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PRESENT AND FUTURE IN THE FIELDOF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY USE

Conf.dr.ing. S.t. Biri! " Conf.dr.ing. G.P#r#$%&i'! " .(.dr.ing. E. )#i%#n! " A$.drd.ing.N. Ung*r+#n*! " A$.drd.ing. ). )#n+#! " Dr.ing.

V. V(,d*-!

1)Politehnica University of Bucharest, Romania,2)INMA Bucharest, Romania

A/$tr#%t. Alternative enery or rene!a"leenery re#resents the enery $erive$ from a!i$e variety of resources, havin the a"ility torene!% Researcher Mar& 'aco"son of(tan$for$ University esta"lishe$ a ran&in ofalternative enery sources consi$ere$ to "e#romisin% In $escen$in or$er, these are!in$ enery, concentrate$ solar enery*mirrors heatin a !ater to!er), eothermal

enery, ti$al enery, solar #anels, !aveenery, hy$roelectric $ams%Biofuels o"taine$from corn an$ veeta"le !aste are last onthat list, alon !ith nuclear enery an$ +cleancoal% As #resente$ in this #a#er, Romaniassituation is still ina$e-uate rear$in the useof +clean enery% .uro#e has /0% Minstalle$ in eolian tur"ines, !hile in Romaniaonly 3 & are in function% 4urrently, in.uro#e are aroun$ 10 million m2 of solar5thermal #anels, !hile Romania has less than0% m2% 6hese are 7ust t!o e8am#les thathihliht the !ays Romania must follo!% 6his#a#er #resents an am#le an$ realistic analysisof the technical5economical an$ ecoloicalefficiency on the use of alternative enerysources an$ of the interestin #ers#ectivesrear$in their use, inclu$in in the ariculturean$ foo$ in$ustry%

0+1 2ord$3 alternative enery, clean enery, "iofuel,"io$iesel

INTRODUCTION

Excessive use of fossil fuel energy (oil, gas,coals), characteristic for the past century, has haddisastrous effects on the environment, moreharmful than any other human activity in history,which led to the accumulation of harmful gases intothe atmosphere, which started processes (someirreversible) such as: thinning of the ozone layer,global warming, etc. Therefore, the use ofalternative energy sources becomes moreimportant at present. These sources, such as the

sun or wind, basically cant be exhausted andtherefore are called r+n+2#/(+ +n+rg1 sources.They cause far less emissions, reduce chemical,thermal and radioactive pollution and are available

PRE4ENT I PERSPECTIVE 5N DO)ENIULUTILI46RII ENERGIILOR ALTERNATIVE

Conf.dr.ing. S.t. Biri! " Conf.dr.ing. G.P#r#$%&i'! " .(.dr.ing. E. )#i%#n! " A$.drd.ing. N.Ung*r+#n*! " A$.drd.ing. ). )#n+#! " Dr.ing. V.

V(,d*-!1)

Politehnica University of Bucharest, Romania,2)INMA Bucharest, Romania

R+7*8#t.Prin enerie alternativ9 sau eneriereenera"il9 se :n;elee eneria $erivat9 $intr5olar9 $iversitate $e resurse, av


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worldwide. They are also *nown as #(t+rn#ti'+ or*n%on'+ntion#( +n+rg1 $o*r%+$. +esearcher ar* acobson of -tandfordniversity has recently established t&+ r#n9ing of#(t+rn#ti'+ +n+rg1 $o*r%+$ considered to bepromising. /n descending order, these are:

0) wind energy

1) concentrated solar energy (mirrors heatinga water tower)2) geothermal energy3) tidal energy4) solar panels5) wave energy6) hydroelectric dams7) biofuels8) nuclear energy09) clean; coal.

'espite the successes achieved in thedevelopment of energy production technologies fromrenewable energy sources, the cost of electricity

produced from these resources is still higher than thecost of electricity generated from the fossil fuelscombustion. The cost of the electricity produced fromrenewable resources may be reduced by ta*ing intoaccount the indirect costs re89 has returned to the foreground due to theenvironmental impact of the pollution generated byfossil fuels. t the end of 1995, worldwide, the totalcapacity of wind generators was 62.893 =,representing about 0? of worldwide electricity. /nsome countries the amount of wind energy in thetotal energy consumption is significant, respectively:'enmar* (12?), -pain (7?), @ermany (5?).

Aercet"torul ar* acobson, de la niversitatea-tandford, a stabilit recent un %(#$#8+nt #( $*r$+(ord+ +n+rgi+ #(t+rn#ti', considerate promi&"toare. Bnordine descresc"toare, acestea sunt:

0) energia eolian"1) energia solar" concentrat" (oglinzi ce

$nc"lzesc un turn de ap")

2) energia geotermal"3) energia mareelor4) panouri solare5) energia valurilor6) baraCe hidroelectrice7) biocombustibili8) energia nuclear"09) c"rbunele curat;.

Bn ciuda succeselor ob&inute $n dezvoltareatehnologiilor de producere a energiei din surseenergetice regenerabile costul energiei electriceob&inute din aceste resurse r"m#ne $nc" mai maredec#t costul energiei electrice generate prin arderea

combustibililor fosili. Aostul energiei electrice ob&inut"din resurse regenerabile poate fi $ns" mic%orat dac"se iau $n calcul %i costurile indirecte necesareproducerii energiei (depoluarea mediului, costurimedicale, securizare energetic"). @radul de utilizare a energiilor regenerabile sDa$mbun"t"&it mult $n ultimul timp datorit" spriCinuluiguvernamental direct. +om#nia are un poten&ial important al resurselor deenergie regenerabil", dar, pentru valorificareaacestora trebuie $ndeplinite urm"toarele cerin&e:dep"%irea principalelor bariere $n calea dezvolt"riisurselor regenerabile de energie (costuri, eficien&" a

sistemelor), alinierea la reglement"rile %i procedurilespecifice E, integrarea sistemelor regenerabile $nsistemele energetice na&ionale.

ENERGIA EOLIAN

Energia eolian" este o surs" de energieregenerabil" generat" de puterea v#ntului.alorificarea energiei eoliene a $nceput odat" cu primacriz" mondial" a petrolului, $n anii ;69, iar $n anii ;89 arevenit $n prim plan din cauza impactului asupramediului generat de poluarea cu combustibilii fosili. Fasf#r%itul anului 1995, capacitatea total" pe planmondial a generatoarelor eoliene era de 62893 =,reprezent#nd circa 0? din necesarul mondial deenergie electric". Bn unele &"ri ponderea energieieoliene $n consumul total de energie este semnificativ,respectiv, $n 'anemarca (12?), -pania (7?),@ermania (5?).

Fig. .6ur"ine eoliene

.olian tur"ines


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+omanias situation is still inade


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GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

/s the energy from the heat contained in fluidsand underground roc*s. This energy is clean andrenewable, and it can be used for homes heating,raising plants in greenhouses, drying crops, heatingwater in fish farms, mil* pasteurization or to produce

electricity or for balearic resorts use. @eothermalreservoirs are located a few *ilometers deep in theearthKs crust (!ig. 3).

!or example, steam powered plants are usinghigh temperature water L over 071 MA. The vapoursput into function the turbines, generating electricity.There are no significant toxic emissions, and carbondioxide, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur traces appearingare 49 times lower than in plants using fossil fuels. Europeans have proposed to double theirproduction of energy from geothermal source by1909, so that this type of energy will increase itsshare in total energy consumed in Europe from 5?,

as it is today, to 01 ?.

ENERGIA GEOTERMAL

+eprezint" energia provenit" din c"ldura con&inut"$n fluidele %i rocile subterane. ceast" energie estenepoluant" %i regenerabil", put#nd fi utilizat" pentru$nc"lzirea locuin&elor, cre%terea plantelor $n sere,uscarea recoltelor, $nc"lzirea apei $n cresc"toriile de

pe%ti, pasteurizarea laptelui, pentru producerea deenergie electric" sau pentru utilizare $n sta&iunilebaleare. +ezervoarele geotermale se g"sesc la c#&iva*ilometri $n ad#ncul scoar&ei terestre (!ig. 3). -pre exemplu, uzinele pe baz" de aburi folosescapa la temperaturi foarte mari D mai mult de 071 MA.aporii pun $n func&iune turbinele %i genereaz"electricitate. Iu exist" emisii toxice semnificative, iarurmele de dioxid de carbon, dioxid de azot %i sulf careapar sunt de 49 de ori mai mici dec#t $n uzinele ceutilizeaz" combustibili fosili. Europenii %iDau propus ca, p#n" $n 1909, s"D%idubleze produc&ia de energie din sursa geotermal",

astfel $nc#t acest tip de energie s" $%i creasc"ponderea $n totalul energiei consumate $n Europa dela 5?, c#t e $n prezent, la 01?.

Fig. ;.Cistri"u;ia =onelor eotermale :n .uro#aDeothermal areas $istri"ution in .uro#e

TIDAL AND WAVE ENERGY

Tides occur regularly in certain coastline areasworldwide, with amplitudes which can sometimesreach 03D07 m, the minimum amplitude re


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hidrocentralele aflate $n func&iune $n prezent pe glob.

Fig. .@arta #oten;ialului eneretic solar al Rom


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ThermoDsolar technologiesuse the heat from sunrays to produce hot water, electricity or to heathomes. ThermoDsolar applications can be simpleresidential heating water systems (!ig. 7) or evencomplex plants that generate electricity.

ccording to the scheme in !igure 7, the solarcollector, consisting of voided tubes, captures solar

radiation and converts it into heat, transmitting it to aheat exchanger. The heated thermal agent(antifreeze) is circulated by the pump through the coilinside the tan*. Aold water ta*es up the heat fromthe coil and it can be used ashot running waterorfor heating. The solar collector shown in !igure 8 is used forhot water preparation during arch to Jctober. /t ismade of individual voided tubes that transfer solarradiation by convection, into the mass of water fromthe tan*. Therefore, the accumulation tan* ismounted on top of the solar panel. =ater from thevoided tubes heats, reduces its density and rises in

the tan*, being replaced by an e


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electricity production, also have an important roleinto regulate the level of rivers and prevent flooding.The negative effects of these dams are: stopping thenatural migration routes of some a


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engines. +esidues obtained by centrifugation formethylesters purification can be used as fertilizer.

pentru a asigura o func&ionare f"r" probleme amotoarelor diesel. +eziduurile ob&inute princentrifugare pentru purificare a metilesterilor poate fiutilizat ca fertilizator.

Fig. .(istem AD.RA6.4 $e o";inere a uleiului #entru "iocom"usti"ilAD.RA6.4 system for oil o"tainin for "iofuel

Fig. .Procesor AD.RA6.4 #entru "io$ieselAD.RA6.4 #rocessor for "io$iesel


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special category of biofuels is biogas, which isin fact a mixture of gases, mainly methane, resultingfrom the decomposition of living matter. /n manycities of the world were built, in recent decades, largecollectors of organic matter (scrap waste, waste fromfarm animals). This organic matter decomposes, and

from its decomposition results biogas, which iscollected. Then, methane is separated from the gas,entering in the energetic system (!ig. 02).

J categorie special" a biocombustibililor oreprezint" biogazul, care este de fapt un amestec degaze, $n principal metan, rezultate din descompunereamateriei vii. Bn multe ora%e ale lumii au fost construite$n ultimele decenii mari colectoare de materie organic"(resturi menaCere, de%euri ale fermelor de animale).

ceast" materie organic" se descompune, iar dinaceast" descompunere rezult" biogazul, care estecolectat. 'in acesta se separ" apoi metanul, care intr"$n sistemul energetic (!ig. 02).

Fig. :.(chema $e o";inere >i $e valorificare a "ia=ului(cheme of "ioas #ro$uction an$ recovery

NUCLEAR ENERGY

long with the first atomDpowered electric plants,have also arised controversies regarding the use ofenergy produced from the decomposition ofradioactive material. 'uring the years, newer andmore performant generations of electronuclearplants have appeared. Electricity from nuclearsources represented in 1996 approximately 04? ofthe worldwide total. aCor controversies related tothe construction and use of atomDpowered electricplants are primarily based on on their safety, as wellas on the means and storage places of radioactivewaste.

CLEAN COAL Aoal remains the best *nown energy reserve onEarth. ost of the world states (Ahina, -,ustralia, etc.), are getting today most of theelectricity needed by coal burning. The maCorproblem of coal use is related to the volume ofpollutant emissions. Therefore, in the last decadehave been created technologies called >clean>,which capture most of these emissions. Even theuse of >clean> coal is controversial, because manyresearchers argue that the reduction of pollutantemissions is virtually impossible. /ssues related on

clean coal technologies also concerns the high costsof thermoDelectric plants retechnology.

ENERGIA NUCLEAR

Jdat" cu primele centrale atomoelectrice, auap"rut %i controversele legate de utilizarea energieirezultate din descompunerea materiei radioactive. Bndecursul anilor au ap"rut genera&ii din ce $n ce mai noi%i mai performante de centrale electronucleare.Energia electric" provenit" din surse nuclearereprezenta $n anul 1996 aproximativ 04 ? din totalulde pe glob. Aontroversele maCore legate deconstruirea %i utilizarea centralelor atomoelectriceprivesc $n principal siguran&a acestora, precum %imodalit"&ile %i locurile de depozitare a de%eurilorradioactive.

CRBUNELE CURAT A"rbunii r"m#n rezerva energetic" cea mai binecunoscut" de pe Terra. aCoritatea statelor lumii(Ahina, -, ustralia, etc.), $%i ob&in %i ast"zi cea maimare parte a energiei electrice necesare prin ardereac"rbunilor. Hroblema maCor" a utiliz"rii carbunilor estelegat" de volumul mare al emisiilor poluante. 'eaceea, $n ultimul deceniu au fost create tehnologiinumite Rcurate;, care capteaz" cea mai mare parte aacestor emisii. tilizarea, chiar %i Rcurat"; a c"rbuniloreste controversat", pentru c" numero%i cercet"toripretind c" aceast" reducere a emisiilor poluante este

practic imposibil". Hroblemele legate de tehnologiilecurate ale c"rbunilor privesc $n bun" m"sur" %icosturile ridicate ale retehnologiz"rii centralelortermoelectrice.


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CONCLUSIONS

Through a strategy of +omanias energydevelopment, it can be provided increased safety inthe energy supply and limitation of energy resourcesimports, in terms of accelerated economicdevelopment. This re, din 16 septembrie 1990,privind >Hromovarea energiei electrice produs" dinsurse regenerabile, pe pia&a unic" de energie>, sestabile%te obiectivul strategic privind aportul surselorregenerabile $n consumul total de resurse energeticeprimare, care trebuie s" fie de 01?, $n anul 1909. Vi $n+om#nia, ponderea surselor regenerabile de energie

$n consumul total de resurse primare, $n anul 1909,urmeaz" s" aib" un nivel de circa 00?, iar $n anul1904 de 00,1?.

BIBLIOGRAFIE

0. Ceauu S., Un sistem :m"un9t9;it $e ca#tare aeneriei solare, Eco-apiens, 18.92. 1998

1. St!"# A., Ces#re resursele alternative $eenerie ale omenirii, Qot-cience, QotIews.ro,7.90.1998.

2. http:OO.www.energieverde.wordpress.com3. http:OOwww.panourisolare.netO4. http:OOro.altermedia.infoOstiintatehnologieOintroduce

reDinDenergiaDgeotermalaS2966.html5. http:OOwww.energianoastra.roOindex.phpidU066. http:OOwww.agir.roOuniversD

inginerescOcaptareaSsiSconversiaSenergieiSvalurilorS0374.html

7. http:OOwww.ecomagazin.roOenergiaDvalurilorDoDsursaDinepuizabilaDlaDdispozitiaDomenirii
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