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Relative Sweetness

Sucrose = 1

Lactose = 0.2

Maltose = 0.4

Glucose = 0.7 Fructose = 1.5

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Duodenum

Bile ductfrom liver Stomach

Hormones

(insulin,glucagon)

Blood

Exocrine portion

of pancreas

Duct cells Acinar cells

Endocrine portion

of pancreas(islets of Langerhans)

To pancreatic duct

and duodenum

Duct cells (secrete aqueousNaHCO3

solution)

Acinar cells

(secrete digestive

enzymes)

Enzymes

NaHCO3

Secretory vesicles

Exocrine and

Endocrine Pancreasand Starch breakdown

Amylase

Location of brush

border enzymes.

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Digestion and

absorption in thesmall intestine

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Fiber & Digestive Tract Health

Diverticulosis- bulging pockets form in colon trying to

eliminate small, hard stools

Soluble Fiber: Health Benefits

Lowers cholesterol

Soluble fiber binds with bile

"(re)absorption of bile acids

#hepatic cholesterol!bile acids

#LDL uptake by liver

Delays rise in blood glucose

Fiber in food trapsnutrients

Delays nutrient absorption

Stabilizes blood sugar levels

AHA recommends 10-25 g of soluble fiber daily

In the small intestine,bile emulsifies fats

Bile reabsorbedinto the blood

In the liver,bile ismade from

cholesterol

In the g allbladder,bile is stored

In the colon, bile that hasbeen trapped by viscousfibers is lost in feces

Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile

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Food Soluble Fiber (g) Total Fiber (g)

Apple (1 med) 1 4

Apricots (1 c) 2 4

Broccoli or Carrots (1/2 c) 1 3

Bread, white 0.5 1

Bread, whole wheat 0.5 2

Brussels sprouts (1/2 c) 3 4.5

Cereals (high fiber) 2-3 6-10

Citrucel (1 scoop) 2 2

Grapefruit (1 med) 2 3

Kidney beans (1/2 c) 3 6

Metamucil (1 tsp.) 2.4 3

Oatmeal (1/3 c) 1 3

Orange (1 med) 2 3

Pinto beans (1/2 c) 2 7

Prunes (1/2 c) 3 6

Soluble Fiber Content of Common Foods

Carbohydrate

Recommendations RDA: 130 g/day

AMDR: 45 to 65% of energy

AI for fiber:

38g/day for 19-50 year old adult men

25g/day for 19-50 year old adult women

Whole Grains versus Refined

GrainsWhole or unrefined grains

contain: Bran layers: good source of fiber and

vitamins

Germ: good source of vegetable oilsand vitamin E

Endosperm: contains starch andsome protein

Processing: removes bran and germ

Loss of nutrients

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Whole kernel rye bread

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ATP Synthase

ATPSynthaseAT

PSynth

ase

ATP is produced in mitochondria

Pyruvate is metabolized to acetyl-CoA,

which then enters the citric acid cycle.

NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

Which molecule of the

Nicotinamide is reduced ?

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How Many ATPS are generated by Aerobic Respiration

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Hormones

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Blood

Exocrine portion

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Duct cells Acinar cells

Endocrine portion

of pancreas(islets of Langerhans)

To pancreatic duct

and duodenum

Duct cells (secrete aqueousNaHCO3

solution)

Acinar cells

(secrete digestive

enzymes)

Enzymes

NaHCO3

Secretory vesicles

Exocrine and

Endocrine Pancreasand Starch breakdown

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Central weight

Sedentary lifestyle

"HDL and/or #TG

Non-Caucasian

racial or ethnic group

(American Indian/

Alaskan Native, African

American, Hispanic)

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Word/concept List

Insoluble fiber

Amylase

Anaerobic respirationGlycogenGlucagon

Disaccharide

FructoseGluconeogenesis

Type 2 diabetesEnterohepatic circulation

Glycemic response