lecture+1+cartographic+communication _1_

8/17/2019 Lecture+1+Cartographic+Communication _1_

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LECTURE 1

The Map as aCommunication System


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Objective(s)

By the of this ectu!e stu"ents shou" be abe

to#

• $efine ca!to%!aphy

• $efine a communication system

• E&pain the a ca!to%!aphic communicationsystem an" ho' a map pays that !oe


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Introduction• Ca!to%!aphy:• is an important branch of graphics. By definition, it

deals with a number of distinct but related processes

and steps which include compiling, manipulating,

analysing, and displaying geographical data.

• It is concerned with ways of accurately transferring

the features and attributes of the spherical earth on to

a flat medium (Digital or Analogue ). It is the basic

tool for representing and isuali!ing geographical

data, een though it is not limited to geography.


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Introduction

• Ca!to%!aphy:• Another way of trying to understand cartography is

to thin" of it as “the art, science and technology of

making maps, together with their study asscientific documents and works of art”.

• A product of cartography is a map


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M# $efinition•

#a representation, usually on a planesurface, of all or part of the earth or

some other body showing a group of

features in terms of their relatie si!eand position$ (Thrower, 1996)

• %he earth is represented on a paper withspatial and &on'spatial information.

elationships can also be described


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Spatia Location

T*E E+MLE

oint Settement, Bo!ehoe, -eath Cent!e, eect!ic poe,Teevision.teecom mast, to'e!, etc/

Line Roa", Rive!, contou!, boun"a!y, etc/

!ea 0a!m, $ist!ict ssemby !ea, to'n.via%e, city,

count!y, ae, etc/

• ocation is simply the position of an entity in t'o or th!ee dimensional space, as in coordinates which are "nown as

latitudes and longitudes.• ocation may be defined as point, line, or area (*olygon) for

which the following e+amples are proided.


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2on3Spatia

&on'spatial data are usually alphanumeric and proideinformation about location such as colour, te+ture, uantity,

uality and alue of features:

e/%/ popuation si4e, cutu!e.ethnicity, an" cove!,

cassification of fo!est, %!assan", type of !oa"s, !ainfa,tempe!atu!e, an%ua%e, t!affic, c!ime, "isease, acci"ents,

natu!a "isaste!s (tsunami.5at!ina), 'a!s, an"fo!m, an"

"!aina%e, 'ate! voume in the osombo "am,

ve%etation, settement patte!n, !oa"s an" income6/

&on'spatial data are often deried from documents such as

plans, reports, files and tables and interiews.


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Spatia Reationships

• -patial data will hae related non'spatialattributes, and thus some form of lin"age

must be established between these two

different types of information.

• Accordingly, seeral types of locations,

attributes and topological (types) and metric

properties of relationships may be identified,described, analysed and mapped e.g.

distances, direction (ectors), patterns or

associations, and connectiity or interactions.


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T*ES O0 ST7L RELT7O2S-7S

• elationships may be defined simply as lin"ages between or among

ocations (L) and, or Attributes () of location. %hey are logical elaborationbetween spatial location and attribute data, e.g.

• ''' / : elationship among locations e.g. bearing or

distance between locations without attributes

• (A A/ A0111. An): elationship among arious attributes at one locatione.g. temperature, rainfall and soil type.

• () A''(/)A : elationship among the locations of attributes of a

gien distribution, such as the ariation of precipitation

amounts from place to place.

• (). A A/ ''(/) A A/ : elationship among the locations of deried or

combined attributes of gien distribution, such as the

relationship of per capita income to educational attainment as

they ary from place to place.


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2ap


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0i%u!e 1 $ia%!am of Basic Communication System

Messa%eReceives

Messa%e

(Recipient)

Me"ium

conveyin%

Messa%e

REC7E8ER

-ource: Singh 1966) ! obinson et al (345)

C-22ELSOURCE

• 6ow is this interpreted in cartography7


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0i%/ 9/:# The Ca!to%!aphic Communication System.

CRTO;R-ER


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Eements of the Ca!to%!aphic Mo"e

• Sou!ce is the real world and the cartographic concept of it, fore+ample water, traffic congestion, population distribution and floods.

• Enco"e! or encoding mechanism is the synthesis of graphics on themap.

• Si%na is the /'dimensional graphic pattern created by the symbols.It consists of the light rays which ma"es the message isible. Inspeech or language, it is the oice mechanism ta"ing the thoughtsof the source and transforming them into sound waes Channe is mapping or cartographic space

Map is the coded message from the source• $eco"e! is the eye or mind mechanism of the recipient . In

language it is the hearing mechanism of the listener transformingthe sound waes bac" into thoughts.

9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999• %he receiver , decoder and destination are the eyes and mind of

the percipient.

Sou!ce Enco"e! Channe $eco"e! Recipient

Si%na


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CM L M L MU

U1

Cartographer’s

reality

U 2

Mapuser’s

Reality

U (REALITY)

0i%u!e 9/> simpifie" ve!sion of 5oacny


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U – Total Reality of the Universe

U1 – Reality/Universe represented as seen by the(Cartographer’s Reality)

U2 – Reality (the universe as seen by map user)represented as

seen by the artographer (!ap User’s Reality)

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

C! – The Cartographer

# – Cartographi language (symbols rules et!)

! – $rodut of artography that is the !ap

!U – Map user or Re!ipie"t

-ource: 2ichael *. *eterson 338

#o$ %2%1 Meta La"guage o& Cartographi!Commu"i!atio"

0 "b M h i i t hi i ti


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REL7T*

Ca!to%!ap

he!


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FEEDBACK LOOP

-ource: 2ichael *. *eterson (338)

72TERCT78E M 3 0ee"bac mechanism 'ith fee"bac oop

REL7T*

Ca!to%!ap

he!


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2oise in Ca!to%!aphic Communication

•%he cartographic process is disturbed at

certain points in an unplanned way.

•%his unwanted disturbance is what is "nown

as 2oise.

• 2oise is anythin% in the si%na o! channe

that "istu!bs o! inte!fe!es 'ith the

t!ansmission, such as "ist!actin% %!aphicpatte!ns on the map o! poo! i%htin%, 'hich

bu!s map visibiity/

i"en this to language as bad oice, static in radio or

distortions on the % screen


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CO2CLUS7O2 31• %he cartographic communication process can only be

successfully accomplished if the sender (cartographer)

produces a the map which is understood by the receier

(the map user)

•-uccessful cartographic communication is more thandeciphering and understanding indiidual symbols. It is also

the full understanding of

geographical or spatial concepts,

distributions and

relationships

•;+isting "nowledge with the map user and the study of the

map, may lead to interpretations and to information often

beyond the content of the map.


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CO2CLUS7O2 39• it is more importantly, the

intellectual process of the design of an harmonious set of

sym"ols that properly portray the type, character and

location of the single or grouped elements in the map

• At the same time, the map portrays the total sub=ect matter

(grouped elements) of the map as a well as balanced

entity between the cartographer and the map user.


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;I;? @;-%I


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Refe!ences

Robinson, /-, an" etcheni, B/B/ (1?@) The 2atu!eof Maps# Essays to'a!" un"e!stan"in% maps an"

mappin%/ Unive!sity of Chica%o !ess (Chapte! 9D

The map as a Communication System)/

ete!son M// 1??>, 7nte!active an" nimate"

Ca!to%!aphy, !entice -a, En%e'oo" Ciffs, 2e'

e!sey/

Stu"ents shou" a"" =eb Sou!ces# '''////////

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