matter and energy. matter – anything that has mass and occupies space chemistry – the study of...
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Unit 2 Vocabulary
Matter and Energy
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Matter – anything that has mass and occupies space
Chemistry – the study of the properties of matter and how matter changes
Substance – a single kind of matter that is pure and has a specific set of properties
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Solid – A state of matter that has a definite shape and a definite volume
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a solid that is made up of crystals in which particles are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern
Crystalline solid
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a solid made up of particles that are not arranged in a regular pattern
Amorphous solid
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Liquid – a state of matter that has no definite shape but has a definite volumeFluid – a substance that can easily flowSurface tension – the result of an inward pull among the molecules of a liquid that brings the molecules on the surface closer together
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Viscosity – a liquid’s resistance to flowingGas - a state of matter with no definite shape or volumeMelting – the change from the solid to the liquid state of matter
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Melting point – the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquidFreezing – the change from the liquid to the solid state of matterVaporization – the change of state from a liquid to a gas
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Evaporation – the process that occurs when vaporization takes place only on the surface of a liquidBoiling – the process that occurs when vaporization takes place inside a liquid as well as on the surface.Boiling point – the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas
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Condensation – the change from the gaseous to the liquid state of matterSublimination – the change in state from a solid directly to a gas without passing through the liquid state
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Plasma–a gas-like state of matter consisting of a mixture of free electrons and atoms that are stripped of their electrons.
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Physical property – a characteristic of a pure substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance
Chemical property – a characteristic of a pure substance that describes its ability to change into a different substance
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Weight – A measure of the force of gravity on an object.
Mass – A measure of how much matter is in an object.
International system of units –The system of units (SI) used by scientists to measure the properties of matter.
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Volume – The amount of space that matter occupies.
Density – The ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume.
Precipitate A solid that forms from a solution during a chemical reaction.
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Acid – a substance that tastes sour, reacts with metals and carbonates, and turns blue litmus paper red.
Corrosive – The way in which acids react with some metals so as to eat away the metal.
Indicator – a compound that changes color in the presence of an acid or a base.
Base – A substance that tastes bitter, feels slippery, and turns red litmus paper blue.
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Acids and BasesProperties of Matter
AM CARRIER
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Acids
þTurns litmus paper RED
þTaste sour, Feel squeeky
þCorrode materials
þConduct Electricity
þReact with bases to form salts and
water
þMeasure 0-6 on the pH scale
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Some Common Acids
HCl hydrochloric acid
(stomach)
H2CO3 carbonic acid (acid rain)
H3PO4 phosphoric acid (Coca
Cola)
H2SO4 sulfuric acid
(Batteries)
CH3COOH acetic acid (Pickles)
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Bases
Turns Litmus Paper BLUE
Taste bitter, chalky
Feel soapy, slippery
Also conduct electricity
React with acids to form salts and
water
Measure 8-14 on the pH scale
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Some Common Bases
NaOH sodium hydroxide (DRANO)
KOH potassium hydroxide (Tie Dye)
Na2CO3 sodium carbonate (baking
soda)
Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide (MOM)
Al(OH)3 aluminum hydroxide (TUMS)
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pH Scale(potential of Hydrogen)
Lots of H+ IONS
Lots of OH- IONS Few to
NO IONS
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ACTIVITY DIRECTIONS Observe: Which samples are acids & which
are bases? Hypothesis: Discuss with your group. Experiment: Take a clean Qtip and insert it
into the solution. Wipe it onto the paper. If it is a Base, it will turn the paper orange; if its an acid, it will erase the orange mark. Test all six substances.
Conclusion: Which are acids & which are bases?
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Learning Check 1
Describe the solution in each of the following as: 1) acid 2) base or 3)neutral.A. ___soda
B. ___soapC. ___coffeeD. ___ wineE. ___ water
F. ___ grapefruit
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Solution 1
Describe each solution as: 1) acid 2) base or 3) neutral.A. _1_ soda
B. _2_ soapC. _1_ coffeeD. _1_ wineE. _3_ water
F. _1_ grapefruit
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Learning Check 2
Identify each as characteristic of an A) acid or B) base____ 1. Sour taste ____ 2. Chalky taste____ 3. Is corrosive
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Solution 2
Identify each as a characteristic of an A) acid or B) base
_A_ 1. Sour taste
_B_ 2. Chalky taste
A 3. Is corrosive
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Physical change – a change in a substance that does not change its identity
Chemical change – a change in which one or more substances combine or break apart to form new substances
Law of conservation of mass – the principle that the total amount of matter is neither created nor destroyed during any chemical or physical change.
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Energy – the ability to do work or cause change; the ability to move an object some distance.
Temperature – a measure of the average energy of motion of the particles of a substance.
Thermal energy – the total potential and kinetic energy of the particles in an object.
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Endothermic change – a change in which energy is taken in.
Exothermic change – a change in which energy is given off.
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Elements, Compounds, and
MixturesChristine Gray
2013
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Element a pure substance that cannot be broken
down into other substances by chemical or physical means; one of about 100 basic materials that make up all matter
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Compound a pure substance made of two or more
elements chemically combined
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MIXTURES
CREATING A MIXTURE IS A PHYSICAL CHANGE. YOU STILL HAVE THE ORIGINAL SUBSTANCES YOU BEGAN WITH, BUT THEY JUST SHARE SPACE!
EXAMPLES:◦KOOL AID◦PIZZA◦TRAIL MIX◦SALAD◦SWEET TEA◦SODA
DO ALL THESE THINGS LOOK THE SAME TO
YOU?
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TYPES OF MIXTURES HOMOGENOUS – (same) MIXTURES THAT LOOK THE SAME ALL THE WAY THROUGH – CANT SEE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATTER
EXAMPLES:◦KOOL AID, SWEET
TEA & SODA
THESE ARE CALLED
SOLUTIONS!
SOLVENT – WHAT DOES THE
DISSOLVING (usually a liquid)
SOLUTE – WHAT DISSOLVES
(solid)
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TYPES OF MIXTURES HETEROGENOUS - MIXTURES THAT YOU CAN SEE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATTER ITS MADE OF.
BIGGER PIECES
EXAMPLES:◦SALAD◦PIZZA◦TRAIL MIX
THESE ARE EASY TO
SEE & SEPARATE!
REVIEW VIDEO
REVIEW GAME
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Solution – a well-mixed mixture containing a solvent and at least one solute that has the same properties throughout.
Chemical bond – the force that holds atoms together
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• Molecule – a neutral particle made of two or more atoms joined by covalent bonds• Chemical formula – a
combination of symbols that represents the elements in a compound and their proportions
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Standard: Distinguish Between Atoms and
Molecules
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Standard: Recognize that there are more
than 100 elements and some have similar
properties as shown on the Periodic Table
of the Elements
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Atom – The basic particle from which all elements are made.
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Electron – A negatively charged particle that is found outside the nucleus of an atom.
Darn
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Nucleus – The central core of the atom containing protons and neutrons.
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Proton – A positively charged particle that is part of an atom’s nucleus.
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Energy Level – The specific amount of energy an electron has.
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Atomic Number – The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
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Neutron – A small particle in the nucleus of the atom, with no electrical charge.
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Isotope- An atom with the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons from other atoms of the same element.
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Atomic Mass– The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
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Atomic Mass– The average mass of all the isotopes of an element.
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Periodic Table– A chart of the elements showing the repeating pattern of their properties.
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Period– A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table.
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Group –Elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table; also called a family.
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Chemical Symbol–A one- or two-letter representation of an element.
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Nuclear Fusion–The process in which two atomic nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus, forming a heavier element and releasing huge amounts of energy.
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A class of elements characterized by physical properties that include shininess, malleability, ductility, and conductivity.
Metal
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A term used to describe material that can be pounded into shapes.
Malleable
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A term used to describe a material that can be pulled out into a long wire.
Ductile
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The ability of an object to transfer heat or electricity to another object.
Conductivity
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The ease and speed with which an element combines, or reacts, with other elements and compounds.
Reactivity
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The gradual wearing away of a metal element due to a chemical reaction.
Corrosion
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An element in Group 1 of the periodic table.
Alkali metal
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One of the elements in Groups 3 through 12 of the periodic table.
Transition metal
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A machine that moves atomic nuclei at higher and higher speeds until they crash into one another, sometimes forming heavier elements.
Particle accelerator
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An element that lacks most of the properties of a metal.
Nonmetal
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An element found in Group 17 of the periodic table.
Halogen
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An element that has some characteristics of both metals and nonmetals.
Metalloid