leshu torchin, 'introduction: screen media and witnessing publics', creating the witness...

Upload: reframe

Post on 04-Apr-2018

224 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 7/30/2019 Leshu Torchin, 'Introduction: Screen Media and Witnessing Publics', CREATING THE WITNESS (Minneapolis: Universi

    1/20

    http://reframe.sussex.ac.uk/activistmedia/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/filmstudies/staff.php?staffid=6http://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/creating-the-witnesshttp://reframe.sussex.ac.uk/http://reframe.sussex.ac.uk/
  • 7/30/2019 Leshu Torchin, 'Introduction: Screen Media and Witnessing Publics', CREATING THE WITNESS (Minneapolis: Universi

    2/20

    gqf o`kki~~idh mvkgd qihm~s ri`jg~i`ds$? _omvj~s s~g~fkfd~ idr`lfs ~mf

    ugqgnihk `b f}u`svqf ~` go~i`d xmijf fkuj`yidh kf~gum`qs `b f}~fdnfn

    risvgji~y* svhhfs~irf b risvgj kfnig ~fomd`j`hifs$ Gs m`kgs Lffdgd mgs

    `asfqrfn* ~mfsf smididh fyfs b ~mf x`qjn o`dcvqf vu ~mf ogkfqgs* hjfgk+

    idh xi~m ~mf jihm~idh nfriofs ~mg~ ijjvkidg~f gdn f}u`sf xmg~ mguufds id

    ~m`sf ngql o`qdfqs$>

    _vom f}ufo~g~i`ds ufqkfg~f ~mf som`jgqjy ji~fqg~vqf `d mvkgd qihm~s

    gdn hfd`oinf$ Id ^fs~idh mf`qifs Aqv~gjjy* d`~fn hfd`oinf som`jgq gdn

    s`oi`j`his~ Mfjfd Bfid gnr`og~fs ~mf o`kugqg~irf s~vny `b hfd`oinf ~`

    af~~fq vdnfqs~gdn ~mf uq`ofssfs ~mg~ jgvdom ri`jfdof$ _vom g s~vny* smf

    svhhfs~s* sm`vjn yifjn qfsvj~s id ~fqks `b id~fqrfd~i`d gdn uqfrfd~i`d$

    Mfq `u~ikis~io jgdhvghf ufquf~vg~fs ~mf k`nfj `b f}u`svqf ~` cvs~iof$

    Bfid xqi~fs3 ^mis b`ovs `d uq`ofss -gs xfjj gs s~qvo~vqf) gjs` svhhfs~s g

    dfx guuq`gom ~` ~mf nf~fo~i`d gdn uqfrfd~i`d `b hfd`oinf3 ~` f}u`sf ~mf

    uq`ughgdng b ~mf k`aijifqs b mg~f gdn ~` svuu`q~ o`vd~fq+kfnig* svom

    gs g mvkgd qihm~s id~fqdg~i`dgj aq`gnogs~idh df~x`ql* xmiom o`vjn vd+

    kgsl nisidb`qkg~i`d gdn uq`ughgdng* vdrfij ~mf k`~irfs `b ghi~g~`qs `b

    mg~f gdn uq`k`~f qfsufo~ b`q mvkgd qihm~s gdn ufgof$6Xi~mid ~mis b`q+

    kvjg~i`d* g uq`u`sfn mvkgd qihm~s aq`gnogs~idh df~x`ql mgqa`qs ~mf

    u`xfq ~` f}u`sf uq`ughgdng gdn kisidb`qkg~i`d* ~` vdrfij ~mf x`ql

    `b ufquf~qg~`qs* gdn ~` uq`k`~f ~mf ojfgq infgj `b mvkgd qihm~s$ Mfqf*

    kfnig oiqovi~s gqf ~qgdsugqfd~ o`dnvi~s b`q idb`qkg~i`d gdn mvkgd qihm~s*

    g sfjb+frinfd~ og~fh`qy `b kfgdidhgd infgj ~mg~ ogd af a`~m sm`xd gdn

    uq`k`~fn$

    M`xfrfq* uvajioiidh mvkgd qihm~s gavsfs gdn hfd`oinf is mgqnjy g

    s~qgihm~b`qxgqn fd~fquqisf$ _ijrigs uqfsfd~g~i`d b dgkfs id ^mf Id~fquqf~fq

    kgy uqfsvkf g ~qgdsugqfd~ nisujgy b idb`qkg~i`d gdn ~mf idfri~gaiji~y b

    u`ji~iogj qfsu`dsf* av~* id bgo~* g o`ds~fjjg~i`d b bgo~`qs nqirfs i~s fogoy*

    a`~m id uq`k`~idh qfo`hdi~i`d gdn id go~irg~idh qfsu`dsf$ Biqs~* mfq ufq+

    b`qkgdof ~glfs ujgof xi~mid go~iris~ uqgo~iof3 g uq`~fs~ id uq`ofss* gdn

    `df `v~sinf ~mf VD* d` jfss$ _fo`dn* g q`avs~ risvgj ovj~vqf uq`rinfs gd

    id~fquqf~irf hqin* kglidh ~mf suffom kfgdidhbvj$ Uqi`q ~` ~mis sfwvfdof*

    ~mf dgqqg~irf fs~gajismfs ~mf o`dni~i`ds `b hfd`oinf3 ~mf s~`qy mgs uq`rinfn

    figsmagols* svqrir`q ~fs~ik`difs* gdn k`nfs `b f}u`si~i`d ~mg~ nfojgqf

    ~mf g~q`oi~ifs ~` af hfd`oinf* g oqikf svacfo~ ~` id~fqdg~i`dgj uq`sfov+

    ~i`d$ K`qf`rfq* _ijrigs qfgnidh `b ~mf dgkfs qfjifs `d ovj~vqgj o`nfs ~mg~

    sihdgj u`ji~iogj j`ss$ mf Rif~dgk Kfk`qigj id Xgsmidh~`d* N$O$* ufqmgus

    afs~ f}fkujifs ~mis ~qfdn* gs i~ kgqlfn g sihdiogd~ smib~ bq`k hvqgj

    qfuqfsfd~g~i`ds `b xgq nfgn ~` ~mf k`qf hvqg~irf fr`og~i`ds `b kgssirf

    1 I D ^ Q @ NVO ^ I @ D

    55 Bq`d~P^`qomid 9/75/1571 73>2 UK Ughf 1

  • 7/30/2019 Leshu Torchin, 'Introduction: Screen Media and Witnessing Publics', CREATING THE WITNESS (Minneapolis: Universi

    3/20

    j`ss fdgajfn ~mq`vhm jis~s b dgkfs$2 ^mf dgkfs b rijjghfs gqf f~omfn id~`

    ~mf hjgss ugssghfxgys b ~mf Vdi~fn _~g~fs M`j`ogvs~ Kfk`qigj Kvsfvk$

    Dgkfs `b ~mf nfgn gqf fdhqgrfn `d xgjjs g~ ~mf Kfk`qigj `b ~mf _m`gm id

    Ugqis* Bqgdof$ Gdn ~`ngy* o`kkfk`qg~i`ds b 9/77 mgrf idojvnfn afqfgrfn

    bgkijifs qfgnidh gj`vn ~mf dgkfs b j`rfn dfs j`s~$ Hq`vdnfn id ~mf dgq+

    qg~irf o`d~f}~* bgkijigq o`kkfk`qg~irf bqgkfx`qls* gdn ~mf s`oigj sugof`b g uq`~fs~* ~mis ufqb`qkgdof afo`kfs gd fstfo~irf b`qk `b u`ji~iogj f}+

    uqfssi`d$ ^mf oqikf is qfdnfqfn qfo`hdigajf gdn go~i`dgajf ~mq`vhm ~mfsf

    s~qg~fhifs$

    ^mis f}gkujf ijjvs~qg~fs ~mf o`dofqds b ~mis a``l* xmiom ~glfs vu ogsfs

    goq`ss ~mf jgs~ ofd~vqy id `qnfq ~` f}uj`qf m`x soqffd kfnigdgkfjy

    jk* rinf`* gdn ~mf Id~fqdf~mgrf x`qlfn ~` risvgjif mvkgd qihm~s jgx

    gdn i~s ~qgdshqfssi`ds b`q uvqu`sfs `b uq`k`~idh u`uvjgq gxgqfdfss gdn

    qfsu`dsf$ Nqgxidh `d ~mf bqgkfx`qls uq`rinfn ay ~mf d`~i`ds `b ~fs~i+

    k`dy gdn xi~dfssidh* ~mf s~vny f}uj`qfs ~mf uq`nvo~i`d `b xi~dfssidh

    uvajios* g uq`nvo~irf ~fqk ~mg~ Kfh KoJghgd nfdfs gs g svacfo~ u`si+

    ~i`d ~mg~ ikujifs qfsu`dsiaiji~y b`q ~mf svstfqidh `b `~mfqs$8 ^mf a``l

    idrfs~ihg~fs gdn `v~jidfs m`x ~mf ~fs~ik`digj fdo`vd~fq mgijs gvnifdofs*

    fdo`vqghidh ~mfk ~` ~glf a`~m qfsu`dsiaiji~y gdn go~i`d$ Bijk gdn gvni`+

    risvgj kfnig* fsufoigjjy aq`gnogs~ dfxs gdn n`ovkfd~gqy* ogqqy g mfgry

    `d~`j`hiogj avqnfd `b risiajf frinfdof* xi~m aq`gnogs~ dfxs bvq~mfq

    xfihm~fn ay ~mf ikkfnigoy gdn s~fdsiajf vqhfdoy `b i~s nfjirfqy$ M`xfrfq*

    jka`~m n`ovnqgkg gdn n`ovkfd~gqymgs gjs` sfqrfn g xi~dfssidh

    bvdo~i`d* uq`nvoidh fyfxi~dfss ~fs~ik`dy* g dgqqg~irf `b svstfqidh* ~qgvkg*

    gdn idcvs~iof id fdo`vd~fqs nfsihdfn ~` svkk`d u`ji~iogjjy* k`qgjjy* gdn

    s`oigjjy fdhghfn uvajios$ ^mq`vhm ~mfiq s~vny* ~mf a``l avijns `d f}uj`+

    qg~i`ds `b ~mf ikugo~ `b qfgjis~ kfnig id s~qvo~vqidh qfjg~i`dsmius ~` ~mf

    jirfn x`qjn* xmijs~ gold`xjfnhidh ~mf svas~gd~igj nistfqfdof bq`k -gs xfjj

    gs qfjigdof `d) ~mf fi`x `b qfu`q~ghf$

    ^mf b`ovs `d hfd`oinf is nvf id d` skgjj ugq~ ~` ~mf uq`kidfd~ q`jf `b

    ~x` og~gs~q`umio frfd~s* ~mf Gqkfdigd oqisis -g ~fqk I vsf ~` fdo`kugss

    g qgdhf `b frfd~s bq`k ~mf Mgkinigd Kgssgoqfs `b 7=9>92* ~mf hfd`oinf

    id 7976* gdn ~mf o`dni~i`ds `b f}uvjsi`d gdn f}~qfkf uqirg~i`d ~mg~ o`d+

    ~idvfn vd~ij 791?) gdn ~mf M`j`ogvs~* id jgvdomidh g aq`gnfq id~fqdg+

    ~i`dgj mvkgd qihm~s qfhikf h`rfqdfn ay svuqgdg~i`dgj guugqg~vsfs* svom

    gs ~mf VD$ ^mf s~g~vs `b hfd`oinf gs kgdng~f gs xfjj gs jgx bvq~mfq o`d+

    ~qiav~fs ~` i~s sihdiogdof id ~mf s~vny$ Qfo`hdi~i`d afo`kfs `ajihg~i`d

    ~` go~$ Gq~iojf 7 `b ~mf VD O`drfd~i`d `d ~mf Uqfrfd~i`d gdn Uvdismkfd~

    `b ~mf Oqikf b Hfd`oinf svhhfs~s gs kvom* ib ajiwvfjy3 ^mf O`d~qgo~idh

    I D ^ Q @ NVO ^ I @ D ?

    55 Bq`d~P^`qomid 9/75/1571 73>2 UK Ughf ?

  • 7/30/2019 Leshu Torchin, 'Introduction: Screen Media and Witnessing Publics', CREATING THE WITNESS (Minneapolis: Universi

    4/20

    Ugq~ifs o`dqk ~mg~ hfd`oinf* xmf~mfq o`kki~~fn id ~ikf `b ufgof `q id

    ~ikf `b xgq* is g oqikf vdnfq id~fqdg~i`dgj jgx xmiom ~mfy vdnfq~glf ~`

    uqfrfd~ gdn uvdism$= M`xfrfq* ids~fgn `b idsuiqidh sxib~ gdn fstfo~irf

    go~i`d* ~mis id~fquqf~g~i`d `b ~mf gq~iojf mgs hfdfqg~fn sli~~ismdfss gdn

    idn`jfdof$ Id ~mf ogsf `b Qxgdng* ~mf `ajihg~i`d fkafnnfn id ~mf v~~fq+

    gdof jfn ~mf V$_$ _~g~f Nfugq~kfd~ ~` qfo`ij bq`k vsidh ~mf x`qn* bfgqbvj~mg~ i~ x`vjn idfigkf uvajio ogjjs b`q go~i`d*9 gdn ~mg~ i~ x`vjn mgqk

    V$_$ oqfniaiji~y ~` dgkf ~mf oqikf gdn ~mfd n` d`~midh ~` s~`u i~$75Xmijf

    dvkfq`vs n`ovkfd~s f}u`sidh Gkfqiogd gdn VD qfjvo~gdof ~` go~i`d

    mgrf sidof affd qfjfgsfn* ~mf bff~+nqghhidh xgs u`uvjgqifn id ~mf idbg+

    k`vs Qfv~fqs qgni` id~fqrifx xi~m Omqis~idf _mfjjfy* g _~g~f Nfugq~kfd~

    su`lfsufqs`d* xm`sf ~`q~vqfn fst q~s ~` gr`in ~mf omgqhf `b hfd`oinf

    x`vjn mgrf affd o`kiogj ib ~mf s~glfs mgn d`~ affd s` mihm$ @d Cvdf 75*

    799>* ~mfd _foqf~gqy `b _~g~f Xgqqfd Omqis~`umfq hqvnhidhjy o`dofnfn id

    jihm~ b ~mf o`ds~gd~ uqfssvqf* Ib ~mfqf is gdy ugq~iovjgq kghio id ogjjidh i~

    hfd`oinf* I mgrf d` mfsi~gdoy id sgyidh ~mg~$77 D`~ dfofssgqijy kghio* ~mf

    x`qn dfrfq~mfjfss ogqqifs o`dsinfqgajf jfhgj gdn u`ji~iogj b`qof gs gd v~~fq+

    gdof ~mg~ nfkgdns qfsu`dsf$ _idof ~mfd* hfd`oinf mgs affd nfojgqfn id

    Ngqbvq ~` nistfqidh fstfo~* gj~m`vhm gd fstfo~ s~ijj kiqfn id nfag~fs `rfq

    qfwviqfn o`vqsfs `b go~i`d$71

    Frfd ib ~mf Hfd`oinf O`drfd~i`d sihdgjfn `djy gd id~fqdg~i`dgj o`k+

    ki~kfd~ ~` uq`~fo~ o`kkvdi~ifs bq`k ~mis jgx* vd~ij qfofd~jy ~mfqf xfqf

    d` ~qfg~y a`nifs gssihdfn ~` k`di~`q hj`agj o`kujigdof$ Id ~mis gasfdof*

    k`di~`qidh nv~ifs mgrf bgjjfd uqfn`kidgd~jy ~` c`vqdgjis~s* jkkglfqs*

    gdn mvkgd qihm~s `qhgdig~i`ds bq`k id~fqdg~i`dgj DH@s ~` j`ogj hqgss+

    q``~s s`oigj k`rfkfd~s* gjj xm` vsf ogkfqgs ~` qfuqfsfd~ gavsfs gdn

    guufgj ~` go~i`d$ Id gnni~i`d* gvni`risvgj kfnig ujgy lfy q`jfs id ~mf `+

    oigj qfgjks$ Gs nisovssfn id omgu~fq 1* jk xgs vsfn id ~mf Dvqfkafqh

    ^qigjs id `qnfq mfju oqfg~f g risvgj qfo`qn `b oqikfs ghgids~ mvkgdi~y$

    ^mf VD @of b`q ~mf O``qnidg~i`d `b Mvkgdi~gqigd Gstgiqs mgs nfrfj+

    `ufn g jk vdi~* IQID$ Gdn id i~s fgqjy yfgqs* ~mf Id~fqdg~i`dgj Oqikidgj

    O`vq~ -IOO) mgs s`vhm~ gssis~gdof gdn ~qgididh bq`k g kfnig go~iris~ qhg+

    dig~i`d* XI^DF__ -nisovssfn id omgu~fq >)* xi~m qfsufo~ ~` ~mf qfgnidh

    gdn vsf `b rinf`$7? _idof ~mfd* ~mf IOO mgs jgvdomfn g Y`v^vaf omgd+

    dfj gdn g ^xi~~fq bffn ~` aq`gnogs~ idb`qkg~i`d ~` g xinfq gvnifdof gdn

    uq`rinf ~qgdsugqfdoy ~` ~mf uq`offnidhs$7> ^mq`vhm`v~ ~mf ~xfd~if~m

    ofd~vqy gdn id~` ~mf ~xfd~y+qs~* jk gdn rinf` mgrf affd avqnfdfn

    xi~m ~qgdsb`qkg~irf f}ufo~g~i`ds3 qfrfjg~i`d o`d~qiav~fs ~` qfo`hdi~i`d*

    qfo`hdi~i`d nfkgdns go~i`d* gdn qfuqfsfd~g~i`ds ~mq`vhm`v~ ~qgdsb`qk

    > I D ^ Q @ NVO ^ I @ D

    55 Bq`d~P^`qomid 9/75/1571 73>2 UK Ughf >

  • 7/30/2019 Leshu Torchin, 'Introduction: Screen Media and Witnessing Publics', CREATING THE WITNESS (Minneapolis: Universi

    5/20

    gvnifdofs id~` xi~dfssfs gdn uvajios$ Av~ xmijf ~mfsf kfnig mgrf ofq~gidjy

    o`d~qiav~fn ~` ~mf nfrfj`ukfd~ b u`uvjgq* u`ji~iogj* gdn jfhgj vdnfqs~gdn+

    idhs `b hfd`oinf* ~mf uq`ofss is mgqnjy s~qgihm~b`qxgqn `q idfri~gajf$

    Xi~dfssidh

    Xi~dfssidh gdn ~fs~ik`dy uq`rinf vsfbvj ~mf`qf~iogj bqgkfx`qls b`q

    vdnfqs~gdnidh ~mf x`ql bjk gs uq`nvoidh idb`qkg~i`d gdn ~qgdsb`qk+

    idh gvnifdofs$ Mis~`qiogjjy vdnfqs~``n gs g ~qv~mbvj qs~+ufqs`d dgqqg~i`d

    `b svstfqidh ~` ~qgdsb`qk ~mf x`qjn* ~fs~ik`dy qfjg~fs ~` ~mf qmf~`qiogj

    fst q~s `bjk uq`cfo~s ~mg~ u`q~qgy nis~gd~ g~q`oi~ifs xi~m ~mf id~fd~i`d `b

    fdnidh ~mfk$ ^mf ~fqk is uq`agajy k`s~ `b~fd gss`oig~fn xi~m ~mf o`vq~+

    q``k xmfqfid ~mf ufqs`d sx`qd id gs xi~dfss ~fs~ifs ~` gd oovqqfdof id

    `qnfq ~` aqidh ga`v~ cvs~iof$ fs~ik`dy qfs`dg~fs xi~m Omqis~igd kfgdidh

    gs xfjj* idr`lidh ~mf kgq~yq -xi~dfss id Gdoifd~ Hqffl) xm` ~fs~ifs ~`

    Omqis~ id `qnfq ~` vsmfq id ~mf dfx x`qjn `q ~mf sfo`dn o`kidh$ I~ is g ~qg+

    ni~i`d qiom id ufqb`qkgdof gdn io`d`hqgumy* kvom `b i~ ofd~fqidh `d ~mf

    a`nijy f}ufqifdof `b svstfqidh* xmf~mfq id ~mf Ugssi`d ujgys `q ~mf qiomjy

    qfdnfqfn kgq~yqn`k `b sgid~s* xm`sf `xd umysiogj `qnfgjs ~fs~ifn ~`

    ~mfiq bgi~m$

    _m`smgdg Bfjkgd gdn N`qi Jgva kglf f}ujioi~ ~mfsf ~qgdsb`qkg~irf

    bfg~vqfs xi~mid ~mfiq ufqb`qkg~irf gdn ~mfqgufv~io k`nfjs `b ~fs~ik`dy2 UK Ughf 6

  • 7/30/2019 Leshu Torchin, 'Introduction: Screen Media and Witnessing Publics', CREATING THE WITNESS (Minneapolis: Universi

    6/20

    ^mis ~qgdsb`qkg~irf u`~fd~igj `b ~fs~ik`dy xgs ofq~gidjy fdhghfn

    xi~mid ~mf hfdqf `b ~mf sjgrf dgqqg~irf* ~yuiogjjy g jirf qfoi~g~i`d q xqi~~fd

    o`kkvdiog~i`d -d`rfj `q ugkumjf~) ~mg~ qfjg~fn ~mf f}ufqifdof `b sjgr+

    fqy gdn k`aijifn b`q ~mf ogvsf `b ga`ji~i`disk$ Agsfn `d qfgj+jibf f}uf+

    qifdof* ~mf dgqqg~irfs sfifn `d g rgqif~y `b nisovqsirf kfomgdisks ~`

    kglf ~mfiq ogsf$ Nxihm~ KoAqinf nfsoqiafs sjgrf dgqqg~irfs gs si~vg~fnxi~mid g nisovqsirf ~fqqgid `b id~fqsfo~idh u`ji~iogj gkai~i`ds -f$h$* ga`+

    ji~i`disk* ~mf qgoigj u`ji~ios ~mg~ qfwviqfn g mvkgdig~i`d b ~mf Gbqiogd

    sjgrf) gdn ji~fqgqy gfs~mf~ios -f$h$* Aqi~ism gdn Gkfqiogd q`kgd~ioisk)* gjj

    `b xmiom idb`qkfn ~mf gq~iovjg~i`d `b ~mf `~mfqxisf vdld`xgajf ~qv~m `b

    ~mf f}ufqifdof `b sjgrfqy$7= Id ~mis jihm~* mis d`~i`d is vsfbvj id ~midlidh

    ~mq`vhm ~mf go~ `bjks xi~dfssidh x`ql id ~mf mvkgd qihm~s o`d~f}~$ Mis

    nisovqsirf ~fqqgid qfs`dg~fs xi~m ~mis a``ls id~fqfs~ id g fjn `b xi~+

    dfssidh* xmfqf f}is~idh bqgkfx`qls `b ovj~vqgj f}uqfssi`d gdn u`ji~iogj

    gdn cvqiniogj niso`vqsf mfju ~` uq`nvof jk ~fs~ik`dy ~` hfd`oinf$ G

    o`dsinfqg~i`d `b ~mf ~fqqgid `ufds vu idrfs~ihg~i`ds `b qmf~`qiogj s~qg~fhy

    gdn wvfs~i`ds `b id~fdnfn gvnifdofs gdn o`d~f}~s `b nfjirfqy3 g o`d~f}~

    `b go~irisk gdn fd~fq~gidkfd~$ Gb~fq gjj* ~mf sjgrf dgqqg~irf stfqfn g o`k+

    kfqoigjjy svoofssbvj -gdn u`uvjgq) hfdqf gs xfjj gs gd fstfo~irf k`aijiidh

    ~``j$ Gdn* gs I kgid~gid ~mq`vhm`v~ ~mf a``l* u`uvjgqjks gdn s~qg~fhifs

    gss`oig~fn xi~m fd~fq~gidkfd~ ovj~vqf gqf d`~ ido`kug~iajf xi~m go~iris~

    uq`hqgks$

    Gnki~~fnjy* ~mf u`uvjgq gdn ~mf jfhiajf ogd guufgq ~` af g~ `nns xi~m

    ~mf xgys id xmiom xi~dfssidh ~` g~q`oi~y mgs affd ~qgni~i`dgjjy vdnfq+

    s~``n* fsufoigjjy id ~mf ogsf `b M`j`ogvs~ xi~dfssidh* xmiom mgs o`kf ~`

    s~gdn gs g jiki~ ogsf b`q qfuqfsfd~g~i`d$ Xi~mid ~mis ogsf* iku`ssiaiji~y gdn

    oqisis omgqgo~fqif ~mf g~~fku~ ~` xi~dfss* goo`vd~idh b`q ~mf ~qgvkg~io

    fstfo~s `b ~mf f}ufqifdoffstfo~s ~mg~ ikufnf ~mf ogugoi~y ~` bvjjy qfogjj

    `q dgqqg~f ~mf frfd~* `q frfd ~` mgrf o`kujf~fjy f}ufqifdofn ~mf frfd~ gs

    i~ mguufdfn$79 Jgdhvghf gdn ikghfs gqf nffkfn idgnfwvg~f ~` ~mf ~gsl

    `b goovqg~f qfuqfsfd~g~i`d `b ~qgvkg* xmiom i~sfjb is gd vdld`xgajf ~qv~m

    `b ~mf f}ufqifdof b`q a`~m svqrir`q gdn jis~fdfq$15 Bqgo~vqf gdn bqghkfd+

    ~g~i`d svuujy ~mf bgr`qfn gfs~mf~ios b`q ~mfiq gaiji~y ~` mid~ g~ ~mf ri`jfdof

    `b ~mf frfd~ vu`d sfjb gdn f}uqfssi`d$ Kiqigk Mgdsfds gdgjysis b_omid+

    njfqs Jis~ -_~frfd _uifjafqh* 799>) mihmjihm~s ~mf som`jgqjy niso`kb`q~

    xi~m i~s sufo~govjgq wvgji~ifs* qfgjis~ gfs~mf~ios* gdn df`ojgssiogj dgqqg~irf*

    gdn id n`idh s`* `asfqrfs xmg~ o`vjn af o`dsinfqfn g n`vajf Gn`qdigd

    aidn3 g niso`kb`q~ xi~m ~mf ovj~vqf idnvs~qy gs xfjj gs xi~m qfuqfsfd~g+

    ~i`d `b ~mf M`j`ogvs~$17

    2 I D ^ Q @ NVO ^ I @ D

    55 Bq`d~P^`qomid 9/75/1571 73>2 UK Ughf 2

  • 7/30/2019 Leshu Torchin, 'Introduction: Screen Media and Witnessing Publics', CREATING THE WITNESS (Minneapolis: Universi

    7/20

    ^mf oqisis id xi~dfssidh u`sfn ay ~qgvkgqfofiridh djy g ovqs`qy go+

    o`vd~idh mfqf`vhm~ d`~ ~` af niskissfn$ mfsf iku`ssiaiji~ifs* sijfdofs*

    gdn bqghkfd~g~i`ds ogd idbvsf ~mf uq`nvo~i`d `b ~fs~ik`dy xi~m frfd

    hqfg~fq k`qgj gdn s`oigj vqhfdoy ib g uvajio is ~` af mgijfn$ M`x ogd `df

    dfh`~ig~f ~mfsf niovj~ifs id ~mf ~fs~ik`digj fdo`vd~fq s` gs ~` fdsvqf

    ~mf qfo`rfqy b ~mf sfjb q b ~mf o`kkvdi~y0 M`x ogd df dfh`~ig~f ~mfsfomgjjfdhfs ~` uq`ku~ fstfo~irf gdn ikkfnig~f go~i`d0 ^fs~ik`di`qfjifs

    `d gd id~fqj`ov~`q* g c`vqdgjis~* xqi~fq* `q s`oigj go~iris~ xm` gins id ~mf

    ~qgdskissi`d `b ~mf f}ufqifdof ~` gd gvnifdof$11Xmg~ I uq u`sf mfqf is ~mg~

    ~mis ~miqn ugq~y xi~dfssidh dffn d`~ af qfjfhg~fn ~` g sidhjf ugq~ioiugd~ id

    ~mf kfnig av~ ogd k`qf aq`gnjy af gsoqiafn ~` kfnig q kfnig xi~dfss+

    idh$ Avijnidh `d ~mis uq`u`si~i`d* I j``l ~` ~mf k`qf u`uvjgq gdn kgid+

    s~qfgk kfnig k`nfs* k`ridh gxgy bq`k ~m`sf k`qf f}ufqikfd~gj jks

    ~mg~ xqfs~jf xi~m ~mf omgjjfdhfs b xi~dfssidh id jgdhvghf* ikghf* q s`vdn$

    ^mis is d`~ ~` omgkui`d ~mf kgids~qfgk jks gdn jks bq`k ~mf Xfs~*

    av~ ~` f}uj`qf ~mfiq o`d~qiav~i`d id uq`nvoidh g u`uvjgq kfnig xi~dfss$

    Kfnig Xi~dfssidh

    Qgniogjjy fdmgdoidh ~mf ~fs~ik`digj fdo`vd~fq* kfnig xi~dfssidh x`qls

    id ~mqff xgys$ Ugvj Bq`sm gdn Gki~ Uidomfrsli nfsoqiaf ~mis ~qiugq~i~f bvdo+

    ~i`d gs xi~dfssidhid* ay* gdn ~mq`vhm~mf kfnig$ mg~ is* xi~dfssfs ogd af

    sffd `d soqffd< kfnig -c`vqdgjis~s* gkg~fvq rinf`) ogd afgq xi~dfss ~`

    frfd~s< gdn gvnifdofs ogd afo`kf xi~dfssfs ~mq`vhm xg~omidh$1?

    Id ~mf qs~ ids~gdof* kfnig ~fomd`j`hifs ogd f}~fdn ~mf qfgom `b ~mf

    `qihidgj fdvdoig~i`d id a`~m sugof gdn ~ikf$ Gvni`risvgj gqomirfs b M`j`+

    ogvs~ ~fs~ik`dy s~qirf ~` uqfsfqrf svqrir`q ~fs~ik`dy xmijf gjs` gjj`xidh

    b`q o`d~idvfn qfujgy gdn nissfkidg~i`d$ ^mis idojvnfs ~mfiq qfuvqu`sidh

    b`q M`j`ogvs~ n`ovkfd~gqifs svom gs Xi~dfss3 R`iofs bq`k ~mf M`j`ogvs~

    -C`smvg K$ Hqffdf gdn _mirg Lvkgq* 7999) `q ^mf Jgs~ Ngys-Cgkfs K`jj*

    799=)*uq`nvofn ay ~mf B`q~vd`stRinf` Gqomirfb`q M`j`ogvs~ fs~ik`difs

    gdn ~mf _vqrir`qs `b ~mf _m`gm Risvgj Mis~`qy B`vdng~i`d* qfsufo~irfjy$1>

    Gs `df ~qgofs ~mf k rfkfd~ `b ~mf xi~dfssfs goq`ss ujg~b`qks* `df o`vjn

    gjs` ~glf d`~f `b ~mf gjomfky af~xffd ~fs~ik`dy gdn o`d~f}~ `b nfjirfqy$

    ^mis id~fqgo~i`d mfjus ~` o`dbfq kfgdidh `d~` ~mf ~fs~ik`dy* b`qhidh g

    qfjg~i`dsmiu `b f~miogj gdn frfd u`ji~iogj `ajihg~i`d af~xffd sufglfq gdn

    jis~fdfq$ Omgu~fq 7 ~fgsfs `v~ ~mis qfjg~i`dsmiu ~mq`vhm ~mf xi~dfssidh

    hvqf b Gvq`qg Kgqnihgdigd* g svqrir`q b ~mf Gqkfdigd hfd`oinf xm`sf

    ~fs~ik`dy afhgd gs gnrfq~isfkfd~* o`d~idvfn id g sfqigjifn b`qkg~* gdn

    I D ^ Q @ NVO ^ I @ D 8

    55 Bq`d~P^`qomid 9/75/1571 73>2 UK Ughf 8

  • 7/30/2019 Leshu Torchin, 'Introduction: Screen Media and Witnessing Publics', CREATING THE WITNESS (Minneapolis: Universi

    8/20

    xgs frfd~vgjjy uq`nvofn gs g jk goo`kugdifn ay jirf ufqb`qkgdof$ mf

    idbqgs~qvo~vqf `b g Omqis~igd qfjifb `qhgdig~i`d svuujifn kfgds `b uq`+

    nvo~i`d* nis~qiav~i`d* gdn f}miai~i`d gs xfjj gs gd gfs~mf~io sfdsiaiji~y*

    ~mf nisovqsirf ~fqqgid b`q mfq ~fs~ik`dy$

    _vom id~fqgo~i`d nfrfj`us id ~mf sfo`dn vdnfqs~gdnidh `b kfnig xi~+

    dfssidh3 kfnig afgqidh xi~dfss$ Gj~m`vhm Bfjkgd mihmjihm~s ~mf xi~dfss gsqgniogjjy vdiwvf* d`d+id~fqomgdhfgajf gdn s`ji~gqy*16 smf fwvgjjy gjj`xs

    b`q ~mf gaiji~y `b gq~ ~` ~glf ~mf xi~dfsss s~gdn* g u`ssiaiji~y kgnf ji~fqgj

    id ~mf nfuj`ykfd~ `bjk id ~mf Dvqfkafqh qigjs$ mis s`q~ b xi~dfssidh

    id~q`nvofs g sihdiogd~jy k`qf o`kujiog~fn u`si~i`d gs ~mf ~fomd`j`hifs

    `ufd vu g kvj~i~vnf b f}uqfssi`ds afy`dn ~mf qgj* su`lfd dgqqg~irf ~qg+

    ni~i`dgjjy gss`oig~fn xi~m ~fs~ik`dy* xmijf g~ ~mf sgkf ~ikf uq`rinidh gd

    go~ `b sffidh ~mg~ is id~ikg~fjy o`ddfo~fn xi~m ~mf xi~dfssidh$

    Afgqidh xi~dfss id ~mis o`d~f}~ ogd idr`jrf ~mf ~qgdskissi`d `b frfd~s

    ogu~vqfn gs ~mfy vdb`jn -m`xfrfq qgqf) `q fstfo~s b``~ghf* ~mf ikghfs `b

    gb~fqkg~m ~mg~ b~fd idojvnf ~mf d`dsufglidh a`nifs b rio~iks$ Jilf sjgrf

    ~fs~ik`dy* ~mfsf f}uqfssi`ds gqf gjs` j~fqfn ~mq`vhm jgdhvghf* `ufqg~+

    idh `d g nisovqsirf ~fqqgid `b risvgj ovj~vqf gdn kfnig uqgo~iof$ Id dfxs

    qfu`q~s gdn n`ovkfd~gqifs* ~mf ikghfs gqf gdom`qfn gdn hirfd f}uqfs+

    si`d ~mq`vhm gd gqqgy `b s~qg~fhifs* idojvnidh r`iof+`rfq* omyq`d idsoqiu+

    ~i`d* gdn dgqqg~irf `qnfqidh$ Kfgdxmijf* ~mf sffkidh idnf}iogji~y `b ~mf

    um`~`hqgumio ikghf gdn ~mf gss`oig~i`ds `b ~mf n`ovkfd~gqy `q dfxs

    hfdqf o`d~qiav~f ~` ~mf `d~`j`hiogj uqfsfdof nfkgdnfn `b ~mf d`d+

    id~fqomgdhfgajf xi~dfss$ Gssvku~i`ds `b risiajf frinfdof gsinf* ~mf

    gv~m`qi~y `b ~mf kfnig xi~dfss is bvq~mfq sfovqfn ~mq`vhm `d+soqffd gdn

    `st+soqffd ~go~ios$ ^fjfrisi`d dfxs afdf~s bq`k ~mf ijjvsi`dgqy bffjidh

    `b uqfsfd~dfss $ $ $ \gdn[ o`ds~qvo~fn uqfsfdof `b ikkfnigoy svuujifn ay

    soqiu~fn su`d~gdfi~y* jirfdfss* gdn fi`x* gdn gd f}ufqifdof `b smgqfn

    ~ikf gdn sugof goq`ss nis~gdof$12 Id ~mf ~f}~* uqfsfdof ogd af fs~gajismfn

    ~mq`vhm sf~s `b rfqagj ovfs* xi~m s~g~fkfd~s jilf Xf gqf nqiridh ~mq`vhm

    g xgq `df$18 _vom ovfs uq`rinf ~mf ikkfnigoy ~mg~ o`dbfqs ~qgdsugqfdoy

    ~` ~mf kfnig~i`d< k`qf`rfq* ~mfsf hfs~vqfs svhhfs~ ~mf sidhvjgqi~y gdn

    vduqfnio~gaiji~y `b frfd~s* frfd gs ~mfy idri~f gd gvnifdof id~` g smgqfn

    xi~dfssidh ufqsufo~irf$

    Risvgj ovfs gqf vsfn id a`~m n`ovkfd~gqy gdn n`ovnqgkg* xmfqf ~mf

    vsf `b mgdnmfjn ogkfqg* b`q ids~gdof* qfogjjs ~mf s~qg~fhifs `b niqfo~ oidfkg

    gdn fst q~s ~` ogu~vqf jibf gs asfqrfn$ N`ovnqgkg qfofirfs bvq~mfq ikuqi+

    kg~vq `b gv~m`qi~y ~mq`vhm ~mf vsf `b ~mf jfhfdn agsfn `d g ~qvf s~`qy

    gs xfjj gs ~mq`vhm ogs~idh s~qg~fhifs$ Bijks jilf M`~fj Qxgdng* _`kf~ikfs

    = I D ^ Q @ NVO ^ I @ D

    55 Bq`d~P^`qomid 9/75/1571 73>2 UK Ughf =

  • 7/30/2019 Leshu Torchin, 'Introduction: Screen Media and Witnessing Publics', CREATING THE WITNESS (Minneapolis: Universi

    9/20

    id Guqij* gdn 755 Ngysmgrf uvajioifn ~mf q`jf `b svqrir`qs id ~mf kglidh

    `b ~mf jk* mid~idh g~ ~mf jks bvdo~i`d gs gd f}~fdsi`d `b ~mfiq ~fs~i+

    k`dy$ _omidnjfqs Jis~sfovqfn i~s `xd ~qv~m+ojgiks ~mq`vhm g kyqign `b

    s~qg~fhifs* d soqffd gdn st$ mf vsf b ajgol+gdn+xmi~f jk gdn ~mf mgdn+

    mfjn ogkfqg ugq~ioiug~fn id g oidfkg~io hqgkkgq `b go~vgji~y* hfs~vqidh

    ~` jks `b ~mf ufqi`n gs xfjj gs dfxsqffj b``~ghf$ Kfgdxmijf* uvajioi~ykg~fqigjs u`si~i`dfn _~frfd _uifjafqh gs xi~dfss* xi~m _uifjafqh guuq`+

    uqig~idh svqrir`q infd~i~y$ _fd~ikfd~gji~y* ~mg~s ky ~g~~``$ I~s jilf ~mf

    kfnig mgrf ~g~~``fn sfd~ikfd~gji~y d ky b`qfgqk gdn d`x I ogd~ hf~ qin

    `b i~* qfgn `df id~fqrifx$1= Id gd`~mfq id~fqrifx* _uifjafqh nfojgqfn* I

    mgrf b`q s` kgdy yfgqs g s`q~ `b H``n M`vsflffuidh _fgj `b Guuq`rgj

    s~gkufn `d ky b`qfmfgn$ I s`q~ `b xfgq ~mg~ ~mf xgy ~mf Cfxs x`qf ~mf

    s~gq$19 ^mfsf ojgiks mfju ~` uq`k`~f gd gv~m`qi~y b`q ~mf jk gs ~fs~i+

    k`dy* xi~m _uifjafqh gs svqrir`q ogugajf `b afgqidh xi~dfss$?5 Qmf~`qios

    `b s`vdn* ikghf* gdn uq`nvo~i`d fo`d`ky ujgy oqvoigj bvdo~i`ds id ~mf

    sikvj~gdf`vs ovj~irg~i`d `b gv~m`qi~y gdn ~fs~ik`dy* xmf~mfq id n`ov+

    kfd~gqy* n`ovnqgkg* `q frfd ~mf gq~ jk$?7

    Bijk gdn rinf` nfuj`y ~mfsf qmf~`qiogj s~qg~fhifs d`~ djy ~` sfovqf ~mf

    gv~m`qi~y `b ~mf v~~fqgdof* av~ gjs` ~` jfdn kfgdidh gdn vqhfdoy ~` ~mg~

    xmiom is f}uqfssfn$ Ikghfs* a`~m k ridh gdn s~ijj* nqgx d g nisovqsirf ~fq+

    qgid `b f}~gd~ risvgj ovj~vqf gdn jfhgj niso`vqsf id `qnfq ~` kglf gstfo~irf

    gdn fstfo~irf hfd`oinf gdn mvkgd qihm~s ojgiks$ Omqis~igd io`d`hqgumy*

    b`q ids~gdof* o`d~idvfs ~` uq`rinf g u`xfqbvj bqgkf b`q qfgnidh nis~gd~

    m`qq`q gs vdcvs~ svstfqidh* uq`nvoidh ~mf frfd~s gs g k`qgj ogvsf b`q o`d+

    ofqd$ Um`~`c`vqdgjis~ Cgkfs Dgom~xfys a``l Idbfqd`nfk`ds~qg~fs ~mf

    u`~fdoy `b ~mis id~fquqf~irf hqin* xmiom xgs guujifn id ~mf ~f}~ gdn f}~qg+

    ~f}~ gjilf$ mf a``l* ~glidh i~s dgkf bq`k Ngd~fs Niridf O`kfny* g u`f~io

    qfdnfqidh `b ~mf Omqis~igd gb~fqjibf* uqfsfd~s ?=1 ajgol+gdn+xmi~f um`~`+

    hqgums b hfd`oinf* xgq* gdn bgkidf$ mf a``ls smgqf ~mf sgkf fuihqgum*

    ^mq`vhm kf is ~mf xgy ~` ~mf s`qq`xbvj oi~y / ^mq`vhm kf is ~mf xgy ~`

    c`id ~mf j`s~ uf`ujf* u`si~i`didh ~mf ~f}~ gs Riqhij ~` ~mf qfgnfqs Ngd~f$?1

    Gdn ~mf kfssghf xgs nfo`nfn gs fdo`nfn3 `df qfrifxfq o`kkfd~fn*

    I~s g hvinfn ~`vq `b mfjj$?? ^mf ji~fqgqy qfbfqfdof svuujifs g Omqis~igd

    b`vdng~i`d gs xfjj gs g mid~ `b qfnfku~i`d `q ~qgdsb`qkg~i`d xi~mid ~mf

    fdo`vd~fq$ Nfsoqiaidh mis kissi`d gs `df `b afgqidh xi~dfss* id~fdnidh

    mis qfgnfqs ~` kglf o`ddfo~i`d `d g mvkgd jfrfj* Dgom~xfy qfjifs `d

    Omqis~igd gjjvsi`ds3 ^mf sofdf `b g uif~* ~mf sofdf `b g k`~mfq xffuidh

    `rfq mfq omijn is s`kf~midh vdirfqsgj$?>Gd`~mfq qfrifxfq nfk`ds~qg~fn

    ~mis sffkidh vdirfqsgji~y* s~g~idh* @df `b mis u`q~qgi~s bq`k _`kgjig is g

    I D ^ Q @ NVO ^ I @ D 9

    55 Bq`d~P^`qomid 9/75/1571 73>2 UK Ughf 9

  • 7/30/2019 Leshu Torchin, 'Introduction: Screen Media and Witnessing Publics', CREATING THE WITNESS (Minneapolis: Universi

    10/20

    uif~ id ajgol gdn xmi~f$?6 ^mf risiajf ~fs~ik`dy nqfx `d g Omqis~igd

    bqgkf* gdom`qfn ~mq`vhm gss`oig~i`d `q jfhfdn* gdn a`js~fqfn ay f}~qg+

    ~f}~vgj niso`vqsfs$ D`~gajy* svom `asfqrg~i`ds ogd gqqirf frfd xi~m`v~ ~mf

    uq`ku~idh bq`k ~mf `qihidgj f}miai~i`d s~qg~fhifs$ Xmfd ~mf Kvsfvk `b

    K`nfqd Gq~ id Dfx Y`ql uqfsfd~fn ~mf ids~gjjg~i`d Um`~`hqgums bq`k _+173

    79867989* um`~`hqgums bq`k ~mf ^v`j _jfdh uqis`d ogku ~glfd nvqidh~mf Ogka`nigd hfd`oinf* g qfrifxfq nqfx d ~mf risvgj mis~`qy b kgq~yq+

    n`ks* xqi~idh* ^mf xqfdomidh nf~gij is ~mf dvkafq sgbf~y+uiddfn s~qgihm~

    id~` mis agqf omfs~3 mf is jilf _~ _fags~igd$?2

    ^mf risvgj kfk`qy `b ~mf M`j`ogvs~* kvom `b i~ uq`nvofn ~mq`vhm

    kfnig~i`ds b um`~`s* n`ovkfd~gqifs* gdn n`ovnqgkgs* svuujifs gd`~mfq

    u`xfqbvj bqgkf b`q qfgnidh nis~gd~ g~q`oi~ifs$ Agqaif Sfjifq gnnqfssfs ~mf

    q`jf `b uqid~ c`vqdgjisk* b`ovsidh `d ~mf um`~`hqgums `b ~mf jiafqg~i`d id

    ovj~irg~idh g smgqfn kfk`qy `b ~mf M`j`ogvs~ ~mq`vhm somfkg~io uq`+

    ofssfs ~mg~ b`qkgjif kfgdidh$ _vom uq`ofssfs oqfg~f um`~`hqgumio sihd+

    u`s~s `q risvgj ovfs ~mg~ qfjgy rifxfqs ~` uqfbfqqfn kfgdidh ay ~mf bgs~fs~

    q`v~f$?8 _mf xqi~fs* ^mf M`j`ogvs~ ovfs g~q`oi~y kfk`qy id ~mqff xgys

    ~mq`vhm ~mf x`qns ~mg~ hvinf vs ~mq`vhm ~mf ikghfs* ~mq`vhm ugqgjjfjs id

    ~mf ikghfs* gdn ~mq`vhm g ug~~fqd b svas~i~v~i`dgj qfuqfsfd~g~i`d$?= ^mf

    o`rfqghf `b A`sdig uq`rinfs kvj~iujf f}gkujfs* gs ikghfs `b fkgoig~fn

    kfd* kgdy afmidn agqafn xiqf* xfqf goo`kugdifn ay mfgnjidfs s~g~idh

    Frfq Ghgid q Dfrfq Ghgid* Ghgid* x`qns ~mg~ gjjvnf ~` ~mf kgdng~f `b

    kfk`qy gdn uqfrfd~i`d gss`oig~fn xi~m M`j`ogvs~ qfuqfsfd~g~i`d$ Go~ir+

    is~s sfflidh `oigj qfo`hdi~i`d `b ~mf Gqkfdigd hfd`oinf gs hfd`oinf

    bqfwvfd~jy nfuj`y M`j`ogvs~ ~q`ufs$ G o`kkfk`qg~irf sfhkfd~ `d GAO

    X`qjn Dfxs ^`dihm~aq`gnogs~ Guqij 1>* 7999* gdn uqfsfqrfn `d ~mf xfa+

    si~fs ^mfB`qh`~~fd$`qh gdn Hfd`oinf7976$idb` mihmjihm~ o`ddfo~i`ds* qf+

    bfqqidh ~` ~mf Gqkfdigd M`j`ogvs~ gdn nfsoqiaidh ufquf~qg~`q ^gjgg~

    Ugsmg gs ~mf ^vqlism Mi~jfq$?9 Ikghfs `b o`qusfs id q`xs gdn uf`ujf id

    a`}ogqs ~glf ~mf soqffd xmijf Uf~fq Cfddidhss r`iof+`rfq qfbfqs ~` ~mf uqik+

    i~irf hgs omgkafqsogrfs xmfqf Gqkfdigds mgn affd avqdfn gjirf$ mf

    o`kugqis`ds d`~ `djy gdikg~f ~mf uq`b`vdn sfdsf `b j`ss gdn `v~qghf*

    av~ gjs` gnrgdof ojgiks `b ~mf u`ji~iogj s~g~vs gs hfd`oinf$>5

    Gj~m`vhm svom id~fquqf~irf bqgkfx`qls mfju kglf jfhiajf gdn kfgdidh+

    bvj sug~igjjy gdn ~fku`qgjjy nis~gd~ frfd~s* ~mfy qisl nikidismidh ~mfiq u`ji~+

    iogj vqhfdoy$ Omqis~igd gjjvsi`ds ogd uq`nvof fgsy Kgdiomfgd dgqqg~irfs

    ~mg~ nfu`ji~ioif u`q~qgi~s `b ~mf x`qjn$ Gs id ~mf gb`qfkfd~i`dfn ogsfs*

    ~mfsf ugqgnihks gqf iku`sfn `d Omqis~igd gdn d`d+Omqis~igd o`kkvdi+

    ~ifs gjilf* fdgo~idh g k`qgji~y ujgy `b ~mf idd`ofd~ rio~ik gdn qfnfku~irf

    7 5 I D ^ Q @ NVO ^ I @ D

    55 Bq`d~P^`qomid 9/75/1571 73>2 UK Ughf 75

  • 7/30/2019 Leshu Torchin, 'Introduction: Screen Media and Witnessing Publics', CREATING THE WITNESS (Minneapolis: Universi

    11/20

    svstfqidh$ B`ovsidh `d g Omqis~igd dgqqg~irf `b d`ajf svstfqidh ogd qfk`rf

    ~mf rio~ik bq`k g jgqhfq s`oigj gdn u`ji~iogj o`d~f}~* nfdyidh mik `q mfq

    o`frgji~y gdn g ujgof id ~mf x`qjn$>7 Jilfxisf* ~mf syka`jio qfjigdof `d

    ~mf M`j`ogvs~ gs g risvgj ovf b`q g~q`oi~y nikidismfs gdn sikujifs ~mf

    nf~gij `b ~mf uqfsfd~+ngy o`d~f}~* qfnvoidh o`kujf}i~y gdn qfjfhg~idh ~mf

    uqfsfd~ ~` ~mf ugs~$>1Goojikg~i`d ~` ~mf syka`jio vsf `b a`nifs aqidhsga`v~ gnni~i`dgj uq`ajfks* idojvnidh ~mf nfufqs`dgjig~i`d `b ~mf rio+

    ~iks gdn g ovj~vqgj gdfs~mfsig ~mg~ o`d~qiav~fs ~` ~mf j`ss `b infd~iog+

    ~i`d gdn gjig~i`d$>? ^mf syka`jio bqgkf qisls rfq~glidh ~mf qfuqfsfd~fn

    svacfo~ gdn qfnvofs u`ji~iogj vqhfdoy* svs~gidfn id~fqfs~* gdn gxgqfdfss

    `b dfx hf`u`ji~iogj sofdgqi`s$

    ^mf qisls gss`oig~fn xi~m kfgdidh+kglidh gdn f}u`svqf mihmjihm~

    kgdy `b ~mf omgjjfdhfs ~mg~ o`kf xi~m ~mf ~miqn ~yuf `b kfnig xi~dfss+

    idh3 ~mf uq`nvo~i`d `b riq~vgj xi~dfssfs ~mq`vhm kfnig$ ^mf ogugoi~y `b

    jk ~` n` s`kf~midh ~` ~mf sufo~g~`q is g j`dhs~gdnidh o`dofqd `bjk

    s~vny$ Xmf~mfq id guugqg~vs ~mf`qy* usyom`gdgjy~io ~mf`qy* `q ~mf u`ji~i+

    ogjjy omgqhfn nigjfo~io bjk b`qk -~mf ghi~g~i`dgj sufo~gojf)* ~mf som`j+

    gqsmiu svhhfs~s ~mg~ ~mf fdo`vd~fq xi~m ~mf soqffd n`fs s`kf~midh ~` ~mf

    rifxfqsmguidh mik inf`j`hiogjjy `q uq`r`lidh mfq id~` qfsu`dsf$>> ^mis

    d`~i`d b idfri~gajf ~qgdsb`qkg~i`d ogqqifs id~` gssvku~i`ds `q nfkgdns

    gq`vdn rifxidh nis~gd~ svstfqidh* xmfqf gvnifdofs gqf kgnf qfsu`dsiajf

    b`q xmg~ ~mfy mgrf sffd$ D` j`dhfq ogd df gqhvf ~mg~ df nin d`~ ld`x$>6

    ^mis f}ufo~g~i`d b`q ~qgdsb`qkg~i`d `q f~miogj qfsu`dsf is ikujioi~ xi~mid

    ~mf jgdhvghf b niskgy* xmiom dns rfqf}u`svqf gj~fqdg~fjy qfsu`dsiajf

    b`q idguuq`uqig~f gstfo~* svom gs g r`yfvqis~io qfsu`dsf ~` nisgs~fq u`q+

    d`hqgumy -g sihdiogd~jy omgqhfn umqgsf) `q ngkufdfn gstfo~* svom gs

    id Gjjfd Bfjnkgds ovj~vqgj gdfs~mfsig$>2 ^mis jg~~fq infg is fom`fn id

    Gq~mvq gdn C`gd Ljfidkgds svhhfs~i`d ~mg~ mgai~vg~i`d ~` gdn o`kk`ni+

    og~i`d `b ikghfs gjj`x k`qgj sfdsiaiji~y $ $ $ ~` afo`kf vdmidhfn bq`k

    qfsu`dsiaiji~y gdn go~i`d* >8 gs xfjj gs id ~mf u`uvjgq umqgsf o`kugssi`d

    bg~ihvf$ I~ is ~fjjidh ~mg~ ~mis u`uvjgq umqgsf mgs i~s `qihids id ojidiogj

    nighd`sis `b sfo`dngqy u`s~+~qgvkg~io s~qfss nis`qnfq* `b~fd svstfqfn ay

    ogqfhirfqs gb~fq uq`j`dhfn f}u`svqf ~` ugid gdn svstfqidh$ ^mg~ is* uq`+

    j`dhfn f}u`svqf ~` kfnig~fn ikghfs `b svstfqidh kgy hfdfqg~f sikijgq

    fk`~i`ds ~` qfgj+x`qjn id~fqgo~i`d$ Yf~* gs _vsgd K`fjjfq f}ujgids* ~mis

    riq~vgj sfo`dngqy U^_N is aq`vhm~ ga`v~ ay rfqf}u`svqf gdn sfdsg~i`d+

    gjis~ ~qfg~kfd~* gs xfjj gs ay c`vqdgjis~io s~qg~fhifs ~mg~ x`ql ~` f}oi~f gdn

    nis~qgo~ sikvj~gdf`vsjy$>= _ihdiogd~jy* id gnni~i`d ~` ~mf f}ufo~g~i`d `b

    qfsu`dsf* ~mf nisovssi`d `b ~go~ios o`kfs ~` ~mf b`qf$ B`q ~mfsf qfgs`ds*

    I D ^ Q @ NVO ^ I @ D 7 7

    55 Bq`d~P^`qomid 9/75/1571 73>2 UK Ughf 77

  • 7/30/2019 Leshu Torchin, 'Introduction: Screen Media and Witnessing Publics', CREATING THE WITNESS (Minneapolis: Universi

    12/20

    ~mis a``l f}uj`qfs ~mf s~qg~fhifs `b vsghf gs xfjj gs ~mf nisovqsirf ~fq+

    qgid `b ~fs~ik`dy s` gs ~` af~~fq vdnfqs~gdn m`x kfnig ogd uq`nvof

    xi~dfssfs gdn xi~dfssidh uvajios* ~mf gvnifdofs mgijfn gdn kgnf qfgny

    ~` go~$

    Xi~dfssidh Uvajios gdn ~mf Bifjn `b Xi~dfssidh

    ^mf d`~i`d `b xi~dfssidh uvajios is ugq~iovjgqjy uq`nvo~irf* gs i~ idri~fs

    xgys `b o`dofiridh `b gvnifdofs ~` nis~gd~ svstfqidh gdn ~mf xgys ~mf

    gvnifdofs gqf hfdfqg~fn ~mq`vhm ~fs~ik`dy$ ^mf o`dofu~ qfjifs `d ~mf

    infg ~mg~ kfnig ~fomd`j`hifs ujgy g q`jf id s`oigj b`qkg~i`d$ _vom gd

    guuq`gom ogjjs vu`d ~mf bvdngkfd~gj x`ql `b Afdfnio~ Gdnfqs`d gdn

    Cqhfd Mgafqkgs* b`q xm`k kfnig ujgyfn oqi~iogj q`jfs id o`ds~qvo~i`ds

    `b dg~i`dgjisk gdn oirij s`oif~y$ Gdnfqs`ds o`dofu~ `b ikghidfn o`k+

    kvdi~ifs gnnqfssfs ~mf xgys id xmiom uqid~ kfnig o`d~qiav~fn ~` ~mf

    o`ds~qvo~i`d `b dg~i`ds* aidnidh ~`hf~mfq ~m`sf xm` kgy dfrfq sff `df

    gd`~mfq$>9 Kfgdxmijf* Mgafqkgss d`~i`d `b ~mf uvajio sumfqf is ugq~io+

    vjgqjy guufgjidh gs g nisovqsirf sugof* g b`qk `b uvajioi~y* ~mq`vhm xmiom

    s`oif~y ogd m`jn ~mf s~g~f goo`vd~gajf$65 I~ is* gs Dgdoy Bqgsfq d`~fs* ~mf

    ~mfg~fq id k`nfqd s`oif~ifs id xmiom u`ji~iogj ugq~ioiug~i`d is fdgo~fn

    ~mq`vhm ~mf kfnivk `b ~gjl$67 @qihidgjjy ovj~irg~fn id nisovqsirf gqfdgs

    gs ji~fqgqy sgj`ds gdn gs c`vqdgjisk* ~mfsf si~fs `b id~fqgo~i`d gdn nfoisi`d+

    kglidh `ufqg~fn `v~sinf s~g~f guugqg~vsfs$

    Gs vsfbvj gs ~mf d`~i`d `b ~mf uvajio sumfqf is* i~ is dfrfq~mfjfss dfofs+

    sgqy ~` uvsm g~ i~s jiki~s$ Gqcvd Guugnvqgi nisufqsfs ~mf s~g~is~ b`ovs `b

    ~mfsf gqfdgs gdn o`kkvdi~ifs ay si~vg~idh kgss kfnig gs g ujgof b`q

    ikghidg~irf fdhghfkfd~ xi~mid g jgqhfq* hj`agj o`d~f}~ omgqgo~fqifn ay

    idoqfgsfn kihqg~i`d* ~qgdsdg~i`dgj kfnig fi`x* gdn hj`agj ~fomd`j`hiogj

    hq`x~m$61 ^mis guuq`gom fstfo~irfjy gnnqfssfs ~mf ~qgdsdg~i`dgj gdn svuqg+

    dg~i`dgj gsufo~s `b ~mf hfd`oinf jgx gdn kfnig oiqovi~qy$ I~ gjs` goo`kk`+

    ng~fs ~mf o`kujf} jgdnsoguf `b ~mf id~fqdg~i`dgj mvkgd qihm~s qfhikf

    ~mg~ gjj`xs d`dh`rfqdkfd~gj `qhgdig~i`ds -DH@s)* ~qgdsdg~i`dgj go~iris~

    df~x`qls -^GDs)* gdn j`ogj hqgssq``~s `qhgdig~i`ds ~` guufgj ~` svuqg+

    dg~i`dgj `qhgdig~i`ds svom gs ~mf IOO `q ~mf VD* id `qnfq ~` id~fqrfdf

    id~` ~mf x`qlidhs `b ~mf dg~i`d s~g~f$ ^mfsf uvajios vdi~f goq`ss dg~i`dgj

    a`qnfqs ay gq~iovjg~idh ~mfiq o`dofqd b`q hq`vus ~gqhf~fn b`q ufqsfov~i`d

    gdn gddimijg~i`d xi~mid gd`~mfq sf~ `b dg~i`dgj a`qnfqs$6?Gs Kgql Umijiu

    Aqgnjfy gdn Ug~qiof Uf~q` `asfqrf* ~mf id~fqujgy af~xffd ~mf j`ogj gdn

    ~mf hj`agj id ~mfsf d`rfj mvkgd qihm~s ojgiks is bvdngkfd~gjjy qfnqgxidh

    7 1 I D ^ Q @ NVO ^ I @ D

    55 Bq`d~P^`qomid 9/75/1571 73>2 UK Ughf 71

  • 7/30/2019 Leshu Torchin, 'Introduction: Screen Media and Witnessing Publics', CREATING THE WITNESS (Minneapolis: Universi

    13/20

    ~mf a`vdngqifs gk`dh ~mf qihm~s `b idnirinvgjs* s~g~fs gdn ~mf id~fqdg+

    ~i`dgj o`kkvdi~y$6> ^mfsf id~fqgo~i`ds qfjy d risvgj kfnig ~fomd`j`hifs

    ~mg~ sikijgqjy ~qgdsofdn* o`kujiog~f* gdn qfnqgx a`qnfqs$ ^mf ikghidg+

    ~i`d* g lfy o`ku`dfd~ b ~mf dfx hj`agj `qnfq* gjihds nisufqsfn uvajios

    goq`ss dg~i`ds vdnfq ~mf sihd `b mvkgd qihm~s$

    Oqi~ios `b ~mf uvajio sumfqf mgrf bvq~mfq ~q`vajfn ~mf `~mfqxisf qihina`vdngqifs `b ~mf `qihidgj b`qkvjg~i`d ~` fwvgjjy afdfoigj gdn uq`+

    nvo~irf fdns$ ^mf f}ojvsi`d `b ~mf u`uvjgq bq`k ~mf u`ji~iogj qfgjk is dfi+

    ~mfq uq`nvo~irf d`q wvi~f goovqg~f* ugq~iovjgqjy id jihm~ `b ~mf ajvqqidh `b

    a`vdngqifs xi~m svom umfd`kfdg gs ~mf ofjfaqi~y u`ji~ioigd gdn ofjfaqi~y

    niuj`kgoy$66 M`xfrfq* ~mf kis~qvs~ `b kgss ovj~vqf sffks ~` af nffujy

    fd~qfdomfn gdn j`dhs~gdnidh$ ^mis svsuioi`d qfgomfs agol ~` Kg} M`ql+

    mfikfq* ^mf`n`q Gn`qd`* gdn Mgafqkgs* ogqqifs `d ~mq`vhm Ngdifj A``q+

    s~id gdn Dfij U`s~kgd* gdn jidhfqs id niskissirf ~fqks jilf omgqi~gidkfd~*

    `q Ojist qn A`as o`dofqd ~mg~ ~mf uq`k`~i`dgj ~go~ios `b DH@s ikufnf

    ~mfiq k`qgj ghfdoy$62 Xi~mid ~mfsf bqgkfx`qls* kgss ovj~vqf ~qirigjifs

    gdn o`kk`nifs$ Gdn yf~ u`uvjgq ovj~vqf is d`~ sikujy g rfmiojf b`q bgjsf

    o`dsoi`vsdfss gdn ugssirf o`dsvku~i`d* av~ i~ ogd sfqrf gs gd go~irf si~f

    b`q fdhghfkfd~* u`ji~iogj nfag~f* gdn ~mf uqgo~iof `b oi~ifdsmiu$68 ^mf

    ~fomd`j`hy gdn kfnivk `b ~mf Id~fqdf~ gj`df omgjjfdhfs ~mis ufqsufo+

    ~irf* gj~m`vhm bgd oqfg~iri~y gdn r`iof mgs uqfofnfn ~mf grgijgaiji~y `b ~mf

    o`kuv~fq df~x`ql$6= I~ is d` gooinfd~ ~mg~ ~mis a``l idojvnfs kvj~iujf

    ids~gdofs `b ~mf u`uvjgq xi~mid ~mf fjn `b xi~dfssidh3 ~mf o`jjvsi`d `b g

    qfjifb `qhgdig~i`d xi~m g uq`~`+M`jjyx``n _~vni` qfsu`dsf ~` ~mf Gqkf+

    digd oqisis< ~mf o`d~qiav~i`d `b M`jjyx``n ~gjfd~ ~` ~mf @of `b _~qg~fhio

    _fqriofs gdn ~mf jks vsfn id ~mf Dvqfkafqh qigjs< ~mf sgrry dgrihg~i`d

    `b ~mf kfnig fo`sys~fk ay mvkgd qihm~s qhgdig~i`d XI^DF__< gdn Oqi+

    sis id Ngqbvq* g kguuidh idi~ig~irf jgvdomfn ay ~mf Vdi~fn _~g~fs M`j`ogvs~

    Kfk`qigj Kvsfvk id ugq~dfqsmiu xi~m H``hjf Fgq~m$ Gd f}uj`qg~i`d `b

    u`uvjgq ovj~vqf gdn i~s rgqifn id~fqrfd~i`ds qfrfgjs ~mf `rfqjgu `b ~mf

    gqfdgs `b ~mf kgqlf~* ~mf s~g~f* gdn oirij s`oif~y* af~xffd uvajio gdn uqi+

    rg~f* gdn frfd af~xffd o~i`d gdn d`do~i`d$69

    ^mf u`uvjgq is `djy df b kgdy f}ojvsi`ds$ mf jiafqgj a`vqhf`is uva+

    jio sumfqf xgs b`vdnfn `d dvkfq`vs f}ojvsi`ds `qhgdifn gq`vdn g}fs

    `b hfdnfq gdn ojgss$ Wvfs~i`ds `b idojvsi`d mgrf ~q`vajfn ~mf `s~fdsiajy

    vdirfqsgj q hfdfqgjifn omgqgo~fq b ~mf uvajio sumfqf id ~mf bgof `b ~mfq*

    o`kuf~idh uvajio sumfqfs* uvajios* gdn o`vd~fquvajios$25Gdn ~misfjn nf+

    kgdns frfd bvq~mfq o`kujiog~i`d hirfd ~mf o`ku`si~i`d b oirij s`oif~y gdn

    k`nfs `b uvajioi~y id ~mf jg~f ~xfd~if~m gdn fgqjy ~xfd~y+qs~ ofd~vqifs*

    I D ^ Q @ NVO ^ I @ D 7 ?

    55 Bq`d~P^`qomid 9/75/1571 73>2 UK Ughf 7?

  • 7/30/2019 Leshu Torchin, 'Introduction: Screen Media and Witnessing Publics', CREATING THE WITNESS (Minneapolis: Universi

    14/20

    gd fqg omgqgo~fqifn ay g qgniogjjy goofjfqg~fn hj`agjig~i`d$ Qfsu`dnidh ~`

    ~mfsf o`dofqds* som`jgqs mgrf id~q`nvofn wvfs~i`ds b nfk`hqgumios* ugq+

    ~ioiug~`qy ugqi~y*27 gdn goofss3 m`x gqf ~mf kg~fqigj qfs`vqofs dfofssgqy

    b`q ~mg~ o`kkvdiog~i`d kgnf grgijgajf gdn ~` xm`k021Xmg~ is ~mf dg~vqf

    `b ~mfsf s`oigj b`qkg~i`ds gdn m`x gqf ~mfy aq`vhm~ id~` afidh0 G~~fku~idh

    ~` j`og~f ~mf `qihid `b uvajios Kiomgfj Xgqdfq gnrgdofs ~mf ofd~qgji~y `bsuffom3 ^mfy f}is~ ay riq~vf b ~mfiq gnnqfss$2? ^mis ojgik d`~ djy fs~ga+

    jismfs ~mf iku`q~gdof `b f}gkididh ~f}~ gdn qmf~`qios id `qnfq ~` af~~fq

    vdnfqs~gdn m`x gvnifdofs gqf mgijfn* smgufn* gjifdg~fn* q idovjog~fn* av~

    i~ gjs` u`id~s ~` ~mf o`d~idhfdoy b uvajios$ mfsf gqf ~fku`qgqy gdn o`d+

    ni~i`dgj b`qkg~i`ds* uqfniog~fn `d gnnqfss$ _ikijgqjy* xi~dfssidh uvajios

    gqf d`~ gd fdnvqidh* f~fqdgj* `q hfdfqgj b`qkg~i`d* av~ ~fku`qgqy gdn o`d+

    ~idhfd~ o`jjfo~irfs mgijfn ~mq`vhm gnnqfss gdn fdo`vqghfn id~` gd go~irf

    fdhghfkfd~ gdn qfsu`dsiaiji~y xi~m xmg~ ~mfy sff$ ^mis vdnfqs~gdnidh is

    fdmgdofn ay Oqgih Ogjm`vds svhhfs~i`d ~mg~ xf ~midl b ~mf uvajio sumfqf

    gs idr`jridh g fjn `b nisovqsirf o`ddfo~i`ds xi~m ojvs~fqs `qhgdifn

    gq`vdn issvfs* og~fh`qifs* ufqs`ds* `q agsio nydgkios `b g jgqhfq s`oif~y$2>

    Ogjm`vds ~fqqi~`qigj kf~gum`q b`q ~mf uvajio sumfqf gdn i~s uvajios

    n`rf~gijs xi~m ~mf infg b xi~dfssidh gs fjn* gd vdnfqs~gdnidh ~mg~ nqgxs

    `d Uifqqf A`vqnifvs fjn `b ovj~vqgj uq`nvo~i`d$ ^mis bqgkfx`ql aq`gn+

    fds `vq vdnfqs~gdnidh `b ~mf ~fs~ik`digj fdo`vd~fq* goo`vd~idh b`q ~mf

    si~vg~fn omgqgo~fq `b xi~dfssidh* fdkfsmfn id s`oigj jirfs `b ~mf go~`qs

    gdn ~ifn ~` ~mf grgijgajf ogui~gj* xmf~mfq dgdoigj* syka`jio* u`ji~iogj* `q

    ovj~vqgj$26 ^mis fjn kff~s ~mf nisovqsirf ~fqqgid id ~mf smguidh `b mvkgd

    qihm~s gdn hfd`oinf ojgiks b`q ~mf uvqu`sfs `b f}oi~idh u`ji~iogj omgdhf$

    _fdsi~iri~y ~` ~mf aq`gnogs~ kfssghfs gdn o`d~fd~ is dfofssgqy* ~` af svqf$

    M`xfrfq* ~mfqf gqf gnni~i`dgj wvfs~i`ds afy`dn ikavidh ~mf ikghf xi~m

    kfgdidh< dgkfjy* m`x ogd `df dgrihg~f ~mf kfnig fo`sys~fk ~` uq`rinf

    gd fstfo~irf kfssghf ~mg~ is d`~ j`s~ id ~mf d`isf$ ^mf mvkgd qihm~s uqgo+

    ~i~i`dfq* f}ujgids XI^DF__ uq`hqgk kgdghfq _gk Hqfh`qy* is bgofn xi~m

    g nijfkkg ~mg~ ogd af bqgkfn id ~fqks `b wvfs~i`ds `b xmg~is nis~qia+

    v~fn* gdn m`xi~ is nis~qiav~fn$22 Oiqovi~s `b f}miai~i`d gdn nis~qiav~i`d*

    gs xfjj gs ikghidfn gvnifdofs g~ gjj qfhis~fqs* bq`k fni~`qs ~` rifxfqs* ujgy

    q`jfs id ~mis jgdnsoguf$ _~frfd Jiridhs~`d nfsoqiafs ~mf sofdgqi` id _vngd*

    xmfqf \ojvs~fqs[ `b uf`ujf b`qk vu`d ~mf gqqirgj `b g Xfs~fqdfq* xi~m

    `jnfq kfd uvsmidh b`qxgqn ~mf k`qf kgjd`vqismfn `b ~mf hq`vu* `b~fd

    omijnqfd$ mf _UJG hvfqqijjgs* xm` ~mfksfjrfs ~fdn ~` af qfjg~irfjy xfjj bfn*

    s`kf~ikfs ids~qvo~ uf`ujf ~` gqqgdhf ~mfksfjrfs nistfqfd~jy b`q af~~fq

    um`~`hqgumio fstfo~$28 Id mfq s~vny `b ^iaf~gd go~irisk* Kfh KoJghgd

    7 > I D ^ Q @ NVO ^ I @ D

    55 Bq`d~P^`qomid 9/75/1571 73>2 UK Ughf 7>

  • 7/30/2019 Leshu Torchin, 'Introduction: Screen Media and Witnessing Publics', CREATING THE WITNESS (Minneapolis: Universi

    15/20

    nqgxs `d sikijgq issvfs* id ugq~iovjgq* ~mf k`aijig~i`d `b fssfd~igjifn

    ikghfs `b `~mfqdfss xi~mid ~mf go~iris~ sufo~gojf* id `qnfq ~` `v~jidf ~mf

    k`qf o`kujiog~fn uqgo~iofs `b kfgdidh+kglidh gdn +qfkglidh b`q uvq+

    u`sfs `b fdhghidh gvnifdofs id s`oigj cvs~iof k`rfkfd~s$2= ^mfsf f}gk+

    ujfs n` d`~ s` kvom cvs~iby ~mf ufquf~vg~i`d `b uq`ajfkg~io ~mfkfs gdn

    io`ds gs ~mfy hfs~vqf ~` ~mf ~fdsi`ds gdn o`kujf}i~ifs ~mg~ idb`qk ~mfdgrihg~i`d `b ~mf kfnig fo`sys~fk3 i~s gfs~mf~ios* i~s qmf~`qios* i~s oiq+

    ovi~s* gdn i~s hg~flffufqs$

    Gj~m`vhm g o`dofqd ~mq`vhm`v~ ~mf a``l* ~mfsf dgrihg~i`dgj o`dofqds

    o`kf ~` ~mf b`qf id omgu~fqs ? gdn >* xmiom o`rfq ufqi`ns xqfs~jidh wvfs+

    ~i`ds `b xi~dfssidh$ Omgu~fq ? f}gkidfs g oyojf `bjks bq`k ~mf ~vqd `b

    ~mis ugs~ ofd~vqy kgnf ga`v~ ~mf hfd`oinf id Qxgdng gdn ~mf f~mdio

    ojfgdsidh id A`sdig$ Ido`qu`qg~idh ~fomd`j`hifs `b xi~dfssidh id~` ~mfiq

    jgdnsogufs* ~mfsfjks ~glf g qffif}irf ~vqd id qnfq ~` wvfs~i`d ~mf fstfo~s

    gdn fogoy `b ~mf risiaiji~y gst qnfn ~mfsf oqisfs$ Gd go~irf ovj~vqf `b

    M`j`ogvs~ qfuqfsfd~g~i`d mfjufn ~` ovj~irg~f f}ufo~g~i`ds gq`vdn xi~dfss+

    idh gs frinfdofn g~ ~mf oj`sf `b omgu~fq 1* xmiom qfrifxs ~mf qfvsf gdn

    qfuvqu`sidh `b ~mf jk Dgi O`dofd~qg~i`d Ogkus*xmiom xgs `qihidgjjy

    uq`nvofn b`q ~mf Dvqfkavqh ^qigjs* id g qgdhf `bjks$ ^mf sofdfs mihm+

    jihm~fn ~mf id~fqgo~i`d af~xffd rifxfq gdn jk* svhhfs~idh gd idfri~gaij+

    i~y b qfo`hdi~i`d gdn fdsvidh go~i`d$ Gdy bgi~m id ~mf sfgkjfss fogoy b

    riq~vgj xi~dfssidh xgs ngsmfn id ~mf bgof `b ~mf 7995s* xmfqf hfd`oinf

    ~``l ujgof `d ~mf x`qjn s~ghf gdn xgs qfu`q~fn ~` sjvhhism ib gdy go~i`d$

    ^` rgqyidh nfhqffs* svom jks gs Afb`qf ~mf Qgid -Kijom` Kgdomfrsli*

    799>)* D` Kgds Jgdn-Ngdis gd`rio* 1557)* 755 Ngys-Diol Mvhmfs* 1555)*

    M`~fj Qxgdng-^fqqy Hf`qhf* 155>)* _`kf~ikfs id Guqij-Qg`vj Ufol* 1556)

    gdn _m``~idh N`hs-Kiomgfj Og~`d+C`dfs* 1556) infd~iby ~mf rgqi`vs ghfd~s

    id ~mf fjn b xi~dfssidh* o`kujiog~idh* gdn id~fqq`hg~idh ~mf qfjg~i`dsmiu

    af~xffd risiaiji~y gdn go~i`d$

    Omgu~fq > o`d~idvfs ~mf s~vny `b ~mf fjn `b xi~dfssidh id ~mf s~vny `b

    XI^DF__* g V$_$+agsfn id~fqdg~i`dgj mvkgd qihm~s `qhgdig~i`d ~mg~

    dgrihg~fs ~mf o`kujf} kfnig fdriq`dkfd~ gdn dfh`~ig~fs ~mf ufqofirfn

    bgijvqfs `b risvgj kfnig gdn nfsfdsi~ig~i`d$ XI^DF__ n`fs d`~ vdnfq+

    ~glf g sufoio qihm~s issvf$ Qg~mfq* XI^DF__ gins i~s o`qf ugq~dfqs -mvkgd

    qihm~s `qhgdig~i`ds goq`ss ~mf hj`af) id vsidh rinf` ~fomd`j`hy xi~mid

    gd gnr`ogoy ogkugihd$ _vom ~qgididh f}~fdns xfjj afy`dn ~fomdiogj id+

    s~qvo~i`d gdn ido`qu`qg~fs ~qgididh id risvgj s~`qy~fjjidh ~fomdiwvfs gdn

    id u`ji~iogj fo`d`ky$ XI^DF__ vdnfqs~gdns ~mg~ f}u`svqf is d`~ fd`vhm

    gdn ~mg~ xmg~ kg~~fqs is ~mf kgddfq id xmiom ~mf svstfqidh is ~qfg~fn* ~mf

    I D ^ Q @ NVO ^ I @ D 7 6

    55 Bq`d~P^`qomid 9/75/1571 73>2 UK Ughf 76

  • 7/30/2019 Leshu Torchin, 'Introduction: Screen Media and Witnessing Publics', CREATING THE WITNESS (Minneapolis: Universi

    16/20

    infd~i~y `b ~mf gvnifdof `b ~mis svstfqidh* gdn ~mf k`aijig~i`d `b gvni+

    fdof sfd~ikfd~ id uqgo~iogj xgys$ ^mfsf o`dofqds jfgn XI^DF__ ~` nqgx

    vu`d g rgs~ gqqgy `b oidfkg~io j`hios* bq`k b`qkgj ~f}~vgj s~qg~fhifs ~`

    kvj~i~ifqfn nis~qiav~i`d gdn f}miai~i`d ujg~b`qks$ Nqgxidh d ogsfs bq`k

    XI^DF__ ugq~dfqs* ~mf omgu~fq sm`xs m`x ~mf ojgik is uq`nvofn b`q nib+

    bfqfd~ gqfdgs* gdn m`x ujgds b`q nis~qiav~i`d gdn f}miai~i`d idb`qk ~mfsmguf `b ~mg~ ojgik$ ^mis `qhgdig~i`d mgs idrfd~fn dfx uq`ofssfs `b

    vsidh rinf` ~` b`qk g qfjg~i`dsmiu ~` mvkgd qihm~s gnr`ogoy* av~ i~ is

    vdiwvf id f}ujioi~jy o`nibyidh gdn ojgqibyidh ~mf x`ql ~mg~ mgs ~glfd ujgof

    goq`ss ~mf ofd~vqy* gs f}fkujifn id fgqjifq omgu~fqs$

    Id `qnfq ~` vdnfqs~gdn m`x ~mfsf uq`cfo~s mgrf x`qlfn ~` ~qgdsb`qk

    gvnifdofs id~` xi~dfssidh uvajios* I nfuj`y g ~x`+uq`dhfn gdgjy~iogj bqgkf+

    x`ql$ Biqs~* I f}gkidf ~mf b`qkgj* ~f}~vgj* gdn gfs~mf~io s~qg~fhifs* f}uj`q+

    idh ~mf xgys id xmiom ~mf ojgiks gqf smgufn ~mq`vhm risvgj s~qg~fhifs ~mg~

    nqgx `d g nisovqsirf ~fqqgid `b u`~fd~* ib uq`ajfkg~io* io`d`hqgumifs$ Id

    ~mf uq`ofss* I ~qgof ~mf nfrfj`ukfd~ `b g u`uvjgq hfd`oinf ikghidgqy3

    ikghfs gdn vdnfqs~gdnidhs `b ~mf oqikf ~mg~ mgrf o`kf id~` afidh `rfq

    ~mf ugs~ ofd~vqy* `df ~mg~ mgs n`rf~gijfn xi~m g aq`gnfq mvkgd qihm~s

    ikghidgqy$ _fo`dn* I f}gkidf ~mf s`oigj uqgo~iofs* b`ovsidh `d ~mf xgy

    jkkglfqs gdn kfnig go~iris~s mgrf uv~ ~mfjks ~` x`ql id cvs~iof k`rf+

    kfd~s nfsihdfn ~` gomifrf qfsu`dsf$ _vom gd f}gkidg~i`d idojvnfs uq`+

    ofssfs b uq`nvo~i`d* nis~qiav~i`d* gdn f}miai~i`d* gs ~mfsf kfnig uq`ofssfs

    gqf fdkfsmfn id a`~m ~mf qfjg~irf fogoy `b ~mf kfssghf gs xfjj gs i~s

    guufgqgdof$ Id~fdnfn `v~o`kfs ogd nf~fqkidf gvnifdofs gdn o`d~fd~*

    gs xfjj gs nis~qiav~i`d gdn f}miai~i`d ujgds$

    Idnffn* jk qgqfjy bvdo~i`ds gj`df xi~mid ~mf somfkf `b g jgqhfq ogk+

    ugihd3 k`qf `b~fd ~mgd d`~* kvj~iujf ujg~b`qks o`kaidf ~` uq`k`~f g

    kfssghf ~` kvj~iujf ugq~ifs gs xfjj gs ~` svs~gid id~fqfs~$ Mfdqy Cfdlidss

    o`dofu~ `b ~qgdskfnig s~`qy~fjjidh uq`rinfs g vsfbvj xgy `b o`kaididh

    ~mfsf ~x` kf~m`n`j`hiogj o`ku`dfd~s$ ^qgdskfnig s~`qy~fjjidh* mf

    xqi~fs* qfuqfsfd~s g uq`ofss xmfqf id~fhqgj fjfkfd~s `b g o~i`d hf~ nis+

    ufqsfn sys~fkg~iogjjy goq`ss kvj~iujf nfjirfqy omgddfjs b`q ~mf uvqu`sf

    `b oqfg~idh g vdifn gdn o``qnidg~fn fd~fq~gidkfd~ f}ufqifdof$29 ^mf

    bqgkfx`ql jfdns i~sfjb ~` ~midlidh ga`v~ ~mf ~qgdskfnig ogkugihd* xmiom

    qfbfqs ~` o``qnidg~fn uvajioi~y fst q~s ~mg~ nqgx `d g o`dog~fdg~i`d `b

    nfjirfqy sys~fks gdn ujg~b`qks ~` uq`nvof gxgqfdfss `b gd issvf xi~mid

    g o`d~f}~ `b ~glidh go~i`d$ Gj~m`vhm ~mf x`qn ~qgdskfnig fr`lfs o`d+

    ~fku`qgqy uqf`oovug~i`ds xi~m dfx nihi~gj ~fomd`j`hifs gdn s`oigj kfnig*

    `df ogd dn frinfdof id fgqjifq go~iris~ uq`hqgks* svom gs id Dfgq Fgs~

    7 2 I D ^ Q @ NVO ^ I @ D

    55 Bq`d~P^`qomid 9/75/1571 73>2 UK Ughf 72

  • 7/30/2019 Leshu Torchin, 'Introduction: Screen Media and Witnessing Publics', CREATING THE WITNESS (Minneapolis: Universi

    17/20

    Qfjifbs id~fhqg~fn uvajioi~y ogkugihd b`q Gqkfdig nisovssfn id omgu~fq 7$

    ^mfiq go~irisk ~``l ujgof goq`ss kvj~iujf ujg~b`qks* o`kaididh ~f}~ ufq+

    b`qkgdof gdn jk* gs id ~mf nfuj`ykfd~ `b svqrir`q Gvq`qg Kgqnihgd+

    igds ~fs~ik`dy$ Dfgq Fgs~ Qfjifb frfd stfqfn gd f}ufqifd~igj fd~qy u`id~ b`q

    gvnifdofs* o`kaididh niddfqs `b `qumgdghf kfgjs xi~m jks ga`v~ ~mf

    kissi`ds id Gqkfdig$ Frfd xmfd d`~ ugq~ `b g b`ovsfn `q nfjiafqg~f ogk+ugihd* o`jjfo~irf kfk`qy `b gd frfd~ ogd af avij~ ~mq`vhm ~qgdskfnigj

    kfgds$ ^mis is nisovssfn id omgu~fq 1* xmiom f}uj`qfs ~mf xgys ~mf jk

    Dgi O`dofd~qg~i`d Ogkus* a`~m id i~s `qihidgj vsghf gdn i~s qfuvqu`sidh

    gdn qfvsf* bvdo~i`dfn ~` uq`nvof gd io`d`hqgumy `b hfd`oinf gdn ~` ovj+

    ~irg~f f}ufo~g~i`ds `b riq~vgj xi~dfssidh g~ g nis~gdof$ Kfgdxmijf* ~mf

    kvj~iujioi~y avij~ id~` ~mf ~fqk ~qgdskfnig fdo`vqghfs ~mf o`dsinfqg+

    ~i`d b xi~dfssidh gs fjn* nqgxidh g~~fd~i`d ~` ~mf o`kaidg~i`d b bgo~`qs

    id ovj~irg~idh qfsu`dsf* bq`k uq`nvo~i`d ~` f}miai~i`d$ Gdn f}miai~i`d is

    lfy3 mf om`iof b nfjirfqy sys~fk* rfdvf* gdn gfs~mf~ios ogd uq`r`lf ~mf

    sfd~ikfd~* av~ g df}~ s~fu is dffnfn ~` a`~m mgqdfss gdn niqfo~ ~mf bffjidh

    id~` uq`nvo~irf go~i`d$ @stfqidh ~mis s~fu* ~``* is ugq~ b ~mf jgqhfq gqfdg b

    kfnig uqgo~iof* xmf~mfq id fs~gajismidh bvdnqgisfqs `q jf~~fq+xqi~idh uq`+

    hqgks b`q ogsvgj gvnifdofs* qfwvfs~idh u`jioy omgdhfs ~` gvnifdofs `b

    nfoisi`d kglfqs* `q g jfhgj nfoisi`d bq`k gd gvnifdofs `b cvqis~s$

    ^mf Id~fqdf~ sihdiogd~jy fdmgdofs gdn o`kujiog~fs ~midlidh ga`v~

    ~mis fjn `b xi~dfssidh gdn i~s uvajios$ ^fomd`j`hy* ~``j* gdn kfnivk

    o`kaidfn* i~ fdgajfs ~mf o`drfqhfdof `b kvj~iujf kfnig b`qks~f}~*

    um`~`hqgums* k`ridh ikghfsgdn uq`rinfs ~mf kfgds b`q f}miai~i`d*

    oiqovjg~i`d* gdn go~i`da`~m qfgj gdn riq~vgj$ Idoqfgsidhjy ofd~qgj ~` s`oigj

    gnr`ogoy uq`cfo~s* ~mf Id~fqdf~ gkujifs gdn f}~fdns ~fs~ik`dy* stfqidh

    si~fs b`q vuj`gn* rifxidh* gdn o`kkfd~* frfd o`ddfo~idh risi~`qs ~` kfgds

    b`q go~i`d* svom gs jf~~fq xqi~idh ogkugihds gdn bvdnqgisidh$ Afogvsf rifx+

    fqs ogd smgqf rinf`s gdn vuj`gn ~mfiq `xd rinf` qfsu`dsfs* ~mf Id~fqdf~

    mgqa`qs ~mf ogugoi~y ~` ~qgdsb`qk gvnifdofs id~` nis~qiav~`qs gdn uq`+

    nvofqs* id fstfo~ ~vqdidh xi~dfssidh uvajios id~` xi~dfssidh uvajiois~s$

    Mfqf* `df ogd sff ojfgqjy ~mf xgys id xmiom xi~dfssidh is d`~ sikujy g

    uqfsfd~g~i`d `q ~qgdskissi`d `b ~mf ~fs~ik`digj ikghf* av~ g kg~~fq `b

    uqgo~iof gdn fdhghfkfd~$

    Uifqqf Jfrys o`dofu~s b ld`xjfnhf sugof* o`jjfo~irf id~fjjihfdof* gdn

    ~mf o`sk`ufniguq`rinf xgys b ~midlidh ga`v~ ~mis qfjg~irfjy dfxfjn `b

    xi~dfssidh gdn i~s ogugoi~y ~` go~irg~f uvajios$ Nfdidh o`jjfo~irf id~fjji+

    hfdof gs vdirfqsgjjy nis~qiav~fn id~fjjihfdof* o`ds~gd~jy fdmgdofn* o``q+

    nidg~fn id qfgj ~ikf* gdn qfsvj~idh id ~mf fstfo~irf k`aijig~i`d b slijjs*85

    I D ^ Q @ NVO ^ I @ D 7 8

    55 Bq`d~P^`qomid 9/75/1571 73>2 UK Ughf 78

  • 7/30/2019 Leshu Torchin, 'Introduction: Screen Media and Witnessing Publics', CREATING THE WITNESS (Minneapolis: Universi

    18/20

    Jfry mid~s g~ ~mf xi~dfssidh u`~fd~igj `b oyafqsugof* xmfqfid ~fs~ik`dy

    is oiqovjg~fn* gdn xmfqfay ~mis ~fs~ik`digj fdo`vd~fq uq`k`~fs ugq~ioi+

    ug~i`d$ mf nydgkisk xi~mid mis nfsoqiu~i`d* idr`jridh qfgj ~ikf o`dhv+

    qg~i`ds gdn qfo`dhvqg~i`ds `b idb`qkg~i`d gdn sfjb fi`vqismfs id ~mf

    o`sk`ufnig* ~mf fjfo~q`diogjjy gvhkfd~fn ld`xjfnhf sugof ~mg~ o`ds~qvo~s

    infd~i~y gq`vdn ikghfs* vdi~fs nisugqg~f uvajios* gdn aqidhs ~`hf~mfq s~g+~io ikghfs* rinf`* s`vdn* id~fqgo~irf sikvjg~i`d* id~fqgo~irf kgus* f}ufq~

    sys~fks* nydgkio inf`hqgums* riq~vgj qfgji~y* gq~ioigj jibf$87 Nfsoqiaidh

    ~mf o`sk`ufniggs g riq~vgj gh`qg* Jfry id~q`nvofs ~mf u`ssiaiji~y `b g

    Mgafqkgsigd uvajio sumfqf id oyafqsugof$ ^mf gdgj`hy hg~mfqs s~qfdh~m

    xi~mid mis nisovssi`d `b ~mf ld`xjfnhf* `q id~fjjfo~vgj o`kkvdi~ifs ~mg~

    idmgai~ ~mis riq~vgj sugof* gs ~mf kfkafqs `b ~mis ~midlidh o`kkvdi~y

    sfgqom* idsoqiaf* o`ddfo~* o`dsvj~* f}uj`qf* vsidh ~mf ld`xjfnhf sugof

    g si~f `b o`jjfo~irf nisovssi`d* dfh`~ig~i`d gdn nfrfj`ukfd~$81 Jfrys

    nfsoqiu~i`d ogqqifs kvom `b ~mf uq`kisf gdn f}oi~fkfd~ `b oyafqsugof gs

    si~f b`q mvkgd qihm~s x`ql3 idb`qkg~i`d gdn fdhghfkfd~ gqf uqfsfd~* gdn

    gvnifdofs gqf u`isfn gs uvajios$ G~ ~mf sgkf ~ikf* ~mis dfx si~f b`q xi~+

    dfssidh gdn mvkgd qihm~s x`ql qfwviqfs g oqi~iogj fyf$ Id~fqdf~ ~fomd`j`hy

    `stfqs dfx u`ssiaiji~ifs b`q goofss* f}omgdhf* fdhghfkfd~* gdn ugq~ioiug+

    ~i`d* av~ xi~m ~mis suqfgngaiji~y o`kfs qisl* gs f}u`svqf bffns svqrfijjgdof

    `b qfs~qio~irf h`rfqdkfd~s* q gs ikghfs afo`kf nisgq~iovjg~fn bq`k ~mfiq

    o`d~f}~* sj`vhmidh `st`df kfgdidh b`q gd`~mfq$ Xi~m ~mfsf o`dofqds id

    kidn* omgu~fq 6 f}uj`qfs s`kf `b ~mf mvkgd qihm~s x`ql o`dnvo~fn

    `djidf xi~m g b`ovs `d Ngqbvq* ~mf qs~ gold`xjfnhfn hfd`oinf `b ~mf

    ~xfd~y+qs~ ofd~vqy$ ^mf svacfo~s qgdhf bq`k ~mf fkfqhfdof `b `djidf

    rinf`* ugq~iovjgqjy fdmgdofn ay ~mf guufgqgdof `b Oi~ifd^vaf* ~mf u`ji~+

    iogj gqk `b Y`v^vaf* ~` dfxfq b`qks `b n`ovkfd~gqy f}uqfssi`d idojvn+

    idh ~mf Oqisis id Ngqbvqjgyfq `b H``hjf Fgq~m uq`nvofn id ugq~dfqsmiu

    xi~m ~mf Vdi~fn _~g~fs M`j`ogvs~ Kfk`qigj Kvsfvk* gs xfjj gs Ngqbvq Is

    Nyidh* gd `djidf rinf` hgkf nfrfj`ufn ay ^glf Go~i`d Hgkfs$ ^mf hvqfs

    id ~mis omgu~fq* gs xfjj gs id ~m`sf id omgu~fq 7* xijj* g~ ~ikfs* afgq ~mf

    kgqls `b o`d~idvfn qfkfnig~i`d* j``lidh nfhqgnfn gdn ui}fjg~fn$ _iki+

    jgqjy* issvfs `b soqffd sif gdn qfs`jv~i`d xijj ~glf ~mfiq ~`jj `d ~mf wvgji~y

    `b ~mf ikghf$ Gj~m`vhm vdb`q~vdg~f* ~mfsf ikghfs gqf qf~gidfn -gs `uu`sfn

    ~` sfflidh uqid~+qfgny kg~fqigjs bq`k qihidgj* st+jidf s`vqofss`kf~midh

    d`~ dfofssgqijy u`ssiajf id ~mf Gqkfdigd ogsf) gs g hfs~vqf ~` ~mf o`dni+

    ~i`ds `b ~mf `djidf fdo`vd~fq gdn ~mf omgjjfdhfs `b f}~fdvg~fn xi~dfssidh$

    ^mf omq`d`j`hiogj j`hio `b omgu~fq `qhgdig~i`d n`fs d`~ u`si~ gd fr`jv+

    ~i`dgqy ~qgcfo~`qy* svhhfs~idh gd idfri~gajy sgdhvidf v~o`kf id ~mf kv~vgj

    7 = I D ^ Q @ NVO ^ I @ D

    55 Bq`d~P^`qomid 9/75/1571 73>2 UK Ughf 7=

  • 7/30/2019 Leshu Torchin, 'Introduction: Screen Media and Witnessing Publics', CREATING THE WITNESS (Minneapolis: Universi

    19/20

    nfrfj`ukfd~$ Dfrfq~mfjfss* g~~fd~i`d ~` ~mf fdkfsmfn ~xid mis~`qifs smfns

    jihm~ `d ~mf q`jf `bjk* rinf`* gdn ~mf k`ridh ikghf ovj~vqf b ~mf Id~fq+

    df~ id uq`nvoidh g uvajio qfjg~i`dsmiu ~` hfd`oinf gdn id~fqdg~i`dgj mvkgd

    qihm~s jgx$ Id gnni~i`d* ~mf omq`d`j`hy mfihm~fds sfdsi~iri~y ~` g nfrfj`u+

    idh nisovqsirf ~fqqgid `b hfd`oinf qfuqfsfd~g~i`d* gdn ~mf fivo~vg~idh f}+

    ufo~g~i`ds `b riq~vgj xi~dfssidh$ ^mf o`kaidfn guuq`gom `b b`qkgj+~f}~vgjgdgjysis xi~m f}gkidg~i`ds b u`ji~iogj fo`d`ky gdn s`oigj uqgo~iof qfrfgj

    ~mf dvkfq`vs nfriofs ~mg~ uq`nvof qfo`hdi~i`d gdn b`s~fq ~qgdsdg~i`dgj

    f~miogj o`kkvdi~ifs `b xi~dfssidh uvajios$

    ^mis a``l ogdd`~ uq`rinf g m`jis~io mis~`qiogj `rfqrifx$ Idnffn* xmfd

    i~ o`kfs ~` ~mf Id~fqdf~ gdn dfx kfnig* svom g uq`kisf x`vjn af a`~m

    bv~ijf gdn mvaqis~io hirfd ~mf qguinjy nfrfj`uidh ~fomd`j`hifs gdn g~~fd+

    ngd~ kfnig uqgo~iofs$ D`q n`fs i~ gnnqfss gjj hfd`oinfs$ ^mfqf is d` ogsf

    mis~`qy idr`jridh ~mf M`j`k`n`q* ~mf bgkidf id ~mf Vlqgidigd __Q o`d+

    sinfqfn ay kgdy ~` af g qfsvj~ `b _`rif~ `qomfs~qg~i`d -79?1??)* d`q is

    ~mfqf `df gnnqfssidh ~mf 79== Gdbgj ogkugihd xghfn ghgids~ Iqgwi Lvqns$8?

    ^mf Ogka`nigd hfd`oinf gdn ~mf _~`jfd Hfdfqg~i`ds `b Gvs~qgjig o`k+

    uqisf ~x` d`~gajf gasfdofs hirfd ~mf f}is~fdof `b soqffd kfnig kg~fqigjs

    gdn ~mf xgys ~mfsf kg~fqigjs mgrf fdmgdofn u`uvjgq vdnfqs~gdnidh `b

    hfd`oinf xmijf o`d~qiav~idh ~` u`ji~iogj go~i`d$ ^mf x`qls `b Qi~my Ugdm

    uq`rinf u`xfqbvj f}uj`qg~i`ds `b ~fs~ik`dy bq`k rio~iks gdn ufquf~qg+

    ~`qs id dvkfq`vs jks* k`s~ d`~gajy id _+17* jg kgomidf nf k`q~ lmkqf

    q`vhf -_17^mf Lmkfq Q`vhf Lijjidh Kgomidf Fdfkifs `b ~mf

    Uf`ujf-^mf~ _gkag~m gdn Q`a Jfklid* 1575) sm`xs c`vqdgjis~ gdn svq+

    rir`q ^mf~ Jgkaf~m f}~qgo~idh o`dbfssi`ds bq`k b`qkfq Lmkfq Q`vhf

    `oigjs gdn hqgssq``~s hfd`oingiqfs$ ^mf gb`qfkfd~i`dfn ~qgrfjidh um`+

    ~`hqgumio f}miai~ `b ~mf _+17 uqis`dfq u`q~qgi~s nfkgdns ~mg~ xf gsl xm`

    xi~dfssfs gdn m`x$ glfd ay ~mf ufquf~qg~`qs b`q qfo`qn lffuidh gdn u`s+

    siajy ~fqq`qiidh uvqu`sfs* a`~m uq`rfdgdof gdn ~mf qfuvqu`sidh bq`k

    uqis`d ~` f}miai~i`d hirf qisf ~` iku`q~gd~ wvfs~i`ds ga`v~ ~mf oqfg~i`d b

    xi~dfssfs$86 Kfgdxmijf* g qfjg~irf xfgj~m `bjksn`ovkfd~gqy* n`ov+

    nqgkg* gdno~i`dmgrf affd kgnf ~` f}uj`qf ~mf qfk`rgj b Ga`qihidgj

    omijnqfd bq`k ~mfiq m`kfs gdn i~s ~qgvkg~io ikugo~ `d ~mf o`kkvdi~ifs

    gdn ~mf dg~i`d$82Xi~m ~mfsf kfnig ~ifn ~` ~mf mihmjy risiajf ogkugihds

    b`q qfo`hdi~i`d gdn ~mf ujfg b`q g dg~i`dgj _`qqy Ngy* ~mis svacfo~ x`vjn

    mgrf affd gd fssfd~igj idojvsi`d id g o`kuqfmfdsirf uq`cfo~$ ^mfsf

    gasfdofs* gdn ~mf `~mfqs kgnf k`qf gasfd~ ay ~mfiq jgol `b kfd~i`d* gqf

    niovj~ ~` qfo`doijf* av~ id s`kf xgys ~mfy ogjj ~` kidn s`kf b ~mf omgj+

    jfdhfs `b xi~dfssidh gs nistfqfd~ ogkugihds ag~~jf b`q kfnig sugof gdn

    I D ^ Q @ NVO ^ I @ D 7 9

    55 Bq`d~P^`qomid 9/75/1571 73>2 UK Ughf 79

  • 7/30/2019 Leshu Torchin, 'Introduction: Screen Media and Witnessing Publics', CREATING THE WITNESS (Minneapolis: Universi

    20/20

    g~~fd~i`d$ Goofss ~` kg~fqigjs* dgqqg~irf s~qvo~vqf* gdn ~mf qfs~qio~i`ds `b

    ~mf f}miai~i`d sugof gjj o`kf ~`hf~mfq id ~mfsf o`dsinfqg~i`ds$ M`xfrfq*

    ~mf kguuidh uq`cfo~ gdn kf~m`n`j`hiogj ~fs~idh fdhghfn ~mq`vhm`v~ ~mf

    a``l jfdn ~mfksfjrfs ~` gdgjysfs b ~mfsf ogsfs* gdn uq`rinf g s~gq~ ~` ~mf

    x`ql ~mg~ qfkgids ~` af n`df$

    1 5 I D ^ Q @ NVO ^ I @ D

    55 Bq`d~P^`qomid 9/75/1571 73>2 UK Ughf 15