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Adapting Livestock Systems to Climate ChangeCollaborative Research Support Program

2010 Annual Report


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LCC CRSP Adapting Livestock Systems to Climate Change

Edited by Sarah Lupis, Jessica Davis, and Richard BowenCover Design by Sarah Lupis

Adapting Livestock Systemsto Climate Change

Collaborative Research Support Program

2010 Annual Report


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Tis publication was made possible by the United States Agency or International Development and the generous support o the American people through Grant No. EEM-A-00-10-00001. Te opinions expressed herein are those o the authors and do not necessarily re ect the views o the U.S. Agency or

International Development or the U.S. government.

Published by the Adapting Livestock Systems to Climate Change CRSP Management Entity Colorado State University 109 South Campus CRG BuildingFort Collins, Colorado 80523-1644

elephone: (970) 297-5060Fax: (970) 297-4321Email: [email protected] Website: http://lcccrsp.org

Cover Photo by Dana Hoag, Livestock-Climate Change CRSP. Cattle and other livestock are an important source o wealth in developing countries, acting as a living savings account. Livestock can be the pathway o poverty, providing a nancial bu er against risks, increasing income, improving access to market opportunitiesLivestock production also provides animal-source oods that are critical to human nutrition and health. Howevlivestock production relies on natural resources and a healthy environment, currently under threat rom climatechange. Te LCC CRSP researches the impacts o climate change on livestock production systems and its directand indirect challenges to livestock, human health, and the environment with the goal o improving the lives anlivelihoods o livestock keepers.

Printed on Recycled Paper


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PREFACE

Te Adapting Livestock Systems to Climate Change Collaborative Research Support Program publishes anannual report in compliance with grant requirements. Te 2010 Annual Report documents work completedduring the scal/project year, April 20, 2010 to April 20, 2011. Te principal investigators or each projectsubmit reports on research conducted with LCC CRSP unding. Each report is the expression o theprincipal investigator with editing by the Management Entity. All individual reports give the name, address,telephone number, and email address o the principal investigator or that project. Inquiries are welcome.

Annual Report CoordinatorSarah Lupis


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Program Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi2010-2011 LCC CRSP Key Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Seed Grant Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Seed Grant Project Activities East A rica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 A Cost-E ectiveness Framework or Landscape Rehabilitation

and Carbon Sequestration in North Kenya (CARBON) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Climate Variability, Pastoralism, and Commodity Chains

in Ethiopia and Kenya (CHAINS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Strengthening anzanian Livestock Health and Pastoral Livelihoods

in a Changing Climate (HALI-2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Pastoral rans ormations to Resilient Futures: Understanding Climate

rom the Ground Up (P RF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Seed Grant Project Activities West A rica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

La Gestion des Systmes Fluviaux pour lAvenir/River Systemsor the Future (GSFA/RIVERS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Risk, Perception, Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Changein Niger and anzania (RPRA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

ranshumance, Natural Resources, and Con ict in the Sahel: A Pilot Project ( RANS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Seed Grant Project Activities Central Asia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Enhancing Livestock Production Systems in ajikistan to Mitigate

Potential Impacts o Climate Change (FOR ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Increasing Adaptive Capacity o Mongolian Livestock Herders

Under a Changing Climate Trough Rangeland Ecosystem Monitoringand Community-Based Conservation (REMM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Mali Associate Award . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Mali Poultry Project (MPP). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Mali Livestock and Pastoralist Initiative (MLPI-2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

raining and Higher Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

LCC CRSP Project Funding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Collaborating Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55LCC CRSP Publications and Presentations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60


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ForwardIn 2010, President Barack Obama launched the Feed the Future (F F) initiative in response to the stark chronic hunger and devastating poverty that globally a ects more than one billion people. Since that

time, the U.S. Agency or International Development (USAID) and the U.S. Department o Agriculture(USDA) have been working to develop a ramework or the research that is needed to support this endeavor.Collaborative Research Support Programs (CRSPs) have a vital role to play in shaping and implementingresearch in support o the F F to help identi y the most promising strategies or addressing the causes andconsequences o ood insecurity.

Te F F research strategy should continue to place emphasis on improving livestock production. Animalagriculture is one o the largest sectors o agricultural economies in most developing and transition countries,accounting or up to 50 percent o agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) in some. As economies grow,the proportion o agricultural GDP represented by livestock production typically increases. Worldwide, 1.3billion people depend partially or entirely on livestock or their livelihoods, and livestock keeping o ten isa last resort or people without alternatives. In resource-poor households, livestock continue to anchor theeconomic and nutritional subsistence o amilies most at risk o ood insecurity.Te demand or livestock products is increasing. Te International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)projected that meat production was expected to increase by 2.7 percent per year between 1993 and 2020.Te Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) o the United Nations estimates that developing countries will produce 143 million tons o meat, but as a group, will also increase net meat imports twenty- old. o besustainable, countries need to meet their own demands or livestock products and address the challenge o sustainably producing livestock given the myriad challenges that stem rom climate change (reduced naturalresource availability, increased disease risk) and other actors (land degradation, land tenure/con ict, weak in rastructure, market access, etc.).

Sustainable agricultural production cannot be achieved without addressing livestock productionbecause livestock production and crop production are intricately linked. Livestock and crop productiono ten complement each other. Livestock manure is an important input into cropping systems, and residue

rom crop systems is a critical source o odder or livestock systems. Mixed arming systems o er many advantages over crops alone and help to decrease risk through diversi cation. According to FAO, about two-thirds o milk and meat in developing countries is produced in mixed arming systems. Mixed crop-livestock

arms produce more than 40 percent o the meat and more than 90 percent o the worlds milk production.Sustainability o a ood and agricultural production system will there ore depend on the strength and thevitality o its sel -rein orcing linkages and eedback systems. Sustainable ood and agriculture in mixed

arming systems is not possible without establishing or enhancing linkages between orest and rangelandresources, livestock production, soil ertility and land resources, and arm amilies and nutrition. Tere ore,research on sustainable production and human nutrition/health, within a broader economic context, mustaddress arming systems rom a holistic perspective. However, in this system humans and animals live inclose proximity, and climate change creates conditions that allow zoonotic disease vectors to proli erateand spread more easily. Feeding the uture must also address related issues o animal health, both to ensurelivestock productivity and protect human health.


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Livestock are a valuable tool in the ght against malnutrition in the developing world. Livestock products (meat, milk, eggs) provide nutrient-dense calories that can help boost human nutrition andhealth. Micronutrient malnutrition, sometimes called hidden hunger, a ects one in three children inthe developing world, causing stunting, reducing cognitive ability, and putting pregnant women and theirunborn children at greater risk or complications and death. Livestock production is a critical source o animal-source protein. Animal-source oods provide essential amino acids and vitamins, such as B12, and arerich in iron, a mineral especially important to children and pregnant women or preventing anemia.

Initiated in the same year as F F, the Livestock-Climate Change CRSP is eager to shape and be shaped by the on-going F F initiative. During this year, our ocus has shi ted to better align with F F. For example, we have decided to ocus our e orts speci cally on F F countries, anticipating that the tools, technologies,and ideas generated there can be exported to bene t livestock keepers in other countries. We look orward tocontinuing to participate with the rest o the U.S. and international academic and development community in striving to reach the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) o halving the number o people living inextreme poverty and su ering rom hunger by 2015.


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Program Overview Te Livestock-Climate Change CRSP was initiated in April 2010. Tis rst year has been largely devoted toestablishing a oundation or long-term success. Te program is comprised o interdisciplinary projects ocuse

economic growth, environment, human wel are and nutrition, and livestock production as in uenced by globalclimate change. Te projects involve researchers rom 13 U.S. universities; nine host country universities; 10 national research institutions; seven governmental bodies representing the local, regional, and national levels; enon-governmental organizations; one private sector hospital; the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRand the International Center or Agricultural Research in the Dry Area (ICARDA). Te program is currently active in East A rica (Kenya, Ethiopia, and anzania), West A rica (Mali and Senegal), and Asia (Mongolia,Nepal, and ajikistan).

History Te Adapting Livestock Systems to Climate Change Collaborative Research Support Program (herea ter,

Livestock-Climate Change CRSP or LCC CRSP) was established in 2010 through a $15 million Leader with Associates award rom the U.S. Agency or International Development (USAID). Tis rst phase(Phase I) extends through 2015. Te Livestock-Climate Change CRSP was unded under the authorizationo itle XII o the International Development and Food Assistance Act o 1975 to achieve the mutual goalsamong nations o ensuring ood security, human health, agricultural growth, trade expansion, and the wiseand sustainable use o natural resources. Te Livestock-Climate Change CRSP is one o ten CollaborativeResearch Support Programs.

Te Livestock-Climate Change CRSP has its origins in the previous Global Livestock CRSP (GL-CRSP).Originally established in 1978 as the Small Ruminant CRSP (SR-CRSP), the Global Livestock CRSP wasone o nine CRSP programs developed under itle XII. Te CRSP model, pioneered by the SR-CRSP, was built on the structural strengths o U.S. land-grant universities and collaborative partnerships withinternational organizations. In 1995, the SR-CRSP began a major restructuring o the program in responseto USAIDs own restructuring e orts and the changing needs o the international development community;the GL-CRSP emerged.

GL-CRSP rans ormedTe Livestock-Climate Change CRSP builds on the successes o the previous CRSP while addressingnew and emerging challenges related to global climate change. Livestock production is closely tied to thestate o environmental, human, and animal health. Climate change impacts each one individually and therelationships among them.

Livestock keepers are also encountering changes within their political, socio-economic, and land tenuresystems, urther compounding the uncertainties they ace in livestock production and management dueto climate change. Smallholder producers, especially subsistence pastoralists, are nding traditional copingmechanisms to be less e ective as long-established socio-economic systems are altered by globalization.Consequently, they are seeking to increase their adaptive capacity in an increasingly uncertain social,political, and natural environment.


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Humans, livestock, and the environment are integrally linked. Climate change impacts each one and also the relationships among them.

ClimateChange

Humans

Environment

Livestock

Climate change impacts both the social and environmental dimensions o livestock, environmental, and human health.


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Global PlanTe vision o the LCC CRSP is to be recognized as a leading acilitator o innovative and collaborativeresearch that enhances the resilience o livestock keepers to climate change impacts in dryland regions o developing countries. Research e orts support USAIDs development goals o ensuring ood security,

human health, agricultural growth, trade expansion, and the wise and sustainable use o natural resources.o ul ll this vision, we catalyze and coordinate innovative, systems-based research to reduce vulnerability and increase adaptive capacity o livestock keepers to climate change in dryland regions. We are committedto a pro-poor ocus, innovation, sound science, gender equality, healthy nutrition, and working with diversepartners.

Te LCC CRSP supports research ocused on large and small ruminant systems in dryland regions o East A rica (Kenya, Ethiopia, and anzania), West A rica (Mali and Senegal), and Asia (Nepal and ajikistan).Tese research initiatives will complement and augment success ul country- and regional-level processes andpartnerships by:

Building sustainable research capacity Well trained, innovative scientists and leaders are essential to building a sustainable, prosperous uture.Te LCC CRSP enhances research capacity in each target region by training graduate students, supportingpro essional research networks, strengthening research and educational institutions, and providingopportunities or research collaboration through ellowships, grants, con erences, and inter-agency projects.Trough these activities, we will ensure that research capacity continues to grow and becomes sel -sustainingin these regions.

Expanding income opportunities and increasing stability or livestock keepers o increase resilience to climate change impacts, the LCC CRSP expands access o livestock keepers to

markets and inputs that decrease dependence on resources limited by climate change. Opportunities to

diversi y income are being explored, including alternative livestock enterprises and new and innovativemarkets or climate change mitigation, such as payment or greenhouse gas emission reduction and carbonsequestration. Te LCC CRSP is ostering new income producing enterprises, such as biogas production,that provide co-bene ts in mitigation and adaptation. One special area o ocus is on income opportunitiesand diversi cation to enhance ood security and dietary quality while encouraging the inclusion o women.Tese are areas that have received very little attention and where the LCC CRSP aims to make a signi cantimpact.

Advancing management practices to adapt to climate change Climate change in dryland areas can impact disease dynamics, reduce orage productivity, and decrease wateraccess, making it critical to improve resource efciency and ensure good animal health status. o addressthis need, the LCC CRSP will identi y practices that optimize the use o limited resources, improve animalhealth programs and livestock productivity, and ultimately improve human health and nutrition. Improvedmanagement practices include changes in livestock species and combinations; adjustments to herd size,migratory patterns, disease management, orage quality and utilization; and improved access to water. Inaddition, access to weather orecasting and climate impact in ormation can help livestock keepers managerisk, enhance resilience, and make better decisions. ailoring climate in ormation or both policy makers andlivestock keepers is an important part o this process.


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raining Planraining is integral to the LCC CRSP port olio and the LCC CRSP Global Plan recognizes human capacity

building as a key component o achieving broader research and development goals. Te LCC CRSPdesign, there ore, provides or a wide range o training possibilities and uses both traditional and innovative

strategies to achieve its training goals.

Degree raining Te LCC CRSP provides unding or operational and research costs to both U.S. and host-country graduatestudents. Project team members are encouraged to leverage unds to support tuition or graduate students.

Non-Degree raining Short-term training is a cost-e ective way to build capacity o students, community members, projectparticipants, development pro essionals, host-country pro essors, and others. Project teams incorporatevarious non-degree training into their overall work plans.

Graduate Student Fellowship ProgramTe Graduate Student Fellowship Program (GSFP) awards provide partial support or graduate students inorder to improve the overall quality o their research and prepare them or interdisciplinary careers. Fellowsare expected to become specialists who can contribute to research regarding the adaptation o livestock systems to climate change in the LCC CRSP countries o ocus. Selected ellows must propose to conductresearch in one or more o the ocus countries. In this way, the LCC CRSP aims to build research capacity.

Build Capacity o Institutional Partners Te LCC CRSP aims to build both human and institutional capacity simultaneously within host-country partner institutions. Trough project unding, university linkages, technology trans er, and other program

enhancement activities, the LCC CRSP addresses key shortcomings within these partner institutions.

Characteristics o LCC CRSP ProjectsTe LCC CRSP acilitates innovative collaborative research or development based on the ollowingprinciples:

Research should be demand-driven, solutions-oriented, innovative, and have a distinctly pro-poor focus with considerable resources invested in problem assessment at the appropriate local or regional level.

Impacts should emphasize human outcomes (especially those related to human nutrition and livelihoodimprovement), involvement o the local community, development o research-extension links, and thebuilding o partnerships with diverse stakeholders.

Identi cation and communication of key policy issues should be an integral component of projectplanning and implementation.

Integration of gender concerns and appropriate gender analysis should be an integral part of projectresearch and results.


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Livestock-Climate Change CRSP ProjectsIt is important to note that the Livestock-Climate Change CRSP program is not a static set o activities buta constantly evolving and dynamic array o problem- ocused projects. Te iterative process that developedthe original core idea o the program continues to evolve as new research ndings, and new operational

constraints, guide the LCC CRSP port olio. In this rst year, the LCC CRSP has ocused on establishinga port olio o Seed Grant Program (SGPs) projects rom which Long- erm Research Program (L RPs)projects will emerge. In addition to SGP projects and L RP projects the LCC CRSP will und a limitednumber o small grant projects on topics o special interest.

Seed Grant ProgramSeed Grant Program projects are one-year endeavors designed to lay the oundation or a longer-termresearch program or to address smaller-scale projects. Tis process allows research teams to re ne theirproblem model, test data collection techniques, and re ne team composition to t their evolving problemmodel and ensure that key partners are engaged. Part-way through the project year, SGP projects areevaluated by the LCC CRSP and are also asked to produce a research proposal. Te proposals are thenevaluated in a nal competition or L RP awards.

Livestock-Climate Change CRSP Organizational StructureTe Livestock-Climate Change CRSP is administered as a cooperative agreement between Colorado StateUniversity (CSU) and USAID. Colorado State University, as the Management Entity (ME), administerssubawards to participating U.S. institutions and maintains scal responsibility.

Te LCC CRSP Program Director is responsible or representing the LCC CRSP to USAID in WashingtonD.C., program development, coordinating activities o the projects across and within regions, and overseeingdaily program operations.

Te Advisory Board provides advice and guidance on the scienti c management o the LCC CRSP.Te External Review Panel (ERP) provides objective evaluations o proposals and projects on an as-neededbasis.

USAID Agreement O cers echnical Representative Joyce urk, Senior Livestock Advisor, Bureau o Food Security

Management Entity Mo Salman, Principal Investigator Jessica Davis, DirectorDana Hoag, Associate DirectorShana Gillette, Integrated Research Director


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Advisory Board Linda Logan, Head o the Department o Veterinary Pathobiology, exas A&M University John McDermott, Deputy Director General-Research, International Livestock Research InstituteNancy Morgan, Economist, Food and Agricultural Organization o the U.N. Jesse Njoka, Senior Lecturer, Department o Land Resources and Agricultural echnology, University o

Nairobi Jimmy Smith, eam Leader or the Global Livestock Port olio at Te World Bank

Lead Principal Investigators Jay Angerer, exas A&M University Maria Fernandez-Gimenez, Colorado State University Kathleen Galvin, Colorado State University Ian Gardner, University o Cali ornia, DavisNiall Hanan, South Dakota State University Nanda Joshi, Michigan State University

Michael Lacy, University o GeorgiaPeter Little, Emory University John McPeak, Syracuse University Sandra Russo, University o FloridaDaniel Rubenstein, Princeton University

External Review Panel Ozzie Abaye, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University DeeVon Bailey, Utah State University Larry Granger, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Centers or Epidemiology and

Animal HealthMark Powell, USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) (Chari, ERP)Gene akle, Iowa State University

om Wirth, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)Milton Boyd, University o Manitoba


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Livestock-Climate Change CRSP Achievement Strategy Te Livestock-Climate Change CollaborativeResearch Support Program (LCC CRSP) supportsone major initiative a ecting uture internationaldevelopment planning: President Obamas Feedthe Future (F F) initiative. All LCC CRSPproject activities are structured to incorporateF F objectives in addition to the research anddevelopment and capacity building activities uniqueto the CRSP model.

Feed the Future Te Livestock-Climate Change CRSP supportsPresident Obamas F F initiative, a multi-yeardevelopment e ort designed to achieve the MDGo halving the number o people living in poverty and hunger by 2015. Livestock-Climate ChangeCRSP research activities are designed to integrate with F F goals and objectives. As the F F Initiativecontinues to develop, the LCC CRSP will makeappropriate adjustments to incorporate F Fgoals and objectives in addition to engaging in

the research, development, and capacity buildingactivities that are unique to the CRSP model.

Te overarching goal o the F F initiative is tosustainably reduce global hunger and poverty by tackling their root causes and employing provenstrategies or achieving large scale and lastingimpact. wo objectives o the F F initiative are to:

1. Accelerate inclusive agriculture sector growtha. Improve agricultural productivity

b. Expand markets and tradec. Increase economic resilience in vulnerablerural communities

2. Improve nutritional status (especially o womenand children)

a. Prevent undernutrition through community-based programs

b. Improve diet quality and diversity c. Improve delivery o nutrition services by health

systems linked to community-based programs

Te F F Research Strategy outlines three generalcategories o priorities. According to the ResearchStrategy, these three themes join together in theconcept o sustainable intensi cation. Te F Fresearch themes are:

1. Advancing the Productivity Frontier. A ocuso the F F research strategy will be on breedingand genetics or major crops and livestock andvaccine development or livestock diseases.

o more e ectively integrate the use o thesetechnologies among poor armers, research underthis theme will also address socio-behavioral

actors and incentive structures/policy contextrelated to technology adoption.

2. rans orming Production Systems. Research

will ocus on natural resources and theintegration o research advances (e.g., those romresearch theme 1) within production systems where poverty and malnutrition are concentrated.Research will include natural and social sciencesand will contribute to improved stability o oodproduction, incomes, and armer resilience.

3. Enhancing Food Sa ety and Nutrition. Nutrition and health outcomes will be improvedby employing technologies as well as policies thatpromote enhanced diet quality, especially or women and young children.

2010-2011 LCC CRSP Key Achievements


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2010-2011 LCC CRSP Project Port olio

Risk, Perception, Resilience and

Adaptation to Climate Change in Niger and anzania (RPRA)Building on household interviews conducted duringthe 2004/2005 ood crisis, the RPRA projectis developing indicators o pastoral community vulnerability and resilience to climate change,and determine culturally appropriate livelihoodstrategies and adaptations or coping with impactsincluding land degradation, reduced access to oodand water, and poor health and sanitation.

ranshumance, Natural Resource and Con ict in the Sahel: A Pilot Project ( RANS)

RANS will develop methods or mapping thelocation, status and use o migration routes usedby Malian pastoralists and their livestock to accessseasonally available water and orage. Tis e ort will ultimately reduce or prevent con icts betweenmobile pastoralist and sedentary agro-pastoralistcommunities likely to escalate in a changing climate.

La Gestion des Systmes Fluviaux pour lAvenir/Managing River Systems or the Future (GSFA/RIVERS)In response to increased con ict between mobilelivestock producers and rice armers, GSFA/RIVERS is predicting the impact o climate changeon vegetation in the Niger and Senegal River

oodplains. Tis ecosystem supports livestock production through orage and rice cultivation.GSFA/RIVERS will enhance ood security orand reduce con icts between rice armers andpastoralists by identi ying areas where conversion torice cultivation may be least disruptive to livestock production and movements o pastoralists and theirlivestock.

A Cost-Efectiveness Framework or Landscape Rehabilitation and CarbonSequestration in North Kenya (CARBON)Te CARBON project is working to improve

rangeland management, mitigate climate change,improve pastoralist livelihoods, and provide skillsand training to young scientists by developingparticipatory tools or evaluating land health,assessing its potential or degradation and predicting where management actions will increase carbonsequestration, ecosystem unctions, and orageproduction in North Kenya.

Pastoral rans ormations to Resilient Futures: Understanding Climate rom the Ground Up (P RF)Te P RF team is working with Maasai pastoraliststo co-create strategies or sustaining livestock production based on an understanding o the mostimportant climate and social changes a ectinglivestock management and the cultural, socio-economic and physical impediments to climatechange adaptation.

Climate Variability, Pastoralism, and

Commodity Chains in Ethiopia and Kenya (CHAINS)Te CHAINS project aims to improve policy impacts on pastoral marketing and commodity chains through evaluation o interactions betweenclimate, market access or pastoral livestock producers, and commodity chains in Ethiopia andKenya.

Strengthening anzanian Livestock Health and Pastoral Livelihoods in a Changing Climate (HALI-2)Te HALI-2 project is implementing a programto reduce vulnerability or pastoralists in anzaniato altered disease dynamics brought about by climate change by improving regional capacity orpredicting, diagnosing and responding to livestock


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health problems through integration o data ondiseases, environment, economics and climate.

Enhancing Livestock Production Systems in ajikistan to Mitigate Potential Impacts o Climate Change (FOR )Te FOR project team is working to overcomecurrent and predicted orage shortages broughton by changes in political structure and climatechange-induced drought conditions by trans erringdrought-resistant orage crop and shrubtechnology through the establishment o on- armdemonstration sites in our regions o ajikistan.

Increasing the Adaptive Capacity o Mongolian Livestock Herders Under a Changing Climate Trough Rangeland Ecosystem Monitoring and Community-Based Conservation (REMM)Te REMM ream is empowering Mongolianpastoralists to adapt to climate change by creatinga system to monitor and manage rangeland health. With pastoralists, they are developing indicators andconducting training in community-based adaptiveecosystem management.

Key Achievements

Seed Grant ProgramTe LCC CRSP established the oundation orthe Phase I program with the Seed Grant Program(SGPs) and Graduate Student Fellowship Program(GSFP) during the rst hal o Fiscal Year 2010(FY2010). Te SGP was initiated in order to casta wide net and engage with the greatest number o cooperating researchers as possible. In subsequentyears, some SGP projects will graduate to multi-yearL RPs initiatives.

Seed Grant Program projects were initiated in thesecond and third quarters o FY2010. Projects areon-going in nine di erent countries. FourteenU.S. universities and their partner institutionsrepresenting 13 states (CA, CO, FL, GA, NJ, NM,

NY, MI, SD, X, U , V , WI) are engaging inthese e orts.

Te SGP was extended to Nepal and the LCCCRSP released the Seed Grant Program or Nepal

request or proposals (RFP) on January 28, 2011. A total o 13 proposals were received. Proposal review was ongoing at the end o FY2010.

2011 Annual Meeting Te 2011 Annual Meeting was held April 26-27, 2010 in Golden, CO. Over the course o the two-day meeting, the nearly 50 participantsheard project updates rom the nine SGP projectsand the Mali Associate Award projects (i.e., theMali Poultry Project and the Mali Livestock andPastoralists Initiative-Phase 2 Project). In addition,Dr. Sandra L. Russo, program director and associatescholar o International Development, and Dr.Grace S. Marquis, associate pro essor and Canadianresearch chair in social and environmental aspects o nutrition, spoke about incorporating gender equity and human nutrition into LCC CRSP research. A project leader or collaborator rom each SGPproject presented their progress to date. Te MEalso presented plans or SGP project evaluation andrenewal to collaborating scientists.

Mali Associate Award Te Mali Associate Award was established on July 29, 2010 to improve the productivity and incomeo livestock producers in the northern regionso Mali by enabling them to access technologiesand build the capacity o all actors involved inthe development o an extensive livestock system.Te projects implementation is led by CSU, inassociation with exas A&M University ( AMU),Syracuse University, University o Wisconsin,University o Arizona, South Dakota StateUniversity (SDSU), the University o Georgia(UGA), and several national partners in Mali. Tisconsortium will work to promote the developmento an extensive livestock sector; empower pastoralistsand improve their capacity or risk management;create equitable livestock in ormation and


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communication systems that provide monitoringand analysis technology to oster strategicpartnerships between pastoral communities, marketsand policy; develop and integrate markets; improvepoultry production and increase the consumption o poultry meat and eggs to improve human nutrition;and build the capacity o Mali to sustain new techniques and technologies.

echnical Advisory Groups Te LCC CRSP recruited scientists to serve onthe External Review Panel and provide a technicalreview o proposals or two separate calls: the SGPand the Seed Grant Program or Nepal.

Communications ProgramSix months a ter the establishment o theLCC CRSP at CSU, the LCC CRSP hired acommunications specialist who started in October2010. She is now coordinating the communicationsprogram, producing the quarterly newsletter,editing LCC CRSP publications, and enhancing thee ective sharing o LCC CRSP publications andachievements.

Te LCC CRSP communications programdisseminates pertinent in ormation in multiple

orms or various purposes. Tis program consistso the LCC CRSP website, social media outlets( witter, Facebook, Slideshare, You ube),newsletters, press releases, reports, and program,research and policy brie s. Te communicationscoordinator also keeps track o articles submittedto newspapers, magazines, and other websites orposted on social media sites that highlight LCCCRSP activities or researchers.

Website Development.Te LCC CRSP web site was launched as www.csucrsp.org in May, 2010.In January 2011 the web site URL was changed to www.lcccrsp.org. Over the course o this rst year,

the LCC CRSP has made several changes to the web site to improve navigation and the overall userexperience.

On September 28, 2010, the LCC CRSP startedtracking web site trafc via Google Analytics, a

ree service that generates detailed statistics on website visits. Since website tracking began, visitsand pageviews have increased. Comparisons are not

Livestock Climate-Change CRSP website data September 2010-May 2011.

September2010-January 2011 February 2011-May 2011 Total % Di erence

Visits 1,029 4,841 5,870 470.45%Pageviews 3,395 13,976 17,371 411.66%Pages/Visit 3.30 2.89 N/A N/ABounce Rate 54.52% 48.13% N/A N/AAvg. Time on Site(hr:min:sec) 00:03:50 00:03:34 N/A N/A

Percent New Visits 50.83% 54.33% N/A N/AVisit: a period o interaction between a persons browser and a particular website, ending when the browser is closed or shut down, or

when the user was inactive on that site or 30 minutes.Pageview: an instance o a web page being loaded by a browser.Pages/Visit: average number o pages viewed during each visit.Bounce Rate: the percentage o single-page visits (i.e., the person le t the site rom the homepage).Avg. Time on Site: Time on site: how long a visitor is connected. Time on site can be misleading because visitors o ten leave browserwindows open when they are not actually viewing or using a site.New Visit: a computer accessing the website or the frst time.


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available or other metrics because changing theURL in January 2011 reset values Google Analytics.

Te LCC CRSP website has a global reach. A key improvement to the web site was the additiono a Google ranslate button, a ree applicationthat allows users to view the web site in variouslanguages. Tis translate unction has greatly improved the user experience or non-Englishspeakers. In addition, some key publications are alsoposted in French and Russian.

Visits since January 2011 came rom 111 countries,using 32 languages. About hal o all website visitorssince January 2011 were rom the U.S. About hal o the visits were direct trafc (visitor entered theURL directly) and a quarter were generated by search engines. Te rest were rom other websites with links to the LCC CRSP website, with the LCCCRSP Facebook page and USAID/Nepal websitesre erring the highest percentage o visits. It is also worth noting that the LCC CRSP website wasaccessed via mobile devices, some o which were

rom countries other than the U.S.

Social Media.Te LCC CRSP team recognized thatsocial networks are an important means to reach alarger audience, so the LCC CRSP has a Facebook page, which is updated regularly with links topublications, news, and additional in ormationabout livestock production, natural resource

management, and climate change issues. Our totalnumber o ans has increased steadily since thepage was created, including ollowers rom Kenya,Nepal, and Ethiopia. Our Facebook page can beviewed at http://www. acebook.com/home.php#!/LivestockCRSP.In addition, the LCC CRSP created a witteraccount to update subscribers on pertinent activitieso USAID, non-governmental organizations,universities, and other actors in the internationalagricultural research eld. Since activating thesite, our total number o ollowers has increasedto 52 and includes individuals and academic,development, media, and governmentalorganizations. Our tweets are eatured on our lists,

including one hosted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). Our twitter account is www.twitter.com/livestockcrsp.

Listserv.In order to acilitate timely communications with LCC CRSP research partners and supporters,the program established an email listserv. Sinceits inception, the listserv has grown to includeover 400 subscribers. Te LCC CRSP ME sendsout announcements about upcoming events, new publications, unding opportunities, and otherpertinent in ormation via the listserv. Te LCCCRSP web site contains a subscription link: http://lcccrsp.org/contact-us/.

Publications . Te LCC CRSP Newsletter, Chronicles ,is published quarterly; a PDF is made availableonline at http://lcccrsp.org/publications/newsletter/and approximately 300 paper copies are distributed,by request.Chronicles provides concise updateson LCC CRSP activities, accomplishments, and

uture events. Issues in FY2010 were published inNovember 2010 and February 2010.

Livestock-Climate Change CRSPProgram Brie s succinctly summarize key aspects o the Livestock-Climate Change CRSPs activities related tooverarching strategic themes including genderequality, ood security, human health, agriculturalgrowth, trade expansion, and the wise and

Top 10 Countries Visiting the LCC CRSP Website.

Country Visits New Visits(percent)United States 2,370 41Nepal 554 64Ethiopia 519 56Kenya 390 59India 73 85Sudan 62 13United Kingdom 61 84Mali 50 62Germany 37 84Uganda 36 86


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sustainable use o natural resources. In FY2010, theLCC CRSP published twoProgram Brie s:

1. Livestock-Climate Change Research Strategy (PB-01-2010)

2. Livestock, climate change, and nutrition:leveraging livestock to improve livelihoods (PB-02-2011)

Research Brie s disseminate knowledge generated by LCC CRSP partners and quickly communicate thisin ormation to development practitioners. Tesebrie s are based on a variety o technical material,including peer-reviewed journal articles, reports,and books published by LCC CRSP researchpartners.Policy Brie s o er a concise summary

o ndings with direct policy implications orrecommendations or sustainable development,provide decision makers with easily accessiblepolicy-relevant in ormation, and enhance anddeepen understanding o o ten complex policy issues. NoResearchor Policy Brie s were published inFY2010.

LCC CRSP Publicity . Part o the LCC CRSPvision is to establish the program as a leader ininternational research that enhances the resilienceo livestock keepers to climate change impacts indryland regions. Te LCC CRSP communicationsprogram works to raise the pro le o the program,promote the program as a respected authority on the impacts o climate change on livestock production, and disseminate LCC CRSP generatedknowledge around the world. o this end, the LCCCRSP communications program distributes storiesto newspapers, magazines, and other websites.

Te LCC CRSP was included as one o severalresearch highlights related to climate science at

CSU in oday@ColoradoState in November 2011:http://www.today.colostate.edu/story.aspx?id=4888. As a result, the LCC CRSP was also mentionedin an article in the Northern Colorado BusinessReport: http://www.ncbr.com/print_article.asp?aID=54694.

Te selection o SGP projects was highlightedin CSUs College o Veterinary Medicine and

Biomedical Sciences (CVMBS) e-insight newsletterin November 2010: http://www.cvmbs.colostate.edu/ns/pubs/einsight/2010/november/crsp.aspx.

News that the LCC CRSP unded the HALI-2

project, part o the Health or Animals andLivelihoods (HALI) project, through the SGP wasshared with their cooperators and supports via theHALI Project blog: http://haliproject.wordpress.com/2010/10/25/hali-project-receives-new-grant-to-expand-livestock-research/. Funding o the HALI-2project was also announced on the University o Vermonts Gund Institute web site: http://www.uvm.edu/giee/?Page=News&storyID=17166.

In November, the P RF project was highlightedon the ILRI blog (http://ilriclippings.wordpress.com/2010/10/28/colorado-kenyan-and-ilri-researchers-team-up-to-help-maasai-herders-adapt-to-climate-change/), CSUs School o GlobalEnvironmental Sustainability web site (http://soges.colostate.edu/newsroom/csu-researchers-address-climate-change-impacts-on-maasai-pastoralists-in-kenya.html), and in oday@ColoradoState (http:// www.today.colostate.edu/printstory.aspx?ID=4768).

Also in November, the CARBON project was notedon Princeton Universitys Grand Challenges web

site (http://www.princeton.edu/grandchallenges/news-archive/?id=4084) and on the PrincetonEnvironmental Institute website (http://www.princeton.edu/pei/news/archive/?id=4084).

In December, the MPP was highlighted inseveral outlets, including the UGAs GeorgiaFaces website (http://georgia aces.caes.uga.edu/index.c m?public=viewStory&pk_id=3991), theGrowing Georgia website (http://growinggeorgia.com/poultry/1212-uga-receives-grant-to-develop-su), 1340WGAU.com (http://www.1340wgau.com/news/news/poultry_grant_ or_uga/n5m9/),UGAs Ofce o the Vice President or Research(http://www.ovpr.uga.edu/news/article/20101207-sustainable-poultry/), PoultryPro (http://www.poultrypro.com/a rica/univ-georgia-receives-grant-

or-mali-poultry-project-9122010/) , and Sunbelt Ag Network (http://www.sunbeltagnet.com/


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story/13651755/uga-receives-grant-to-develop-sustainable-poultry-production-in-a rica?clienttype=&redirected=true).

Syracuse Universitys highlighted the GSFA/

RIVERS project in January (http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/news.aspx?id=77309413189 and http://insidesu.syr.edu/2011/01/19/maxwell-school-pro essor-to-lead-research-team-investigating-climate-change-induced-con ict-in-senegal-and-mali/).

Also in January, ILRI promoted the publicationo PB-002-2011 on nutrition and livestock development: http://ilriclippings.wordpress.com/2011/01/23/livestock-climate-change-and-nutrition-leveraging-livestock-to-improve-livelihoods/. Tat Program Brie was also distributed

at an international con erence, Leveraging Agriculture or Improving Nutrition and Health,held in New Delhi India in February.

Te MPP was in the news again in February, with

an article about that teams trip to Mali in theGeorgia Farm Bureau news: http://www.g b.org/g bnews/GFBNewsMoreIn o.asp?RecordID=1183.Tis trip was also covered in a University o DenverCollege o Law article: http://enrlgp.blogspot.com/2011/03/adjunct-pro essor-catherine-keske.html

Te LCC CRSP aggregated news eed waspromoted by ILRI in February: http://in oilri. wordpress.com/2011/02/15/livestock-climate-change-rss-aggregator/

LCC CRSP Temes and ImpactsTe LCC CRSP links U.S. institutions with thosein the developing under a common purpose toimprove the lives and livelihoods o livestock producers and help them adapt livestock productionsystems to climate change. Tis vision is achieved

through innovative, systems-based research, short-term training programs designed to trans er skillsand knowledge to stakeholders, and long-termdegree programs that invest in the uture scienti ccapacity o developing countries. Five themes guidethe problem-solving ocus o the LCC CRSP:

1. Building Sustainable Research Capacity 2. Expanding Income Opportunities3. Advancing Management Practices4. Human Wel are and Nutrition5. Gender Equity

Building Sustainable ResearchCapacity

raining is integral to the LCC CRSP port olio,and the LCC CRSP Research Strategy recognizes

human capacity building as a key component o achieving broader research and development goals.Te LCC CRSP design, there ore, provides or a wide range o training possibilities and uses bothtraditional and innovative strategies to achieve its

training goals. In FY2010, LCC CRSP projectsengaged 410 participants (332 men, 78 women)in short-term training. raining covered topicsranging rom qualitative and quantitative socialscience research eld methods, GPS mapping,ecological site description assessment, climatechange and weather, and livestock marketing. Inaddition, the LCC CRSP built research capacity by supporting 13 students (seven men, six women)

rom eight countries, as they pursued college andgraduate degrees in disciplines including agricultural

economics, dryland resource management, globalpublic health, biology, and geographic in ormationsystems and hydrology.

Expanding Income OpportunitiesGlobalization has expanded markets as it hassimultaneously made the world a smaller place.


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Value chains are driven by consumer needs oraccess to a ordable and nutritious oods and by theshi ting supply o goods. Livestock value chains areimpacted by a changing climate, which displacesherders, creates perturbations in eed supplies thatresult in lower production, and increases diseaserisk. In the regions where the LCC CRSP is ocused,economic, social, and o ten political systems are indramatic transition and markets, especially at thelocal and national levels, can be highly variable andtumultuous. Te LCC CRSP realizes that one key

actor in improving livelihoods is expanding incomeopportunities by expanding access to markets andinputs to decrease dependence on resources limitedby climate change.

Te LCC CRSP CHAINS project is evaluatingaccess to market chains by mobile herders and theimpact o climate change-related risks on marketaccess to determine which groups (including women) could bene t rom improved access tomarkets and livestock production inputs.

Te MLPI-2 project has established a livestock market in ormation system (LMIS) in over 21markets to collect market data and communicateit to traders and livestock herders via cell phone.MLPI-2 is also developing methods and extensionactivities or supplemental eeding or value-addedmarketing o livestock.

Advancing Management PracticesLivestock production in the 21st century acesan array o environmental and social challenges. Weather, globalization, population, and diseaseby themselves or in combination create dynamiccircumstances that increasingly try cultural, social,and economic systems. Further, these issues are nolonger locally isolated, but now must be viewedthrough a global lens linked to major globalenvironmental trends, especially climate change.Severe weather events are more requent and moreintense. Teir impact on livestock production iso ten compounded by the use o unsustainable

land management practices. As a result, in many places the natural resource base, upon which therural poor are highly dependent, is degradingrapidly. Te LCC CRSP is actively addressing pro-poor natural resource management by identi yingpractices that optimize the use o limited resources,improve animal health programs and livestock productivity, and ultimately improve human healthand nutrition. Trough a systems-based approach,the LCC CRSP is impacting natural resourcemanagement strategies and livelihoods, whilebuilding the scienti c and community capacity required to adapt and respond to changing climaticand environmental conditions.

wo projects, CARBON and REMM, address one

o livestock productions most important naturalresource issues: rangeland health. Tese projects areactively developing the scienti c and social capacity required to manage rangeland resources, underpressure rom a growing population, increasedlivestock grazing, and altered weather patterns.CARBON is developing techniques to improverangeland condition and combat climate changethrough carbon sequestration, while REMM istraining herders, conservation practitioners, andgovernment agency sta how to monitor rangeland

health.Te LCC CRSP GSFA/RIVERS project addressesthe demand placed on the river systems in Senegal

or both rice and livestock production, seekingsolutions that allow or the inevitable conversiono land to rice production while also managing thecosts imposed on livestock production systems andthe con ict induced by conversion. In neighboringMali, the RANS project is also addressing growingcon icts between pastoral and agricultural systemsby mapping transhumance routes and con ict hotspots to better understand the physical and social

actors that contribute to con ict as a rst steptowards reducing it. Te MLPI-2 project, startedunder the GL-CRSP, is also ocused on transhumanpastoralist populations, developing early-warningcapabilities or monitoring sur ace water used by livestock in northern Mali.


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Te P RF project is holding workshops andconducting interviews with pastoral communitiesin Kenya to better understand the climate andsocial actors a ecting livestock management,marketing, and condition, and management o natural resources. Working together, pastoralistsand scientists are co-creating locally-appropriatesolutions to address the challenges o raisinglivestock given increased climate variability andsocio-economic changes.

In ajikistan, the FOR project established on- armdemonstration sites to test locally adapted, drought-tolerant orage crops and shrubs and teach agro-pastoralists about sustainable agricultural practices.

Human Wel are and NutritionTe LCC CRSP recognizes that disease impacts not just the health o humans and livestock, but can alsodestabilize household or community economies,increase the potential or con ict, and marginalizelivestock keepers. Diseases that can be transmittedbetween animals and humans, or zoonoses, are ane ect o the intensi ying inter ace between humans,domestic livestock, and wildli e. Te rural poor,o ten pushed onto marginal lands where they are

more likely to come into contact with wildli e, areat greater risk because they live at the gateway orzoonotic transmission. Other actors that promotedisease transmission include poorly recycled animal waste; consumption o unpasteurized, in ected, orunder cooked animal-source oods (e.g., milk, bee );overcrowded production and market conditions;and increased trade movement o livestock andpeople. In many developing countries, the costs o disease prevention are prohibitive and there is a lack o institutional capacity (i.e., veterinary services,

disease surveillance), urther limiting diseaseprevention and control.

Te MPP is actively engaged in improving maternaland child health. Trough improved poultry production, women will have greater access topoultry meat and eggs or household consumption

and will have a surplus o meat and eggs to sell,providing needed income. Te project is alsoresearching vaccines or Newcastle disease toimprove poultry health, reducing the risk o ock,and subsequent income, loss.

Te LCC CRSP project, HALI-2, is assessinglivestock health services and pathogen diagnosticresponse capacity in the ecologically importantRuaha Region o anzania. By improving diseasedetection and veterinary care, HALI-2 is reducingdisease risks or livestock and humans.

Te RPRA project is interviewing households inthe wake o a ood crisis to determine how theirperceived risk o climate change is a ecting theirvulnerability, ability to adapt, and health, especially the health o children. Preliminary results indicatethat households reporting an increase in climatechange vulnerability tended to reduce the numbero meals, decrease the amount o ood per meal,use asting days, and consume milk and meatproduced by their livestock (vs. selling it) to cope.Understanding vulnerability perceptions and copingmechanisms is the rst step in creating solutionsthat can improve resilience to climate changeimpacts and human health and nutrition, especially

or children.

Gender Equity Te Livestock-Climate Change CRSP is committedto improving gender inclusiveness in the livestock sector and in the CRSP arena. LCC CRSP activitiesare designed to result in empowerment andlivelihood improvement or both women and men.Gender integration is implicit and interwoven intothe above strategic objectives and themes. Te LCCCRSP encourages all participants to be conscious o gender issues at all levels o activity implementation.Te LCC CRSP provided guidance to projectpartners at the Annual Meeting with a presentationby Dr. Sandra Russo, Gender and ClimateChange, that explained how to integrate genderequity assessments into research activities. In


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addition, all LCC CRSP activities are evaluatedor their consideration o gender issues in research

planning, methodology, and implementation. Tisis re ected in proposal evaluation criteria, where 30points are awarded, in part, or meeting a genderinclusiveness benchmark wherein women must

comprise 50 percent or more o the bene ciariesin all aspects o the project. Women were includedin project teams, as principal investigators, sta ,and collaborators; in sampling; and in stakeholderengagement activities. In total, the LCC CRSPengaged 391 women in various project activities.


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Seed Grant ProgramIn FY2010, the LCC CRSP awarded a total o $727,621 to nine U.S. universities and 20 U.S. and internationa partners in East A rica (Ethiopia, Kenya, anzania), West A rica (Mali, Niger, Senegal) and Central Asia

(Mongolia and ajikistan) through the Seed Grant Program (SGP) to improve the livelihoods o small-scale livestock producers impacted by climate change. In developing countries in these regions, a large proportion o population depends upon livestock production or a signi cant part o their income. Projects unded through FY2010 SGP will help small-scale livestock producers increase their incomes, reduce risks associated with diseand manage con icts over resources, like water and orage, which are shi ting and dwindling as a result o clichange.

A boy cradles a sheep in a rural Maasai village in Kenyas Kajiado District. Photo by Dana Hoag.


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Seed Grant Program Project Activities East A rica

A Cost E ectiveness Framework or Landscape Rehabilitationand Carbon Sequestration in North Kenya (CARBON)

Climate Variability, Pastoralism, and Commodity Chains in Ethiopia and Kenya (CHAINS)

Pastoral rans ormations to Resilient Futures: UnderstandingClimate rom the Ground Up (P RF)

Strengthening anzanian Livestock Health and PastoralLivelihoods in a Changing Climate (HALI-2)


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A Cost-E ectiveness Framework or Landscape Rehabilitation andCarbon Sequestration in North Kenya (CARBON)

Project DescriptionTe goal o this project is to begin developing and testing a ramework through which local land managers inKenya can understand where their e orts to prevent rangeland degradation or restore degraded areas are (a) molikely to succeed in a cost-e ective manner, and (b) most likely to maintain and/or augment soil carbon stores.Tere are several steps to achieving this ultimate goal:

1. Identi y key ecological sites areas o the landscape that have similar potential under good management produce biomass ( orage) and support a similar biotic community;

2. Identi y the di erent degradation states that may occur or each ecological site; 3. Identi y key mechanisms leading to degradation and possible restoration pathways;4. Experimentally test restoration pathways and their cost-e ectiveness (with particular re erence to carbon sto

sequestration) comparing the transitions among di erent states and comparing across key ecological sites; 5. Troughout the process, provide training and capacity building or local managers to apply the lessons learne

Trough this process, CARBON aims to provide tools or managers to improve the unctioning o their range resources, ultimately leading to improved livelihoods and biodiversity conservation.

Te CARBON project started on November 1, 2011 and has been active or six months.

Principal InvestigatorsDaniel Rubenstein (Co-Principal Investigator), Ph.D., Pro essor and Director, Program in A rican

Studies, Princeton University, 210 Eno Hall, Princeton, New Jersey 08544 Phone: 609-258-5698 Email: [email protected]

Corinna Riginos (Co-Principal Investigator, Project Leader), Ph.D., Postdoctoral Fellow, Department o Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, 106A Guyot Hall, Princeton, New Jersey 08544 Email: [email protected]

Summary o Achievements e research team has been developing an

understanding o and human capacity to de neecological sites (areas with similar soils andplant production potential, and similar resistanceto degradation and capacity to recover romdegradation). Combining in ormation rom soilanalyses, high resolution satellite imagery, andin ormal interviews with locals in Laikipia, they have developed preliminary de nitions o the key ecological sites in one o the major soil groups,

the so-called black cotton soils, ound in theregion.

e team has also started the process of de ningthe other major soil group, called red soils,

which are much more heterogeneous, old,and complex than the black cotton soils. Tisassessment will be completed this summer.

e team has worked to raise local technicalcapacity to de ne ecological sites throughextensive training with the projects Kenyantechnician, who is actively sharing his knowledgeand skills with his peers.


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The CARBON project is testing diferent techniques or reducing soil erosion on degraded rangelands.Simple stick piles, like these, seem to be slowing rain all runof and soil loss, making it possible to reestablish

vegetation to support livestock grazing and sequester carbon. Photo by Corinna Riginos.

e research team has selected sites andcollected soil samples in order to understandthe opportunities or carbon loss and recovery at a patch scale a scale that is very relevant orrestoration on short time scales. Speci cally, theteam is quanti ying the carbon cost o allowingvegetated areas (three possible states) to degradeto bare ground. Te results o soil analyses arepending.

In January 2011, Je ery Herrick (USDA-ARS),traveled to Kenya where he met with local landmanagers and scientists to develop next steps

or urther describing ecological sites and siteproductivity to support local land management.

Preliminary results of an experiment to test thecost-e ectiveness o erosion control barriers torehabilitate and sequester carbon in the sensitivered soils suggest that costly and labor-intensivebarriers (tight bundles o branches and silt encebarriers) are the most e ective. Cheaper erosionbarriers such as piles o branches were lesse ective. However, the piles o branches appearto last longer in the landscape and may be moree ective in the long term than branch bundles.Tis experiment will be expanded as additionalsoil types are classi ed.

In a second experiment CARBON is testing thee ectiveness and carbon sequestration potential


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o three di erent approaches to stimulate grassestablishment and growth. Tese are: (1) short-term boma (cattle corral le t in place or only one week), (2) breaking o hard (physically crusted) soil sur ace, and (3) short-term bomain combination with breaking soil sur ace. Teteam anticipates replicating this experiment insites that are hypothesized to be part o di erentecological sites (i.e., with di erent site potential).

Results and lessons learned are regularly shared with partners at the Mpala Research Centre,Laikipia Wildli e Forum, Northern Rangelands

rust, and Kenya Wildli e Service through acombination o e-mail updates, reports, and in-person meetings.

Held a short course and eld day for 60undergraduate students (21 women, 39 men)rom the University o Nairobis rangeland

management program. Students were introducedto the major ecosystems o the region,management issues acing this region, andCARBONs work to improve land management.Te course served to build capacity and interestamong students in eld-based natural resourcemanagement and development.

PublicationsHerrick, J. and P. Shaver. 2011. Maximizing returnon investments in land management with ecologicalsite in ormation: results o the rst phase o a pilotstudy on the Mpala Research Center, LaikipiaDistrict, Kenya. Unpublished report.

Presentations and SeminarsRiginos, C., J. Belnap, J. Herrick, D. W. Kimiti, J.Njoka, W. O. Odadi, D. Rubenstein, and . Young.2011. A cost-e ectiveness ramework or landscape

rehabilitation and carbon sequestration in northernKenya. LCC CRSP Annual Meeting, Golden, CO, April 26, 2011 (http://slidesha.re/nW482r).

Research eam Jesse euri Njoka, University of Nairobi Jayne Belnap, U.S. Geological Survey Je Herrick, U.S. Department of Agriculture-

Agricultural Research Service Truman Young, University of California, Davis

Collaborating Institutions University of Nairobi, Department of Land

Resource Management and Agriculturalechnology, Kenya

U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural

Research Service University of California, Davis, Department of

Plant SciencesCARBON Non-Degree Training or FY2010Country Male Female TotalKenya 40 21 61


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Climate Variability, Pastoralism, and Commodity Chains inEthiopia and Kenya (CHAINS)

Project DescriptionTis project addresses interactions between climate variability, pastoralism, and livestock marketing rom production to nal sale in Kenya and Ethiopia. Secondarily, it is looking at the ways that outbreaks o animal diseases and con ict indirectly associated with climate variability negatively impact di erent producers and commodity chains. Te project entails literature and secondary data reviews, participatory eld research,community stakeholder meetings, and a research planning workshop in the region. It will employ a bene t/costanalysis that not only addresses herder and trader level bene ts/costs but also compares bene ts/multipliers (e.employment), especially or local economies, associated with di erent commodity chains. Research sites inclu(1) the southern Boran plateau, Ethiopia and the market links up to export markets and Nairobi, Kenya across the border; and (2) the ana River basin near Garissa, northeastern Kenya and the areas market links to Nairoband Mombasa (including exports rom Mombasa). By involving aculty and students at Pwani (Coast) campuKenyatta University and rom the Institute or Rural Development, Addis Ababa University, the project is builregional capacity in pastoral systems and commodity chain analyses.

Te CHAINS project started on December 1, 2011 and has been active or ve months.

Principal InvestigatorsPeter Little (Principal Investigator), Ph.D., Pro essor o Anthropology and Director, Program inDevelopment Studies at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 Phone: 404-727-0994 Email: [email protected]

Steve Staal (Co-Principal Investigator), Ph.D., Teme Director-Improving Market Opportunities at theInternational Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya Phone: +254-20-4223400 Email: [email protected]

Workneh Negatu (Host-Country Principal Investigator), Ph.D., Instructor and Director, Institute or RuralDevelopment at Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Phone: 251-111-239721Email: wnegatu@ idr.aau.edu.et

Gray literature and livestock market data wereobtained on the relationships between variousaspects o livestock marketing and climatevariability. Te latter came rom the Livestock

In ormation Knowledge Systems (LINKS)project, based at ILRI/Addis Ababa. Field visits and interviews were conducted

with stakeholders (e.g., veterinarians, marketofcials, water point supervisors, livestock traders, odder and input suppliers, governmentlivestock development ofcers, male and emale

Summary o Achievements A female Kenyan graduate student and part-

time Ethiopian research assistant are reviewingsecondary data rom past projects and existingliterature on the relationships between climatevariability and livestock marketing in the region.Speci c attention is being given to gender aspectso livestock marketing, pastoralism, and climatevariability; however, a gendered perspective iso ten lacking.


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herders, NGO ofcials, livestock transporters,and others) at eld sites in Garissa, Kenya, andBorena, Ethiopia. Tese generally con rmed theimportance o the projects ocus on relationshipsbetween climate variability (and related

odder/pasture and water availability), mobilepastoralism, and livestock market chains.

Field visits and interviews with key informantssuggest that highly mobile pastoral populations,o ten at distant pastures, are unable to accesslivestock markets and were orced to think o creative ways to sell animals and purchaseneeded goods. Te bene ts/costs o pastoralistsaccess to di erent market chains in the area is

The livestock market in Garissa, Ethiopia, where the CHAINS project interviews pastoralists and other market actors to better understand the relationship between climate change and livestock marketing and

how to give livestock keepers greater access and income opportunities. Photo by Peter Little.

an important question, and little empirical work has been done on it, especially in terms o whatbene ts they accrue rom high-value exportmarkets.

Womens groups in southern Ethiopia are notinvolved in livestock trade business but areengaged in small business activities and in milk trading. o determine how climate changeis impacting these value chains, CHAINSinterviewed women rom pastoralist householdsabout local perceptions o climate change andvariability, and women who sell non-livestock products at markets but whose activities arestrongly a ected by livestock trade since their


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main clientele are livestock traders and sellers/herders.

Looking to continue to strengthen regionalcapacity or conducting livestock marketinganalysis and development, CHAINS is buildingrelationships with other universities in Ethiopiaand NGOs interested in these activities.

Presentations and SeminarsLittle, Peter D. 2011. Discussant, Invited Panelon Pastoralism and the Politics o Livelihood:Rural Governance, Resource Management, andNeo-Liberal Development in Arid Lands, AnnualMeetings o Society or Applied Anthropology,Seattle, Washington, March 30-April 2, 2011.

Little, Peter D. 2011. Panelist and speaker, Plenary session on Synthesis and Summary, InternationalCon erence on the Future o Pastoralism in A rica, sponsored by Institute o DevelopmentStudies, University o Sussex and u ts University,held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, March 21-23,2011 (http://www. uture-agricultures.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7524&Itemid=1017).

Little, Peter D. 2011. Chair, Panel on LandGrabbing, enure, and Pastoralist Response,International Con erence on the Future o Pastoralism in A rica, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, March21-23, 2011.

Little, Peter D. 2011. Commentary onCommercializing Pastoralism. InternationalCon erence on the Future o Pastoralism in A rica, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, March 21-23,

2011 (http://www. uture-agricultures.org/index.php?option=com_ly tenbloggie&view=entry&category=pastoralism&id=31%3Acommercialising-pastoralism&Itemid=970).

Little, Peter D. 2011. Climate variability,pastoralism, and commodity chains in semi-arid andarid areas o Ethiopia and Kenya (CHAINS). LCCCRSP Annual Meeting, Golden, CO, April 26-27,2011 (http://slidesha.re/ndPekK).

Bibliographic Databases andMiscellaneousOpondo, C., D. Negassa, and P. Little. 2011.Select Annotated Bibliography on Climate

Variability and Its E ects on Pastoralist Wel areand Livestock Markets (DRAF ), DevelopmentStudies Program, Emory University.

Little, Peter D.,Contributed toClimate Change,rom the Hoo s up, Emory eScience Commons.

Dec. 16, 2010 (http://esciencecommons.blogspot.com/2010/12/climate-change- rom-hooves-up.html).

Research eamSteve Staal, International Livestock Research Institute Workneh Negatu, Addis Ababa University Hussein Mahmoud, Pwani University College

Collaborating InstitutionsInternational Livestock Research Institute Addis Ababa University Pwani University College

CHAINS Degree Training or FY2010

Student Name(Last, First) Nationality Gender (M/F) University Discipline Degree

Okondo, Chantalle Kenyan F Emory Global/Public Health MPH


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Strengthening anzanian Livestock Health and PastoralLivelihoods in a Changing Climate (HALI-2)

Project DescriptionLivestock production is extremely vulnerable to climate change in semi-arid grasslands, due to changing water and pasture resources and altered disease dynamics. Disease can have devastating e ects on livestock survival marketability, threatening animal health and livelihoods. In the biologically diverse and economically importanRuaha region o anzania, livestock production is an important, yet threatened, source o income, as communiare dependent on the natural resource base, and livestock producers already ace water scarcity and disease losTe HALI-2 Project leverages in rastructure and collaborations with local scientists and stakeholders establishethrough previous phases o the Health or Animals and Livelihood Improvement (HALI) project. Tese resourcare now directed at addressing the adaptability o livestock systems to climate change through a capacity asseso livestock health services. Te project has two objectives: (1) assess livestock health services and pathogen diand response capacity, and (2) create a ramework to model adaptation o pastoralist communities to climate change. Te research team will gather and spatially annotate epidemiologic, economic, geographic, hydrologic,and meteorologic data; and establish an on-going multi-disciplinary team to model the e ects o climate changon livestock health and human livelihoods in the Ruaha ecosystem with the long-term goal o collaboratively developing culturally appropriate and agriculturally sustainable interventions in response to climate variability.Te team will develop integrated models o economic, epidemiologic, and environmental parameters to helpregional planning and decision-makers distribute scarce resources to address the most mitigable e ects o climchange.

Te HALI-2 project started on January 1, 2011 and has been on-going or our months.

Principal InvestigatorsIan Gardner (Lead Principal Investigator), MPVM, Ph.D., Pro essor o Epidemiology at the University o California, Davis, California 95616 Phone: 530-752-6992 Email: [email protected]

Rudovick Kazwala (Host Country Principal Investigator), Ph.D., Pro essor o Veterinary Public Healthat Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021 Chuo Kikuu Morogoro,Tanzania Phone: 255-23-2604542 Email: [email protected]

Jon Erickson (Co-Principal Investigator), Ph.D., Pro essor and Managing Director o the Gund Institute orEcological Economics at the University of Vermont, 317 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA Phone: 802-656-2906 Email: [email protected]

Jonna Mazet (Co-Principal Investigator), DVM, MPVM, Ph.D., Pro essor o Epidemiology and Wildli eHealth and Director o the One Health Institute at the University o Cali ornia, Davis, Cali ornia 95616,USA Phone: 530-752-4167 Email: [email protected]

Kathleen Galvin (Co-Principal Investigator), Ph.D., Pro essor o Anthropology and Senior ResearchScientist, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523,USA Phone: 970-491-5447 Email:[email protected]


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Summary o Accomplishments e research team established partnerships

with the local District Veterinary Ofcer(DVO) and leaders o the Southern Highlands

Region Veterinary Investigation Center (VIC).From these sources, the team has determinedthe number and placements o livestock eldofcers, locations and diagnostic capabilities o veterinary labs, reporting chains or zoonoticdisease events, and locations and capabilities o re erral diagnostic labs. Te DVO will provideintroductions and local approvals necessary tointerview livestock eld ofcers.

e team modi ed existing Capacity AssessmentProtocols (CAPs) to create a livestock healthservices speci c assessment tool.

An electronic framework for spatial data sharinghas been established or project researchers.Servers are housed at the University o Vermont, with internet access linking researchers in diverselocations.

e research team created an extensive list ofcritical data or the modeling process, and hasbeen working with anzanian collaborators inaddition to searching existing public resources

to nd appropriate, high resolution, local spatialdata to use in modeling adaptation o pastoralistcommunities to climate change. Te team isevaluating these data sets to determine which canbe realistically obtained during this year.

Collaborations have been established withaculty rom Sokoine University o Agriculture,anzania, and the Ru ji Water Basin Board (a

key local stakeholder organization with extensive water data resources).

HALI-2 has hired Asha Makweta as a capacityassessment eld assistant. Ms. Makweta grew up in a village near the community wildli emanagement areas bordering Ruaha NationalPark. She worked temporarily with the HALIproject in 2008, conducting interviews with pastoralist amilies on cal health andmanagement practices. She is currently studyingcommunity development, but is excited tocontinue building her research experience whilein school. Her extensive knowledge o villagesin the Ruaha ecosystem and previous work withpastoralists make her an ideal eld assistantcandidate. Asha speaks English and Kiswahili

uently and will also translate our interview questionnaires into Kiswahili.

Using leveraged resources from other ongoingresearch projects, a new desktop computerand ArcGIS (version 10) so tware have beenpurchased or HALIs Iringa project ofce.Leveraged resources will also support the sitelicense or running the ArcGIS programs. GIStraining will be conducted during the summer.

HALI organized and conducted training on datamanagement or the Iringa ofce sta (health workers and data managers rom ongoing HALI

projects). One woman and three men weretrained in basic and advanced data managementusing Microso t Excel. Although the sta members trained are not directly supported by the HALI-2, they have provided essential insightand critique on conducting livestock healthservices assessments and on modeling climatechange in the Ruaha ecosystem. Cross-trainingsta or other ongoing research programs iscritical not only in leveraging resources amongprograms, but also or building sustainable localcapacity.


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Presentations and Seminars W. Miller. 2011. Strengthening anzanian Livestock Health and Pastoral Livelihoods in a ChangingClimate: Health or Animals and Livelihood

Improvement (HALI) Project. LCC CRSP AnnualMeeting, Golden, CO, April 26-27, 2011.

Research eamRudovick Kazwala, Sokoine University o

Agriculture, anzania Jon Erickson, University o Vermont

Jonna Mazet, University o Cali ornia, DavisKathleen Galvin, Colorado State University

Collaborating Institutions

Sokoine University o Agriculture (SUA), anzaniaUniversity o Vermont (UVM)University o Cali ornia, DavisColorado State University Southern Highlands Region Veterinary Investigation

Center (VIC)Ruhaha District Veterinary OfcerRu ji Water Basin Board

The PTRF project holds a stakeholder workshop in Kenya with scientists, pastoralists, and development practitioners. Workingcollaboratively, the PTRF project is identi ying solutions to climate change impacts acing pastoral communities.


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Pastoral rans ormations to Resilient Futures: Understanding Climate rom the Ground Up (P RF)

Project Description A rica is experiencing rapid change that threatens sustainability, particularly the extensive livestock systems o A rica, where rapid changes in climate, human population, and land use are trans orming the continent. Te A rican continent is warmer than it was 100 years ago; warming occurred through the twentieth century at the rate o about 0.5 C per century. Te current century is likely to see more rapid climate change, a challenge that particularly threatens poor nations and vulnerable people and the ecosystems they depend upon. Te P RF projeis an interdisciplinary approach to understanding climate change, globalization and the uture o pastoralism b rst conducting scienti c research, second, building capacity and third, pointing a way to improve the livelihooo Maasai pastoralists. Trough ocus groups, surveys and workshops, the research team links humans, the environment, and the livestock economy to better understand climate and global drivers o change a ecting thGreater Mara Ecosystem and the Athi-Kaputiei Plains in Kenya. In order to solicit solutions to livestock probleassociate with climate and other changes, the team will compare pastoral perceptions o climate and global chaand their e ects on livestock management, the environment, and the economy to meteorological trends in climaTe three objectives o this project are to: (1) understand the most important climate/social changes a ecting livestock management, marketing, and condition; (2) understand pastoralist perceptions o climate change andhow livestock management is adapting; and (3) hold workshops to develop locally-appropriate solutions to incrclimate variability.

Te P RF project started on January 1, 2011 and has been active or ve months.

Principal Investigators

Kathleen Galvin (Lead Principal Investigator), Ph.D., Pro essor o Anthropology and Senior ResearchScientist, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 Phone: 970-491-5447 Email:[email protected]

Robin Reid (Co-Principal Investigator), Ph.D., Senior Research Scientist, Natural ResourceEcology Laboratory and Director o the Center or Collaborative Conservation at Colorado StateUniversity, 224 Student Services Building, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 Phone: 970-491-3983 Email: [email protected]

Jesse Njoka (Host Country Co-Principal Investigator), Ph.D., Higher Education or Development andSenior Lecturer at the University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya Phone: +254-20-318262 Email: [email protected]

David K. ole Nkedianye (Host Country Co-Principal Investigator), Ph.D., Co-Director o the Reto oReto Foundation and Project Manager, International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709 00100,Nairobi, Kenya Phone: +254-725-446165 Email: [email protected]

Philip Tornton (Co-Principal Investigator), Ph.D., Teme Leader and Senior Scientist, Challenge Programon Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), International Livestock Research Institutebased at 16 Mentone Terrace, Edinburgh, EH9 2DF, United Kingdom Phone: +44 (0)131 667 1960 Email: [email protected]


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Summary o Accomplishments In February, the PTRF research team conducted

a two day stakeholder workshop with 22participants (six women, 16 men) representing

Maasai policy activists, local and internationalNGOs, the USAID Mission in Kenya, theUniversity o Nairobi, the Kenyan MeteorologicalDepartment, and pastoral communities. Te workshop was convened to discuss the mostimportant climate and other changes a ectingthe livestock economy in Kenya. Pastoralistsattending the workshop were rom the urkana,Garissa, Kajiado, and Narok regions o Kenya.

Workshop participants reported an increase intemperature and in the requency and severity o droughts. urkana and Kajiado regions reporteddisease outbreaks (cholera and blue tongue). Alldistricts have seen changes in land condition loss o grass species and greater soil erosion dueto changes in precipitation and heavy grazing.

Livestock production appears to be declining.Participants reported problems with inbreeding,animal condition, low milk production, andreproductive issues. Pastoralists are orced tomove to new places to access grazing resources,but also reported that movements are o tendisrupted.

Climate and other changes are impactinglivelihoods some people are shi ting ordiversi ying with other income opportunitiessuch as shing, small-scale arming, or trade.Children are especially impacted by poverty. Workshop participants reported that childrenmust drop out o school to work and that they and the old su er disproportionately rommalnutrition. Overall, workshop participants

reported that climate and other changes arestressing the social ties that bind pastoralcommunities together.

e focus groups also revealed di erences in theconsequences o climate change. For instance women, who obtain water or the household,

stated that it takes longer to nd good waterand that there is less good water to obtain.Milk production has declined and this a ects womens income. Men also pointed out that water quality and quantity was a major issue andthat investment in water sources is necessary todeal with climate changes. Tey emphasized thatimproved breeds and investment in high quality dairy cows were necessary. Both men and womenstated that education was vitally important as astrategy to deal with changes to their livelihoods.

e workshop made it clear to the researchteam that having only one model or solution orcoping with climate change in the drylands o Kenya is not a viable solution. Further, workshop

participants ound it very use ul to imaginedesired utures that are resilient to change and todiscuss actions that must be taken to get there.Tey were able to determine actions that couldbe taken right now, so they le t with renewedinterest in making change.

e workshop also highlighted information gapsthat, i lled, may help promote in ormationexchange about solutions and oster adaptation.First, there is great need to communicate andprovide an understanding o climate change

in a way that is meaning ul to pastoralists, orexample, in brie s or on the radio in Swahili thatexplain causes o climate

lcccrsp ar2010 final

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