Presented by K.Mounica

Roll.no-11AB1R0069 Under the guidance of

Mr.Karthikeyan ,M.Pharm(Ph.D) (Assistant Professor)

VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE(Approved by AICTE,PCI and Affiliated to JNTU Kakinada)

Vadlamudi,Guntur-522213.

MARINEMARINEPHARMACOGNOPHARMACOGNOSYSY

Definition of Marine Pharmacognosy. History of Marine Pharmacognosy. Classification of Marine Drugs. Collection of Marine Organisms. Handling of Marine Organisms. Storage of Marine Drugs. References.

Marine Pharmacognosy is a sub-branch of Pharmacognosy, which is mainly concerned with the naturally occurring substances of medicinalvalue from marine

Generally the drugs are obtained from the marine species of bacteria,virus,algae fungi,sponges etc.

◦ The oceans cover more than70% of the earths surface and contain over 300,000 Invertebrates and Algal species and rich in Fauna&flora.

◦ Marine Pharmacognosy is not a new area for Pharmacognosy even the early civilizations of Greece, Japan, China and India have explored marine life as a source of drugs

◦ In the western medicine Agar,Alginicacid, Carrageenan, Protaminesulphate, Spermaceti and Cod&halibut liver oils are the marinemedicinal established products.

◦ Macroalgae or seaweeds have been used as crude drugs in the treatment of Iodine deficiency states such as Goiter etc.

Some seaweeds have also been utilized as sources of additional vitamins and in the treatment of Anaemia during pregnancy.

Marine flora and fauna play significant role as a source of new molecular entity.

The oceans of the world contain over 5 million species in about 30 phyla.Because of the derivatives of marine organism and habitats, marine natural products enclose a wide variety of chemical classes, including Terpenes, Shikimates, Polyketides, Acetogenins, Peptides, Alkaloids of varying structures and multitude of compounds of mixed biosynthesis.

The marine environment may contain over 80% of the worlds plant and animal species.

o During the past 30-40 years, Numerous novel compounds have been isolated from marine organisms having biological activities such as antibacterial ,antiviral, antitumour,antiparasitic,anticoagulants,antimicrobial,antiinflammatory and cardiovascular compounds.

o Paralytic or Diarrhetic shellfish toxins are produced by Dinoflagellates.

Compound name

Biological Source

Chemical Structure Uses

Acanthellin-1 Acanthella acuta (sponge)

Active against mycobacterium.

chondriol L.Filiformis (red algae)

Antimicrobial agent.

Prepacifenol Laurenciajohnstonil (red algae)

Antimicrobial agent.

Compound name

Biological source

Chemical structure Uses

Avarol Disidea avara (sponge)

Used in the treatment of AIDS.

Avarone Disidea avara (sponge)

Its also used in the treatment of AIDS.It have the ability to cross B.B.B.

Eudistomin-A Eudistoma oivaceum

It inhibit immunodeficiency virus.

Compound name

Biological source

Chemical Structure Uses

Zonarol Dictyopteris zonoroid(brown algae)

It has fungicial property.

Isozonorol Dictyopteris zonoroid (brown algae)

Antifungal agent.

Thelphin Thelepus setosus (annelida)

Antimicrobial agent.

Compound name

Biological source

Chemical structure Uses

Laurinterol Laurenciajohnstonii (red algae)

Active antimicrobial agent.

Aeroplysinin-1 Verongia Aerophoba (sponge)

Antimicrobial agent.

Bromopyrones Ptilonia Australasica

They are toxic as well as Antimicrobial agent.

Compound name

Biological source

Chemical structure Uses

Cephalosporin-c

Cephalosporium acrimonium (fungus)

Antibiotic agent.

Istamycin-A Streptomyces tenjimariensis

In-vitro activity is observed against Gr(-) and Gr(+) bacteria.

Istamycin-B Streptomyces tenjimariensis

In-vitro activity is observed aganst Gr(-) and Gr(+) bacteria.

Compound name

Biological source

Chemical structure Uses

Eunicin Eunicia mammosa

Anti-microbial agent.

Compound name

Biological source

Chemical structure

Uses

Α-kainicacid Digenia simplex (red algae)

Used for the treatment of Ascariasis.Convulsant.Anthelmintic.

Domoicacid Alsidium corallinum (red algae)

Used as Calcium channel blocker.

Compound name

Biological source

Chemical structure Uses

Bryostatin-1 Bugulaneritina It has antineoplastic activity.

Sinularin Sinulariaflexibilis It has more anticancer activity.

Compound name

Biological source

Chemical structure

Uses

Agelasidine-A Okinawa seaspongeAgela spp.

It has very potent Antispasmodic activity.

Compound name

Biological source

Chemical structure

Uses

Eldoisin Eledonemoschata(Cephalopod)

Stimulate extra vascular smooth muscle.

Octapamine Octopus vulgaris Shows Adrenergic responses.Act as Neurotransmitter.

Compound name

Biological source

Chemical structure

Uses

Bio-indole Rivularia firma (cynobacterium)

Active antiinflammatory activity.

Butanolide Euplexaura flava Antiinflammatory agent.

Compound name

Biological source Chemical structure Uses

Nereistoxin Lumbriconereis heteropoda

It shows Ganglion blocking effects.

Cartap Lumbriconereis heterpoda

Insecticidal agent.

Compound name

Biological source

Chemical structure Uses

Carrageenan Condruscrispus Anti coagulant.Activation of Thrombin.

Fucoidan Fucus vesiculosus

Antithrombin activity. Mediator for Heparin cofactor-II

Compound name

Biological source

Chemical structure Uses

Prostaglandin E2

Gracilaria verucossa

Active CNS agent.Control induced child birth , Blood pressure.Suppress blood platelet aggregation.

15epi-PGA2 Plexaurahomomalla

Smooth muscle relaxant.Inhibit gastric acid secretion.Treat Asthma, Peptic ulcers.

Compound name

Biological source Chemical structure Uses

Saxitoxin Gonyaulax calenella (dinoflagellate)

Hypotensive effect

Holothurin-A Helixpomatia (sea cucumber)

Haemolytic activity.Antifungal activity.

Aplysins Aplysiadepilans(sea hare)

Toxical agent

Marine organisms are the Source of thousands of different products.

Many of these compounds have been shown to be extremely toxic in mammalian system.

Caution should always be taken in handling marine organism.Proper protective Equipment such as Gloves & Eye protective

should always be worn.In many organisms such as Hydroids and sponges have

highly Irritating compounds that cause immediate itching & ash formation in some individuals

EX: Fibularia nolitangeres and Tedania ignis(fire sponge) All marine specimens and extrudes should be handled with

caution.

Collection of organisms should be documented. Record the longitude, latitude, depth, current surge, water

Temperature, salinity and dates of collection. Habit ate of collection (eg:- reference, increvice, Under

rock, on bottom side of rock, on front face of rock, on surface of another Organism) should be recorded.

Careful description of organism like colour, odour, morphology consistency, Thickness of mucus, and reproductive state.

The presence of associated Organism inside or outside should be noted.

It is common to find worms, mollusks', copepods, brittle stars, Anemons and even small fish living with larger marine invertebrates.

Epiphytes & Zooanthids are commonly observed in association with marine invertebrates and may effect the chemistry encountered.

Voucher specimens should be prepared to allow for complete identification

Voucher are also necessary to document an invention. Voucher specimen are the representative of the entire

specimen.

Marine Organisms are often collected at remote places where laboratory facilities are limited.

Many begin to due on exposure to air & rapidly begin to decompose, therefore Organisms need to be either dried, extracted or frozen immediately to reduces spoilage & chemical degradation.

The verongid sponges, can begin to degrade and polymerize immediately up on being touched.

This is indicated by a rapid colour change from white, yellow or Orange to dark blue-black, even when maintained in sea water.

After collection the organisms should be frozen immediately at-20˚C. In some cases, organisms are placed into an alcohol such as methanol, ethanol or Isopropanol.

Algae and some gorgonians are often air dried and then stored at room Temperature.

If facilities are available, the samples can be lyophilized immediately after collection and then stored either at room Temperature or in a freezer.

The great part of the earth surface is covered by Seas & Ocean, which contains about 500,000 species of marine organisms since the natural products Chemists diverted their attention to exploit the vast resources of marine flora and animal world numerous novel compounds have been isolated from these marine organisms During the second half of Twentieth century.

To be successful in marine natural product chemistry one should always keep an open mind. Expect purification as possible and save all functions.

Ashutoshkar-Text book of Pharmacognosy & Pharmacobiotechnology (pg.no-469-480)

William. C and Trease-Text book of Pharmacognosy (pg.no:-723-740)

Shah & Seth-Text book of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry (pg.no:-461-470)

E.Edwin Jarald-Text book of Pharmacognosy (pg.no:-637-658) Tyler-Brady-Robbers-Text book of Pharmacognosy (pg.no:-325-335) Vinod. D.Rangari-Text book of Pharmacognosy. (pg.no:-263-285) Dr.S.H.Ansari-Text book of Pharmacognosy (pg.no:-637-658) Mohammed Ali-Text book of Pharmacognosy (pg.no:-68-94) A.N.Kalia-Text book of Pharmacognosy. Pg,no:-163-175) C.K.Kokate-Text book of Pharmacognosy. (pg.no:-5.01-5.12)

◦I would like to Thank my Guide Mr.R.Karthikeyan For wonderful guidance.

And also Thank to my beloved Principal sir Mr.P.Srinivasbabu sir.

And also Thank to seminar committee for giving this wonderful opportunity.