Lincoln’s PlansLincoln’s Plans for Reconstruction

Pardon Pardon Confederate Confederate officialsofficials

Form new Form new governments governments

Send southern southern representatives to representatives to CongressCongress

Freedmen’s Bureau Freedmen’s Bureau created created to assist to assist former slavesformer slaves

Presidential Reconstruction

President Andrew President Andrew Johnson’s Plan: Johnson’s Plan: (based on (based on Lincoln’s) Lincoln’s) Ratify 13Ratify 13thth Amendment Amendment Accept supreme power of Accept supreme power of

U.S. U.S. government Amnesty Amnesty (forgiveness) (forgiveness) to to

southsoutherners Return property Return property Each state Each state had to write a new new

constitutionconstitution:: declare secession illegal & abolish secession illegal & abolish slaveryslavery

Congressional ReactionReactionRadical Republicans:Radical Republicans:

Nickname for party members leading Nickname for party members leading CongressCongress

Believed the federal gov’t should play federal gov’t should play an active role in remaking Southrole in remaking South

Goals: Destroy South’s old ruling class

MakeMake it a place of small farms, free small farms, free schools, schools, respect for labor, & political & political equality equality for all

Black codes Black codes ––laws passed passed in the South in the South to limit to limit the freedom of former slaves freedom of former slaves

Northerners suspected Southerners were trying to bring back the “Old South” (slavery)

Congressional LegislationLegislation

1313thth Amendment Amendment Abolished slaveryAbolished slavery

Civil Rights Act of 1866 All persons born in the U.S.

are citizens All citizens are entitled to

equal rights1414thth Amendment Amendment All born in the U.S. are born in the U.S. are

citizens citizens All citizens granted “equal granted “equal

protection of the law”protection of the law”

Congressional Legislation

Reconstruction Acts Reconstruction Acts South=5 South=5 military districts districts Voting for Voting for all adult males adult males Ratify 14Ratify 14thth Amendment Amendment

1515thth Amendment Amendment Cannot deny a person right Cannot deny a person right

to vote to vote on race, color, or previous condition of servitude

18701870

18681868

186818681870187018681868

18681868

18701870

18681868

18681868

18701870

18661866

18701870 Date readmitted to the Union

Boundary of military district

Presidential ImpeachmentPresidential Impeachment Johnson tried to block Johnson tried to block

Congressional Congressional ReconstructionReconstruction

Congress passed Congress passed Tenure of Tenure of Office Act Office Act President cannot fire President cannot fire govt.

employees without permissionwithout permission Johnson suspended Sec. of War Johnson suspended Sec. of War

& tried to hire a new one& tried to hire a new one

House of Representatives House of Representatives impeached impeached the President for President for wrongdoing wrongdoing against public against public office office Avoided removal in the Senate by Avoided removal in the Senate by

one voteone vote

African Americans in African Americans in CongressCongress

During Reconstruction, During Reconstruction, more than 600 African American served in state legislatures 14 14 U.S. Congressman from Congressman from

Southern states Southern states

Hiram Revels-1Hiram Revels-1stst African African American American to serve as a senator senator During the war he was a

minister in a church & recruited blacks to fight for the Union From left to right: Senator Hiram R. Revels and

Representatives Benjamin S. Turner, Robert D. De Large, Josiah T. Walls, Jefferson H. Long, Joseph H. Rainey, and

Robert Brown Elliot.

Contract Contract System of LaborLabor Former slaves Former slaves worked on

plantations as paid workers paid workers with contracts

Pros – Chose who to work for Families could notnot be split

up

Cons – Cons – Wages Wages were poor poor Workers cheatedWorkers cheated Punished for breaking Punished for breaking

contractscontracts

Sharecropping Sharecropping Most Americans (mostly freed Most Americans (mostly freed

people) could not afford landpeople) could not afford land

Tenant farmingTenant farming Rent land to grow cropsRent land to grow crops

SharecropperSharecropper Worker Worker who rents land from rents land from

the land owner the land owner Pays for seeds/supplies with Pays for seeds/supplies with

profits profits from sales

Sharecropper cycleSharecropper cycle Forced to grow cash crops & Forced to grow cash crops &

buy food on creditbuy food on credit When crops When crops were sold profit sold profit

didn’t pay debt, so debt didn’t pay debt, so debt carried over carried over to the next year the next year

Fighting ReconstructionFighting ReconstructionGroups like the White

League and Ku Klux Klan Ku Klux Klan Secret southern group that did did

not want African Americans not want African Americans to have rightsto have rights

Their objective was to Their objective was to restore Democratic control & restore Democratic control & keep African Americans keep African Americans powerlesspowerless

Attacked African-Americans targeting those that owned land or were prosperous Beat people, burned homes, Beat people, burned homes,

lynched peoplelynched people

The New-“Old South"New-“Old South" About 500,000 freedmen voted in the South About 500,000 freedmen voted in the South

during the 1868 electionduring the 1868 election Most freedmen supported GrantMost freedmen supported Grant

Women Women were angered by the 15angered by the 15thth Amendment Amendment

Uneducated former slaves received the Uneducated former slaves received the right to vote, but educated white women right to vote, but educated white women did notdid not

Imposed poll taxes & literacy tests poll taxes & literacy tests to restrict African Americans from to restrict African Americans from votingvoting

Grant urged Congress to pass an anti-Klan Grant urged Congress to pass an anti-Klan bill to stop the terrorizing of African-bill to stop the terrorizing of African-AmericansAmericans Bill led to a more fair election in 1872Bill led to a more fair election in 1872

Grant's Bad DecisionsGrant's Bad DecisionsScandals within Grant’s administration hurt the Republican Party

Grant put unqualified put unqualified army friends & friends & his wife’s relatives in government relatives in government positionspositions

Panic of 1873Panic of 1873 Many Many powerful Eastern banks banks

made bad loans, ran out of made bad loans, ran out of money, & shut downmoney, & shut down

Stock market temporarily closed & Stock market temporarily closed & RR industry sufferedRR industry suffered

Impact of the Panic of 1873Impact of the Panic of 1873 More than More than 18,000 companies 18,000 companies

shut down & thousands lost shut down & thousands lost jobsjobs

Republicans lost power Republicans lost power due to due to public blamepublic blame

Democrats won victories in Democrats won victories in 1874 & tried to restore the 1874 & tried to restore the old southold south

Rutherford B. Hayes wins Rutherford B. Hayes wins Election of 1876Election of 1876 Republicans & Democrats claimed Republicans & Democrats claimed

victory in 3 southern statesvictory in 3 southern states Compromise of 1877-solved the Compromise of 1877-solved the

election & gave election & gave concessions to to both sides in the Southboth sides in the South

Run on the bank (1873)

OpeningOpening the Great PlainsGreat Plains The frontier was the sparsely the sparsely

populated area on the western populated area on the western side of the nationside of the nation

The Great Plains was area stretched from the from the Missouri Missouri River to River to the Rocky Mountains Rocky Mountains

Transcontinental RR carried Transcontinental RR carried resources resources of the west to west to markets in the East East & brought miner& brought miners, ranchers and farmers west to develop the western resources further

The U.S. government forced forced the Native Americans onNative Americans on the Great Great Plains Plains onto Reservationsto Reservations

Growth & ExpansionGrowth & Expansion Homestead Act Government encouraged western western

settlement settlement 160 acres 160 acres of free land to anyone

who agreed to live on to live on the land for 5 land for 5 years & improve ityears & improve it

Morrill Act Federal land to Federal land to fund public public

collegescolleges that taught agriculture & that taught agriculture & mechanical artsmechanical arts

Dawes Act Encourage Native Americans toNative Americans to

give up their traditional cultures and bebecome farmers farmers

Sent children to schools to be “Americanized”

Post Reconstruction SouthPost Reconstruction South Restrict the rights of African

Americans when they passed laws restricting laws restricting their freedomsfreedoms

Literacy tests & poll taxes Literacy tests & poll taxes Prevent blacks from voting

Jim Crow laws Jim Crow laws forced separation separation of white & black people in of white & black people in public public places

Segregation through Segregation through separate separate schools, restrooms, & seating schools, restrooms, & seating

Court case upheld these laws by declaring them “separate but equal” & not a violation of the 14th Amendment