lecture 3 and 4: analysis of elasticity lecture objectives: 1. define ped & its determinants 2....
TRANSCRIPT
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Lecture 3 and 4: Analysis of Elasticity
Lecture Objectives:1. Define Ped & its determinants2. Use worked examples 3. Consider its relevance to real
world business problems 4. Introduce other elasticity
measures (supply)
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Relevance of Elasticity?
“Know your customer. This phrase means understand the demand curve and
know the values of elasticity measures”
(Boyes, 2004, The New Managerial Economics, p. 77)
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ELASTICITY (PED)
• Price elasticity of demand:
Determinants– number / closeness of substitute goods– the proportion of income spent – time horizon…product search– product life cycle
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PED is Calculated as:
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PED - Values
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Perfectly In-Elastic
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Relatively In-elastic
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Unit Elastic
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Relatively Elastic
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Perfectly Elastic
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PED and tax incidence
Role of PED in determining the extent to which a tax on a product (indirect tax) can be passed on to the consumer as a higher price.
This is often referred to as the incidence of the tax on the consumer.
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Lump-sum and percentage taxes
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Perfectly inelastic demandWhere the demand curve is perfectly inelastic (D), the equilibrium price rises from P to P.1, i.e. by the full amount of the tax (equilibrium quantity is unchanged at Q).We conclude that all the tax is passed on to the consumer, i.e.:•100% tax incidence on the consumer; •0% tax incidence on the producer.
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Perfectly elastic demandWhere the demand curve is perfectly elastic (D.1), the equilibrium price is unchanged at P (equilibrium quantity falls to Q.1). We conclude that none of the tax is passed on to the consumer, i.e.:•0% tax incidence on the consumer;
•100% tax incidence on the producer.
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Relatively Inelastic / Elastic Demand
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Tax and government revenue
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Cross Elasticity of Demand
The magnitude of the shift in DŠX will depend upon how close X and Y are as substitutes or complements in consumption. The closer the two products are as substitutes or complements, the greater will be the numerical value of cross-elasticity of demand.
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Income Elasticity of Demand
1.The nature of the need satisfied by the commodity.
2.The time period.3.The initial level of national income.
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Advertising Elasticity of Demand