Living World-Part-I

• Every living being has structure-Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms,

Angiosperms,

Protozoa→Mammalia

Bacteria, Fungi, Virus, Mycoplasma

• Structure is made up of biomolecules- carbohydrates, fat, proteins, Nucleic acid i.e

protoplasm

• It may be Prokaryote or Eukaryotes.

• It may be Unicellular or Multicellular

• So living world has 3 units of structure & function

o Cell

o Organism

o Ecosystem

• But every machine in non-living world is also the unit of structure and function. Ex- Fan,

Tube Light, Automobiles etc

Difference between Living and Non-Living unit of Structure and Function

Living Non-Living

Living structures are made up of protoplasm Living structures are not made up of protoplasm

Vital functions are present Vital functions are absent

Self sustained and self regulatory Not Self sustained and not self regulatory

Similarities between Living and Non-Living unit of Structure and Function

• Continuous supply of energy and structural constituents.

• Follows 1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics.

What is Living?

Have Structure

Ability to maintain itHave Vital Functions

Q. What is common in structure of all living? (Cell & Protoplasm)

Characteristics of Living

Growth

Defining Properties of Living

Cellular Organization

Metabolism Consciousness Reproduction Growth

Growth

Increase or Change in shape, size, weight & volume

Growth in Living is intrinsic

Unicellular organisms grow by cell division

• In non-living growth in extrinsic – sand dunes

• Technically/Biologically growth means Cell division, Cell elongation, Cell maturation

• Ex- wooden block in water swell- is it growth? No

Not considered as defining properties of

living

• Always Anabolism > Catabolism

• So living state is non equilibrium steady state to perform the functions

• Most essential to maintain livingness

• But inLab Conditions the biochemical reactions can be performed

Metabolism- Sum total of all biochemical reactions in a cell

Catabolism

Maintains vital functions

Break downof orgaic constituents of

protoplasm

Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Metabolic Flux

Anabolism

Maintain structure

Synthesis of organic consituents

ofprotoplasm

Reproduction

• Objective-To maintain survivalness-Continuity of germplasm

• Both sexual & asexual-Fungi, Plants, Hydra, Amoeba, Planaria (Regeneration)

• But same living do not reproduce Ex- Mule, Sterile worker Bee, Infertile Human Couple

• So not inclusive defining property of livings

Consciousness

• Response to biological, physical, chemical stimulus.

Like plants- Photoperiodism, Geotropism, Phototropism

Bactria responds to drugs

In animals- we respond to every stimuli

• Self-consciousness only in humans

But consciousness shown by all living & it leads to evolution.

No evolution/Responsiveness/Consciousness in non-livings

• So living organisms are Self-replicating (Reproduction). Evolving (Consciousness) & Self-

regulating (Metabolism interactive system/unit of structure and function) capable to

respond external stimuli

ReproductionSelf-

Duplication

ResponsivenessInteraction with

environmentSenstivity Irritability Evolution

Q. Patient in coma/brain dead = Have consciousness but not self-consciousness

Biology is story of life on earth All living organisms (present, past, future) are linked to one another by sharing of common

genetic material (Evolution-Phylogeny) but to varying degree.

Living world in short – 5 Kingdom Classification

Protista

Chrysophyta

Ex-Diatoms & Golden Algae

Dioflagellates

Ex-Gonyaulax

Euglenoisa

Ex-Euglena

Slime molds

Protozoans

Ex- Plasmodium, Amoeba, Paramecium

All single celled Eukaryotes

Both Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

Monera

Archaebacteria

Ex-Sulphur Bacteria

Eubacteria

Ex- Cyanobacteria

Mycoplasma

All Prokaryotic Organisms Ex-Autotrophic/Heterotrophic,

Cellular

Fungi

Phycomycetes

Ex-Mucor, Rhizopus

Ascomycetes

Ex-Penicillium, Saccharomyces, Aspergillus,

Clavices, Neurospora

Basidomycetes

Ex-Agaricus, Ustilago, Puccinia or Mushrooms

Deuteromycetes

Ex- Alternaria, Collectotrichum,

Trichoderma

Eukaryotes,Multicellular, Heterotrophs

Plantae

Algae

Ex-Chlorophyceae, Pheophyceae, Rhodophyceae

Bryophyta

Liverworts

Ex-Marchantia

Mosses

Ex-Funaria, Polytrichum, Sphagnum

Pteridophyta

Psilopsida

Ex-Psilotum

Lycopsida

Ex-Selaginella

Sphenopsida

Ex-Equisetum

Pteropsida

Ex-Ptris, Adiantum, Dryopteris

Gymnosperms

Cycadophyta,

Coniferophyta

Angiosperms

Dicotyledonae,

Monocotyledonae

Animalia

Porifera

Ex-Sponge

Coelentrata

Ctenophora

Platyhelminthes

Aschelimnthes

Annelida

Arthropoda

Mollusca

Echinodermata

Hemichordata

Chordata

Check Your Concept 1. Which one of the following is not considered as Living in true sense?

a. Algae b. Fungi c. Virus d. Bacteria

2. Growth in Living is

a. Intrinsic b. Extrinsic c. Both d. None

3. Objective of reproduction in organisms life is

a. Entertainment b. Maximum Utilization of resources

c. Survival Ness d. To overcome adverse environment

4. A wooden block swell up when kept in water. The increase in size of wooden block is

not considered as biological growth as

a. Intrinsic growth b. Extrinsic growth

c. Not involves cell division d. All of these

5. Cell division is only mean of growth in which of the following organisms

a. Unicellular b. Multi-cellular c. Fungi d. Plants

6. Which of the following property is considered as unique in livings, which differentiate

them from non livings?

a. Growth b. Reproduction c. Consciousness d. Metabolism

Not included in Classification

Virus

Ex-CoronaViroids Prions

Lichens

Ex-Glomus

7. To maintain the livingness organisms requires

a. Reproduction b. Continuous supply of energy

c. Continuous supply of protoplasmic constituents d. Both b & c

8. In which of the following organisms, reproduction is synonymous with growth?

a. Unicellular algae b. Amoeba c. Blue-Green Algae d. All

9. Metabolic reactions take place

a. In isolated cell-free systems b. In living systems

c. Both a and b d. Either a or b

10. Organisms that can respond to stimuli are a. Eukaryotes only b. Prokaryotes only

c. Both Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

d. Those with a well developed nervous system

11. I. Growth II. Reproduction III. Response to stimuli IV. Metabolism

V. Cellular organisation

Which of the above features are generally characteristic of life?

a. I, II, IV, V b All c II, III, IV d I, II, III, V

12. Organization levels in living beings is-

a. Subcellular → cellular → individual → community → population

b. Atomic → molecular → subcellular → cellular → tissue → organ → individual

c. Individual → population → organ system → tissue → cellular → molecular → atomic

d. Atomic → molecular → tissue → individual → ecosystem → community

13. Biological organization begins at

a. Cellular level b. Atomic level

c. Organismic level d. Submicroscopic molecular level

14. A living organism can be exceptionally differentiated from a nonliving thing on the basis of its ability for-

a. reproduction b. Growth and movement

c. Responsiveness to touch

d. Interaction with environment and progressive evolution

15. Reproduction is synonymous with growth/ cell division in-

I. Bacteria

II. Hydra

III. Planaria

IV. Unicellular algae

V. Amoeba

a. I, III and V b. I, II and IV c. I, IV and V d. All

16. Which of the following biological processes do not operate within the life span of a

given organism?

a. Birth and nutrition b. Growth and maturation

c. Metabolism and excretion d. Decomposition and mineralization

17. Which one of the following aspects is an exclusive characteristic of living things? a. Isolated metabolic reactions occur in vitro b. Increase in mass from inside only c. Perception of events happening in the environment d. Increase in mass by accumulation of material both on surface as well as internally

18. Which of the following is self-conscious? a. Human being b. Tiger c. Lion d. Amoeba

19. Living organisms can be unexceptionally distinguished from the nonliving thing on the basis of their ability for a. Reproduction b.Growth and movement c. Interaction with environment and progressive evolution d. Responsiveness to touch

20. Choose the correct one I. Growth cannot be taken as a defining property of living organism. II. Dead organism does not grow. III. Reproduction cannot be an all inclusive defining characteristic of living organisms. IV. No nonliving object is capable of replicating itself. V. Metabolism in a test tube is nonliving. VI. Metabolism is a defining feature of all living organism a. I and III b. All except V c. All except III d. All

21. Properties of tissues a. Are present in the constituent cells b. Are due to similar cells in them c. Are due to their similar origin d. Arise as a result of interactions among the constituent cells

22. The growth and reproduction are mutually exclusive events in a. Plants only b. Animals only c. Higher animal and plants d. Lower organisms

23. The sum total of chemical reactions occurring in our body is called a. Metabolism b. Homeostasis c. Irritability d. Catabolism

24. Which of the following is the correct sequence in the increasing order of complexity ? a. Molecules, tissues, community, population b. Cell, tissues, community, population c. Tissues, organisms, population, community d. Molecules, tissues, community, cells

25. Extrinsic and intrinsic growth are found respectively in a. Mountain, Boulders b. Humans, Mango tree c. House fly, Mountains d. Sand dunes, Moss

1. c 2. a 3. c 4. c 5. a 6. c

7. d 8. d 9. c 10. c 11. b 12. b

13. a 14. d 15. c 16. d 17. c 18. a

19. c 20. d 21. d 22. c 23. a 24. c

25. d

Living World-Part-II

• Large variety of organisms around us like, potted plants, insects, birds, pet animals,

other animals & plants.

• Also several organisms which we can’t able to seen from our naked eyes like Bacteria,

Fungi, Viruses etc.

• If we increase our area of observation the variety of such living organisms will increase,

for exemple- if we are in forest there are many plant & animals species

• Every organism which we see represents a species.

• In living world 1.7-1.8 million species (17-18 lakh) identified by scientist & many more to

be identified. This is called as Biodiversity.

• We all know the local names of these organisms.

Why Nomenclature Need?

• Local names of organisms are different in different areas/states/countries. This creates

confusion in proper recognition of them.

• So there is need to standardize the naming of living organisms so that a particular

organism is known by same name all over the world.

• Human have tendency to know about the things surroundings him and he wants to

utilize them for his own welfare.

• Nomenclature- To standardize the name of organism so that organism is known by

same name throughout the world.

• Identification- It is first step of nomenclature

• To identify the characters, which describe the particular organism, is identification.

• To assign the scientific name to each known organism, Biologist throughout the world

established a procedure, so that the name is acceptable by whole scientist of world:

• ICBN- International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (1961).

• ICZN- International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

Scientific Name of an Organism Signifies-

1. Each organism have a single unique name so that description of any organism should

enable the people throughout the world to arrive at same name.

2. Same name has not been used for any other organisms.

• Binomial Nomenclature- By Carlous Linnaeous. founder of Binomial Nomenclature.

Species Plantarum Book (1753) proposed the scientific naming of plants.

• Later he published “Systema naturae” Book where proposed scientific name of animals

(1 Aug 1758). It is starting of binomial nomenclature system for animals.

• Rules of ICBN

• Name of a species consist of two parts Generic name and specific Epithet. Ex- Solanum

tubrosum or Mangifera indica.

• Biological names are generally in Latin and written in italics (Mangifera indica). They are

Latinized or derived from Latin irrespective of their origin.

• Both the wards in biological name, when handwritten are separately underlined or

printed in Italics to indicate their Latin origin.

• First word genus starts with capital letter while specific epithet starts with small letter.

• Name of author appear after the specific epithet i.e.at the end of Biological name and

written in abbreviated form. It indicates that species 1st described by him. Ex- Mangifera

indica Linn. Scientist name neither underlined nor in italics, but written in Roman

letters.

• According to ICBN, in plant nomenclature tautonyms (same name) are not valid i.e.

generic name and specific epithet should not be same Ex- Mangifera mangifera

• But tautonyms are valid in Animal nomenclature (According to ICZN). Ex- Naja naja

(Indian Cobra), Rattus rattus (Rat)

• Trinomial System- By Huxley and Stricklandt

• According to it, scientific name of a species composed of three parts

1. Generic Name 2. Specific epithet 3. Sub-specific epithet

Ex- Brassica oleracea botrytis (Cauliflower)

B. oleracea capitata (Cabbage)

B. oleracea caulorapa (knoll knoll)

Taxonomic Categories/Taxonomic Hierarchy

▪ There are 7 main taxonomic categories

▪ They are Obligate/Essential/Broad Categories also called as Taxon (Singular)/Taxa

(Plural)

▪ These 7 categories are strictly used in any plant classification

▪ There are some extra or sub categories like sub division, sub order, sun family etc. They

are used only when they are needed.

▪ Written in ascending order

Kingdom

Phylum/Division

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Similarities increasing

Or

Common characters

increasing

Similarities decreasing

Or

Common characters

decreasing

Kingdom

-Group of Phylum

-Kingdom Animalia includes all animals

Plantae includes all plants

Suffix- Phyta --> Division/Phylum

Group of similar class

ex-Phylum Chordata-includes Fishes, Birds, Reptiles, Mammals on the basis of similar character like presence of Notochord and dorsal hollow neural system.

Dicotyledonae, with Monocotyledonae placed in division Angiospermae.

Suffix- Opsids/Phyceae/ae --> Class

Group of related orders

ex- Class Mammalia includes the order Primata (Monkey, Gorilla, Gibbon) with Order Carnivora (Tiger, Dog, Cat).

Polymoniales with Asterals placed in class Dicotyledonae

Suffix- Ales--> Order

Group of families with siliar characters

Similar characters are less in number as compared to different genera placed in family.

ex-Order Carnivra include Felidae and Canidae

Convolvulacea & Solanaecae included in Polymoniales order on the basis of floral characters.

Organisms with their Taxonomic Categories-

Suffix- Aceae--> Family

-Group of releated genera with less number of similarities as compared to genus and species.

characterized by both vegetative & reproductive characters.

Ex- Solanum, Ptunia, Datura in family Solanaceae.

-Panthera with Felis (Cat) in family Felidae

Genus

Group of species have more characters in common to species of other genera Ex- Potato- Solanum tubrosum, Brinjal- Solanum nigrum

-Panthera tigris, P. leo, P. pardus

Species

-Group of individuals organisms with fundamental similarties

-Able to interbreed & produce fertile offsprings

Ex- Mangifera indica,Solanum tubrosum,Panthero leo, P. pardus. P tigris

Biological Classification-

• Classification- It is the process by which anything is grouped into convenient categories

based on some easily observable characters.

• For example easily recognize group such as plants or animals or insects or dogs, cats.

The moment we use these terms we associate certain characters with organism in that

group.

• For example, what image do you see when you think of a dog

• When we say “Mammals” you would off course think of animals with external ears and

body hairs.

• Similarly when we say ‘wheat’ its Gehu.

• So all these Dogs, Cats, mammals, Wheat, Rice, Plats, Animals etc. are convenient

categories, we used to study the organisms. The scientific term for all these categories

is Taxa- Group or Category, like Kingdom/ Phylum/Division, Class/Order

• Father of Biology- Aristotle

• Father of Zoology- Aristotle

• Father of Botany- Theophrastus

• Father of Indian Botany- Dr. William Roxburgh

• Father of Taxonomy- C.V Linnaeus

• Father of Indian Taxonomy- H. Santapau

• As we know Dogs are Mammals as mammals are animals, so each group represent a

Taxon/Taxa at different levels.

Taxonomy- based on characters, all living organisms can be classified into different Taxa. This

process of classification is called as Taxonomy.

• External structure- Morphology

• Internal structure- Anatomy

• Cell structure (Organization/Unicellular/Multicellular)

• Development process- Embryology

• Ecological information- Habitat

• All these are the basis of modern taxonomy

So basically Taxonomy involves-

1. Characterization- Identification of characters

2. Identification- To identify with help of characters

3. Classification- Divide into Taxonomic groups

4. Nomenclature

• Systematics- When taxonomy emphasize the relationships among the taxa and

organism. “Systema” Latin word means “Systematic” arrangement of organisms.

• Linnaeus wrote the Book “Systema Naturae”

• So systematics is synonymous with taxonomy. It emphasizes the relationship among

organisms in view of their phylogeny

• So Systematics involves

1. Characterization

2. Identification

3. Classification

4. Nomenclature

5. Evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Types of biological classification

A. Practical Classification/Oldest Classification- plants are classified on basis of their

economic importance/Human use

• Food crops- Cereals like- Wheat, Rice, Barley

• Oil yielding- Coconut, Walnut, Soyabean

• Fiber yielding- Jute, Cotton

• Medicinal- Rauolfia, cinchona

• Primitive man explore the livings for use and further for increased need, it increase the

importance of living to be identified and classified

B. Artificial System of Classification- This classification is based on one or two

morphological characters of plants. Involves both vegetation & reproductive characters.

• Aristotle (384-322 BC)→ Father of Biology/Father of Zoology

Classify→ Plant (Green) Growth Habit→ Herb/Shrub/Tree

→Animal (Non-Green)

• Theopharastus (370-285 BC)- Classify plants on basis of growth/Habit- Tree, Shrub,

Under Shrub, Herbs

• Then used term Annuals, Biennials, Perennials

• No description

• Father of Botany- Theophrastus. Wrote Book- Historia Plantarum

• Indian Father of Botany- Dr. William Roxborgh

• Linnaeus and A.P Decandole are most important whose classification is Artificial.

• A.P Decandole used word Taxonomy

• Linnaeus used word- Systematics

• 1707-1778- Linnaeus classified plants on basis of stamen into 24 classes in Book Genera

Plantarum

• Linnaeus classification also called as Sexual Classification

• Linnaeus gives 2 kingdom system of classification – Animalia & Plantae

Living World

Animalia Plantae

Cryptogams Phanerogams

- Algae - Gymnosperms

- Fungi - Angiosperms

- Mosses - Ferns

• Artificial system of classification gives weightage to vegetative and sexual characters.

• It is not acceptable since we know that vegetative characters are easily affected by

environment.

C. Natural System of Classification- Plants are classified on basis of complete

Morphological characters like shoot, root, leaves, flower

• Also involves,

- Anatomical

- Embryological

- Ultrastructure

- Phytochemistry

- Morphology

- Natural affinities between organism or inter-relationships

i.e., similarities and dissimilarities among plants

• Joseph Dalton Hooker 1800-1884 and G. Bentham wrote book- Genera Plantarum

• Works as curator in Royal Botanical Garden London

• Proposed biggest and natural classification of spermatophyte (seed plant)

Spermatophyta=202 families

Dicotyledonae Gymnospermae Monocotyledonae

• Merits of their classification

• Natural classification

• Based on floral characters (more stable characters than vegetative character)

• It is simple and based on observable characters

• Demerits

• Not include phylogeny so placed Gymnosperms in between Dicotyledonae &

Monocotyledonae

• Actually- Gymnosperm→ Dicots→Monocots

D. Phylogenetic Classification- Classification based on evolutionary relationship between

the various organisms. This is most appropriate system of classification

• This system assumes that organisms belong to some taxa have a common ancestor.

• A.W Eichler- proposed first phylogenetic classification of plants

Eichler’s System of Classification

Plant Kingdom

Cryptogamia Phanerogamia

Plants in which sex organs are not visible Plants with visible sex organs

Thallophyta Bryophyta Pteridophyta Gymnosperma Angiosperms

• The sequence of evolution is

Thallophyta→ Bryophyta→Pteridophyta→Gymnosperms→Angiosperms

• Oswald Tippo- Biggest phylogenetic classification of plant kingdom.

• Most acceptable for books & study.

Oswald Tippo’s System of Classification

Plant Kingdom

Sub-Kingdom On the basis of embryo

Thallophyta=Embryo Absent Embryophyta=Embryo Present

Division- On the basis of vascular tissue

Atracheata=Bryophyta Tracheophyta

(Non-Vascular Plants) (Vascular Plants)

- Pteridophyta

-Gymnosperm

-Angiosperm

Natural Classification- is of two types

▪ Natural Non-Phylogenetic- Phylogeny of plants is not considered only based on gross

morphology.

Ex- Classification by Banthom and Hooker

▪ Natural Phylogenetic-includes both gross morphology and phylogeny

▪ Remaining all classification Tippo, Whittaker, Eichler

▪ Lemark gives term phylogeny-means evolutionary history

▪ C. Darwin-Detailed explanation of phylogeny in his book “Origin of Species”

▪ Phylogenetic classification is also known as Cladistic (Ancestor) Classification

• R.H Whittaker- (1969)- proposed 5 kingdom system of classification.

• Five Kingdom System of Classification: By R.H Whittaker (1969)

• He classify the living world in 5 major kingdoms- Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae,

Animalia

• Criteria for Classification

1. Cell Structure (Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic)

2. Thallus Organization (Body Organization)

3. Mode of Nutrition

4. Reproduction/Life Cycle

5. Phylogenetic Relationships

• All the systems of classification before Whittaker are not sufficient as does not describe

the following organisms.

▪ Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes

▪ Unicellular & Multi-cellular

▪ Photosynthetic (Green Algae) & Non-Photosynthetic (Fungi)

▪ Classification into plants & animals is easy, but does not describe the large number of

organisms which are not belongs to these two categories.

▪ So two kingdom classification is not sufficient.

▪ Besides gross morphology, a need was also felt for including other characters like

o Cell structure

o Nature of wall

o Mode of nutrition

o Habitat

Living World Kingdom

Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

o Method of reproduction

o Evolutionary relationships etc.

• So the system of classification changed during the course of time.

• Though plant and animal kingdoms have been constant under all different systems of

classification. The understanding of what groups/organisms be included under these

kingdom have been changing.

• The number and nature of other kingdoms have also been understood differently by

different scientist over the time.

• Issues and consideration of 5 Kingdom System

• Earlier classification systems included Bacteria, Blue-Green Algae, Fungi, Mosses, Fern,

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms under plants.

• The characters used for this is all have cell wall but they differ in many characters, while

this system placed Bacteria and Cyanobacteria (BGA) together & separated from other

groups which were eukaryotes.

• Earlier grouped together unicellular organisms and multi-cellular organisms ex-

Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra were placed together under algae.

• Earlier classification did not differentiate between the Hetetrophic group Fungi &

Autotrophic green plants, though they also showed a characteristic difference in their

wall composition

• The fungi had chitin while green plants have cellulosic cell wall, so fungi should be

placed in separate kingdom, Kingdom Fungi.

• All prokaryotic organisms were placed together under kingdom Monera (By Whittaker)

• All unicellular eukaryotes are placed in Protista. This brings together the

Chlamydomonas, Chlorella (Earlier placed in Alge within plants and both having cell

wall) with Paramecium and Amoeba (which were earlier placed in Animal Kingdom

which lack cell wall)

• So this 5 kingdom system of classification put together the organisms put together the

organisms which in earlier classifications were placed in different kingdoms.

• All this happened because the criteria of classification are changed.

• This kind of changes will takes place also in future two depending on the improvement

in our understanding of characteristics and evolutionary relationship.

• Over the time an attempt has been made to evolve a classification system which reflect

not only morphological, physiological and reproductive similarities but it is also

phylogenetic ie, based on evolutionary relationships

• Three Domain System of Classification- By Carl Woese. This is 6 kingdom system of

classification.

• As he suggested separate kingdom for Archaebacteria

• Whole Living World classified in domains (Super Kingdom)

Organism

3 Domains (Super Kingdom)

Archaea Bacteria Eukarya

-Archaebacteria -Monera -Protista

-Fungi

-Plantae

-Animalia

• He separated Archaebacteria from Monera and placed it into new kingdom

Archaebacteria under domain Archaea and Monera under Bacteria

New ways to study Taxonomy

• Phenetic or numerical Classification/Taxonomy

• Plants are classified on basis of number of similarities and dissimilarities

• It is carried out by computers ad based on all characters and the data is processed.

• Number ad codes are assigned to all characters and the data is processed.

• Each character is given equal importance and hundreds of characters are considered.

• Organisms with maximum similarities are placed in same taxon or group.

• Cytotaxonomy- Based on cytological characters

- Chromosome Number

- Chromosome Structure

- Behavior and Bonding patterns of chromosomes.

• Chemotaxonomy- Based o chemical constituents of plants.

▪ Practical/Oldest classification- on the basis of use

▪ Artificial classification- on the basis of one or two morphological character.

▪ Natural classification- Morphology, Anatomy, Embryology

▪ Phylogenetic classification- Evolutionary trends

• Taxonomical AIDS- Helping tools for identification Nomenclature, Classification

Importance of Taxonomical Study-

• Agriculture, Forestry, Industry

• Bioresources and their diversity

• So the study requires correct classification and identification of organisms.

• Identification of organisms requires intensive laboratory and field studies.

• The collection of actual specimen of plants and animal species is essential and it is the

prime source of taxonomic studies.

• These specimens are fundamental to studies and essential for training in systematic. It

is used for classification of organisms and the information gathered is also stored along

with the specimen.

• Specimens also preserved for further studies

• So biologist has established certain procedures and techniques to store and preserve

the information as well as specimen.

• All these are taxonomical aids.

o Herbarium

o Botanical Gardens

o Museum

o Zoological parks

o Taxonomic keys

Herbarium- A store house of collected plant specimens that are dried, pressed and preserved

on Herbarium Sheet.

• Complete plant should be taken with root, shoot, flower, fruit, seed.

• These herbarium sheets are arranged according to universally accepted system of

classification.

• These specimens along with their descriptions on herbarium sheets becomes source of

information for future use and stored in store house.

• Herbarium sheet also label the date and place of collection with English, Local, Botanical

names, Family, Collector name.

• Herbarium sheets acts as quick referral system in taxonomical studies.

• Standard size of herbarium sheet is 42x29 cm or 16.5x11.5 inches.

• Flora- A book or other work detailing the plants of a particular region/habitat or

geographical area.

• Manuals- Manuals contain basic but necessary information for categorizing plants and

animals.

• Useful in providing information for identification of names of species found in an area.

• Information of manuals acts as a guide to identify a particular plant or animals which

helps in its classification.

• Monographs- Contains information on any taxon (species, genus, family etc.)

• It is written work on a single taxon (Any Taxon). Written by one author or many.

• Catalogue- Books of librarians rich in botanical titles

• Alphabetic arrangement of plant species describes features of plants in a particular

area.

• Botanical Gardens- Specialized gardens have collection of living plants for reference.

• Plants are grown for identification purpose.

• Each plant is labeled with Botanical name & family.

• Royal Botanical Garden New London

• Indian Botanical Garden Howarh, Calcutta

• National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI) Lucknow

• Forest Research Institute (FRI) Dehradun

• Museum- Biological museums are set up into schools & colleges,

• It has collection of preserved plants and animal specimen for study and reference.

• Specimens are preserved into containers or jars in preservative solutions

• Plants and animal specimens are also preserved as dry specimens.

• Insects are preserved in insect boxes after collecting, killing and pinning.

• Large animals like birds and mammals are usually stuffed and preserved.

• Also have collection of skeletons of animals.

• Zoological Parks- The places where the wild animals are kept in protected environment

under human care.

• It helps in understanding their habits, behavior, food etc.

• Natural conditions are provided.

• Taxonomical Keys- It is used for identification of plants and animals based on the

similarities and dissimilarities.

• Keys are based on contrasting characters which are generally in a pair called Couplet. It

represents the choice made between two opposite options, so this results into

acceptance of only one and rejection of other.

• Each statement in key is called as Lead.

• Separate taxonomic keys are required for each taxonomic category like family, genus,

species, for identification purposes

• Keys are analytical in nature.

Keys of Taxonomy

Unidentified Organism

Green Non-Green

Couplet

Green Lead

Seed Non Seed

Couplet

SeedLead

Covered seed Naked Seed

Couplet

Covered seedLead

Zoological Parks of India

Herbarium showing stored specimens

Check Your Concept 1. Linnaeus evolved a system of nomenclature called -

a. Mononomial b. Vernacular

c. Binomial d. Polynomial

2. Binomial nomenclature means- a. One name given by two scientists b. One scientific name consisting of a generic and specific epithet c. Two names, one latinized, other of a person d, Two names, one scientific, other local

3. Basic unit or smallest taxon of taxonomy/ classification is- a. Species b. Kingdom c. Family d. Variety

4. Biggest unit of taxonomical hierarchy is a. Species b. Class

c. Phylum d. Kingdom

5. Taxonomy based on determination of chemicals of plants is-

a. Cytotaxonomy b Numerical taxonomy c. Chemotaxonomy d Experimental taxonomy

6. A group of interbreeding organisms is-

a. Genus b. Family c. Order d. Species

7. A taxon is-

a. A group of related families b. A group of related species c. A type of living organisms d. A taxonomic group of any ranking

8. Sequence of taxonomic categories is-

a. Class−Phylum−Order−Family−Genus−Species b. Division−Class−Family−Order−Genus−Species c. Division−Kingdom−Order−Family−Genus−Species

d. Phylum−Class−Order −Family−Genus−Species.

9. In plants nomenclature a. Both genus and species are printed in italics

b. Genus and species may be of same name c. Both in genus & species, the first letter is capital

d. Genus is written after the species

10. In fish, Catla catla the specific name is identical with the generic name, thus it is an

example of

a. antonym b. tautonym c. synonym d. homonym

11. Which one of the following is not a correct statement? a. Herbarium houses dried, pressed and preserved plant specimens b. Botanical gardens have collection of living plants for reference c. A museum has collection of photographs of plants and animals

d. Key is a taxonomic aid for identification of organisms

12. Recognise the following flow diagram and find the correct option according to

taxonomic hierarchy.

a. A- Sapindales, B -Anacardiaceae b. A- Polymoniales, B -Convolvulaceae c. A- Polymoniales, B - Solanaceae d. A-Solanaceae, B – Polymoniales

13. Match the items given in Column I with those in Column and select the correct option

give below

Column I Column II

a. Herbarium (i) It is a place having a collection of preserved plants and animals

b. Flora (ii) A list that enumerates methodically all the species found in

an area with brief description aiding identification

c. Museum (iii) Is a place where dried and pressed plant specimens

mounted on sheets are kept

d. Catalogue (iv) A booklet containing a list of characters and their alternates which are helpful in Identification of various taxa

a b c d a. (ii) (iv) (iii) (i) b. (iii) (ii) (i) (iv) c. (i) (iv) (iii) (ii) d. (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)

14. Which one of the following has least similar characters?

a. Family b. Class

c. Genus d. Species

15. What is correct?

a. APIS INDICA b. Trypansoma gambiense c. Ficus Bengalensis d. Mangifera indica

16. In hierarchical classification, class is interpolated between

a. Family and genus b. Phylum and order c. Order and family d. Kingdom and phylum

17. The disadvantage of using common names for species is that

a. The names may change b. One name does not apply universally c. One species may have several common names and one common name may be applied to two species d. All of the above

18. An important function of botanical garden is a. Providing beautiful area for recreation b. One can observe tropical plants over there c. They allow ex-situ conservation of germ plasm

d. They provide natural habitat to wildlife

19. The given table gives the classification of a wheat plant

Kingdom Plantae

Division Angiospermae

i . Monocotyledonae

ii . Poales

Family iii .

a. i-Genus; ii-Class; iii- Poaceae b. i-Class, ii-Order, iii-Poaceae c. i-Genus; ii-Class; iii-Solanaceae d. i-Class, ii-Order; iii-Solanaceae

20. Largest herbarium in India is at-

a. National Botanical Garden, Lucknow b. Lloyd Botanical garden, Darjeeling c. Forest Research Institute, Dehradun d. Indian Botanical Garden, Sibpur

21. The famous botanical garden of Kew is located in-

a. India b. England

c. Germany d. France

22. ICBN is-

a. International Code of Biological Naming b. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature c. Internal Class of Biological Nomenclature d. International Classification of Biological Nomenclature

23. Who did write "Species Plantarum' and provide a basis for classification of plants?

a. Carolus Linnaeus b. Charles Darwin c. Robert Hooke d. Leeuwenhoek

24. Whittaker’s 5 kingdom system of classification belongs to a. Artificial system of classification b. Practical system of classification c. Natural Phylogenetic system of classification d. Natural system of classification

25. Following taxonomic aid provides information about a taxon in a book a. Monograph b. Manual c. Flora d. Catalogue

26. The binomial nomenclature was given by a. Lamarck b. Ernst Mayr c. Carolus Linnaeus d. Cuvier

27. Which one has real existence? a. Phylum b. Class c. Genus d. Species

28. Read the following statements carefully and select correct option

(i) In zoological parks, conditions similar to natural habitats are provided to animals (ii) Keys are generally analytical in nature (iii) In herbarium sheet, local names are not mentioned (iv) Taxonomical aids are useful in knowing bioresources a. Only (i) and (ii) b. (i), (iii) and (iv) c. (i), (ii) and (iv) d. All of the above

29. Systematics is the

a. Branch of biology concerned with evolutionary relationships among organisms b. Branch of biology concerned with the scientific classification of organisms c. Branch of biology concerned with the diversity of life d. Branched of biology concerned with the study of multicellular organisms.

30. A group of interbreeding individuals that is reproductively isolated from other groups is called a(n) a. Phylum b. Organism c. Family d. Species

31. Two species belonging to the same class must also belong to the same a. Species b. Order c. Genus d. Phylum

32. Arrange the following taxa to form the correct sequence of classification of man (i) Primata (ii) Chordata (iii) Mammalia (iv) Hominidae a. i, iii, iv, ii b. ii, iii, i, iv c. iv, ii, i, iii d. iii, ii, iv, i

33. Information on any one phylum, class, order is related to the a. Flora b. Manuals c. Monograph d. Key

34. Nomenclature is governed by certain universal rules. Which one of the following is contrary to the rules of nomenclature? a. Biological names can be written in any language b. The first word in a biological name represents the genus name, and the second is a specific epithet c. The names are written in Latin and are italicized d. When written by hand, the names are to be underlined

35. The number of obligate categories which are always used in a taxonomic hierarchy are a. 7 b. 5 c. 3 d. 8

36. The contrasting characteristics generally in a pair used for identification of animals in Taxonomic Key are referred to as a. Alternate b. Lead c. Couplet d. Doublet

37. Match the column-I with column-II Column I Column II

(A) Order (i) Group of families

(B) Class (ii) Group of classes

(C) Division (iii) Group of genus

(D) Family (iv) Group of orders

A B C D a. iii ii i iv b. i iv ii iii c. iv i iii ii d. ii i iii iv

38. As we go from kingdom to species, the number of common characteristic goes on a. Decreasing b. Increasing c. Remain same d. First increasing then decreasing

39. Term systematics was derived from _____ word "Systema" which means _____ :-

a. Greek, evolutionary relationship

b. Latin, systematic arrangement of organism

c. English, taxonomy of organisms

d. Both b & c

40. Taxonomically known number of species is :-

a. 1.7 billion b. 1.7 lakh c. 5-30 million d.1.7 million

41. Family is placed between :-

a.Genus and species b. Order and class

c. Class and genus d. Order and genus

42. Which of the following system of classification is based on gross morphology of plants ?

a. Natural system b. Artificial system

c. Practical system d. All system

43. Which is first step in Taxonomy :-

a. Phylogeny of the organism b. Identification of the organism

c. Nomenclature of the organism d. Classification of the organism

44. Manuals are useful in providing information for :-

a. Identification of name of plant species

b. Any one taxon

c. Economic importance of plant species in a particular area

d. Books related to botanical titles

45. Smallest unit of classification is :-

a. Genus b. Species c. Order d.Kingdom

46. Plant classification based on their economic importance is called:-

a. Artificial classification b. Practical classification

c. Natural classification d. Phylogenetic classification

47. Which of the following are included in Protista:-

a. Prokaryotes b. Eukaryotes

c. Multicellular eukaryotes

d. Unicellular eukaryotes

48. Kingdom Protista includes organisms like :-

a. Amoeba, Euglena and Diatoms b. Amoeba, Euglena and Penicillium

c. Amoeba, Spirogyra and Penicillium d. Euglena, Spirogyra and Albugo

49. Fungi separated from plants and kept in new kingdom by Whittaker as fungi are :-

a. Multicellular eukaryotes b. Heterotrophs

c. Have cell wall d. Show sexual reproduction

50. Phylogeny and inter-relationship found between taxa on the basis of number, type and

arrangement of chromosomes is - :-

(a) Cytotaxonomy (b) Numerical taxonomy

(c) Systematics (d) Chemotaxonomy

51. Natural system of classification is based on -

(a) Ontogeny (b) Phylogeny

(c) Morphology (d) Morphology and affinities.

52. A system of classification in which a large number of traits are considered is -

(a) Artificial system (b) Phylogenetic system

(c) Synthetic system (d) Natural system

53. In artificial system, the organisms are classified on the basis of -

(a) All the possible characters

(b) Phylogenetic trends

(c) A few characters

(d) Anatomical, cytological and biochemical traits along with morphological traits.

54. Natural system of classification differs from artificial system in

(a) Employing only one floral trait

(b) Taking only one vegetative trait

(c) Bringing out similarities and dissimilarities

(d) Developing evolutionary trends.

55. Phylogenetic system brings out -

(a) Reproductive similarities

(b) Grouping according to morphological characters

(c) Grouping on the basis of increasing complexities

(d) Grouping according to evolutionary trends and genetic relationships

56. Taxonomy of fungi is based on :-

a. Sexual reproduction b. Nutrition

c. Shape of fruiting body d. Cell wall

57. System of classification used by Linnaeus was -

(a) Natural system (b) Artificial system

(c) Phylogenetic system (d) Asexual system

58. Phylogenetic system of classification was proposed by -

(a) Hutchinson/Engler and Prantl

(b) Bentham and Hooker

(c) Linnaeus

(d) Santapau

59. Chemotaxomony is connected with

(a) Classification of chemicals found in plants

(b) Use of phytochemical data in systematic botany.

(c) Application of chemicals on herbarium sheets

(d) Use of statistical methods in chemical yielding plants

60. Phenetic classification is based on -

(a) Ancestral lineage of existing organisms

(b) Observable characteristics of existing organisms

(c) Dendrograms based on DNA characteristics

(d) Sexual characteristics

61. Taxonomy term given by :-

a. Linnaeus b. Mayr c. Haeckel d. A.P. de. Candolle 62. Systematics deals with :-

a. Classification b. Nomenclature c. Identification d. All of these

63. Scientific name of Mango plant is Mangifera indica Linn. in the above name Linn. refers

to :- a. Variety of Mango b. A taxonomist who proposed the present nomenclature in honor of Linnaeus c. A scientist who for the first time described Mango plant d. A scientist who changed the name proposed by Linnaeus and proposed present name

64. Phylogeny refers to:-

a. Natural classification b. Evolutionary classification c. Evolutionary history d. Origin of algae

65. In taxonomy the first step is:-

a. Identification b. Nomenclature c. Classification d. Affinities 66. A division is formed by combining several:–

a. Orders b. Families c. Classes d. Tribes 67. The standard size of herbarium sheets is :–

a. 11.5" ´ 16.5" b. 15.5" ´ 16.5" c. 18.5" ´ 10.5" d. 20.5" ´ 21.5" 68. Trinomial nomenclature of classification was proposed by:–

a. Linnaeus b. Huxley and Stricklandt c. John–Ray d. Theophrastus

69. Most of the botanical names are derived from the following language:– a. German b. Greek c. Latin d. Spanish

70. Kingdom Monera comprises the :-

a. Plants of economic importance b. All the plants studied in botany c. Prokaryotic organisms d. Plants of Thallophyta group

71. Whittaker is famous for :-

a. Two kingdom classification b. Four kingdom classification c. Five kingdom classification d. Distinguishing in Bacteria & blue green Algae

72. In Whittaker's five kingdom classification, eucaryotes were assigned to:-

a. All the five kingdom b. Only four of the five kingdoms c. Only three kingdom d. Only one kingdom

73. First plant classification was given by:–

a. Linnaeus b. John–Ray c. Aristotle d. Darwin

74. Father of Indian Taxonomy is

a. J.C. Bose b. P. Meshweri c. H. Santapau d. W. Roxburgh

75. Natural system of classification was proposed by –

(a) Bentham and Hookar (b) Hutchinson

(c) Whittaker (d) Engler and Pranti

76. Phylogenetic system of classification is based on –

(a) Morphological features (b) Chemical constituents

(c) Evolutionary relationships (d) Floral characters

77. System of classification that employs numerical data to evaluate similarities and

differences is known as –

(a) Cytotaxonomy (b) Biosystematics

(c) Phenetic (d) Chemotaxonomy

78. Classification based on a few morphological character is –

(a) Artificial (b) Natural (c) Phylogenetic (d) Both b and c

79. The process by which anything is grouped into convenient categories based on some easily observable characters is called as:- a. Biodiversity b. Classifications c. Identification d. Nomenclature

80. The process in which biologists follow universally accepted principles to provide name

of any organism is called as:- a. Identification b. Classification c. Nomenclature d. Systematics

81. What is the essential basis of modern taxonomic studies?

a. External and internal structure b. Structure of cell c. Developmental process and ecological information d. All of these

82. In the names Mangifera indica, Solanum tuberosum and Panthera leo, the words indica,

tuberosum and leo represent:- a. Generic name b. Generic epithet c. Name of species d. Specific epithet

83. Why the determination of relationship becomes more complex in higher taxonomic categories?

a. Number of common characters goes on decreasing in lower taxa b. Number of common characters goes on decreasing in higher taxa c. Because classification itself is very difficult process d. Number of common characters goes on increasing in higher taxa

84. Which of the following is not a correct statement?

a. Order is the assemblage of families which exhibit a few similar characters in comparison to families b. Convolvulaceae and Solanaceae families are included in order polynomials mainly on the basis of floral characters c. In hierarchy both broad categories and sub categories are used d. Class is a sub category which includes related order

85. Which of the following is not used as taxonomic aid?

a. Zoological park b. Soil c. Herbarium d. Museum 86. In which group of taxonomic aids only the means of taxonomic literature are included :-

a. Botanical gardens, Museum, Keys b. Botanical Gardens, Herbarium, Keys c. Flora, Manual, Monograph d. Botanical Garden, Museum, Monographs

87. Which of the following is / are not correctly match?

Common Name Genus Family

i Man Homo Hominidae

ii Housefly Domestica Muscidae

iii Mango Mangifera Anacardiaceae

iv Wheat Triticum Poaceae

a. i & ii b. only i c. only ii d. iii & iv 88. How many of the followings are taxa?

Dogs, Cats, Mammals, Wheat, Rice, Plants, Wood, Mango, Leaves, Jointed legs. a. Eight b. Six c. Seven d. One

89. Classification system are changing every now and then because an attempt has been

made to evolve such a system ultimately which is able to explain evolutionary relations in organisms. What was the correct sequence of these types of classification systems with respect to their evolution :- a. Practical →Artificial → Natural → Phylogenetic → Numerical b. Artificial → Practical → Numerical → Phylogenetic c. Practical → Artifical→ Natural → Numerical → phylogenetic d. Numerical → Artifical→ Natural → Practical → phylogenetic

90. The correct sequence of evolution is :-

a. Bryophyta → Pteridophyta → Gymnosperms → Dicots → Monocots b. Pteridophyta → Gymnosperms → Dicots → Monocots → Bryophyta c. Bryophyta → Gymnosperms → Dicots → Monocots → Angiosperms d. Bryophyta → Pteridophyta → Gymnosperms → Monocots → Dicots

91. Suffix is not used for:-

a. Genus b. Species c. Kingdom d. All of them 92. Select the false statement(s) –

(a) Kingdom Plantae includes multicellular chlorophyll containing organisms

(b) Plantae includes Bryophytes to Angiosperms; but not algae

(c) Plantae shows alternation of generation (between gametophytic [N] phase and

sporophyte phase [2N])

(d) All

93. Which of the following pair(s) is false?

(a) Bladderwort - insectivorous

(b) Venus fly trap - insectivorous

(c) Cucuta - Saprophytic

(d) Cell wall of plant cell – mainly cellulosic

94. Kingdom Animalia is characterized by –

(a) Heterotrophic eukaryotic multicellular organism having no cell wall in their cells

(b) Reserve food – glycogen or fat

(c) Holozoic nutrition

(d) All

95. In the five kingdom classification of Whittaker there is –

(a) No mention of viruses (b) Mention of lichens

(c) No mention of viroids (d) No mention of viruses, viroids and lichens

96. Mayr proposed which type of concept of species:-

(a) Taxonomic concept (b) Biological concept

(c) Taxonomic and Biological concept (d) Genetic concept

97. The term systematics was introduced by :-

(a) Mayr (b) Bentham (c) Hutchinson (d) Linnaeus

98. Group of organisms that closely resemble each other and freely interbreed in nature,

constitute a:-

(a) Species (b) Genus (c) Family (d) Taxon

99. Scientific name of Mango plant is Mangifera indica Linn. in the above name Linn. refers to

:-

(a) Variety of Mango

(b) A taxonomist who proposed the present nomenclature in honor of Linnaeus

(c) A scientist who for the first time described Mango plant

(d) A scientist who changed the name proposed by Linnaeus and proposed present

name

100. Biological concept of species is given by :-

(a) Aristotle (b) Bentham (c) Koch (d) Mayr

101. In taxonomy the first step is :-

(a) Identification (b) Nomenclature (c) Classification (d) Affinities

102. A large number of unknown species of plants and animals are believed to be present in :-

(a) Temperate forests (b) Antarctica (c) Taiga (d) Tropical forest

103. Who wrote systema naturae?

(a) Linnaeus (b) Mayr (c) John Ray (d) De Candolle

104. Trinomial nomenclature of classification was proposed by :–

(a) Linnaeus (b) Huxley and Stricklandt

(c) John–Ray (d) Theophrastus

105. Most of the botanical names are derived from the following language :–

(a) German (b) Greek (c) Latin (d) Spanish

106. Evolutionary classification is called :–

(a) Artificial system (b) Natural system

(c) Phylogenetic system (d) None of the above

107. Chief merit of Bentham and Hooker's classification is that :-

(a) It is a system mostly based on evolutionary concepts

(b) It is a natural systems of classification of all groups of plants

(c) The description of the taxa are based on actual observation of the specimen

(d) It also considers the phylogenetic aspects

108. The system of classification proposed by Bentham and Hooker is :-

(a) Artificial (b) Natural (c) Phylogenetic (d) Numerical

109. The classification of Linnaeus was mainly based on :-

(a) Sepals (b) Stem (c) Petals (d) Stamens

110. System of classification proposed by Linnaeus was:-

(a) Artificial (b) Natural (c) Sexual (d) (a) and (c) both

111. First plant classification was given by :–

(a) Linnaeus (b) John–Ray (c) Aristotle (d) Darwin

112. According to Bentham & Hooker total families of real flowering plants :–

(a) 202 (b) 199 (c) 34 (d) 85

113. The word Cryptogamia was coined by :–

(a) Theophrastus (b) Linnaeus (c) Bentham & Hooker (d) John–Ray

1. C 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. c 6. d

7. d 8. d 9. a 10. b 11. c 12. d

13. b 14. b 15. b 16. b 17. d 18. c

19. b 20. d 21. b 22. b 23. a 24. c

25. a 26. c 27. d 28. a 29. b 30. d

31. d 32. b 33. c 34. a 35. a 36. c

37. b 38. b 39. b 40. d 41. d 42. a

43. b 44. a 45. b 46. b 47. d 48. a

49. b 50. a 51. d 52. d 53. c 54. c

55. d 56. a 57. b 58. a 59. b 60. b

61. d 62. d 63. c 64. c 65. a 66. c

67. a 68. b 69. c 70. c 71. c 72. b

73. c 74. c 75. a 76. c 77. c 78. a

79. b 80. c 81. d 82. d 83. b 84. d

85. b 86. c 87. c 88. c 89. a 90. a

91. d 92. b 93. c 94. d 95. d 96. b

97. d 98. a 99. c 100. d 101. a 102. d

103. a 104. b 105. c 106. c 107. c 108. b

109. d 110. d 111. c 112. a 113. b

1Previous Year Questions AIPMT 2006

1. Evolutionary history of an organism is known as:

(a) Paleontology (b) Ontogeny (c) Phylogeny (d) Ancestry

AIPMT 2007

2. ICBN stands for :

(a) Indian Code of Botanical Nomenclature

(b) Indian Congress of Biological Names

(c) International Code of Botanical Nomenclature

(d) International Congress of Biological classification

3. Two plants can be conclusively said to belong to the same species if they :

(a) Have same number of chromosomes

(b) Can reproduce freely with each other and form seeds

(c) Have more than 90 percent similar genes

(d) Look similar and possess identical secondary metabolites.

AIPMT-2008

4. In the light of recent classification of living organisms into three domains of life

(bacteria, archaea and eukarya), which one of the following statements is true about

archaea ?

(a) Archaea completely differ from both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

(b) Archaea completely differ from prokaryotes

(c) Archaea resemble eukarya in all respects

(d) Archaea have some novel features that are absent in other pyokaryotes and

eukaryotes

AIPMT-2009

5. Phylogenetic system of classification is based on :-

(a) Floral characters

(b) Evolutionary relationships

(c) Morphological features

(d) Chemical constituents

AIPMT-2010

6. Protista is similar to plantae and different from monera in :-

(a) Mode of nutrition

(b) Cellular grade of organization

(c) Nuclear membrane

(d) Cell wall

7. Single-celled eukaryotes are included in :-

(a) Monera

(b) Protista

(c) Fungi

(d)Archaea

AIIMS-2010

8. Match the contents of column–I with those of column–II :-

Column–I Column–II

(a) Fungi (i) Chitinase

(b) Bacteria (ii) Cellulase

(c) Plant cell (iii) Lysozymes

(a) (b) (c)

(a) (i) (ii) (iii)

(b) (iii) (ii) (i)

(c) (ii) (iii) (i)

(d) (i) (iii) (ii)

AIPMT-2012

9. Maximum nutritional diversity is found in the group :-

(a) Monera

(b) Plantae

(c) Fungi

(d) Animalia

AIIMS-2012

10. Which one of the following is not a correct statements ?

(a) Key is taxonomic aid for identification of specimens

(b) Herbarium houses dried, pressed and preserved plant specimens

(c) Botanical gardens have collection of living plants for reference

(d) A museum has collection of photographs of plants and animals

AIIMS-2013

11. Which of the following suffix is always correct for taxonomic categories without any

exception ?

(a) "–ia" for class like in class Mammalia

(b) "–ca" for genus like in genus Musca

(c) "–aceae" for family like is family Poaceae

(d) "–oda" for phylum like in phylum Arthopoda

12. Five kingdom system of classification suggested by R.H. Whittaker is not based on :

(a) Presence or absence of a well defined nucleus.

(b) Mode of reproduction.

(c) Mode of nutrition.

(d) Complexity of body organisation.

Re-AIPMT-2015

13. Pick up the wrong statement :

(a) Nuclear membrane is present in Monera

(b) Cell wall is absent in Animalia

(c) Protista have photosynthetic and heterotrophic modes of nutrition

(d) Some fungi are edible

NEET-I-2016

14. Match Column–I with Column–II for housefly classification and select the correct option

using the codes given below :

a. Family i. Diptera

b. Order ii. Arthropoda

c. Class iii. Muscidae

d.Phylum iv. Insecta

a b c d

(a) iv iii ii i

(b) iv ii i iii

(c) iii i iv ii

(d) iii ii iv i

15. Study the four statements (A–D) given below and select the two correct ones out of

them :

(a) Definition of biological species was given by Ernst Mayr.

(b) Photoperiod does not affect reproduction in plants.

(c) Binomial nomenclature system was given by R.H. Whittaker

(d) In unicellular organisms, reproduction is synonymous with growth.

The two correct statements are

(a) A and D

(c) A and B

(b) B and C

(d) C and D

16. Biological name of wheat is :-

(a) Triticum aestivum

(b) Triticum triticale

(c) Triticum sativum

(d) Triticum tuberosum

17. Nomenclature is governed by certain universal rules. Which one of the following is

contrary to the rules of nomenclature?

(a) Biological names can be written in any language

(b) The first word in a biological name represents the genus name, and the second is a

specific epithet

(c) The names are written in Latin and are italicized

(d) When written by hand, the names are to be underlined

18. The label of a herbarium sheet does not carry information on :

(a) Local names (b) height of the plant

(c) date of collection (d) name of collector

NEET-2018

19. The contrasting characteristics generally in a pair used for identification of animals in

Taxonomic Key are referred to as

(a) Lead (b) Couplet (c) Doublet (d) Alternate

20. Which of the following is against the rules pf ICBN?

(a) Hand written scientific names should be underlined

(b) Every species should have a generic name and a specific epithet

(c) Scientific names are in Latin and should be italized

(d) Generic and specific names should be written starting with small letters.

1. c 2. c 3. b 4. d 5. b 6. c

7. b 8. d 9. a 10. d 11. c 12. b

13. a 14. c 15. a 16. a 17. a 18. b

19. b 20. d