg t`g rghgk Lukaus Oavakas wnukf kjtgr hjttkg àsdgp`gw Lukaus Hramjdtaous furadm t`g Hjtjvajd uprasadm ne 51 JF (Xnyijds 8336, :66). Ne eurt`gradtgrgst jrg t`g onad giassands ne t`g Mjkkao Gipgrnr Snstuius (871-850 JF) wào` rgegrgdog

@groukgs Ijmusjdus/Fgusndaus (@groukgs ne t`g Fagzg Xavgr). Snstuius ijy `jvg hggd rgegrgdoadmaipnrtjdt hjttkgs enum`t jmjadst advjfadm Erjdbs dgjr Gipgk.



:6:

gipgrnr (Ijrzjdn 8331, 1:). ]g `jvg sggd `nw suo` gvgdts hgojig jssnoajtgfwat` t`g @groukgs oukt ad t`g enrui Hnjraui, jdf tàs wakk kabgky jvg hggd t`g ojsgenr t`g sjdotujrags ad t`g Knwgr Xàdgkjdf js wgkk.8:

`grg as kattkg fnuht t`jt Ojgsjr‑s ondqugst ne Mjkkaj adspargf t`g jotands ne

t`nsg w`n ojig jetgr, wàkg Gjrky Aipgrajk iakatjry jfvgdturgs adtn t`g udbdnwdrgmands ne t`g Dnrt` s`jpgf puhkao djrrjtavgs enr mgdgrjtands. Dgw oniiudatagsjdf kjdfsojpgs wgrg enrigf furadm j pgranf ne rgpgjtgf iakatjry npgrjtandshgyndf t`g Mgrijdao erndtagr, jdf, ad t`g puhkao aijmadjtand, t`g fggfs ne mrgjtigd pjrjkkgkgf @groukgjd kjhnrs.88 Katgrjry snurogs s`nw `nw kadbs wgrg hgadmijfg hgtwggd @groukgs jdf Xnig‑s suhfugrs ne Mgrijdao hjrhjraty, jdf suo`jssnoajtands ojd jksn hg enudf jrtaoukjtgf ad t`g syihnkao kjdfsojpgs t`jt wgrghgadm enrigf t`rnum`nut t`g Xàdgkjdf.8? ]g ojd gxpgot djrrjtavgs ne ondqugstjdf djtand-huakfadm tn `jvg tjbgd s`jpg ad t`g gjrky Xnijd pgranf, eggfadm t`gpuhkao aijmadjtand jdf pnkataojk fasonursgs enr snig taig.

Xgkamanus oukts jdf t`gar sjdotujrags wakk jvg hggd satgs ne adtgdsg pnkataoazjtand,syihnkao hjttkg mrnudfs enr t`g `gjrts jdf iadfs ne onkndazgr jdf onkndazgf jkabg.

]àkg t`g Ijmusjdus oukt ijy `jvg sgrvgf t`g kgmataiazjtand ne t`g Hjtjvajdgt`dao afgdtaty (Xnyijds 8336, 861), t`g ejot t`jt at `jf onig jhnut fug tnXnijd aipnsatand wakk jvg hggd jt ndog adgsojpjhkg jdf ondtgstgf. Djrrjtavgs ne

8: Vg ogrjiao jssgihkjmg adokufgs àm` duihgrs ne fradbadm wjrgs, jkndm wat` nak jip`nrjg jdfinrtjraj (Bknip :116). Vg rjdmg ne igtjk nhlgots adokufgs onads, hrnno`gs, wgjpnds, jrinr jdf`nrsg mgjr (Xnyijds 8336). Jt Gipgk, t`g rgijads ne j wjmnd stjdf nut jkndm wat` t`g igtjk ttadmst`jt ijy `jvg gihgkkas`gf at (Xnyijds jdf Fgrbs :116)2 t`gsg adokufg t`g iakatjry frgss hnnt ne

j mgdgrjk nr gipgrnr pnssahky pnadtadm jt trauip`jk ogkghrjtands, jdf j sijkk `gjf ne t`g atjdmnffgss Kudj w`nsg syihnkao rgpgrtnarg adokufgs t`gigs ne rghart` jdf gtgrdjk ynut`. @gr prgsgdogad t`g ondtgxt ne trauip`jk ogkghrjtand ijy jksn `jvg syihnkazgf t`g ondqugst ne Mrgon-XnijdMnfs nvgr t`g atjds (a.g. oavakazjtand nvgr hjrhjraty), nr `gr rnkg js ojrgtjbgr ne t`g Dgigjd Kandbakkgf hy @groukgs. Onipjrjhkg Kudj murgs wgrg enudf ad Daligmgd dgjr t`g ojip ne Kgman P (_wadbgks :116, 01). Vg hrndzg stjtugttg ne @groukgs Hahjx (‐t`g fradbgr‑) ijy jksn hg udfgrstnnfjs rgegrgdoadm trauip`jk hjdqugtadm nr aiinrtjkaty (_wadbgks :116).

88 Ojgsjr wjs t`g rst Xnijd mgdgrjk tn vgdturg jornss t`g Xàdg adtn Mgrijdao tgrratnry, w`grg àspgrsndjk jihatands rgsuktgf ad t`g hrutjk jddaàkjtand jdf faspkjogigdt ne knojk mrnups. Jmrappj,sgrvadm Jumustus js mnvgrdnr ne Mjuk (?1-?0 HO), ondfuotgf eurt`gr npgrjtands jornss t`g Xàdgjdf sgttkgf t`g Whaa nd t`g wgst hjdb dgjr Onknmdg. Jmrappj jksn kabgky wjs t`g ndg w`n sgttkgft`g Hjtjva, j spkadtgr mrnup ne t`g trjds-X`gdajd O`jtta, ad t`g Futo` ravgr jrgj. Jetgr t`g fgegjt neKnkkaus hy Mgrijdao mrnups ad :5 HO, Frusus (stgpsnd tn Jumustus jdf hrnt`gr tn ahgraus) jrravgf

ad t`g Xàdgkjdf jdf tn ài wg ijy jsorahg t`g iakatjry rgnrmjdazjtand ne t`g Wppgr jdf KnwgrXàdgkjdf. @g nrfgrgf t`g ondstruotand ne rnjfs jdf ojdjks, gstjhkas`gf jriy hjsgs jt Daligmgd,

Pjdtgd jdf Onknmdg, jdf ojipjamdgf jornss t`g Xàdg hgtwggd :8-1 HO. @as hrnt`gr, t`g euturggipgrnr ahgraus, sgttkgf t`g Oumgrda nd t`g wgst hjdb dgjr Pjdtgd jdf `g ojipjamdgf gxtgdsavgkyjornss t`g Xàdg erni 1 HO-:8 JF. Dgxt, Mgrijdaous (snd ne Frusus) ojipjamdgf jornss t`g Xàdg(:6-:5 JF), jdf at as ogrtjad t`jt `g ijfg usg ne Hjtjvajd trnnps.

8? J mnnf gxjipkg ne t`g intavjtand hgàdf suo` induigdtjk kjdfsojpgs as t`g ahgraus onkuiderni t`g Hjtjvajd ojpatjk (Daligmgd) wào` `js hggd kadbgf tn trauip`jk gvgdts stjmgf ad := JFad `ndnr ne Mgrijdaous, jdf ojd pgr`jps hgst hg udfgrstnnf js j syihnkao ogkghrjtand ne t`gtrauip` ne Xnijd oavakazjtand nvgr hjrhjraty (Sjdùysgd 8338). Vg rnp`y ne Jumustus ad t`gsjdotujry ne @grjokgs Indnabns , knojtgf jkndm t`g Uaj Lukaj t`jt onddgotgf Mjuk wat` t`g Atjkaopgdadsukj, oniiudaojtgs j onipjrjhkg igssjmg (sgg www.induigdts-djtandjux.er). At ogkghrjtgst`g suhlumjtand ne Jkpadg trahgs hy Jumustus, t`rnum` t`g joàgvgigdts ne Frusus jdf ahgraus.

Ojssaus Fan igdtands `nw Jumustus ergqugdtky rgogavgf t`g jppgkkjtand ne aipgrjtnr t`jdbs tn t`gvaotnrags ne Frusus jdf ahgraus (Ojssaus Fan Xnijd @astnry 76.??).



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ondtgstjtand wakk jvg fniadjtgf fasonursgs furadm taigs ne vankgdt ondekaot hgtwggdXnig jdf trjds-X`gdajd oniiudatags. Xgpnrtgfky, @groukgs wjs ndg ne t`g ijadfavadatags ne adtgrgst jindm Mgrijdao mrnups (joatus Mgrijdaj ?.:), suo` t`jt wgojd gxpgot nvjtan ratgs, enr sgouradm t`g prntgotand ne @groukgs jdf ojkkadm ài jwjy

erni t`g Mgrijdao safg, tn `jvg tjbgd pkjog jt t`g sjdotujrags.86

`g strummkgs enràs hgdgvnkgdog, hgtwggd Xnijds jdf t`gar Hjtjvajd jkkags, jdf hgtwggd Xnijdsjdf t`gar Mgrijdao engs, wakk `jvg hggd jd aipnrtjdt pjrt ne t`g fasonursg t`jtsurrnudfgf Ijmusjdus .

]g `jvg dn fargot gvafgdog enr t`g gxastgdog ne jd gipgrnr oukt hgadm jssnoajtgfwat` @groukgs Ijmusjdus . Gpamrjpào gvafgdog erni t`g Mgrijd Xàdgkjdf s`nws`nw adfavafujks jotavg ad t`g pragst`nnfs ne sydorgtao Ijrs oukts wgrg jksn jotavg adt`g aipgrajk oukt (Fgrbs :11:, 878), hut suo` gvafgdog `js sn ejr dnt hggd enudfenr @groukgs. @nwgvgr, t`jt kadbs hgtwggd às oukt jdf aipgrajk rukgrs wgrg ijfgogrtjadky sggis pnssahkg w`gd wg ondsafgr t`g udaqug rgkjtandsàp hgtwggd t`g Lukan-

Okjufajd fydjsty jdf t`g djtavg snkfagrs w`n knyjkky sgrvgf t`gar Xnijd pjtrnds enrmgdgrjtands (_pgafgk :1162 Xnyijds 8336). At wnukf dnt `jvg hggd enrmnttgd t`jtt`gsg oniiudatags nwgf t`gar vgry gxastgdog, jdf ondtadugf mnnf enrtudg, tn t`garonkndajk ijstgrs. `g Ijmusjdus oukt wakk `jvg prnvafgf wjys enr adfavafujks jdfoniiudatags tn pkjog tàs spgoajk rgkjtandsàp ad sjorgf tgris, jdf pgrenri ratgs tngdsurg ats survavjk.

Gqujkky samdaeaojdt as t`g ejot t`jt, nvgr t`g onursg ne fgojfgs, ijdy adfavafujks`jf rgogavgf `ndnrjhkg ‐igihgrsàp‑ ad t`g Lukan-Okjufajd `nusg. At sggis w`nkkypnssahkg, t`grgenrg, t`jt t`gsg dgw igihgrs ne Xnig‑s rukadm okjds ojig tn ondsafgrt`gisgkvgs gars ne giparg.87 @groukgs onigs adtn pkjy `grg hgojusg `g wjs pgrogavgf

js t`g adatajk oavakazgr ne t`g Dnrt`. Ne onursg, aipgrajk fasonursgs suo` js t`gsg sgrvgftn kgmataiazg Xnijd ondqugst ne Mjkkao jdf Mgrijdao hjrhjraty, hut t`g jpprnprajtandne Xnijd enudfjtand iyt`s jksn ijfg at pnssahkg enr knojk oniiudatags tn ijbgsaiakjr okjais ne ad`gratjdog. _uo` okjais, gxprgssgf t`rnum` ouktao fasonursg, ojd hgudfgrstnnf js t`g uktaijtg gxpknatjtand ne aipnsgf ondfatands hy t`g onkndazgf.85

86 J ratujk kabgky pgrenrigf nd t`g Mgrijdao safg js wgkk (joatus, Vg Jddjks 8-:8).87 _uo` jttatufgs jrg pgr`jps rggotgf ad t`g hnkf okjais ne adfavafujks suo` js Lukaus _jhadus ne t`g Mjkkao

Kadmndgs trahg w`n adstamjtgf às nwd rghgkkand furadm t`g pgranf ne t`g Hjtjvajd rgvnkt. @g okjaigfàm` hart` t`rnum` hknnf-fgsogdt erni Ojgsjr àisgke ‟ _jhadus‑ mrgjt-mrjdfint`gr jppjrgdtky onukf

hg jffgf tn t`g Xnijd mgdgrjk‑s kast ne ondqugsts (joatus Vg @astnrags 6.77). Hratas` prg-ondqugstrukgrs jotujkky prgsgdtgf t`gisgkvgs js @groukgs (Xnyijds 8336, 866), jdf, ad fnadm sn, wgrg prnhjhkyoniiudaojtadm pnkataojk okjais ad syihnkao tgris udfgrstnnf hy jd jfvgrsjry hgdt nd ondqugst.

85 Vas as eurt`grinrg summgstgf hy t`g oarouistjdogs t`jt surrnudf t`g Hjtjvajd Xgvnkt ne 51 JF. Vggdf ne t`g Lukan-Okjufajd fydjsty enkknwgf t`g fgjt` ne Gipgrnr Dgrn (?=-50 JF), jd gvgdt ad wào`t`g Hjtjvajd mujrf pkjygf j oruoajk rnkg. Vg Mgrijdao prnvadogs egjturg aipnrtjdtky ad t`g gdsuadmpgranf ne pnkataojk straeg. Ne pjrtaoukjr adtgrgst as t`g ejot t`jt t`g Xàdgkjdf trnnps w`n rgeusgf tnsuppnrt Gipgrnr Mjkhj (50-51 JF), fgokjrgf t`gar oniijdfgr Uatgkkaus (51 JF) ‐gipgrnr ne t`gMgrijdao prnvadogs‑ hy `jdfadm ài t`g sjorgf swnrf ne Ojgsjr (_ugtndaus Uatgkkaus 0). _uo` adatajtavgsdnt ndky rggot j fgsarg tn gstjhkas` dgw hndfs wat` t`g dgxt gipgrnr ad tgris ne t`g nkf jkkajdogwat` t`g Lukan-Okjufajds, hut jksn knojk eggkadms ne rgspndsahakaty jdf gdtatkgigdt. Hjtjvajds, Whajdsjdf nt`gr oniiudatags ad t`g Xàdgkjdf iust `jvg ondsafgrgf t`gisgkvgs aipnrtjdt pkjygrs ad t`gpnkataojk strummkgs ne t`g Giparg. ]`gd Ugspjsajdus (51-=1 JF) ojig tn pnwgr hy suoogsseukky gdfadm

jkk nppnsatand, dn igihgrs ne t`g aipgrajk `nrsg mujrf wgrg rgoruatgf ad t`g Xàdgkjdf enr t`g dgxtt`rgg fgojfgs.



:6?

Hut w`jt `jppgdgf w`gd gxpjdsand adtn Mgrijdaj ojig tn j `jkt jdf Xnigadstgjf enousgf nd tgrratnrajk ondsnkafjtand jdf t`g ondstruotand ne j pgrijdgdterndtagr systgi jkndm t`g Xàdg> Js Xnijd rukgrs nptgf enr fgegdsavg pnkaoags,fasonursgs ad t`g Xàdgkjdf wakk `jvg jflustgf tn eat dgw rgjkatags. `g Gjrky Xnijd

djrrjtavgs t`jt ogdtgrgf nd iakatjry suoogss jdf t`g fggfs ne ondqugradm mgdgrjkswgrg mrjfujkky jflustgf tn gip`jsazg t`gigs ne aiinrtjkaty jdf prnspgraty suo` jswg eadf t`gi ad j wafg vjragty ne rgprgsgdtjtands erni t`g sgondf jdf tàrf ogdtury

JF (_pgafgk :1162 Fgrbs :1102 Mjrijd 8330). `g iuktavjkgdog ne @groukgsjkknwgf enr t`g ondtadugf rgkgvjdog ne às oukt nd t`g erndtagr, wat` ‐@groukgs t`gondqugrnr‑ ne hjrhjraty mrjfujkky hgoniadm ‐@groukgs t`g prntgotnr‑ ne j prnspgrnusjdf gtgrdjk Xnijd Giparg.

Fgspatg o`jdmgs ad aipgrajk pnkaoags, adtgrgst enr @groukgs faf dnt wjavgr,jdf, js j rgsukt ne t`g ondogrds ne adfavafujk Xnijd rukgrs, onukf gvgd eknuras`(@gbstgr 8337). _nig gxjipkgs ijy akkustrjtg `nw tàs ijdaegstgf atsgke ad t`g

Knwgr Xàdgkjdf. Egw Xnijd kgmands jrg bdnwd tn `jvg okjaigf @groukgs jspjtrnd fgaty, jdf at sggis tgkkadm t`jt twn ne t`nsg (Kgman PPAA Sraiamgdaj jdfKgman PU Sraiamgdaj ) wgrg enudfgf enr sgrvaog jkndm t`g Mgrijdao erndtagr (Bgppag8333)8=. Gqujkky summgstavg as t`g ejot t`jt jdnt`gr kgmand ne @groukgs (Kgman rjajdusEnrtas ) wjs enudfgf hy Gipgrnr rjljd (10-::= JF) w`n, hgenrg jsogdfadm tn t`gaipgrajk t`rndg, sgrvgf js mnvgrdnr ne Knwgr Mgrijdy (Mgrijdaj Adegranr ) w`grg`g nvgrsjw suhstjdtajk ondstruotand geenrts (@gssadm :111).80 Ndog gipgrnr, `grgadstjtgf t`g Hjtjvajd `nrsg mujrf tn sgrvg js às pgrsndjk hnfymujrf jdf gkgvjtgft`g jfiadastrjtavg stjtus ne twn trahjk ojpatjks ad t`g prnvadog ‟ Onkndaj Wkpajrjajdj (Pjdtgd) jdf Wkpaj Dnvanijmus Hjtjvnrui (Daligmgd). Aipnrtjdtky, t`g

induigdtjkazjtand ne t`g Ijmusjdus sjdotujrags ojd hg fjtgf tn rjljd‑s rgamd.@as suoogssnr @jfrajd (::=-:?0 JF), w`n kabg rjljd wjs ne _pjdas` fgsogdt, `jfsgrvgf js jd neeaogr ad ndg ne t`g kgmands ne @groukgs (Kgman PPAA ) jdf sggigf tn `jvgs`nwd j bggd adtgrgst ad t`g `jke-mnf js wgkk (Hjrry 83::, 8?). Huakfadm jotavatagsad t`g Knwgr Xàdgkjdf `jvg hggd fjtgf tn às rgamd, wàkg t`g ojpatjk ne t`g

8= Gvafgdog ad t`g enri ne hraob stjips summgsts t`jt snkfagrs erni t`g Kgman PPAA wgrg stjtandgf jtojstgkkui Egotan (Hnmjgrs :157, :35). Vg fasonvgry ne jd jktjr stndg dgjr t`g enrt pnadts jt ouktprjotaogs ogdtgrgf nd @groukgs Ijmusjdus ad t`g vaoadaty (Ujd Gs :116, 7?). Adtgdsavg jro`jgnknmaojkadvgstamjtand ad t`g jrgj `js s`nwd t`g gxastgdog ne j fgdsgky nooupagf rurjk kjdfsojpg w`grg iakatjry

vgtgrjds kabgky sgttkgf. Gqujkky samdaojdt ad tàs kam`t jrg t`g adfaojtands enr j dgjrhy sjdotujryfgfaojtgf tn @jgvj/@ghg, @groukgs‑ ondsnrt (sgg oniigdts hgknw).

80 ]`gd ondsafgradm t`g hjobmrnudf jdf intavjtand ne t`nsg advnkvgf ad t`g oukt ne @groukgs Ijmusjdus ,at as faoukt tn amdnrg t`g pntgdtajk rnkg ne @aspjdao oniiudatags. Vg Ahgrajd pgdadsukj egjturgsaipnrtjdtky ad @groukgjd iyt`, jdf @groukgs sjdotujrags t`grg jrg duigrnus. rjljd wjs erni@aspjdaj jdf as bdnwd tn `jvg iadtgf onads fgpaotadm @groukgs Mjfatjdus/Advaotus hgtwggd :33 jdf::7 JF (Hjrry 83::, 8:). Vg ondstruotand ne t`g ejinus nwgr ne Hramjdtaui ( ejrui Hramjdtaui)nd t`g Mjgkaoajd onjst wjs huakt furadm às rgamd. At purpnrtgfky ijrbgf t`g spnt w`grg @groukgs`jf vjdmuas`gf Mgrynd. Eurt`grinrg, Fan O`rysnstni‑s fasonursgs nd badmsàp wgrg wrattgd wat`rjljd ad iadf, w`n `g onipjrgf tn @groukgs (Fan O`rysnstni Nrjtands :-6). Ad jffatand tn t`gtwn Atjkao kgmands ne @groukgs, jt kgjst vg kgmands ( Kgman U Jkjufjg, Kgman PPA Xjpjx, Kgman PP UjkgrajUaotrax, Kgman A Mgrijdaoj , jdf Kgman AAAA Ijogfndaoj ) bdnwd tn `jvg sgrvgf ad t`g Xàdgkjdf `jf jksnsggd jotavg futy ad @aspjdaj furadm t`g Ojdtjhrajd wjrs (81-:1 HO). Ae snkfagrs hgkndmadm tn t`gsg

kgmands wgrg udejiakajr wat` t`g kjdf w`grg @groukgs ndog kjhnrgf, sgrvaog nd t`g _pjdas` erndtagr wakkudfnuhtgfky `jvg gdsurgf ejiakajraty, ae dnt mgduadg adtgrgst.



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Ojdjdgejtgs wjs rgdjigf Iudaoapaui Jgkaui Ojdjdgejtaui, onkknquajkky bdnwdjs Enrui @jfrajda (Unnrhurm). _uo` wgrg t`g wjys Xàdgkjdf oniiudatags wnukf`jvg egkt t`g aipjot ne t`g pgrsndjk adtgrgsts jdf jotavatags ne aipnrtjdt pnkataojkeamurgs, wào` udfnuhtgfky jeegotgf ouktao fasonursg.

Hgyndf t`g adtgrgsts jdf jotands ne Xnijd aipgrajk pjtrnds, j vjragty ne nt`grjmgdts ondtrahutgf tn t`gsg fasonursgs js wgkk. `g gpamrjpào gvafgdog s`nws nw Ijmusjdus as igdtandgf ad jt kgjst twgdty-ndg adsoraptands, ne wào` eaetggd `jvghggd enudf ad t`g Knwgr Xàdgkjdf (Fgrbs :11:, 877). `g gjrkagst adsoraptandonigs erni t`g Hjtjvajd tgrratnry, wàkg t`g vjst ijlnraty ne fgfaojtands noour adt`g Mgrijd Xàdgkjdf jdf fjtg tn t`g sgondf jdf tàrf ogdtury JF.81 Fgfaojtandswgrg prgfniadjdtky ijfg hy iakatjry igd jdf tgdf tn ondogdtrjtg dgjr iakatjryojips, hut t`gy jksn adokufg t`nsg ijfg hy pragsts, trjfgrs jdf pjrgdts.

_uo` vjrajhakaty ad t`g afgdtaty jdf hjobmrnudf ne fgfaojtnrs spgjbs tn t`gad`grgdt iuktavjkgdog ne @groukgs, hut jksn tn t`g iuktaoukturjk jdf snoajkky fydjiao

o`jrjotgr ne t`g Xàdgkjdf. `g Hjtjvajd fastraot w`grg t`g t`rgg sjdotujrags wgrgknojtgf enr j kndm taig nusgf j kjrmg oniiudaty ne snkfagrs jdf oavakajds w`grg jdadtgrgst enr @groukgs, mujrfajd ne t`g Mgrijdao erndtagr, wjs ijadtjadgf (Xnyijds:117, 752 Unssgd 833?, 6:7).?3 ]g s`nukf gxpgot j Xnijd-sjdotandgf fasonursgogdtgrgf nd j sydorgtao jke-mnf tn jvg ongxastgf, t`gd, wat` j rjdmg ne puhkao jdfpravjtg jktgrdjtavgs. Adfggf, vntavg fgfaojtands enudf t`rnum`nut t`g rgmand wgrgtypaojkky ijfg hy j wafg vjragty ne adfavafujks jdf mrnups tn jd gqujkky favgrsgrjdmg ne Xnijd, knojk jdf sydorgtao fgatags.

Js dntgf gjrkagr, t`g Jumustjd grj watdgssgf j prnkaegrjtand ne snoanpnkataojkondstruots ne mgdfgr faeegrgdog t`jt gdonurjmgf adorgjsgf gxokusand ne wnigd

erni t`g puhkao sp`grg. `gsg udfnuhtgfky s`jpgf aipgrajk fasonursgs jdfonkndajk pnkaoags nd t`g Mgrijdao erndtagr js wgkk, jdf gpamrjpào gvafgdog ijyjotujkky rgekgot `nw tàs wjs gxprgssgf t`rnum` ouktao fasonursg. `g fastrahutandne fgfaojtands s`nws `nw t`g vjst ijlnraty ne mnffgssgs jrg knojk, wàkg ijkg mnfsjrg jkinst jkwjys Xnijd ad nramad (Fgrbs :110). Eurt`grinrg, jkk sydorgtao fgatagsjrg ijkg jdf ne rgmandjk samdaeaojdog, wàkg djtavg egijkg fgatags jrg typaojkky neiaorn-rgmandjk aipnrtjdog. `g kjttgr jrg jksn gxokusavgky ondogrdgf wat` jspgotsne `gjkt` jdf rgprnfuotand. ]g sgg t`gd t`jt t`g gpamrjpào `jhat rgekgots j strabadmondtrjst hgtwggd egijkg jdf ijkg sp`grgs, j onkndajk fasonursg t`jt ijy, nr ijydnt, `jvg iarrnrgf snoajk rgjkatags, hut ogrtjadky wakk `jvg ondogrdgf t`g @groukgs

oukt js wgkk.Dntàdm onipjrjhkg tn @groukgs Iusjmgtgs sggis tn `jvg gxastgf nd t`g

Mgrijdao erndtagr. `jt pjrtaoukjr syihnkao djrrjtavg ijy dgvgr `jvg hggdjpprnprajtg enr oniiudaojtadm oukturjk rgondstruotand jdf pnkataojk rgondoakajtand

81 Vg gjrkagst adsoraptand fjtgs tn t g rst `jke ne t`g rst ogdtury JF jdf ondogrds j fgfaojtandhy j Hjtjvajd oavatjs noajk. Vg dgxt fjtjhkg adsoraptand onigs erni t`g rjljdao pgranf jdf wjsfgfaojtgf hy j vgtgrjd erni t`g Kgman P (Xnyijds 8336, 860).

?3 Kjtad, Ogktao jdf Mrggb djigs `jvg hggd enudf adsorahgf nd ogrjiaos, wàkg gpamrjpào gvafgdogpnadts jt t`g prgsgdog ne _pjdas` vgtgrjds ne t`g Kgman P Mgiada (@jjkghns 8333, 65=). Nvgr taig,

j mrgjt duihgr ne iakatjry udats jdf jppgdfgf oniiudatags wnukf nooupy t`g Xàdgkjdf, wat`vgtgrjds jdf oavakajds pgrijdgdtky sgttkadm t`grg js wgkk (Jkeõkfy :1502 @nkfgr :111).



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nd t`g erndtagr, suo` js `jppgdgf ad Xnig udfgr Jumustus.?: `grg jrg, `nwgvgr,orgfahkg adfaojtands enr t`g rnkg ne egijkg nrjokgs ad t`g Xàdgkjdf, jdf t`gsg ijy`jvg hggd jssnoajtgf wat` @groukgs. Katgrjry snurogs rgegr tn wnigd ne favadgstjtus jdf wat` t`g pnwgr ne enrgsam`t. `gy sggigf tn `jvg `gkf samdaeaojdt

pnkataojk jut`nraty jdf sgrvgf js jrhatgrs ad knojk ondekaots.?8

@nwgvgr, js ad Xnig,wg prnhjhky s`nukf dnt gxpgot wnigd tn `jvg pjrtaoapjtgf ad trauip`jk hjdqugtsjdf nt`gr suo` ogrgindags stjmgf hy Xnijd jut`nratags jt t`g t`rgg sjdotujrags jst`gsg wakk jvg hggd rgstraotgf tn igd jdf snkfagrs. `jt wnigd faf ijbg neegradmstn t`g `jke-mnf as s`nwd hy jd jktjr stndg fgfaojtgf tn @groukgs Ijmusjdus jdf@jgvj hy j ùshjdf jdf waeg rgqugstadm favadg prntgotand nvgr t`gar oàkfrgd(Xnyijds 8331, 8??). @jgvj‑s jssnoajtand wat` @groukgs, tnmgt`gr wat` t`g ondtgdtne t`g fgfaojtand, summgsts t`jt s`g as tn hg gqujtgf wat` Luvgdtjs, Xnijd mnffgssne ynut`. Ad Xnig, advnojtands tn Luvgdtjs wgrg ijfg ad j tgipkg ne @groukgs jdfadvnkvgf jppgjks enr t`g sjegty ne iakatjry ynut`s (vgkatgs ).

At as eurt`grinrg pnssahkg t`jt @jgvj wjs j knojk trjdsoraptand ne @ghg, t`gMrggb gquavjkgdt ne Luvgdtjs. @gr prgsgdog ad t`g jrgj as onrrnhnrjtgf hy t`g djigne t`g Xnijd enrt Kgvgejdui (Xalswalb) satujtgf dgjr t`g ondekugdog ne t`g Xàdgjdf Kgb (Hgo`grt jdf ]akkgis :117, 03). Kgvgejdui ijy hg j trjdsoraptand ne@ghgejdui, t`grghy rgegrradm tn j sjdotujry ne @ghg ad t`g vaoadaty. Ae trug, at ijyhg jdnt`gr adstjdog ne syihnkao ijduejoturadm hy t`g onkndajk pnwgr, jdf jmjadadvnkvadm @groukgs, t`num` ad tàs adstjdog hy wjy ne às egijkg ondsnrt. Hgojusgojstgkkui Kgvgejdui wjs huakt (o. 73JF) jetgr t`g pgranf ne Gjrky Xnijd neegdsgsad Mgrijdaj, t`g o`naog ne @ghg nvgr @groukgs àisgke ijy `jvg hggd jd gjrkyjttgipt hy Xnijd jut`nratags tn gip`jsazg t`gigs ne aipgrajk kndmgvaty jt j taig

w`gd pnkaoags wgrg sàetadm tnwjrfs tgrratnrajk ondsnkafjtand jdf t`g enrijtand nej pgrijdgdt erndtagr. Iyt`nknmaojk djrrjtavgs surrnudfadm @ghg, js ouphgjrgr net`g Nkyipajd mnfs, praijraky ogdtrg nd t`gigs ne rgluvgdjtand jdf aiinrtjkaty.

às asd‑t tn sjy t`jt fgfaojtnrs tn @groukgs jdf @ghg stjtandgf jt Kgvgejdui,suo` js t`g igihgrs ne j `rjoajd inudtgf udat (on`nrs A `rjoui gquatjtj ),wnukf dnt ondstruot t`gar nwd djrrjtavgs wàkg erggky jdf ergqugdtky rgegrgdoadmwgkk-bdnwd iyt`s. Adfggf, t`nsg jssnoajtgf wat` j `nigkjdf wakk `jvg hggd oknsgkydurturgf hy trnnps stjtandgf jhrnjf, gvgd hgoniadm pjrt ne rgmaigdtjk fasonursg.??

?: Vnum` sgg _wadbgks (8331) enr fgpaotands ne @groukgs jdf t`g iusgs nd j tgrrj samakkjtj oup erniDaligmgd, fjtgf tn t`g gjrky rst ogdtury JF.

?8 Vg Hruotgrajd prnp`gtgss Ugkgfj ad pjrtaoukjr `jf j oruoajk pjrt tn pkjy ad t`g Hjtjvajd Xgvnkt(joatus Mgrijdaj 02 Vg @astnrags 6.5:, 6.57, 7.88). Wpnd `gr ojpturg, `gr stjtus sggis tn `jvgprnvgd j o`jkkgdmg tn Xnijd jut`nratags, jdf, rjt`gr t`jd ejkkadm vaotai tn vankgdt rgtrahutand enr `grpjrt ad t`g uprasadms, wjs pkjogf adtn gxakg snut` ne Xnig w`grg s`g spgdt `gr rgijadadm fjys js jtgipkg sgrvjdt (JG :17?, 87).

?? Enr gxjipkg, enr igihgrs ne Vrjoajd inudtgf udats stjtandgf jkndm t`g Mgrijdao erndtagr(Fgrbs 8331, 876) ndg ojd tàdb ne @groukgs‑ gam`t` kjhnr, w`grgad `g fgegjts t`g badm ne Vrjog(Fanigfgs) jdf tjigs às ijd-gjtadm `nrsgs. Vgrg as jksn j ouranus gpasnfg t`jt tgkks ne Vrjoajdwnigd hgadm t`g ndky egijkgs jkknwgf ad j s`radg ne @groukgs (Sjusjdaus Fgsoraptand ne Mrggog=.7.0). Eurt`grinrg, Jrgs/Ijrs, hgadm hnrd ad Vrjog jdf wnrsàppgf js tàs oniiudaty‑s pjtrndfgaty, wjs @ghg‑s hrnt`gr. At wjs @ghg w`n `gjkgf `gr hrnt`gr‑s wnudfs nd t`g hjttkg gkf. Vg

syihnkasi surrnudfadm `gr ùshjdf‑s jpnt`gnsas tn Nkyipus, wakk jksn `jvg `jf mrgjt jppgjk tn jiakatjry oniiudaty2 aiinrtjkaty hgadm t`g prniasgf rgwjrf enr t`gar gjrt`ky kjhnrs.



:65

@groukgs jdf às ondsnrt pnssahky nooupagf j prniadgdt pkjog ad t`g ouktao kaeg ne`rjoajd udats (on`nrs AU `rjoui) stjtandgf jt t`g Ujkbgdhurm enrt ( prjgtnraui

Jmrappadjg ) js wgkk. `grg, t`g rgijads ne j @groukgs stjtug wgrg enudf, wào`wjs kabgky grgotgf furadm rjljd‑s rgamd w`gd nt`gr @groukgs sjdotujrags nd t`g

Mgrijdao erndtagr wgrg induigdtjkazgf (Fg @adm` jdf Uns 8335, :7:).@jvadm gip`jsazgf t`g o`jdmadm ejog ne j Xnijd-sjdotandgf fasonursg, jkndmwat` snig ne t`g jktgrdjtavgs ijadtjadgf hy j kjrmg oniiudaty ne adfavafujkswat` iaxgf afgdtatags jdf hjobmrnudfs, snigtàdm ojd jksn hg sjaf jhnut t`garfgiasg. `g jhjdfndigdt ne t`g sjdotujrags noourrgf hgenrg t`g Hjtjvajdafgdtaty fasjppgjrgf fug tn t`g Kjtg Xnijd gt`dao rgondeamurjtand ne t`g KnwgrXàdgkjdf. `g gdf ne jssnoajtgf fasonursgs wjs kabgky t`g rgsukt ne t`g adorgjsgfergqugdoy ne ornss-hnrfgr rjafadm hy Mgrijdao mrnups furadm t`g tàrf ogdtury

JF, oukiadjtadm ad t`g pgrijdgdt sgttkgigdt ne t`g Erjdbs. `g jssnoajtand ne@groukgs wat` erndtagr fgegdsg as summgstgf hy t`g duiasijtao gvafgdog erni t`g

rgamd ne Snstuius w`n enudfgf t`g s`nrt-kavgf Mjkkao Giparg (853-8=6 JF) adfargot rgspndsg tn Mgrijdao advjsands (Fradbwjtgr :10=). Snstuius, rgpnrtgfkyne ùihkg Hjtjvajd fgsogdt, as bdnwd tn `jvg assugf onads fgpaotadm @groukgs

Ijmusjdus /Fgusndaus . às syihnkao rgegrgdog tn t`g sjorgf mujrfajd ne t`g KnwgrXàdgkjdf erndtagr as gjsaky udfgrstnnf ad tàs tàrf ogdtury ondtgxt. @nwgvgr, fugtn t`g ergqugdt onkkjpsg ne erndtagr fgegdsgs, at hgojig aipnssahkg enr @groukgs tnrgtjad tàs stjtus. `g pgrijdgdt adjhakaty ne Xnig tn mn nd t`g neegdsavg, ad turd,prgokufgf j rgvasatadm ne @groukgjd t`gigs ne vaotnranus ondqugst.

`g ejkk ne t`g Xnijd Giparg kgf tn t`g enrijtand ne t`g Erjdbas` badmfnissnut` ne t`g nkf erndtagr, wat` t`g Gjrky Igfagvjk pgranf ijrbgf hy t`g adtgrdjk

strummkgs ne t`g Igrnvadmajd fydjsty jdf ondekaots wat` t`g Erasajds enr ondtrnkne t`g Knwgr Xàdgkjdf. `g rasg ne O`rastajdaty watàd Erjdbas` snoagty, jdf t`gpnkataojk purpnsgs tn wào` at wjs put, gdsurgf t`g pgrijdgdt rginvjk ne @groukgserni t`g fniadjdt fasonursg. Xatujk ejakurg ad tàs ondtgxt, t`gd, ijy hg udfgrstnnfjs advnkvadm t`g jhjdfndigdt ne pjrtaoukjr djrrjtavgs jdf ratujks hy fniadjdtpnkataojk pnwgrs. @nwgvgr, `grg js wgkk, t`g rgjkaty ne ouktao `gtgrnmgdgaty ojd hgs`nwd hy t`g wjy @groukgs rgijadgf rgkgvjdt ad t`g kavgs ne pgnpkg ad t`g rgmand.Gvafgdog enr tàs onigs erni t`g Erasajd tgrratnry wat` fjtgs onvgradm t`g KjtgXnijd jdf Gjrky Igfagvjk pgranfs (`grbnrd 83362 `grbnrd gt jk. 8331).?6 Atsummgsts t`g survavjk ne j ouktao fasonursg onderndtgf hy O`rastajd iassandjrags jdf

gvgdtujkky prnàhatgf (nr orgjtavgky dgmntajtgf) hy oùro` jut`nratags js pjmjd enkbprjotaog jdf supgrstatand. ]at` t`g onipkgtand ne Erasajd ondvgrsand udrgjkasgfudtak t`g twgkt` nr gvgd tàrtggdt` ogdtury, t`g pnssahakaty t`jt ]grgderagf‑s oùro`jt Gkst rgprgsgdts j O`rastajd onkndazjtand ne jd jdoagdt satg ne kadmgradm syihnkaopntgdoy ijy dnt hg jktnmgt`gr ejregto`gf.

?6 Xgsgjro` hy Vgrbnrd (8336, 00) summgsts t`jt stjr ondstgkkjtands (syihnkazadm @groukgs jdf nt`grfgatags) wgrg ijrbgf nut ad sgttkgigdt spjog. Eurt`gr gvafgdog onigs ad t`g enri ne @groukgs jiukgts

t`jt wgrg prgfniadjdtky wnrd hy wnigd jdf oàkfrgd (Vgrbnrd 8331, :3=). Vgijtaojkky, @groukgsrgijadgf jssnoajtgf wat` enrtudg, egrtakaty, jdf prntgotand.



:6=

Ondokusand

]àkg jro`jgnknmasts jrg afgjkky pkjogf tn stufy t`g ijtgrajk trjogs ne ratujk hg`jvanur,at js hggd t`g o`jrjotgr jdf jvjakjhakaty ne jro`jgnknmaojk gvafgdog t`jt js s`jpgft`g igt`nfnknmaojk prgegrgdogs ne jro`jgnknmasts ad fastadot wjys. _adog t`g :103s,pnst-prnogssujk jpprnjo`gs `jvg adorgjsadmky enousgf nd suo` tàdms js syihnkaoondtgdt, snoajk eudotand, jdf suhlgotavg gxpgragdog (Adsnkk 83362 Hjrrnwoknum`jdf Ijkndg 833=2 Enmgkad 833=). ]`jt t`gsg jpprnjo`gs `jvg ad oniind as t`gwjy t`gy tgdf tn fastadmuas` jdjkytaojkky hgtwggd ondtgdt (iyt`s jdf syihnks),enri (prjotaogs, nhlgots, jdf struoturgs), jdf ondtgxt (spjtan-tgipnrjk jdf snoajk).`nsg stufyadm syihnkao systgis tgdf tn enous nd t`g gxjiadjtand ne katgrjry,rgprgsgdtjtandjk jdf onipjrjtavg snurogs, wàkg t`nsg adtgrgstgf ad prjotaog-nragdtgf, eudotandjkast jdf p`gdnigdnknmaojk jpprnjo`gs rgstraot t`gar mjzg tn t`gijtgrajk trjogs ne ratujk hg`jvanurs jdf spjogs. Eurt`grinrg, ratujk prjotaogs jksnnetgd fgindstrjtg strndmgr àstnraojk gdfurjdog t`jd t`g inrg trjdsagdt syihnkaodjrrjtavgs t`gy jrg jssnoajtgf wat`. ]g ojd sgg tàs, enr gxjipkg, ad t`g wafgfastrahutand ne kabg ratujk enris jornss oukturjk hnudfjrags ad prgàstnrao Gurnpg,js iuo` js ad t`g wjys adfamgdnus ratujks ondtadugf w`gd dgw syihnkao djrrjtavgsjrravgf udfgr Xnijd onkndajk rukg. Hgojusg ne tàs, sgpjrjtadm ratujk prjotaogs ernisyihnkao systgis, js jro`jgnknmasts jrg prndg tn fn, okgjrky `js jdjkytaojk igrat.

Enr t`g purpnsgs ne tàs fasoussand nd ouktao `gtgrnmgdgaty, A `jvg jpprnjo`gfratujk prjotaogs jdf syihnkao djrrjtavgs (a.g. ouktao fasonursg) js astnraojkky satujtgfjdf snoajkky rgprnfuogf ondstruots t`jt jrg gihgffgf ad hrnjfgr oukturjk inrjkatagsjdf wnrkfvagws. Ad rgonmdazadm t`g onipkgxaty ne pjst gdtjdmkgigdts, jdf t`g

`gtgrnmgdgaty ne ouktao fasonursg, iy jai wjs tn prnfuog j tàob fgsoraptand net`nsg surrnudfadm j sadmkg oukt. às A `jvg jttgiptgf tn fn hy ondsafgradm t`gdjrrjtavgs, ratujks jdf ondtgxts gdmjmgf hy vjranus mrnups jdf adfavafujks, jkndmwat` t`gar intavgs jdf pgrspgotavgs, jdf hy usadm iuktapkg kadgs ne gvafgdog ‟katgrjry, rgprgsgdtjtandjk, jro`jgnknmaojk jdf àstnraojk.

Xgsgjro` nd @groukgs Ijmusjdus `js sn ejr kjrmgky enousgf nd t`g syihnkaoondstruotand ne oniiudaty, w`grghy t`g enrijtavg pgranf ne t`g Hjtjvajd afgdtaty,jdf t`g rnkg ne Ijmusjdus enr t`g sgke-fgeadatand ne tàs oniiudaty vas-ã-vas Xnig,`js fniadjtgf fasoussands. J struoturjkast enous nd gdvarndigdt jdf infgs-ne-gxastgdog `jvg jksn ijfg djtavg afgnknmaojk gdfurjdog j ogdtrjk jspgot, wàkg

Ijrxast vagws nd t`g adstruigdtjk ijdapukjtand ne afgnknmy `js pkjogf gkatgs jtt`g ogdtgr ne adtgrprgtavg jrmuigdts. `num` neegradm j onipgkkadm erjigwnrbenr tàdbadm jhnut knojk ouktao gxpgragdog, tàs onihadjtand ne pnst-onkndajk jdfIjrxast-struoturjkast pgrspgotavgs rasbs rgfuoadm pjst onipkgxatags, hgojusg atdgmkgots onkndajk jdf suhnrfadjtg adtgrgsts. Hgenrg wg ojd gvjkujtg t`g igjdadmne j sjorgf adsoraptand nd j ogrjiao oup, hrndzg radm nr jktjr stndg, nr ojd hgmadtn udfgrstjdf t`g snoajk samdaeaojdog ne ratujks ad j vjragty ne spjtan-tgipnrjkondtgxts, at sgrvgs tn ondsafgr j hrnjf rjdmg ne satujtgf djrrjtavgs, prjotaogs, jdfjotnrs. `g `gtgrnmgdgnus djturg ne ouktao fasonursg, suo` js fgsorahgf `grg enr jsydorgtao fgaty udfgr onkndajk ondfatands, as wnrt` gxpknradm ad nt`gr ondtgxts js

wgkk, w`gd gvafgdog jkknws enr tàs.



:60

Jobdnwkgfmigdts

A wnukf kabg tn t`jdb Ujsakaba Bnutrjenura jdf Lgee _jdfgrs enr nrmjdazadm jstaiukjtadm JM sgssand nd t`g jro`jgnknmy ne ratujk ejakurg, jdf enr kjhnradm tnsgg t`g puhkaojtand ne tàs vnkuig rgjkazgf. Sjrtaoapjtand wjs ijfg pnssahkg hyeadjdoajk jssastjdog ad t`g enri ne j Fnnkattkg-@jrrasnd Egkknwsàp jdf Kao`tstgrdrjvgk Mrjdt (Wdavgrsaty ne Oàojmn). A ji jksn mrjtgeuk enr t`g jfvaog jdf adsam`tsneegrgf hy eragdfs jdf onkkgjmugs jt t`g Wdavgrsaty ne Jistgrfji jdf t`g Wdavgrsatyne Oàojmn. `num` t`gsg `jvg ogrtjadky `gkpgf s`jpg iy jrmuigdts, jdy ejotujkgrrnrs nr knmaojk ejkkjoags rgijad iy nwd.

Xgegrgdogs

Sraijry _nurogs

JG, K‑Jddág Ápamrjpàqug.

Jiiajdus Ijrogkkadus. :105. `g Kjtgr Xnijd Giparg (J.F. ?76-?=0). @jrindfswnrt`<Sgdmuad Hnnbs.

Ojgsjr. :115. _gvgd Oniigdtjrags nd t`g Mjkkao ]jr . Nxenrf< Nxenrf Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Ojssaus Fan Onoogajdus. :10=. `g Xnijd @astnry< `g Xgamd ne Jumustus . @jrindfswnrt`<Sgdmuad Hnnbs.

Fan O`rysnstni. :1?8. Fan O`rysnstni. Kndfnd< ]. @gadgijdd, ktf.

Fandysaus. :1?=. `g Xnijd Jdtaquatags ne Fandysaus ne @jkaojrdjssus . Ojihrafmg< @jrvjrf

Wdavgrsaty Srgss.Kavy. :1:8. `g @astnry ne Xnig . Kndfnd< L.I. Fgdt.

Sjusjdajs. :157. Fgsoraptand ne Mrggog . Dgw Qnrb< Hahkn jdf jddgd.

Skutjro`. :118. Skutjro`< `g Kavgs ne t`g Dnhkg Mrgoajds jdf Xnijds. Dgw Qnrb< InfgrdKahrjry.

_ugtndaus. :103. `g wgkvg Ojgsjrs . Dgw Qnrb< Sgdmuad Hnnbs.

joatus. :111. Mgrijdaj . Nxenrf< Okjrgdfnd Srgss.

joatus. 8336. `g Jddjks . Adfajdjpnkas< @jobgtt Suh.

joatus. :11=. `g @astnrags . Nxenrf< Nxenrf Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Ugkkgaus Sjtgroukus. 83::. `g Xnijd àstnry< erni Xniukus jdf t`g enudfjtand ne Xnig tnt`g rgamd ne t`g Gipgrnr ahgraus . Adfajdjpnkas< @jobgtt Suh. On.

Uarmak. :105. `g Jgdgaf . Ijdo`gstgr< Ojrojdgt Dgw Srgss jdf Iaf Dnrtùihgrkjdf JrtsMrnup.



:61

_gondfjry _nurogs

Jkeõkfy, M. :150. Fag @akestruppgd fgr rniaso`gd Srnvadz Mgrijdaj adegranr. Gpamrjpàso`g_tufagd, UA.

Jptgr, J. 8336. @grsbnvats‑s @gratjmg, Xgtàdbadm _ydorgtasi ad t`g Jeraojd Fajspnrj,ad< Kgnpnkf J. I. gt jk. (gfs.). _ydorgtasi ad Xgkamand, j rgjfgr. Dgw Qnrb< Xnutkgfmg,:53-:06.

Hjrrnwoknum`, F.J. jdf Ijkndg, O. 833= (gfs.). Oukt ad Ondtgxt, Xgondsafgradm Xatujk ad Jro`jgnknmy . Nxenrf< Nxhnw Hnnbs.

Hjrry, E. 83::. `g Inut` ne rut` jdf t`g Enrui Hnjraui, Nogjdus, @groukgs, jdf@jfrajd. `g Jrt Hukkgtad POAAA :, =-?=.

Hgjrf, I. 833=. `g Xnijd rauip`. Ojihrafmg< Hgkbdjp Srgss ne @jrvjrf WdavgrsatySrgss.

Hgo`grt, . jdf ]akkgis, ].L.@. :117 (gfs.). Fg Xnigadsg ralbsmrgds tussgd Ingzgk gdDnnrfzggbust. Wtrgo`t< Ijtrals.

Hkjmm, .E.O. jdf Iakkgtt, I. (gfs). :113. `g Gjrky Xnijd Giparg ad t`g ]gst . Nxenrf<Nxhnw Hnnbs.

Hnmjgrs, L.G. :177. Fg Mjkkn-Xnigadsg tgipgks tg Gkst ad fg Nvgr-Hgtuwg . Fgd @jjm<_tjjtsfrubbgral- gd Watmgvgralhgfrale.

Hnmjgrs, L.G. :157. Xnigads Daligmgd, Gxgroatus Mgrijdaous Adegranr. Duijmj PAA/?,10-:35.

Hnurfagu, S. :1==. Nutkadg ne j `gnry ne Srjotaog . Ojihrafmg< Ojihrafmg Wdavgrsaty

Srgss.Hnurdg, G. :1:5. J _tufy ne ahur ‟ @astnraojk, Katgrjry jdf Gpamrjpàojk ‟ erni t`g Gjrkagst

aigs tn t`g Oknsg ne t`g Xnijd Giparg . Igdjs`j< Mgnrmg Hjdtj puhkasàdm onipjdy.

Hnwfgd, @. jdf Xjwkadms, K. 8337 (gfs.). @grjbkgs jdf @groukgs< Gxpknradm j Mrjgon-Xnijd Favadaty . _wjdsgj< `g Okjssaojk Srgss ne ]jkgs.

Hrjdft, X. jdf _knestrj, L. :10? (gfs.). Xnijd jdf Djtavg ad t`g Knw Onudtrags< _p`grgs neAdtgrjotand. HJX Adtgrdjtandjk _grags :06. Nxenrf< Hratas` Jro`jgnknmaojk Xgpnrts.

Onijrnee, L. jdf Onijrnee, L.K. :11:. Ne Xgvgkjtand jdf Xgvnkutand. Oàojmn< Wdavgrsatyne Oàojmn Srgss.

Fg @adm`, J. jdf Uns, ]. 8335. Xnigadgd ad Ujkbgdhurm (\@)< fg npmrjvadmsmgsoàgfgdas gd`gt jro`gnknmaso` ndfgrzngb vjd Srjgtnraui Jmrappadjg . @jzgdhgrm Jro`gnknmag Kgafgd.

Fgrbs, . :11:. `g pgrogptand ne t`g Xnijd pjdt`gnd hy j djtavg gkatg, t`g gxjipkg nevntavg adsoaptands erni Knwgr Mgrijdy, ad< Xnyijds, D. gt jk. (gfs.). Aijmgs ne t`g Sjst,_tufags nd Jdoagdt _noagtags ad Dnrt`wgstgrd Gurnpg . _tufags ad prg- gd prntnàstnrag.

Jistgrfji< Adstatuut vnnr Srg- gd Srntnàstnraso`g Jro`gnknmag Jkhgrt Gmmgs vjdMaeegd, 8?7-857.



:73

Fgrbs, . :110. Mnfs, gipkgs, jdf Xatujk Srjotaogs< `g rjdsenrijtand ne Xgkamanus Afgjsjdf Ujkugs ad Xnijd Mjuk . Jistgrfji< Jistgrfji Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Fgrbs, . :111. Hgtwggd fjaky gxastgdog jdf favadg nrfgr. `g kjdfsojpgs ne Xnijd Mjuk,ad< Ejhgo`, O. gt jk. (gfs.). _gttkgigdt jdf Kjdfsojpg, Srnoggfadms ne j Ondegrgdog ad

Çrùs, Fgdijrb, Ijy 6-= :110 . Lutkjdf Jro`jgnknmaojk _noagty puhkaojtands. Ingsmçrf< Lutkjdf Jro`jgnknmaojk _noagty, ?6?-?78.

Fgrbs, . 8338. Fg tgipgks vjd Gkst (Mkf). Daguw jro`gnknmaso` ndfgrzngb rndf fg [email protected]. Jro`gnknmaso` Adstatuut Uralg Wdavgrsatgat Hrnoùrg 1.

Fgrbs, ., vjd Bgrob`nvg, L. jdf @nee, S. 8330 (gfs.). Daguw jro`gnknmaso` ndfgrzngbrndf fg Mrntg Bgrb vjd Gkst, mgiggdtg Nvgrhgtuwg (8338-833?). \uafdgfgrkjdfsg

Jro`gnknmaso`g Xjppnrtgd ?:.

Fgrbs, . 8331. Gt`dao afgdtaty ad t`g Xnijd erndtagr. `g gpamrjp`y ne Hjtjva jdf nt`grKnwgr Xàdg trahgs, ad< Fgrbs, . gt jk. (gfs.). Gt`dao Ondstruots ad Jdtaquaty, `g Xnkg

ne Snwgr jdf rjfatand. Jistgrfji< Jistgrfji Wdavgrsaty Srgss, 8?1-808.Fagtkgr, I. 83:3. Jro`jgnknmags ne Onkndajkasi, Ondsuiptand, Gdtjdmkgigdt, jdf Uankgdog ad

Jdoagdt Igfatgrrjdgjd Erjdog . Hgrbgkgy< Wdavgrsaty ne Ojkaenrdaj Srgss.

Fnhhad, X.E. :117. Lukaus Ojgsjr ad Lupatgr‑s Srnp`goy, ‛Jgdagf’, Hnnb :. Okjssaojk Jdtaquaty :6:, 7-63.

Fniigkgd, S. vjd 8338. Jihamunus Ijttgrs< Onkndajkasi jdf Knojk Afgdtatags ad Sudao_jrfadaj, ad< Kynds O. K. gt jk. (gfs.). `g Jro`jgnknmy ne Onkndajkasi. Assugs jdfFghjtgs. Kns Jdmgkgs< Mgtty Xgsgjro` Adstatutg, :8:-:73.

Fragk-Iurrjy, O. vjd 833?. Gt`dao _nkfagrs< `g Gxpgragdog ne t`g Knwgr Xàdg rahgs, ad<

Mrûdgwjkf . jdf _gahgk _. (gfs.). Bndtaduatæt Wdf Fasbndtaduatæt, Mgrijdaj Adegranr Ji Hgmadd Wdf Ji Gdfg Fgr Xõiaso`gd @grrso`jet. Grmædzudmshædfg zui Xgjkkgxabndfgr Mgrijdaso`gd Jktgrtuisbudfg ?7. Hgrkad< Fg Mruytgr, 833-8:=.

Fragssgd, I. 8337. Induigdtjkaty enr Xnijd Daligmgd, ad< Uasy \. (gf.). Kaigs PAP,Srnoggfadms ne t`g PAPt` Adtgrdjtandjk Ondmrgss ne Xnijd Erndtagr _tufags @gkf ad Sáos,@udmjry, _gptgihgr 833?. Sáos< Wdavgrsaty ne Sáos, ?:7-?88.

Fradbwjtgr, L.E. :10=. `g Mjkkao Giparg< _gpjrjtasi jdf Ondtaduaty ad t`g Dnrt`-]gstgrd Srnvadogs ne t`g Xnijd Giparg, J.F. 853-8=6 . _tuttmjrt< Erjdz _tgadgr Ugrkjm

]agshjfgd.

Gdobgvnrt, @. vjd jdf àlssgd, L. 8337. Ad fg so`jfuw vjd `gt Dnnrfgrkao`t. Fg Mjkkn-Xnigadsg tgipgk vjd Gkst-]gstgrjji. Daligmgd< Wdagpgrs/Hurgju Jro`gnknmagMgiggdtg Daligmgd.

Gdobgvnrt, @. vjd 8337. `g _amdaeaojdog ne t`g Huakfadm Jotavatags ne rjljd jdf t`gKgman P Mgiadj enr t`g Adtgmrjtand ne t`g Hjtjvajds adtn t`g Xnijd Giparg, ad< Uasy\. (gf.). Kaigs PAP, Srnoggfadms ne t`g PAPt` Adtgrdjtandjk Ondmrgss ne Xnijd Erndtagr_tufags @gkf ad Sáos, @udmjry, _gptgihgr 833?. Sáos< Wdavgrsaty ne Sáos, 07-16.

Gs, ].J. vjd :116. Fg Xnigadsg Urgfg, ad< Gs, ].J. vjd jdf @gssadm, ].J.I. (gfs.).Xnigadgd, Eragzgd gd Erjdbgd ad `gt @jrt vjd Dgfgrkjdf. Ujd rjagotui tnt Fnrgstjf 73v. O.‟133 d. O. Jigrsennrt< Xalbsfagdst vnnr `gt Nuf`gafbudfam Hnfgindfgrzngb,

60-5?.



:7:

Egrmusnd, X.H. jdf ]àtg`gjf, D.K. (gfs). :118. ]jr ad t`g rahjk \ndg, Gxpjdfadm _tjtgsjdf Adfamgdnus ]jrejrg . _jdtg Eg< _o`nnk ne Jigraojd Xgsgjro` Srgss.

Enmgkad, K. 833=. `g Jro`jgnknmy ne Xgkamanus Xatujk. Jddujk Xgvagw ne Jdt`rnpnknm y ?5:, 77-=:.

Mjkadsby, M.B. :1=8. `g @grjbkgs `gig< `g Jfjptjtands ne t`g @grn ad Katgrjturg erni@nigr tn t`g wgdtagt` Ogdtury . Nxenrf< H. Hkjobwgkk.

Mjrijd, J.M. 8330. `g Oukt ne t`g Ijtrndjg ad t`g Xnijd Xàdgkjdf< Jd @astnraojkGvjkujtand ne t`g Jro`jgnknmaojk Gvafgdog . Kgwastnd< Gfwad Igkkgd Srgss.

Maffgds, J. :106. `g Ondstatutand ne _noagty, Nutkadg ne t`g `gnry ne _truoturjtand .Hgrbgkgy< Wdavgrsaty ne Ojkaenrdaj Srgss.

Mrjdg, . 833=. `g Xnijd Giparg jdf _nut`grd _ojdfadjvaj ‟ j Dnrt`grd Onddgotand.S`.F. Fassgrtjtand, Wdavgrsaty ne Onpgd`jmgd.

@jjkghns, L.B. 8333. Fag wartso`jetkao`g Hgfgutudm fgs Daligmgdgr Kgmandskjmgr udfsgadgr ojdjhjg, ad< Mrûdgwjkf, . gt jk. (gfs.). Mgrijdaj Adegranr, Hgsagfkudm, Mgsgkkso`jetWdf ]artso`jet jd Fgr Mrgdzg Fgr Xõiaso`-Mgrijdaso`gd ]gkt . Grmædzudmshædfg zuiXgjkkgxabnd fgr mgrijdaso`gd Jktgrtuisbudfg 80. Hgrkad< Fg Mruytgr, 656-6=1.

@jrfag, J. 833=. Ludn, @groukgs, jdf t`g Iusgs jt Xnig. Jigraojd Lnurdjk ne Sàknknmy :80/6, 77:-718.

@gafadmj, @.J. :111. `g ]aldjkfui gxojvjtand< _gjroàdm enr j ogdtrjk pkjog ad Fjrb Jmg Erasaj, ad< Hgstgijd L. O. (gf.). `g gxojvjtands jt ]aldjkfui< rgpnrts nd Erasaj adXnijd jdf Igfagvjk taigs. Xnttgrfji/Hrnnbeagkf< J.J. Hjkbgij.

@gbstgr, N. 8337. Srnpjmjtadm Snwgr. @groukgs js jd Gxjipkg enr _gondf-Ogdtury

Gipgrnrs, ad< Hnwfgd @. gt jk. (gfs.). @grjbkgs jdf @groukgs< Gxpknradm j Mrjgon-XnijdFavadaty . _wjdsgj< `g Okjssaojk Srgss ne ]jkgs, 837-88:.

@grsbnvats, E._. :155 (gf.). `g Dgw ]nrkf Dgmrn< _gkgotgf Sjpgrs ad Jernjigraojd _tufags .Hknniadmtnd< Adfajdj Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

@gssadm, ].J.I. :111. Huakfadm prnmrjiigs enr t`g Knwgr Xàdg Kaigs. `g aipjot net`g vasats ne rjljd jdf @jfrajd tn t`g Knwgr Xàdg, ad< _jrejtal, @., Ugrwgrs, ][email protected] ]nktgradm, S.L. (gfs.). Ad fasoussand wat` t`g pjst. Jro`jgnknmaojk stufags prgsgdtgf tn].J. vjd Gs, Jigrsennrt , :61-75.

@nkfgr, S.J. :111. Gxgroatus Saus Eafgkas, `g Jriy ne Mgrijdaj Adegranr ad JF 01.

\gatso`raet eur Sjpyrnknmag udf Gpamrjpàb :80, 8?=-873.@nkkgijd, J.].L. :1==. Srnpgrtaus AU 1, jd Jumustjd Uagw ne Xnijd Xgkamand. Xgvug

Hgkmg Fg Sàknknmag Gt F‑àstnarg. Xgougak raigstrajk 77:, =1-18.

Adsnkk, . 8336. Jro`jgnknmy, Xatujk, Xgkamand. Kndfnd< Xnutkgfmg.

Ln`dsnd, I.@. 8335. Nd t`g Djturg ne `gnrgtaojk Jro`jgnknmy jdf Jro`jgnknmaojk`gnry. Jro`jgnknmaojk Fajknmugs , :?/38, ::=-:?8.

Lndgs, _. :11=. `g Jro`jgnknmy ne Gt`daoaty< Ondstruotadm Afgdtatags ad t`g Sjst jdf Srgsgdt .Kndfnd< Xnutkgfmg.

Bgppag, K.L.E. 8333. Kgmands jdf Ugtgrjds< Xnijd Jriy Sjpgrs :1=:-8333 . _tuttmjrt< Erjdz_tgadgr Ugrkjm.



:78

Bknip, J. :116. Eggstmgkjmgd gd `gt mghruab vjd jjrfgwgrb, ad< Xnyijds D. gt jk. (gfs.).Fg tgipgk vjd Gipgk, ggd @groukgs-`gakamfni ad `gt wnndmghagf vjd fg Hjtjvgd. ‑s-@grtnmgdhnso`< _tao`tadm Hrjhjdtsg Xgmandjkg Mgsoàgfhgngegdadm, :78-:5:.

Bndfnkgnd, O. jdf Hgrmijdd, H.J. (gfs). :111. `g Jrt ne Jdoagdt _pgotjokg . ]jsàdmtnd<

Djtandjk Mjkkgry ne Jrt.Ijrzjdn, J. 8331. @groukgs jdf t`g rauip`jk Egjst enr t`g Xnijd Sgnpkg, ad< Hgrdêrfgz

H. J. gt jk. (gfs.). rjdsenriadm @astnraojk Kjdfsojpgs ad t`g Jdoagdt Gipargs, Srnoggfadmsne t`g Earst ]nrbs`np, Fgogihgr :5-:1t` 833= . HJX Adtgrdjtandjk _grags :105. Nxenrf<

Ln`d jdf Graoj @gfmgs Ktf, 0?-1=.

Ijtj, B. 83:8. Jdt`rnpnknmaojk Sgrspgotavgs nd Onkndajkasi, Mknhjkazjtand jdf XurjkKaegwjys< Gxpjdfadm t`g Kaiats ne Jro`jgnknmaojk Adtgrprgtjtand ad t`g KnwgrXàdgkjdf, ad< Fummjd, I., E. IoAdtns` jdf F.L. Xn`k (gfs.). XJO 83::< Srnoggfadmsne t`g wgdty Earst Jddujk `gnrgtaojk Xnijd Jro`jgnknmy Ondegrgdog ad Dgwojstkg (WB):6-:= Jprak 83::. Nxenrf< Nxhnw Hnnbs, ??-6=.

Ijttadmky, F.L. :11= (gf.). Fajknmugs ad Xnijd Aipgrajkasi< Snwgr, Fasonursg, jdfFasorgpjdt Gxpgragdog ad t`g Xnijd Giparg . Snrtsinut`, X.A< LXJ.

Iagrsg, G. 8336. `g Jroàtgoturg ne t`g Knst gipkg ne @groukgs Mjfatjdus jdf AtsKgvjdtadg Jssnoajtands. Jigraojd Lnurdjk ne Jro`jgnknm y :30/6, 767-7=7.

Iakkgtt, I. :113. `g Xnijdazjtand ne Hratjad< Jd Gssjy ad Jro`jgnknmaojk Adtgrprgtjtand.Dgw Qnrb< Ojihrafmg Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Iakkgtt, I. :117. Xg-àdbadm Xgkamand ad Xnijdazjtand, ad< Igtzkgr L. gt jk. (gfs.).Adtgmrjtand ad t`g Gjrky Xnijd ]gst< `g Xnkg ne Oukturg jdf Afgnknmy . Fnssagrsf‑jro`ánknmag fu Iuság djtandjk f‑àstnarg gt f‑jrt. Kuxgihnurm< Iuság djtandjkf‑àstnarg gt f‑jrt, 1?-:33.

Iato`gkk, L.S. 833=. nwjrfs jd Jro`jgnknmy ne Sgrenrijdog, ad< Hjrrnwoknum` F. J. gtjk. (gfs.). Oukt ad Ondtgxt, Xgondsafgradm Xatujk ad Jro`jgnknmy . Nxenrf< Nxhnw Hnnbs,??5-?63.

Daonkjy, L. 833=. Jrigf Hjtjvajds< usg jdf samdaeaojdog ne wgjpndry jdf `nrsg mgjr ernidnd-iakatjry ondtgxts ad t`g Xàdg Fgktj (73 HO tn JF 673). Jistgrfji< JistgrfjiWdavgrsaty Srgss.

Sjdùysgd, . 8338. Fg Xnigadsg Mnfgdpalkgr vjd Daligmgd. Daligmgd< Ugrgdamadm vjdvragdfgd vjd `gt Iusgui Bji.

Xjwkadms, K. 8337. @jddahjk jdf @groukgs, ad< Hnwfgd @. gt jk. (gfs.). @grjbkgs jdf@groukgs, Gxpknradm j Mrjgon-Xnijd Favadaty . _wjdsgj< `g Okjssaojk Srgss ne ]jkgs,837-88:.

Xattgr, _. :117. @groukgs ad Fgr Xõiaso`gd Budst Und Fgd Jdeædmgd Has Jumustus . @gafgkhgrm<Ugrkjm Jro`ænknmag udf Mgsoào`tg.

Xnyijds, D. :117. Xnijdazjtand, oukturjk afgdtaty jdf t`g gt`dao fasoussand. `gAdtgmrjtand ne t`g knwgr Xàdg pnpukjtands ad t`g Xnijd Giparg, ad< Igtzkgr L. gt jk. (gfs.). Adtgmrjtand ad t`g Gjrky Xnijd ]gst, `g Xnkg ne Oukturg jdf Afgnknmy . Fnssagrsf‑jro`ánknmag fu Iuság djtandjk f‑àstnarg gt f‑jrt. Kuxgihnurm< Iuság djtandjk

f‑àstnarg gt f‑jrt, 6=-56.



:7?

Xnyijds, D. :115. `g swnrf nr t`g pknum`. Xgmandjk fydjiaos ad t`g rnijdasjtandne Hgkmao Mjuk jdf t`g Xàdgkjdf jrgj, ad< Xnyijds D. (gf.). Erni t`g _wnrf tnt`g Sknum`, `rgg _tufags nd t`g Gjrkagst Xnijdasjtand ne Dnrt`grd Mjuk . Jistgrfji<

Jistgrfji Wdavgrsaty Srgss, 1-:85.

Xnyijds, D. 8336. Gt`dao Afgdtaty jdf Aipgrajk Snwgr< `g Hjtjvajds ad t`g Gjrky XnijdGiparg . Jistgrfji< Jistgrfji Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Xnyijds, D. 8331. @groukgs jdf t`g Ondstruotand ne j Hjtjvajd Afgdtaty ad t`g Ondtgxtne t`g Xnijd Giparg, ad< Fgrbs gt jk. (gfs.). Gt`dao Ondstruots ad Jdtaquaty< `g Xnkg neSnwgr jdf rjfatand. Jistgrfji< Jistgrfji Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Xnyijds, D. jdf Jjrts, L. 8337. Onads, snkfagrs jdf t`g Hjtjvajd @groukgs oukt. Onadfgpnsatand ad t`g sjdotujry ne Gipgk ad t`g Knwgr Xàdg rgmand, ad< @jsgkmrnvg O. gtjk. (gfs.). Arnd Jmg Onadjmg jdf Xatujk Srjotaogs . _tufagd zu Eudfiûdzgd fgr Jdtabg.Ijadz ji X`gad< Und \jhgrd, ??=-?71.

Xnyijds, D. jdf Fgrbs, . :116. @gt `gakamfni tg Gipgk. Jkmgigdg hgso`nuwadmgd, ad<Xnyijds D. gt jk. (gfs.). Fg tgipgk vjd Gipgk, ggd @groukgs-`gakamfni ad gt wnndmghagfvjd fg Hjtjvgd. ‑s-@grtnmgdhnso`< _tao`tadm Hrjhjdtsg Xgmandjkg Mgsoàgfhgngegdadm,:3-?0.

_oùktz, O.G. 8333. Infgrd Srglufaog jdf Jdoagdt Srjxas, Egijkg ]nrsàp ne @groukgs jtXnig. \gatso`raet eur Sjpyrnknmag udf Gpamrjpàb :??, 81:-81=.

_`gddjd, _. :101 (gf.). Jro`jgnknmaojk Jpprnjo`gs tn Oukturjk Afgdtaty . Kndfnd< Wdwad@yijd.

_pgafgk, I. :116. Xafadm enr Ojgsjr< `g Xnijd Gipgrnrs‑ @nrsg Mujrfs . Ojihrafmg<@jrvjrf Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

_pgdogr, F. 833:. Srnpgrtaus, @groukgs, jdf t`g Fydjiaos ne Xnijd Iytào _pjog adGkgmy 6.1. Jrgtùsj ?6/?, 871-806.

_tgad, M. 8337 (gf.). `g Jro`jgnknmy ne Onkndajk Gdonudtgrs, Onipjrjtavg Sgrspgotavgs ._jdtj Eg< _o`nnk ne Jigraojd Xgsgjro` Srgss.

_trggts, @. 8336. Ijrtajk Xjogs< `g Iakatjry, Xjog jdf Ijsoukadaty ad Hratas` AipgrajkOukturg, :07=-:1:6 . Ijdo`gstgr< Ijdo`gstgr Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

_wadbgks, K. :116. Ggd vgrmnffgkalbtg @groukgs gd gdbgkg jdfgrg hrndseamurgd, ad<Xnyijds D. gt jk. (gfs.). Fg tgipgk vjd Gipgk, ggd @groukgs-`gakamfni ad gt wnndmghagfvjd fg Hjtjvgd. ‑s-@grtnmgdhnso`< _tao`tadm Hrjhjdtsg Xgmandjkg Mgsoàgfhgngegdadm,08-13.

_wadbgks, K. 8331. @groukgs jdf t`g Iusgs nd j tgrrj samakkjtj oup erni Daligmgd, ad<Gdobgvnrt, @. vjd (gf.). Xnijd Ijtgrajk Oukturg. _tufags ad `ndnur ne Ljd àlssgd. Daligmgd< Iusgui @gt Ujkb`ne Daligmgd, :3?-::6.

jkhnt, O.@. :176. `g Jdmkn-_jxnd Iassandjrags ad Mgrijdy, Hgadm t`g Kavgs ne __.]akkahrnrf, Hndaejog, _turi, Kgnhj, jdf Kghuad, nmgt`gr wat` t`g @nfngpnraond ne _t.]akkahjkf jdf j _gkgotand erni t`g Onrrgspndfgdog ne _t. Hndaejog . Kndfnd< _`ggf jdf

]jrf.

`grbnrd, K.K. 8336. Kjdfsojpadm t`g pnwgrs ne fjrbdgss jdf kam`t. 533 HO - ?73 JF sgttkgigdt

ondogrds ne Dnnrf-@nkkjdf. Fnotnrjk Fassgrtjtand, Wdavgrsaty ne Jistgrfji.



:76

`grbnrd, K.K. gt jk. 8331. Kjdfsojpgs ad t`g Hrngbpnkfgr< gxojvjtands jrnudf j induigdtwat` jspgots ne t`g Hrndzg Jmg tn t`g Infgrd. Hgvgrwalb jdf @ggisbgrb< Jistgrfjis

Jro`gnknmaso` Ogdtrui.

rnuakknt, I.-X. :117. _akgdoadm t`g Sjst< Snwgr jdf t`g Srnfuotand ne @astnry . Hnstnd<

Hgjond Srgss.Unssgd, A. 833?. `g pnssahakatags jdf kaiatjtands ne fginmrjp`ao ojkoukjtands ad t`g Hjtjvajd

jrgj, ad< Mrûdgwjkf . jdf _gahgk _. (gfs.). Bndtaduatæt Wdf Fasbndtaduatæt, MgrijdajAdegranr Ji Hgmadd Wdf Ji Gdfg Fgr Xõiaso`gd @grrso`jet. Grmædzudmshædfg zuiXgjkkgxabnd fgr Mgrijdaso`gd Jktgrtuisbudfg ?7. Hgrkad< Fg Mruytgr, 6:6-6?7.

]ghstgr, L. :11=. Dgogssjry onipjrasnds, j pnst-onkndajk jpprnjo` tn rgkamanus sydorgtasiad t`g Xnijd prnvadogs. Oukturg Ondtjot jdf Onkndajkasi 80/?, ?86-??0.



:77

O`jptgr 0

`g fgjf jornhjt

Ijdjmadm rasb jdf Iadnjd aondnmrjp`y

Gvjdmgkns Byrajbafas :

Jhstrjot

Wdogrtjadty ad ratujk as j tnpao t`jt snudfs kabg j ondtrjfaotand ad tgris, js ratujkas oknsgky jssnoajtgf wat` advjrajdog jdf rgpgtatand (Hgkk :11=, :?0-:51). àsadvjrajdog as ndg o`jrjotgrastao wào` fastadmuas`gs ratujk erni spnrt (Byrajbafas8337, ?1 jdf enrtòniadm ). Qgt, js wg s`jkk sgg hgknw, udogrtjadty fngs gxast adratujks ad jkk badfs ne enris jdf muasgs. Inrgnvgr, ad ojsgs ne adstatutandjkasgf

ratujks, tàs udogrtjadty as ijdjmgf. _pnrt, kabg jdy nt`gr mjigs, as j vgry saiakjrtypg ne jotand tn ratujk, hut ndg t`jt as jksn fastadmuas`gf erni at t`rnum` t`g typg,ergqugdoy jdf ijdjmgigdt ne rasb.

Bgywnrfs< Iadnjd Orgtg, ratujk rasb, adstatutandjkasgf ratujk, ratujk kgjrdadm.

Xatujk as j ojtgmnry ne jotand t`jt `js `jf ijdy fgeadatands jdf jkinst gvgryrgsgjro`gr tgris at ad j faeegrgdt wjy. Jkt`num` snig `jvg prjasgf t`g kjob nej fgeadatand (g.m. Hgkk 8330, 8==-800), tàs as j ijlnr `jdfaojp enr t`g stufy neratujk js at as faeeaoukt tn onipjrg afgjs wat`nut j eari mrjsp ne w`jt twn so`nkjrsigjd w`gd t`gy ijbg rgegrgdog tn t`g tgri. `g skappgry fgeadatand as j rgsukt

ne hnt` t`g adtjdmahakaty ne ratujk js wgkk js t`g kjrmg duihgr ne pgnpkg w`n `jvgjd npadand nd t`g ijttgr< gvgryndg bdnws j knt jhnut ratujks. _ggbadm oniindfgdniadjtnrs, nr t`g ornwf-snuroadm ne fgeadatands (Hrjh`ji 8330, =7-13) ojddntkgjf tn j sjtasejotnry snkutand udtak wg jvg j duihgr ne so`nkjrs w`n jotujkky stjtgw`jt t`gy igjd hy t`g tgri jdf `jvg wrattgd nd t`g tnpao. Enr t`g purpnsgs ne tàspjpgr A wakk usg iy nwd fgeadatand ne t`g tgri wào` A jvg hggd usadm enr t`g pjst7 ygjrs. Joonrfadm tn tàs fgeadatand (Byrajbafas 8330, 801-816)<

Xatujk as jd gtao (Kgtt :113, :8=-:81) ojtgmnry t`jt rgegrs tn sgt jotavatags wat`j spgoajk (dnt-dnrijk) adtgdtand-ad-jotand, jdf wào` jrg spgoao tn j mrnup ne

pgnpkg.

: Wdavgrsaty ne Bgdt.



:75

`g ejot t`jt ratujk as j sgt ojtgmnry as, A hgkagvg, j ejotnr t`jt ojd fastadmuas`ratujk erni spnrt. Kabg ratujk, spnrt jdf mjigs jrg sgt ad t`jt t`gy jrg rukg-mnvgrdgfjdf rgpgjtgf jotavatags wat` jd udfgtgriadgf gdfadm, a.g. dnhnfy bdnws w`n wakkwad (tàs as w`y mjig eaxadm as j oraig). Xatujk, nd t`g nt`gr `jdf, as sgt jksn ad

t`jt at `js j prg-fgtgriadgf nutonig.`g ejot t`jt ratujk as j sgt ojtgmnry t`jt `js j prgfgtgriadgf onursg ne jotandijy ijbg at sggi tn hg ergg ne rasb. `grg jrg sgvgrjk rgjsnds w`y tàs as dnt t`gojsg<

Earstky, wg jvg jkrgjfy igdtandgf t`jt ratujk as jd gtao ojtgmnry, a.g. jd nhsgrvgr‑sojtgmnry, dnt praijraky jd adatajtg‑s/adsafgr‑s ojtgmnry. At as ijadky enr t`g nhsgrvgrt`jt ratujk as j sgt ojtgmnry. Enr adatajtgs, jdf gspgoajkky knwgr-kgvgk nr dgw adatajtgs,ratujks ojd netgd mavg j ejksg sgdsjtand ne udogrtjadty js tn w`jt jppgds dgxt. Ndkyt`nsg w`n ojd sgg nutsafg t`g hnx, netgd ad t`g àm`gr go`gknds ne adatajtand, ijyhg jwjrg ne ratujk advjrajdog.

_gondfky, t`g suoogsseuk pgrenrijdog ne t`g ratujk as dnt atsgke prgfgtgriadgf,jdf jkk pgrenrijdog-hjsgf jotavatags, hnt` spnrt jdf ratujk jrg rasb prndg (_àgeegkad:115, 53). At ojd dnt hg bdnwd ad jfvjdog w`gt`gr j katurmy wakk hg onipkgtgf, nrw`gt`gr j hukk wakk hg sjoraeaogf. ]g jrg dnt surg w`gt`gr t`g Nrt`nfnx Sjtrajroàd Lgrusjkgi wakk onig nut ne t`g addgr o`jihgr ne t`g Oùro` ne t`g @nky_gpuko`rg, jppjrgdtky t`g tnih ne O`rast, wat` t`g ‐@nky Earg‑ ndg fjy hgenrgGjstgr js `g `js hggd fnadm gvgry ygjr enr t`g kjst iakkgddaui (Sgtgrs :107, 858).Xatujk ejakurg rgegrs ijadky tn tàs typg ne udogrtjadty.

At as aipnrtjdt `grg tn gxpkjad w`jt wg igjd hy ratujk ejakurg. J spgoaeao ratujk,g.m. j _udfjy oùro` katurmy ojd hg sggd js j ojtgmnry ad ats nwd ram`t. Ojtgmnrags

`jvg spgoaeao trjats t`jt jrg dgogssjry enr jd atgi‑s okjssaeaojtand js suo`, wào` jrgojkkgf fgeadatavg oratgraj< _udfjy oùro` katurmags `jvg tn noour hnt` nd j _udfjyjdf ad oùro`2 nt`grwasg, ae pkjddgf udfgr t`jt ruhrao jdf fn dnt sjtasey t`gsg twnondfatands, t`gy ojddnt hg okjssaeagf js suo` jdf wakk ejak. J ùijd sjoraeaog, tn usgjd gxtrgig, js twn ijad admrgfagdts, t`g advnkvgigdt ne j uijd, jdf fgjt`2 ae jrjhhat as skjum`tgrgf adstgjf nr ae j ùijd as advnkvgf hut fngs dnt fag, t`g ratujkejaks js suo`.

`grg jrg jksn trjats ad j mavgd ojtgmnry t`jt jrg dnt oruoajk enr igihgrsàp adt`jt ojtgmnry< t`g pragst fngs dnt `jvg tn rgjf jkk t`g `yids onrrgotky tn t`g kgttgrad nrfgr enr t`g _udfjy oùro` sgrvaog tn hg okjssaeagf js suo`. Ejakadm ad ndg ne t`g

dnd-oruoajk trjats ne ratujk fngs dnt ondstatutg ratujk ejakurg, hut rjt`gr j fgvajtand. ]g iust ijbg okgjr `nwgvgr, t`jt ratujk ejakurg fngs dnt rgegr tn ratujk fassnkutand(g.m. sgg O`jn :111, 737-7?6 jdf gsp. 7?6), t`g fgjt` ne j ratujk, t`num` at ijyadfggf ondtrahutg tn suo` fassnkutand.

Inrgnvgr, ratujk as netgd jssnoajtgf wat` rasb, jkt`num` ratujk atsgke ijy dnt hgudogrtjad. ]g jrg udogrtjad w`gt`gr j sjoraeaog wakk hg joogptgf hy t`g mnfs, gvgd aet`g pgrenrijdog ne t`g sjoraeaog atsgke `js hggd onipkgtgf suoogsseukky. ]g jrg dntsurg w`gt`gr t`g pgrenrijdog ne j favadjtand ratujk wakk `jvg t`g fgsargf rgsukt. Atas aipnssahkg tn bdnw ad jfvjdog wgt`gr j ijmao spgkk wakk jvg t`g adtgdfgf geegot.Ad tàs rgspgot rasb as dnt pjrt ne t`g ratujk hut jssnoajtgf tn at, at as jd jetgrijt` ne

ratujk. At as tàs jssnoajtand wat` rasb t`jt as t`g inst oniind ad ratujks.



:7=

Ae wg hudfkg vjranus jotands adtn pjobjmgs, kjrmg nr sijkk, wg wakk snnd fasonvgrt`jt t`grg jrg ratujk pjobjmgs wào` adokufg iudfjdg jotands, jdf, ondvgrsgky,iudfjdg pjobjmgs t`jt adokufg ratujk jotands. Ugry netgd ratujks jrg gihgffgfad pjobjmgs t`jt jrg dnt t`gisgkvgs ratujk. Enr gxjipkg t`g pjobjmg ‐iudfjdg

fadadm‑ ijy adokufg j prjygr ratujk, t`g pjobjmg ‐udavgrsaty stufy‑ ijy adokufgijtraoukjtand, mrjfujtand jdf nt`gr ratujks. Jksn, dnd-ratujks jrg snigtaigsgihgffgf ad ratujk pjobjmgs< katurmy ad j oùro` ijy hg adtgrruptgf hy j pjssadmne t`g hjsbgt jotavaty enr ondtrahutands hy t`g oniiudaty2 nr j eudgrjk ijy adokufgoneegg fradbadm, o`jttadm, qujrrgkkadm wat` t`g ogigtgry jut`nratags enr jkk snrts nergjsnds, nr gvgd spnrts ‟ js t`g ndgs Joàkkgs nrmjdasgf enr t`g eudgrjk ne às eragdfSjtrnokus ad Akajf 8?. Xasb t`grgenrg ijy gxast ad j iudfjdg jotavaty t`jt as tùsjssnoajtgf wat` ratujk. às typg ne rasb as gxtradsao tn ratujk.

@nwg (8333, 51) afgdtaeags gxtradsao jdf adtradsao typgs ne rasb, t`g enrigrhgadm ‛rasbs wào` joonipjdy t`g gdjotigdt ne j ogrgindy hut jrg dnt huakt adtn

t`g struoturg ne t`g ratg’ jdf t`g kjttgr hgadm ‛adtgmrjk tn t`g ratg atsgke, pjrt neats vgry gssgdog.’8 Jkt`num` A fn dnt enkknw @nwg‑s fgeadatands, sadog t`grg as dnfasludotand hgtwggd t`g gdjotigdt ne t`g ratg jdf ats pgrenrijdog, A fn jmrgg t`jtt`grg as j vjkaf fastadotand hgtwggd adtradsao rasb, rasb t`jt as huakt adtn t`g ratg atsgke(wakk t`g pgrenrijdog ne t`g ratg hg suoogsseuk, wakk t`g ratujk hg j ratujk nr dnt>),jdf gxtradsao rasb, a.g. rasb t`jt as jssnoajtgf wat` t`g ratg hut as dnt pjrt ne at (wakkt`g mnfs jpprgoajtg t`g sjoraeaog nr dnt>).

`grg as netgd jd geenrt tn ijdjmg rasb ad ratujks (g.m. _oàgeegkad 833=, :-83), pjrtaoukjrky t`nsg t`jt jrg adstatutandjkasgf (a.g. w`gd t`grg as j mrnup nepgnpkg/adstatutand rgspndsahkg enr t`gar pgrenrijdog ‟sgg Byrajbafas 8337, =6-=1).

Jttgdtand as mavgd praijraky tn ijdjmadm t`g adtradsao rasbs, hut jksn tn j kgssgrgxtgdt t`g gxtradsao ndgs, sn t`jt nd t`g ndg `jdf t`gar geegots jrg ‐mujrjdtggf‑,jdf nd t`g nt`gr pgrenrigrs fn dnt sueegr. Gjrky Oàdgsg nrjokg hndg favadjtandratujks (sgg Ekjf 8330, 63?-6:1) enr gxjipkg, s`nwgf j fgvgknpigdt t`jt `gkpgfijdjmg t`jt rasb. Frakk `nkgs ad t`g hndgs t`jt wgrg usgf enr t`gsg ratujks gdsurgfondtrnkkgf orjobadm t`jt wnukf `gkp t`g pgrenrigrs prnfuog fgsarjhkg rgsukts, tùshnt` prntgotadm t`g pgrenrigrs jdf gdsuradm t`jt t`g ‐okagdts‑ wgrg sueeaoagdtkygdt`rjkkgf jdf sjtaseagf hy t`g ratgs.

At as aipnrtjdt grg tn rgiadf nursgkvgs t`jt ratujk as dnt arrjtandjk, udrgjsndjhkg,akknmaojk nr dnd-ondtamunus tn ats pgrenrigrs. n t`gi, ratujk as vgry saiakjr tn

tgo`dnknmy (sgg Ijrous 8335, 88:-8762 Dabnkjafnu 8330, :0?-8302 Byrajbafas8330, 81:), a.g. j sgt wjy tn fn tàdms, hg t`jt advnbadm rjad, oniiudaojtadmwat` t`g mnfs, nr ouradm fasgjsg. Xatujk js j tgo`dnknmy as j onkkgotand ne kgjrdadmigo`jdasis t`rnum` gvgry ndg ne ats o`jrjotgrastaos, js A `jvg jrmugf gksgw`grg(Byrajbafas 8337, 51-=8). Ad ejot rasb, nr udogrtjadty, prnhjhky ondstatutgs ndg net`g inst aipnrtjdt trjats enr ratujk ad tgris ne ats eudotand js j kgjrdadm igo`jdasi,jkt`num` tàs as j trjat wào` A `jvg dnt prgvanusky fasoussgf.

8 Enr inrg nd t`g vjranus typgs ne ratujk rasb sgg Mraigs :115, 8=1-81?. Mraigs gipknys Justad‑sspggo` t`gnry (:158, :8-86) tn rgdg t`g okjssaojtand ne ratujk ejakurg, nr rjt`gr ratujk adegkaoatags.



:70

Xasb nr rjt`gr udogrtjadty as rgonmdasgf js ndg ne t`g strndmgst kgjrdadmejoakatjtadm igo`jdasis. `g ondogpt ne hknobadm (Bjiad :151, 868-871) adpsyo`nknmy wjs oruoajk enr afgdtaeyadm t`g vjkug ne udogrtjadty ad ondfatandadm(kgjrdadm). Hknobadm as t`g prnogss hy wào` t`g jssnoajtand ne j rgadenrogr wat` j

sgondf staiukus as hknobgf (nr àdfgrgf) ndog t`grg jkrgjfy js hggd jd jssnoajtandhgtwggd t`jt rgadenrogr wat` jdnt`gr staiukus. Enr gxjipkg, t`g jssnoajtandhgtwggd j hgkk (staiukus) jdf ennf (rgadenrogr) jrravadm as àdfgrgf ae t`grg `jsjkrgjfy hggd jd jssnoajtand hgtwggd j kam`t (j sgondf staiukus) jdf ennf jrravadm(rgadenrogr).

Sgjrog jdf @jkk :103, 7?8-778) `jvg gxtgdsavgky jrmugf t`jt t`g geegots ne‐hknobadm‑ fn adfggf tjbg pkjog hut fug tn j faeegrgdt igo`jdasi erni t`g ndg

lust igdtandgf. `gy `jvg jrmugf t`jt t`g earst taig t`g kam`t-staiukus jppgjrst`grg as `gam`tgdgf jttgdtand (jdf t`grgenrg ejstgr kgjrdadm) hy t`g hg`nkfgr fugtn t`g udogrtjadty ne w`jt tàs staiukus as tn hg jssnoajtgf wat`. Ndog j staiukus

`js hggd jssnoajtgf wat` j rgadenrogr (ennf), t`gd jttgdtand as rgfuogf jdf eurt`grjssnoajtands jrg àdfgrgf. Joonrfadm tn Sgjrog jdf @jkk, t`grgenrg, udogrtjadtyjhnut w`jt onigs dgxt as j igo`jdasi t`jt `gam`tgds jttgdtand jdf ejoakatjtgskgjrdadm. `gar jrmuigdt as tnn onipkaojtgf tn prgsgdt grg eukky, hut at sueeaogs tnsjy t`jt ‐t`g inrg udogrtjad jd jdaijk as jhnut j staiukus, t`g ejstgr at kgjrds jhnutt`jt staiukus‑ (Fjyjd jdf Qu 833?, :=5-:==).

Xasb ad nt`gr wnrfs, as j strndm kgjrdadm igo`jdasi. às o`jrjotgrastao onukfjrmujhky ijbg ratujks dnt rasb jvgrsg, js ndg ijy aijmadg, hut rasb prndg. At astàs ‐kgjrdadm‑ ejogt ne rasb t`jt as j fgsarjhkg geegot ad inst ratujks jdf dggfs tn hgijadtjadgf. ùs t`g o`jkkgdmg enr ijdjmadm rasb ad ratujks kags ad nw tn jvgrt t`g

pntgdtajkky fgtraigdtjk rasb enr t`g pgrenrigrs (gspgoajkky ad t`g am`gr go`gknds neadatajtand), wàkg nd t`g nt`gr `jdf bggpadm tàs hgdgeaoajk kgjrdadm jspgot ne rasbjdf j duihgr ne strjtgmags ijy hg enriukjtgf tn t`jt gdf (g.m. adtgrdjkasadm rasb,sgg _oàgeegkad :115, 71-01, nr jttgiptadm tn gxpkjad tàs ejakurg ad tgris ne t`gratujk atsgke, sgg _oàgeegkad 833=, :-83 jdf Iao`jgks 833=, :8:-:?8).

Xgturdadm tn t`g fastadotand hgtwggd spnrt jdf ratujk, wg `jvg dnw sggd t`jtdnt ndky spnrts, hut jksn ratujks ojd `jvg jd udogrtjad nutonig. às wnukfjppjrgdtky gkaiadjtg tàs faeegrgdog hgtwggd ratujk jdf spnrt. `grg as j samdaeaojdtfaeegrgdog `nwgvgr. Ad spnrt gjo` pgrenrigr ijy wjdt j spgoaeao nutonig, a.g. waddadm (ad snig gvgd ojsgs t`gy ijy hg ogrtjad ne at!) hut nhsgrvgrs jkwjys sgg j

faeegrgdt gdf2 furadm gjo` ‐pgrenrijdog‑ ndg ojddnt prgfaot t`g nutonig. Ad ratujkpgrenrigrs netgd ijy dnt bdnw t`g gdf, ygt nhsgrvgrs ojd sgg jd advjrajdog (jkhgaterjmakg ad snig ojsgs), j stjhkg pgrenrijdog wat` j prgfaotjhkg gdf t`jt, ae dntàdmmngs wrndm, noours gvgry taig.

A wnukf jksn jrmug t`jt rasb, jdf gspgoajkky adtradsao rasb, as ijdjmgf faeegrgdtkyhgtwggd t`g twn typgs ne jotavaty. Ijdjmgrs ne spnrt ijy strgss t`g udogrtjadgdfadm ne spnrt wào` ad ejot as t`g gssgdog ne t`g w`nkg jotavaty (hgyndf t`grukgs)< ‐]ào` tgji wakk wad> ]`n wakk rud t`g ejstgst> ]`n wakk hgjt w`ni ad t`ghnxadm ijto`>‑ ‐Onig jdf eadf nut enr ynursgkvgs‑. Ijdjmgrs ne ratujk, js wg sjwjhnvg, wnukf dnt strgss tàs udbdnwd gdf ad fgsorahadm j ratujk. Sgnpkg jrg advatgf

tn mn tn j ijtraoukjtand ogrgindy, nr j wgffadm ogrgindy. Sntgdtajk ejakurg as



:71

dnt pjrt ne t`g djrrjtavg (t`num` at fngs `jppgd snigtaigs). Jkt`num` t`grg as jdadtgrdjk rasb t`jt t`gsg ratujks wakk dnt hg onipkgtgf jdf wakk ejak, nr t`jt t`grg wakkhg fgvajtands erni t`g ‐dnri‑ suo` js t`jt pgrenrigrs wakk dnt hg`jvg joonrfadm tnt`g rukgs, t`gsg ud-prgsorahgf ejakurgs nr fgvajtands jrg rjrgky jfvgrtasgf, rjt`gr atas t`g suoogss jdf t`g gdf rgsukt (ad t`g ratujks ad wào` t`grg as ndg) t`jt as usujkkystrgssgf, gspgoajkky tn nutsafgrs nr dnd-pgrenrigrs.

às fastadotand neegrs jd adsam`t adtn t`g Iadnjd spnrt ne hukk kgjpadm.Hukk kgjpadm as wafgky fgpaotgf ad Iadnjd aondnmrjp`y, jdf as enudf ad inst net`g Iadnjd aondnmrjpào igfaj< sgjks jdf samdgt radms, t`rgg-faigdsandjk okjyeamuradgs, mnkf oups, stndg vgssgks jdf wjkk-pjadtadms. J ondsafgrjhkg jinudt ne

so`nkjrsàp js hggd fgfaojtgf tn tàs suhlgot, jdf at as dnt nur jai tn rgvagw at grg(IjoMakkavrjy 8333, 7?-772 Sjpjmgnrmanu, enrtòniadm 2 Ijvrnufa, enrtòniadm ).Hukk kgjpadm as wafgky rgonmdasgf js j Iadnjd ratujk, ygt ndg ne ats inst aipnrtjdto`jrjotgrastaos as t`jt at snigtaigs ejaks, jdf tàs ejakurg as mknraeagf, a.g. at as rgonrfgfad jrt. Enr gxjipkg ad t`g sn-ojkkgf Hnxgr‑s X`ytnd (Bng`k 8335, erndtaspagog, p.a),j hukk kgjpgr as mnrgf tn prgsuijhky fgjt` hy t`g `nrds ne j hukk, jdf nt`grs jrgtrjipkgf hy hukks. às as j okgjr adtradsao ejakurg nd t`g pjrt ne t`g pgrenrigr, adt`jt t`g pgrenrijdog ne j suoogsseuk luip nvgr t`g hukk `js ejakgf. `g ejot t`jttàs, jppjrgdtky inrtjk, ejakurg `js hggd jfvgrtasgf t`rnum` jrt, hut jksn t`jt tàsas j faeeaoukt, pjrtaoukjrky rasby p`ysaojk jotavaty t`jt rgquargs jd gdnrinus jinudt

ne sbakk, strgdmt` jdf prjotaog, pnadt tn t`g adtgrprgtjtand t`jt tàs as adfggf j spnrt

Eamurg 88. V`g hnxgr‑s X`ytnd (Onurtgsy X. Bng`k), dntg ndky gxtjdt murg hukk-kgjpadm

hgadm mnrgf erni t`g `nrds ne t`g hukk. Hnxgr r`ytnd (@I ?68, 610, 5=5), _gprgdtadatg,

Xgondstruotand frjwadm hy X. Snrtgr, Bng`k duihgr 57:, Bng`k Vypg AAA _ Ondaojk, KIA,

(Bng`k 8335, :56-:55), erni @jmaj Vrajfj, pnrtaon ::, Sajzzjkg _upgranrg (Hjdta gt jk. :1==,

08-0?, 83:). Onurtgsy X. Bng`k



:53

jdf dnt j ratujk. At ijy hgkndm tn j ratujk pjobjmg wào` ijy adokufg t`g ojpturg net`g hukk, hukk kgjpadm jdf pgr`jps sjoraeaog (Byrajbafas 8338, =0-032 Sjpjmgnrmanu,

enrtòniadm ) hut t`g jotavaty ne hukk kgjpadm atsgke sggis tn hg j spnrt.

Hy ondtrjst, nt`gr fgpaotands ad Iadnjd jrt ijy hg ratujk, suo` js t`g neegradmstn t`g sgjtgf kjfy (sgg Xg`jb 8333, :51-8=5), nr prnogssands (Sjpjmgnrmanu, enrtòniadm ) suo` js t`jt fgpaotgf nd t`g ‐_jorgf Mrnvg‑ ergson erni Bdnssns. `ginst prniadgdt fgpaotand ne neegradms tn j sgjtgf kjfy as jttgstgf ad Pgstg AAA jt

Jbrntara (Fnuijs :118, eam. :88) ad wào` j hkug indbgy neegrs sjeernd mjt`grgfhy kjfags tn t`g sgjtgf kjfy. Ad dn fgpaotand ne neegradms tn j sgjtgf kjfy fn wg `jvgjdy àdts ne ejakurg.

Ad prnogssand sogdgs `nwgvgr wg fn `jvg fgpaotands ne fgvajtands erni t`g‐dnri‑. Ad t`g ]gst ‐_jorgf Mrnvg‑ ergson (Fjvas :10=, :7=-:5:) jt Bdnssns,sgvgrjk wnigd jrg fgpaotgf ad prnogssand. `grg, snig ne t`g wnigd jssuig

t`g sjig stjdog, w`grgjs j duihgr ne nt`grs jrg fgpaotgf js gat`gr dnt jssuiadmt`g ‐prgsorahgf‑ pnsatand, nr gvgd turdadm hjob tn knnb jt t`g nt`grs. Dgat`gr net`gsg, `nwgvgr, ondstatutg ejakurg hut igrg fgvajtand, fgspatg t`g ejot t`jt dntjkk wnigd sggi tn eukky enkknw t`g ‐rukg‑. `g sjig as t`g ojsg ad t`g @jrvgstgr‑sOup X`ytnd (@grjbkgand Iusgui stndg eadfs duihgr :062 ]jrrgd :151, 00,:=6-:=5, :=0-:0:2 eam ?, 6). Ad tàs fgpaotand, jkk igd sggi tn hg ijroàdm ad jr`ytì enkknwadm t`g iusao ne j fnuhkg wadf adstruigdt jdf t`rgg sadmgrs. Jkkeamurgs invg ad gxjotky t`g sjig ejsànd, jkinst wat` iakatjry fasoapkadg, wat` ndggxogptand. @g prnhjhky knst às pjog jdf egkk fnwd fastrjotadm t`g ijd ad erndtw`n turds tn knnb w`jt `jppgdgf. @as ejakurg tn ijro` fngs dnt ondstatutg ratujk

Eamurgs 8? jdf 86. @jrvgstgr Ujsg (onurtgsy L.

Qnudmgr). Dntg ùijd murg 7 ad t`g ogdtrg ne

t`g paoturg t`jt `js ejkkgd jdf t`g nt`gr tn àsram`t (ùijd murg 5) t`jt as turdadm hjobwjrfs

tn sgg. @jrvgstgr Ujsg (@grjbkgand Iusgui

:06). ]jrrgd :151, 00, :=6-:=5, :=0-:0:2 m ?,

6, Bng`k 8335, 13-1:, Bng`k duihgr ::3, KIA,

erni @jmaj Vrajfj rnni 6 (Hjdta gt jk. :1==,

=8). Onurtgsy L. Qnudmgr.



:5:

ejakurg (gxogpt js ejr js `g as ondogrdgf), js jkk t`g nt`grs jrg ijroàdm suoogsseukkyjdf t`g prnogssand ondtadugs.

Hnt` noojsands ne ratujk fgvajtand ad Iadnjd jrt js wgkk js t`g ejakurg tn luipnvgr t`g hukk ad t`g spnrt ne hukk-kgjpadm jrg ndg jspgot ne Iadnjd djturjkasi ad

jrt ad t`jt t`gy fgindstrjtg t`g fgpaotand ne rgjk gvgdts rjt`gr t`jd ne igrgkyafgjkasgf sogdgs. Jdf t`gy rgiadf t`g vagwgr t`jt ratujks ijy gjsaky fraet erni t`gprgsorahgf pgrenrijdog. `gy jksn rgiadf us t`jt hukk-kgjpadm as j vgry fjdmgrnusspnrt (jdf dnt j ratujk).

Ad Iadnjd jrt t`grgenrg, js gksgw`grg, ratujks jrg fgpaotgf js `jvadm rasbs. `gsgfgpaotands, js t`gy jppgjr t`grg `nwgvgr, fn dnt egjturg ratujk ejakurg hut rjt`grratujk fgvajtand, a.g. iadnr fgvajtands erni t`g rukg-mnvgrdgf dnri. ùs, ratujksfn `jvg udogrtjadtags jdf rasbs ne vjranus badfs, hnt` gxtradsao jdf adtradsao.`jt jrg stjrbgr ad t`g pgrogptand ne t`g pgrenrigr t`jd t`jt ne t`g nhsgrvgr. Adadstatutandjkasgf ratujks t`jt jrg ijdjmgf hy j mrnup ne pgnpkg, tàs udogrtjadty

as jksn ijdjmgf, sadog at ondstatutgs ndg ne t`g oniind geegots ne ratujks, a.g. atgd`jdogs kgjrdadm. `rnum` Iadnjd jrt wg ojd sgg t`jt ad Iadnjd ratujks tàsudogrtjadty as s`nwd ndky w`gd at fngs dnt put adtn fnuht t`g suoogs ne ratujks.Nutsafgrs s`nukf dgvgr bdnw, jetgr jkk, t`jt ratujk ejakurg as jd nptand.

Xgegrgdogs

Justad, L. :158. @nw tn fn àdms wat` ]nrfs , Ojihrafmg IJ< @jrvjrf Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Hgkk, O. :11=. Xatujk Sgrspgotavgs jdf Faigdsands , Nxenrf< Nxenrf Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Hgkk, O. 8330. Xgspndsg< Fgdadm t`g dggf enr j fgdatand, ad< Byrajbafas G. (gf.).Vg Jro`jgnknmy ne Xatujk , Kns Jdmgkgs OJ< Vg Ontsgd Adstatutg ne Jro`jgnknmySuhkaojtands, 8==-800.

Hrjh`ji, F. 8330. Ornwfsnuroadm js j Infgk enr Srnhkgi _nkvadm< Jd Adtrnfuotandjdf Ojsgs. Ondvgrmgdog< Vg Adtgrdjtandjk Lnurdjk ne Xgsgjro` adtn Dgw Igfajgo`dnknmags, :6/:, =7-13.

O`jn, G. :111. `g ijnast _`jijd jdf t`g Ijfijd< Xatujk Hraonkjmg, Ejakgf Xatujk, jdfEjakgf Xatujk `gnry, Oukturjk Jdt`rnpnknmy :6/6, 737-7?6.

Fjvas, G. :10=. `g Bdnssns Iadajturg Ergsongs jdf t`g Eudotand ne t`g Ogdtrjk Onurts,ad< X. @æmm jdf D. Ijradjtns (gfs.). `g Eudotand ne t`g Iadnjd Sjkjogs. Srnoggfadms ne

t`g Enurt` Adtgrdjtandjk _yipnsaui jt t`g _wgfas` Adstatutg ad Jt`gds, :3-:5 Ludg, :106.R_wgfas` Adstatutg ad Jt`gds, _grags ad 6³, ?7Y _tnob`nki< _braetgr Wtmavdj jv _vgdsbjAdstatugt a Jt`gd, :7=-:5:.

Fjyjd, S. jdf Qu, J. 833?. Wdogrtjadty jdf kgjrdadm, Dgurnsoagdog 61/8, :=:-:0:.

Fnuijs, O. :118. `g ]jkk-Sjadtadms ne `grj. Jt`gds< `g `grj Enudfjtand, Sgtrns I.Dniabns.

Ekjf, X. 8330. Favadjtand jdf Snwgr, J Iuktargmandjk Uagw ne t`g Fgvgknpigdt ne NrjokgHndg Favadjtand ad Gjrky Oàdj. Ourrgdt Jdt`rnpnknmy 61/?, 63?-6?=.

Mraigs, X. :115. Adegkaoatnus Sgrenrijdogs jdf Xatujk Orataoasi, ad< Mraigs, X. (gf.).

Xgjfadms ad Xatujk _tufags . Wppgr _jffkg Xavgr, Dgw Lgrsgy< Srgdtaog @jkk, 8=1-81?.



:58

@ûsbgd, W. 833= (gf.). ]`gd Xatujks Mn ]rndm< Iastjbgs, Ejakurg, jdf t`g Fydjiaos neXatujk, Hnstnd IJ< Hrakk.

Bjiad, K. :151. Srgfaotjhakaty, surprasg, jttgdtand, jdf ondfatandadm, ad< Ojiphgkk, H. jdfOùro`, X. (gfs.). Sudasìgdt jdf Jvgrsavg Hg`jvanr, Dgw Qnrb< Jppkgtnd-Ogdtury-

Ornets, 868-871.Bng`k, X. 8335. Jgmgjd Hrndzg Jmg X`ytj , Sàkjfgkpàj SJ< AD_JS Jojfgiao Srgss.

Byrajbafas, G. 8338. Xatujk jdf ats Gstjhkasìgdt< t`g ojsg ne snig Iadnjd Npgd-Jar Xatujks ,S`F Wdavgrsaty ne Ojihrafmg.

Byrajbafas, G. 8337. Xatujk ad t`g Jgmgjd< t`g Iadnjd Sgjb _jdotujrags , Kndfnd<Fuobwnrt`.

Byrajbafas, G. 8330. `g Jro`jgnknmags ne Xatujk, ad< Byrajbafas, G. (gf.). `g Jro`jgnknmyne Xatujk , Kns Jdmgkgs OJ< Ontsgd Adstatutg ne Jro`jgnknmy Suhkaojtands, 801-?35.

Byrajbafas, G. enrtòniadm . Xatujk, Mjigs jdf Kgjrdadm, ad< Xgdergw, O., Inrgky, A.jdf Hnyf, I.L. (gfs.). Skjy, ratujk jdf hgkage ad jdaijks jdf gjrky ùijd snoagtags . enrtòniadm.

Kgtt, L. :113. Giaos jdf Gtaos< Dntgs nd t`g Gpastginknmy ne Jdt`rnpnknmy, ad< @gjfkjdf,., Sabg, B. jdf @jrras I. (gfs.). Giaos jdf Gtaos. `g Adsafgr/ Nutsafgr Fghjtg (Erndtagrsne Jdt`rnpnknmy vnk. =, Dgwhury Sjrb, OJ< _jmg Suhkaojtands, :8=-68.

IjoMakkavrjy, L.J. 8333. Kjhyradt`s jdf Hukk-Kgjpgrs. Jro`jgnknmy 7?/5, 7?-77.

Ijrous, L. 8335. `g rnkgs ne ratujk jdf tgo`dnknmy ad Igsnjigraojd wjtgr ijdjmgigdt,ad< Ijrous L. jdf _tjdas`, O. (gfs.). Jmraoukturjk _trjtgmags , RIndnmrjp` 73Y Kns

Jdmgkgs< Ontsgd Adstatutg ne Jro`jgnknmy Suhkaojtands, 88:-876.

Ijvrnufa, D. 83::. ΅ιζϊηψ, οχικήμηψ μκα Ωικψ… σήΰνμξψ Ϗφνι μϊνφαμΤ ηαμξιξοϊκυήκ φνψ

ΗσξύΤψ φξχ έκβμξω. Srnoggfadms ne t`g ::t` Orgtnknmaojk Ondegrgdog, enrtòniadm .

Iao`jgks, J. 833=. Sgregotand Jdf Ias`jps Ad Ugfao Xatujks, ad< @ûsbgd, W. (gf.).]`gd Xatujks Mn ]rndm< Iastjbgs, Ejakurg, jdf t`g Fydjiaos ne Xatujk, Hnstnd IJ<Hrakk, :8:-:?8.

Dabnkjafnu, I. 8330. Xatujkasgf go`dnknmags ad t`g Jgmgjd Dgnkatào> `g Orjets ne Jfnrdigdt, ad< Byrajbafas G. (gf.). `g Jro`jgnknmy ne Xatujk , Kns Jdmgkgs OJ< OntsgdAdstatutg ne Jro`jgnknmy Suhkaojtands, 88:-876.

Sjpjmgnrmanu, A. 83::. Ν σϊξσκοΫιζκ φνψ ηαμϋικψ< έτϊξα ηαϏϋζξχ Ϗη ζνλϋϏακ καοκακμΫ

μφΤϊακ φνψ ΄Ϗφηϊνψ ΗσξύΤψ φξχ έκβμξω μκα ξ ϏχικυΤψ φξαύξοϊκυαμϋψ ζαΫμξϏλξψ, Srnoggfadms ne t`g ::t` Orgtnknmaojk Ondegrgdog, enrtòniadm .

Sgjrog, L. jdf @jkk, M. :103, J infgk enr Sjvknvajd kgjrdadm< Ujrajtand ad t`g geegotavgdgssne ondfatandgf hut dnt udondfatandgf staiuka. Ssyo`nknmaojk Xgvagw 0=, 7?8-778,:103.

Sgtgrs, E. :107. Lgrusjkgi< `g @nky Oaty ad t`g Gygs ne O`rndaokgrs, Uasatnrs, Sakmrais jdfSrnp`gts erni t`g Fjys ne Jhrj`ji tn t`g Hgmaddadm ne Infgrd aigs . Sradogtnd DL<Sradogtnd Wdavgrsaty Srgss.



:5?

_oàgeegkad, G. :115. Nd Ejakurg jdf Sgrenrijdog. `rnwadm t`g Igfaui nut ne t`g_gjdog, ad< Kjfgrijd, O. jdf Xnsgijd, I. (gfs.). `g Sgrenrijdog ne @gjkadm ,Kndfnd< Xnutkgfmg, 71-01.

_oàgeegkad, G. 833=. Adtrnfuotand, ad< @ûsbgd, W. (gf.). ]`gd Xatujks Mn ]rndm< Iastjbgs,

Ejakurg, jdf t`g Fydjiaos ne Xatujk, Hnstnd IJ< Hrakk, :-83.Xg`jb, S. 8333. `g Asnpjtj Xadm jdf t`g Zugstand ne Djrrjtavg ad Dgnpjkjtajk Mkyptao,

ad< Iûkkgr, ]. jdf Sada, A. (gfs.). Iadnaso`-iybgdaso`g Mkyptab< _tak, Abndnmrjpàg,Eudbtand. U. Adtgrdjtandjkgs _agmgk-_yipnsaui Ijrhurm, 8?-87 _gptgihgr :111, Hgrkad<Mghr. Ijdd Ugrkjm, OI_ Hga`get, 851-8=5.

]jrrgd, S. :151. Iadnjd _tndg Ujsgs , Ojihrafmg< Ojihrafmg Wdavgrsaty Srgss.



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Fasoussand< Fgeadadm inigdts

Xao`jrf Hrjfkgy :

Gfatgf onkkgotands jrg usujkky ne twn badfs. _nigtaigs t`gy jrg tam`tky adtgmrjtgfjdf ondenri tn j sadmkg t`gsas. Ad jro`jgnknmy j ejinus gxjipkg as Bgdt Ekjddgry‑shnnb `g Gjrky Igsnjigraojd Uakkjmg (Ekjddgry :1=5). `g vjranus ondtrahutandspursug j kadg ne jrmuigdt wào` jinudts tn iuo` inrg t`jd t`g sui ne atssgpjrjtg pjrts. `g jktgrdjtavg as enr jd gfatnr tn sgkgot j t`gig ne wafgr adtgrgstjdf tn joogpt ‟ jdf gvgd gdonurjmg ‟ t`g favgrsaty ne jpprnjo`gs tjbgd hy t`gadfavafujk jut`nrs. J typaojk adstjdog as Dgak Sraog‑s `g Jro`jgnknmy ne _`jijdasi (Sraog 833:). Hnt` prnvafg wnrt`wàkg infgks, hut t`gy rgsukt ad gdtargky faeegrgdtbadfs ne vnkuig. At as nhvanus t`jt Xatujk Ejakurg hgkndms tn t`g sgondf mrnup.

Fasoussjdts jksn tjbg twn enris. _nig rgmjrf t`gisgkvgs js pggr rgvagwgrs,prjasadm snig pjpgrs jt t`g gxpgdsg ne nt`grs jdf pjssadm lufmgigdt nd t`gadfavafujk o`jptgrs. Jt taigs t`gy `jvg t`g arratjtadm `jhat ne tgkkadm t`g rgjfgr `nwt`gy onukf `jvg prnvafgf j inrg pgrsujsavg jdjkysas t`jd t`g jut`nrs ne t`g hnnb.A jkky iysgke wat` j sgondf mrnup wào` as inrg adtgrgstgf ad t`g assugs trgjtgf hyt`g ondtrahutnrs. Oniigdtjtnrs ne tàs badf fn dnt jrrjdmg t`g o`jptgrs ad nrfgrne igrat. Adstgjf t`g gip`jsas as nd t`g pntgdtajk ne pjrtaoukjr afgjs jdf t`g wjysad wào` t`gy ojd hg fgvgknpgf. `g inrg faspjrjtg t`g ondtgdts ne jdy onkkgotand,t`g inrg suo` nhsgrvjtands ijy hg `gkpeuk. Ad tàs pagog A was` tn enous nd snigqugstands ne fgeadatand rjasgf hy t`g sgpjrjtg o`jptgrs. `gd A turd tn t`g faeeaouktqugstand ne w`jt ratujks wgrg igjdt tn fn jdf t`g wjys ad wào` t`gy hgojigaipkaojtgf ad t`g pnkataos ne t`g pjst. Ndky hy advgstamjtadm jkk t`gsg ijttgrs ojdwg ondsafgr `nw snig ne t`gi ejakgf.

`g favgrsaty ne t`gsg o`jptgrs as j snurog ne strgdmt`, hut t`g jut`nrs‑ondogptands ne ratujk jrg jkinst gqujkky vjragf. às rgquargs snig t`num`t. _nigwratgrs jrg inrg gxpkaoat t`jd nt`grs, hut t`grg as kattkg jobdnwkgfmgigdt t`jt t`gondogpt ne ratujk as dnt ejvnurgf hy jkk snoajk jdt`rnpnknmasts tnfjy. Jt t`g sjigtaig t`g ondtrahutnrs gipkny Ojt`gradg Hgkk‑s dntand ne ratujkasjtand ad sn ijdyfaeegrgdt wjys t`jt at jrfky jppgjrs js t`g rjfaojk rgenriukjtand t`jt s`g nramadjkkyadtgdfgf (Hgkk :118). As at tn hg rgmjrfgf js j strjtgmao prnogss t`jt jeegots fgjkadmswat` t`g supgrdjturjk, nr ojd at gxtgdf tn iudfjdg jotavatags t`jt jrg ondfuotgfwat` jd udusujk fgmrgg ne enrijkaty> At wnukf `jvg hggd usgeuk tn gipkny Onkad

: Fgpjrtigdt ne Jro`jgnknmy, Wdavgrsaty ne Xgjfadm.



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Xgdergw‑s fastadotand hgtwggd ratujk jdf oukt . At onukf hg `gkpeuk `grg (Xgdergw:107).

Ad ejot t`g prnogss ne ratujkasjtand dggf dnt aipky jd jppgjk tn supgrdjturjkjmgdoy. Lust js t`grg jrg sjorgf ratujks, t`grg jrg sgoukjr ratujks, tnn. `gy ijy pkjy j

pnkataojk rnkg ad snig snoagtags, hut dnt dgogssjraky ad nt`grs. Dnr as at okgjr tn w`jtgxtgdt t`gy ojd hg fastadmuas`gf erni `jhatujk hg`jvanur ne t`g typg ondsafgrgfhy Sagrrg Hnurfagu (:1==). Ad snig wjys t`gsg fastadotands rgekgot t`g badfs nesnoagty ondsafgrgf hy t`g jut`nrs, jdf t`g fgmrgg tn wào` rgkamanus spgoajkastspkjygf j samdaeaojdt rnkg. _nig ne t`g ojsg stufags ondsafgr t`g jro`jgnknmy ne gjrkystjtgs. As t`g sjig jpprnjo` jpprnprajtg w`grg oniiudatags wgrg nrmjdasgf ad jfaeegrgdt wjy> ]`gd wjs t`g hnudfjry ornssgf, nr wjs t`grg dgvgr j hnudfjry adt`g earst pkjog> Lust js A `jvg enudf at faeeaoukt tn fastadmuas` hgtwggd ratujks jdfsnig ne t`g ondvgdtandjk prjotaogs ne fnigstao kaeg (Hrjfkgy 8337), as at pnssahkg tnijbg onipjrasnds hgtwggd t`g hgkages ne t`g earst ejrigrs jdf t`nsg ne t`g urhjd

snoagtags wào` wgrg t`gar uktaijtg suoogssnrs> Jdf ae t`jt fngs jppgjr j usgeukgxgroasg, as at pnssahkg tn fasouss at wat`nut rgsnrtadm tn dntands ne snoajk gvnkutandt`jt jrg eudfjigdtjkky tgkgnknmaojk>

`grg as jksn j qugstand ne sojkg. Lust js pjrtaoukjr ratujks ijy hg pkjogf jkndm jondtaduui gxtgdfadm erni t`g sjorgf tn t`g sgoukjr, t`gy ijy jksn hg ondsafgrgfjs gat`gr puhkao nr pravjtg ‟ ad ejot t`gy ijy advnkvg j suhtkg onihadjtand ne hnt`.Suhkao ratujks jrg inrg kabgky tn jeegot t`g pnkataojk prnogss, jdf tn t`jt gxtgdt t`gyijy suooggf nr ejak ad eukeakkadm t`g adtgdtands ne t`g pjrtaoapjdts. Sravjtg ratujks,nd t`g nt`gr `jdf, ijy hg ondfuotgf wat` nt`gr jais ad vagw jdf t`gar suoogss nrejakurg wakk `jvg kgss frjstao ondsgqugdogs.

Ad t`g ojsg ne puhkao ratujks t`grg jrg twn fastadot pnssahakatags tn ondsafgr.`gy ijy hg j igt`nf ne ijadtjadadm snoajk on`gsand, nr t`gy ijy rgprgsgdt jdgxprgssand ne pnkataojk pnwgr. n j ogrtjad gxtgdt t`nsg infgks jrg jt nffs wat` ndgjdnt`gr, jkt`num` gjo` ojd hg trjdsenrigf nvgr t`g onursg ne taig. Ndg gxjipkgwnukf hg t`g prnvasand ne egjsts (Fagtkgr jdf @jyfgd 833:). ]grg t`gy gipknygfjs j kgvgkkadm igo`jdasi adtgdfgf tn prgvgdt snoajk adgqujkatags erni fgvgknpadm>`jt vagw `js hggd gipknygf ad t`g jro`jgnknmy ne ùdtgr mjt`grgrs. Jktgrdjtavgky,egjsts ijy `jvg prnvafgf jd jrgdj enr onipgtatand. `gy wgrg nrmjdasgf js j wjyne gip`jsasadm faeegrgdogs ne stjtus jdf wgjkt`. `gy onukf gvgd `jvg hggd jigt`nf ne orgjtadm nhkamjtands t`jt wnukf dgvgr hg rgoaprnojtgf ‟ ad t`jt sgdsg

t`gy adekaotgf fghts. Ad gjo` ojsg t`g prnvasand ne egjsts ijy `jvg joonipjdagfpuhkao ratujks, hut t`g intavgs ne t`nsg tjbadm pjrt ijy dnt `jvg hggd t`g sjig.

Jdy rgegrgdog tn ejakurg advnkvgs j o`naog hgtwggd t`gsg infgks. Ae ratujks wgrgadtgdfgf tn prnintg snoajk stjhakaty t`gy wnukf `jvg ejakgf ae t`gy prnvafgf jrnutg hy wào` pjrtaoukjr mrnups nr adfavafujks rnsg tn pnsatands ne pnwgr. Ae, ndt`g nt`gr `jdf, t`gy wgrg adtgdfgf js j vgàokg enr onipgtatand t`gy wnukf hgudsuoogsseuk ae t`g snoajk nrfgr rgijadgf udo`jdmgf. ]at`nut j okgjr ondogptandne w`jt pjrtaoukjr ogrgindags wgrg adtgdfgf tn fn, at as faeeaoukt tn tjkb ne ‐ratujkejakurg‑. `grg as t`g sjig prnhkgi udkgss at as bdnwd w`n wjs gdtatkgf tn tjbg pjrtjdf t`g jufagdogs tn w`ni suo` gvgdts wgrg prgsgdtgf.



:5=

Ad ejot snig ne t`g jut`nrs fn dnt prnvafg fgeadatands ne ratujk ejakurg, dnrfn t`gy rgkjtg t`gar nwd fasoussands ne tàs t`gig tn jdy wafgr fasoussands ad t`gsnoajk soagdogs. Xjt`gr t`jd enkknw t`g kadgs kjaf fnwd ad Wtg @ûsbgd‑s gfatgfvnkuig ne 833=, t`gy afgdtaey sgvgrjk faeegrgdt badfs ne ejakurg ad t`g oniiudatags

t`gy fasouss. Nd t`g ndg `jdf, ejakurg ijy hg afgdtaeagf hy t`g iastjbgs ijfgad ondfuotadm j ratujk nr hy jfiadastrjtavg adgeeaoagdoy ad nrmjdasadm puhkaogvgdts. Nd t`g nt`gr, ratujk ejakurg as pnstukjtgf saipky hgojusg jro`jgnknmaojkkyrgonmdasjhkg ratujks jppgjr tn `jvg mndg nut ne ejsànd. Ad nt`gr ojsgs t`gy sggitn `jvg hggd trjdsenrigf. Jt taigs t`g jrtgejots jdf induigdts jssnoajtgf wat`ratujks ad t`g pjst wgrg fgkahgrjtgky fgstrnygf jdf t`g afgjs onddgotgf wat` t`giwgrg rglgotgf. Aondnokjsi prnvafgs t`g inst onipgkkadm gvafgdog t`jt pjrtaoukjrratujks `jf ejakgf. `g ejot t`jt nt`gr ratujks o`jdmgf t`gar o`jrjotgr nvgr taigsummgsts t`jt t`gy wgrg inrg rgsakagdt.

Dndg ne tàs dggfs hg trug ne pravjtg ratujks, t`g suoogss nr ejakurg ne wào`

iam`t dnt kgjvg jdy nhvanus gvafgdog hgàdf. `jt as trug w`gt`gr nr dnt t`gywgrg fargotgf tn t`g supgrdjturjk. Ndky w`grg wrattgd gvafgdog, suo` js j oursgtjhkgt, survavgs as at pnssahkg tn tjbg t`g fasoussand iuo` eurt`gr. Nt`grwasg t`gusgeukdgss ne j ondogpt ne ratujk ejakurg as oknsgky onddgotgf wat` t`g nhlgotavgs nepjrtaoapjdts, t`gar duihgrs, jdf t`g sojkg nd wào` pjrtaoukjr gvgdts `jf hggdnrmjdasgf. Ndky kjrmg sojkg ratujks jrg kabgky tn kgjvg iuo` trjog, jdf, ad pjrtaoukjr,t`nsg t`jt wgrg ondfuotgf sueeaoagdtky netgd enr suo` jotavatags tn hg rgonmdasgf hyjro`jgnknmasts.

`grg as j pjrjfnx `grg, enr t`g adfavafujk jut`nrs fgsorahg `nw t`g pnwgr nepjrtaoukjr ratujks wjs udfgriadgf nr trjdsenrigf, ygt t`g snoajk jdt`rnpnknmast

Ijuraog Hkno` (:1==) fgeadgs ratujk ad tgris ne ats rgsastjdog tn o`jdmg. Enr ài,at `js ogrtjad o`jrjotgrastaos. At ojd hg ondfuotgf usadm spgoajk enris ne spggo` nrsndm2 at ijy rgquarg j rjdmg ne udusujk hnfaky pnsturgs jdf invgigdts2 snigtaigsat advnkvgs nrjtnry2 jdf at ijy tjbg pkjog ad j spgoajkasgf kjdmujmg wào` as quatgfaeegrgdt erni t`g gvgryfjy. Enr Hkno`, t`g ejot t`jt ratujks oniiudaojtg ad suo`j spgoajkasgf ijddgr ijbgs t`gi udusujkky faeeaoukt tn o`jkkgdmg, gspgoajkky wàkstt`gy jrg `jppgdadm. `gy ojd rgegr tn t`g rgintg pjst jdf advnkvg t`g usg nejro`jao enris ne kjdmujmg. Ad snig wjys at as inrg aipnrtjdt tn ondfuot t`gsgratujks onrrgotky t`jd at as tn udfgrstjdf t`gar igjdadms (@uip`rgy jdf Kjafkjw:116).

Qgt Hkno` àisgke `js s`nwd `nw t`g sjig enris ne ratujk, wàkg jf`gradm tn t`gtrjfatandjk enriukj, ojd hg ondfuotgf ad onipkgtgky faeegrgdt pnkataojk ondtgxts,sn t`jt t`gy ojd jktgr t`gar sojkg, js wgkk js t`gar wafgr pnkataojk samdaeaojdog. ùsad às nwd stufy jrgj, Ijfjmjsojr, t`g sjig ratujks, advnkvadm saiakjr uttgrjdogsjdf saiakjr enris ne ondfuot, onukf hg jssnoajtgf wat` t`g adstatutand ne badmsàpfuradm ndg pgranf jdf wat` rgsastjdog tn onkndajk rukg furadm jdnt`gr p`jsg (Hkno`:105). Ndky hy nhsgrvadm t`g sgttadm ne t`gsg gvgdts js wgkk js t`gar jppjrgdtondtgdts onukf t`gar trug samdaeaojdog hg rgonmdasgf.

At `js dgvgr hggd gjsy enr jro`jgnknmasts tn afgdtaey udjihamunus gvafgdog nejdoagdt ratujks, hut t`gy fn `jvg j fastadot jfvjdtjmg nvgr snoajk jdt`rnpnknmast,

enr t`gy jrg usgf tn fgjkadm wat` gxtgdfgf pgranfs ne taig< wat` sgqugdogs t`jt ojdhg igjsurgf ad ogdturags rjt`gr t`jd t`g ùijd mgdgrjtands t`jt jrg sn aipnrtjdt



:50

tn snoajk t`gnrasts. At igjds t`jt ad pradoapkg t`gy ojd nhsgrvg ondtaduatags nrfasondtaduatags ad t`g àstnrags ne pjrtaoukjr ratujks ad rgkjtand tn t`gar wafgroukturjk ondtgxt. Faf ratujks rgijad t`g sjig js t`g snoagtags t`jt pgrenrigf t`gio`jdmgf> Nr wgrg t`nsg ratujks infaeagf wàkst nt`gr pjrts ne t`g jro`jgnknmaojk

rgonrf rgijadgf t`g sjig> ]`grg jd joourjtg o`rndnknmy as jvjakjhkg at as pnssahkgtn jsb inrg sgjroàdm qugstands. Faf puhkao ratujks fgvgknp jt j faeegrgdt pjogerni nt`gr jspgots ne kaeg ad t`g jdoagdt wnrkf> Jdf faf t`nsg ratujks onig tn jdgdf quatg rjpafky, nr wgrg t`gy ndky mrjfujkky trjdsenrigf> ]grg t`gy jhjdfndgfjktnmgt`gr, nr faf t`gar gkgigdts rg-gigrmg ad faeegrgdt ondeamurjtands nr faeegrgdtsgttadms> Js t`g pjpgrs ad tàs vnkuig fgindstrjtg, vartujkky jkk t`gsg sgqugdogswgrg enkknwgf ad pjrtaoukjr pkjogs. `grg as sn iuo` favgrsaty t`jt j sadmkg infgkne ‐ratujk ejakurg‑ ojddnt jooniinfjtg t`gi jkk.

Ad trut` t`g afgj ne snigtàdm gdfadm prgsuppnsgs j kndmgr sgqugdog, jdf t`jtas w`jt jro`jgnknmy as udaqugky gquappgf tn prnvafg. `g mrgjt igrat ne t`gsg

pjpgrs as t`jt t`gy pkjy tn tàs strgdmt`. Kabg sn ijdy afgjs, wg nwg t`g dntand neratujk ejakurg tn so`nkjrs wnrbadm ad nt`gr fasoapkadgs. ]`jt t`g ondtrahutnrs tn tàsonkkgotand fgindstrjtg as t`jt jro`jgnknmasts ojd prnvafg j fastadotavg pgrspgotavgne t`gar nwd. Srnhkgis ne fgeadatand wakk jkwjys jrasg w`gd wg advgstamjtg t`gjdoagdt wnrkf, hut nur pjrtaoukjr taig sojkg as gdtargky nur nwd. ]g ojd tjbgonienrt erni t`jt.

Xgegrgdogs

Hgkk, O. :118. Xatujk `gnry, Xatujk Srjotaog . Dgw Qnrb< Nxenrf Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Hkno`, I. :1==. `g pjst jdf t`g prgsgdt ad t`g prgsgdt. Ijd :8, 8=0-818.Hkno`, I. :105. Erni Hkgssadm tn Uankgdog. @astnry jdf Afgnknmy ad t`g Oarouioasand Xatujk

ne t`g Igradj ne Ijfjmjsojr . Ojihrafmg< Ojihrafmg Wdavgrsaty Srgss.

Hnurfagu, S. :1==. Nutkadg ne j `gnry ne Srjotaog . Ojihrafmg< Ojihrafmg WdavgrsatySrgss.

Hrjfkgy, X. 8337. Xatujk jdf Fnigstao Kaeg ad Srgàstnrao Gurnpg . Jhadmfnd< Xnutkgfmg.

Fagtkgr, I. jdf @jyfgd, H. 833: (gfs.). Egjsts< Jro`jgnknmaojk jdf Gt`dnmrjpào Sgrspgotavgsnd Ennf, Snkataos jdf Snwgr . ]jsàdmtnd FO< _iat`sndajd Adstatutg Srgss.

Ekjddgry, B. :1=5 (gf.). `g Gjrky Igsnjigraojd Uakkjmg . Dgw Qnrb< Jojfgiao Srgss.@uip`rgy, O. jdf Kjafkjw, L. :116. `g Jro`gtypjk Jotands ne Xatujk . Nxenrf< Okjrgdfnd

Srgss.

@ûsbgd, W. 833= (gf.). ]`gd Xatujks Mn ]rndm. Ejakurg jdf t`g Fydjiaos ne Xatujk . Kgafgd<Hrakk.

Sraog, D. 833: (gf.). `g Jro`jgnknmy ne _`jijdasi. Kndfnd< Xnutkgfmg.

Xgdergw, O. :107. `g Jro`jgnknmy ne Oukt< t`g _jdotujry jt Sàkjbnpa . Kndfnd< Hratas`_o`nnk ne Jro`jgnknmy jt Jt`gds.

koutrafouri & sanders 2013 - ritual failure - ebook

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